Wikipedia afwiki https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Spesiaal Bespreking Gebruiker Gebruikerbespreking Wikipedia Wikipediabespreking Lêer Lêerbespreking MediaWiki MediaWikibespreking Sjabloon Sjabloonbespreking Hulp Hulpbespreking Kategorie Kategoriebespreking Portaal Portaalbespreking TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 142 2517290 2509673 2022-08-03T19:55:18Z 2A00:A040:18C:3022:6065:DC49:5C01:F993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Land |noem_naam = Staat Israel |volle_naam = <small>מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ([[Hebreeus]])<br /><nowiki>دولة إسرائيل ([Arabies]])</nowiki></small> |algemene_naam = Israel |beeld_vlag = Flag of Israel.svg |beeld_wapen = Emblem of Israel.svg |simbool_tipe = Wapen |beeld_kaart = ISR orthographic.svg |leuse = |volkslied = הַתִּקְוָה ''[[Hatikvah]]''<br /><small>''(Hebreeus vir: "Die Hoop")''</small><br /><center>[[Lêer:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg]]</center> |amptelike_tale = [[Hebreeus]] en [[Arabies]] |hoofstad = [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="swp">{{de}} {{cite web |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |title=Grundgesetz: Israel – Nationalstaat des jüdischen Volkes |work=SWP |trans-title=Grondwet: Israel – Nasiestaat van die Joodse Volk |accessdate=16 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616104550/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |archive-date=16 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> (''gedeeltelik erken''){{refn|group=fn|Erkenning deur ander VN-lidlande: [[Australië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref name="ausj">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Desember 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122105827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |archive-date=22 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rusland]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611050215/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Tsjeggië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital |newspaper=Jerusalem Post |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303093750/https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |archive-date=3 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203023556/https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{es}} {{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén |website=Infobae |date=24 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417074208/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |archive-date=17 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611110231/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617225602/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |archive-date=17 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} {{Koördinate|31|47|N|35|13|O}} |latd = 31 |latm = 47 |latNS = N |longd = 35 |longm = 13 |longEW = O |grootste_stad = [[Jerusalem]] |regeringsvorm = [[Diktatorskap]] |leiertitels = <br />• [[Lys van presidente van Israel|President]]<br />• [[Lys van eerste ministers van Israel|Eerste minister]] |leiername = [[Isaac Herzog]]<br />[[Yair Lapid]] |oppervlak_rang = 149^ste |oppervlak_grootte = |oppervlak = 20&nbsp;770–22&nbsp;072{{smallsup|a}} |oppervlakmi² = 8&nbsp;019–8&nbsp;522 |persent_water = 2,71 (2015)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|title=Surface water and surface water change|publisher=[[OESO]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting = 9&nbsp;539&nbsp;420<ref name="cbs_main">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israeliese Sentrale Buro vir Statistiek |accessdate=20 Februarie 2017}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2022 |bevolking_rang = 93^ste |bevolking_sensus = 7&nbsp;412&nbsp;200<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |title=The 2008 Israel Integrated Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |date=28 Desember 2008 |format=PDF |accessdate=12 Mei 2014 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114031326/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |bevolking_sensus_jaar = 2008 |bevolkingsdigtheid = 432 |bevolkingsdigtheidmi² = 1&nbsp;118,9 |bevolkingsdigtheidrang = 35^ste |BBP_PPP = $478,010&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Israel |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2022 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |BBP_PPP_rang = 49^ste |BBP_PPP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_PPP_per_kapita = $50&nbsp;204<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 34^ste |BBP = $520,703&nbsp;miljard<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_rang = 29^ste |BBP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_per_kapita = $54&nbsp;688<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_per_kapita_rang = 15^de |onafhanklikheidstipe = • Verklaar<br />• Erken |onafhanklikheidsgebeure = |onafhanklikheidsdatums = van die [[Britse mandaat van Palestina|Mandaat van Palestina]]<br />[[14 Mei]] [[1948]]<br />[[11 Mei]] [[1949]] |MOI = {{wins}} 0,919<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=2020 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |MOI_rang = 19^de |MOI_jaar = 2019 |MOI_kategorie = {{kleur|#090|baie hoog}} |Gini = 38,6<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IL |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=8 Julie 2021}}</ref> |Gini_rang = 48^ste |Gini_jaar = 2018 |Gini_kategorie = {{kleur|#fc0|medium}} |geldeenheid = [[Nuwe sikkel]] (₪) |geldeenheid_kode = ILS |land_kode = IL |tydsone = IST |utc_afwyking = [[UTC+02:00|+2]] |tydsone_somer = IST |utc_afwyking_DST = [[UTC+03:00|+3]] |internet_domein = [[.il]] |skakelkode = 972 |voetskrif = {{smallsup|a}} 20&nbsp;770 is Israel binne die Groen Lyn. 22&nbsp;072 sluit in die geannekseerde Golanhoogtes en Oos-Jerusalem. }} '''Israel''', ook '''Israël''' ([[Hebreeus]]: יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Yisrā'el''; [[Arabies]]: إِسْرَائِيل, ''Isrāʼīl''), amptelik die '''Staat Israel''' (Hebreeus: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'', [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel], {{Audio|He-Medinat Israel.ogg|luister}}; Arabies: دولة إسرائيل, ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl'', [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is 'n [[demokrasie|demokratiese]] [[grondwet]]like [[republiek]] in die [[Midde-Ooste]] en antieke tuisland van die [[Jode]]. Dit oorvleuel gedeeltelik met [[Staat Palestina|Palestina]], tuisland van die [[Palestyne]]. Israel word begrens deur [[Sirië]] en [[Libanon]] in die noorde, [[Jordanië]] in die ooste, [[Egipte]] in die suidweste en die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste. Die amptelike hoofstad is [[Jerusalem]], die setel van die presidentswoning, regeringskantore, hooggeregshof en die parlement ([[Knesset]]).<ref name="swp" /> Die sentrum van ekonomiese en tegnologiese aktiwiteit is [[Tel Aviv]]; hier is ook die meeste ambassades gesetel. == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Israelic Flag.JPG|duimnael|links|'n [[Vlag van Israel|Israelse vlag]] waai in die Negev-woestyn]] [[Lêer:Israel relations.png|duimnael|links|Internasionale erkenning van Israel]] As gevolg van Zionisme, wat 'n Joodse tuisland in die destydse [[Britse mandaat van Palestina]] geëis het, is die moderne staat Israel op 14 Mei 1948 uitgeroep en feitlik onmiddellik deur [[Arabiere|Arabiese]] lande aangeval. Die geskiedenis van dié land tot op hede was en bly omstrede en die vroeë jare van die 21ste eeu word gekenmerk deur aanvalle op Israeli burgers deur Palestynse vegters en 'n gepaardgaande determinasie van die regering van Israel om 'n totale skeiding in die alledaagse lewe tussen die Palestyne, wat grotendeels nie Israeli burgers is nie, en die burgers van Israel te bewerkstellig. Nie-Joodse burgers van Israel, waaronder sowat een miljoen Arabiessprekende mense, geniet wel burgerskap en stemreg. Sedert 13 Junie 2021 regeer die [[Bennett-Lapid-kabinet]] met (sedert 1 Julie 2022) [[Yair Lapid]] van die liberale Yesh Atid-party as eerste minister. == Geografie == [[Lêer:Israel topo en.jpg|duimnael|links|Topografiese kaart van Israel]] Israel strek oor 'n lengte van 470 kilometer in noord-suidelike rigting, terwyl dit tussen 15 en 135 kilometer wyd is. Die land word in die noorde deur [[Libanon]], in die ooste deur [[Sirië]] en [[Jordanië]], en [[Egipte]] in die suidweste begrens. Die land het 'n kuslyn langs die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste en aan die suide die Golf van Eilat, wat ook as die [[Golf van Akaba]] bekend staan. In die ooste vloei die [[Jordaanrivier]]. Alhoewel die land baie klein is, is daar verskillende klimaatsones. Die beboste noorde het 'n gematigde klimaat, terwyl die suide baie warm en woestynagtig is. Sowat die helfte van Israel se oppervlak word deur woestyne soos die Negev beslaan. Die kusgebiede langs die Middellandse See en die Jordaanvallei is subtropiese gebiede. Die [[Dooie See]] aan die Israel-Jordaanse grens is die laagste plek onder seespieël ter wêreld. Gedurende die [[Sesdaagse Oorlog]] het Israel in 1967 die [[Wesoewer]] ([[Engels]]: ''West Bank'') van die Hasjemitiese Koninkryk van Jordanië, die Golanhoogtes van Sirië en die [[Sinai]]-skiereiland van Egipte verower. Israel het sy troepe en setlaars op die Sinai-skiereiland in 1982 en dié in die [[Gasastrook]] tot 12 September 2005 onttrek. Die toekomstige status van die Wesoewer, die Gasastrook en die Golanhoogtes is tans nie duidelik nie. Die totale oppervlak van Israel, sonder die gebiede wat in 1967 verower is, beslaan 20&nbsp;770 vierkante kilometer. Een persent hiervan is wateroppervlaktes. Die totale oppervlak van alle gebiede wat tans deur Israel beheer word, ook Oos-Jerusalem en die Golanhoogtes, is 22&nbsp;145 vierkante kilometer. As die Wesoewer ingesluit word, wat reeds gedeeltelik selfregerende status verkry het, beslaan Israel se oppervlak 28&nbsp;023 vierkante kilometer. Daar is vier [[Metropool|metropolitaanse]] gebiede in Israel (2017): * [[Tel Aviv]] en omgewing met 3&nbsp;854&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Jerusalem]] en omgewing met 1&nbsp;254&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Haifa]] en omgewing met 924&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Be'er Sheva]] en omgewing met 377&nbsp;000 inwoners == Demografie == [[Lêer:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg|duimnael|links|Ná eeue van diskriminasie en vervolging – die foto toon Joodse kinders wat die slagoffers van 'n [[Antisemitisme|anti-Joodse]] [[pogrom]] in Rusland geword het – het Joodse mense in Israel 'n nuwe tuiste gevind]] Met 'n bevolking van sowat 8,5 miljoen is Israel tans die 97ste mees bevolkte land in die wêreld. Sowat 91 persent van die bevolking is verstedelik. Die Joodse godsdiens en Westerse modernisme oefen die grootste invloede op die huidige Israelse samelewing uit, alhoewel ook ander godsdienste en kulture van die Midde-Ooste 'n rol speel. Israelse burgerskap kan deur geboorte of inburgering verkry word. Ook dubbele burgerskap word erken, onder meer in die geval van Amerikaanse Jode, wat hulle in Israel gevestig het en ingeburger is. Die reg op godsdiensvryheid word in die Israelse grondwet gewaarborg, en die groot aantal heilige plekke in die land word deur die betrokke godsdienstige gemeenskappe beheer. Vrye toegang daarin en beskerming teen ontwyding daarvan word deur 'n aantal wette beheer. Amptelike statistiek verdeel die bevolking in burgers van Joodse en nie-Joodse afkoms. In die jaar 2004 was 81 persent van alle Israelse burgers van Joodse afkoms (uitgesluit die bevolking van die besette gebiede). Die Joodse bevolking word verdeel in: * die sogenaamde Watikim of bewoners van die Jisjoef, dit wil sê die ou Joodse nedersettings, wat reeds voor die stigting van die Staat Israel bestaan het, en burgers, wat voor die stigting van die staat geïmmigreer het; * die sogenaamde Olim, dit wil sê mense wat hulle ná die stigting van die Staat Israel in die land gevestig het; en * die sogenaamde Tsabarim, dit wil sê burgers wat in Israel gebore is. [[Lêer:Haifa Shrine and Port.jpg|duimnael|links|Die hawestad Haifa, met die [[Baha’i-wêreldsentrum]], Heiligdom van die [[Baha’i]] in die voorgrond]] 26 persent van alle nie-Arabiese burgers het ten minste een ouer wat in Israel gebore is, 37 persent is Israeli's van die eerste generasie, 27 persent is immigrante uit Westerse lande en 42 persent het vanuit [[Asië]] of [[Afrika]] na Israel gekom. Daar is ook klein minderhede [[Droese]] (1,5 persent), [[Armeniërs]], [[Baha’i]], [[Alawiete]], Ahmadi en [[Sirkassiërs]]. Meer as die helfte van die 170&nbsp;000 Arabiese [[Bedoeïene]] het tans 'n vaste woonplek, terwyl die ander die tradisie van 'n nomadiese leefwyse bewaar het. Hulle bly egter in bepaalde gebiede van die land. Sowat een miljoen immigrante het uit die gebiede van die voormalige [[Sowjetunie]] gekom, waarvan meer as 'n driekwart miljoen in die tydperk tussen 1989 en 1999. Meer as 220&nbsp;000 Israeli's het hulle in nedersettings in die Wesoewer-gebied gevestig. In 2005 het sowat 7&nbsp;500 setlaars hulle aan die Gasastrook onttrek. Hebreeus en Arabies was reeds in die tydperk van die Britse mandaat van Palestina naas [[Engels]] die [[Amptelike taal|amptelike tale]]. Ivrit, die moderne Hebreeus, is die huistaal van die meeste Israelse burgers, terwyl sowat een miljoen Arabies as [[moedertaal]] praat. Arabiese skole gebruik Arabies as onderwystaal, en die taal is naas Engels ook 'n belangrike vak in Hebreeuse skole. Amptelike dokumente soos wette is in Hebreeus en Arabies beskikbaar. Mense in Israel het een van die hoogste lewensverwagtings ter wêreld, met 80,9 jaar vir vroue en 76,7 jaar vir mans. == Godsdiens == [[Lêer:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 13.JPG|duimnael|Die Wesmuur, 'n oorblyfsel van die Joodse Tempel, en die goue koepel van die Tempelberg in Jerusalem]] In Augustus 2013 was 75,1 persent van Israel se bevolking Joods; dit maak van Israel die enigste land ter wêreld met 'n Joodse meerderheid. Van die Joodse bevolking beskou ses persent hulself as ''Charedim'' of ultra-ortodokse [[Jode]]; nege persent as vrome Jode; 34 persent as Joodse tradisionaliste en 51 persent as sekulêre Jode. Sowat 2 persent van Israel se bevolking is [[Christendom|Christene]], 17 persent [[Moslem]]s, 1,4 persent Droese en 4,1 persent andere. Die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] is die grootste Christelike kerk in Israel met sowat 75&nbsp;000 lede. 'n Klein minderheid Jode – na ramings sowat 4&nbsp;000 lidmate in 80 gemeentes – is Messiaanse Jode, wat die Joodse kultuur en die meeste leerstellings van die Joodse godsdiens aanvaar, maar nogtans [[Jesus van Nasaret]] as [[Messias]] beskou. Hulle word deur ander Jode meestal as Christene beskou. Van die sowat 20,7 persent Israelse Arabiere is 14,6 [[Soenni]]se Moslems. 'n Klein minderheid van Moslems behoort tot die Ahmadiyyah-hervormingsbeweging, wat tolerante en vreedsame aspekte van die [[Islam]]itiese geloof beklemtoon. Daar is ook 'n klein minderheid van enkele honderd [[Baha’i|Bahá'í]], veral in [[Haifa]] en omgewing, waar ook sommige van hulle belangrikste heiligdomme te vinde is. Daar bestaan 'n klein Samaritaanse gemeente van sowat 800 lidmate wat in Israel en op die besette Wesoewer woon. Sendingwerk is in Israel verbode. == Ekonomie == === Ekonomiese geskiedenis === [[Lêer:Israel 10000 NIS Bill 1984.jpg|duimnael|Hiperinflasie in die vroeë 1980's: hierdie 10&nbsp;000 sheqalim-banknoot van 1984 is in die volgende jaar deur 'n banknoot ter waarde van 10 [[Nuwe sikkel]] met dieselfde ontwerp vervang]] Toe die onafhanklikheidsoorlog in 1948 uitbreek, is die Joodse bevolking in die Britse mandaatgebied Palestina op sowat 600&nbsp;000 beraam. Nogtans het hierdie minderheid 'n besliste invloed op die land se ekonomie uitgeoefen. Dit was veral omdat ondernemings in Joodse besit die Britse leër en ander geallieerde magte, wat tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in die Midde-Ooste gestasioneer was, van benodigde basiese goedere voorsien het. In 'n tyd, toe miljoene Joodse burgers in Europa slagoffers van die Nasionaalsosialistiese verdelgingsbeleid geword het, het die Britse mandaatgebied ekonomiese voorspoed ervaar wat later die materiële basis vir Israel se ontwikkeling sou vorm.<ref>{{de}} [http://www.bpb.de/izpb/268917/wirtschaftliche-grundzuege-und-entwicklungen ''Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb): Israel – Wirtschaftliche Grundzüge und Entwicklungen. Besoek op 12 Junie 2018'']</ref> Die tydperk tussen 1948 en 1972 was 'n periode waartydens immigrasie van Joodse burgers uit alle wêrelddele tot vinnige bevolkingsgroei gelei het. Terwyl kapitaal in groot hoeveelhede uit die buiteland ingevoer is, het die totale [[Bruto nasionale produk]] (BNP) en die BNP per capita buitengewoon sterk groei getoon. Die BNP het in hierdie tydperk jaarliks met 'n gemiddeld van 10,4 persent toegeneem. Hierdie groei het in die volgende periode tussen 1973 en 1986 verstadig tot sowat twee persent. Die BNP per capita het selfs gestagneer, en terwyl die periode tussen 1948 en 1972 nog deur 'n enkelsyfer-inflasiekoers gekenmerk is, het dié koers dramaties versnel tot 'n maksimum van 445 persent in 1984. In enkele jare – 1975, 1983 en 1984 – is Israel se bronne van korttermynfinansiering byna volledig uitgeput om die tekort op die betalingsbalans te dek. Die regering het in Julie 1985 ekonomiese noodmaatreëls toegepas om die hiperinflasie, wat die ekonomiese oorlewing van die land bedreig het, te bowe te kom. Laat in 1985 het die inflasiekoers skerp gedaal tot 20 persent. Nog merkwaardiger was die sukses wat met die vermindering van die begrotingstekort behaal is. Teen die begin van die 1986 fiskale jaar was dit byna nul. Die noodmaatreëls het 'n einde gemaak aan 'n periode van veerien jaar waartydens die ekonomie deur stygende inflasie, waardeverlies van Israel se geldeenheid en groot begrotingstekorte ontwrig is. Ekonomiese stabiliteit is ook verseker wat benodig is om alle strukturele tekortkominge, wat die groei van die ekonomie sedert 1973 bemoeilik het, uit die weg te ruim. === Kenmerke === [[Lêer:Azriely Center.jpg|duimnael|Die ''Azriely Centre'' in Tel Aviv, die ekonomiese spil van Israel]] Israel het sedert sy stigting in 1948 van 'n agrariese ekonomie met sosialistiese elemente (met [[kibboets]]im of kollektiewe gemeenskappe en die invloedryke vakbondvereniging Histradoet as belangrikste rolspeler in sosiaal-politiese opsig) tot 'n uitvoergerigte ope markekonomie met 'n sterk hoëtegnologiebedryf ontwikkel. Met die [[Europese Unie]], die [[Verenigde State]] en die [[Volksrepubliek China]] as belangrikste handelsvennote is Israel volledig in die wêreldekonomie geïntegreer en het in 2010 by die [[OESO]] aangesluit.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |publisher=[[OESO]] |title=Israel’s accession to the OECD |date=7 September 2010 |accessdate=22 Julie 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516012445/http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Israel beskik oor min natuurlike hulpbronne en beperkte watervoorrade, maar het ongeag sy relatief klein oppervlakte 'n gediversifiseerde ekonomie. In die groot metropolitaanse gebiede van Tel Aviv, Haifa en Jerusalem het 'n moderne dienste- en hoëtegnologiebedryf ontstaan waar talle globale ondernemings filiale gestig het. Israel is die derde belangrikste land van oorsprong na die VSA en die Volksrepubliek China van tegnologiemaatskappye waarvan die aandele aan die [[New York Stad|New Yorkse]] [[NASDAQ]]-[[aandelebeurs]] genoteer word. Die twee grootste aanlegte van die Amerikaanse mikroskyfie-vervaardiger ''[[Intel]]'' buite die VSA is in Jerusalem en Kirjat Gat gesetel.<ref>{{de}} ''WirtschaftsWoche'', nommer 28, 8 Julie 2013, bl. 34</ref> Israel is 'n geïsoleerde nywerheidsland temidde van onderontwikkelde Arabiese lande en afhanklik van invoere van [[ru-olie]], [[steenkool]], voedsel, ongeslypte [[diamant]]e en wapentuig. Sy hoofsaaklike uitvoere is geslypte diamante, hoëtegnologie-produkte, wapentuig, sagteware, artsenymiddels, chemiese produkte, [[sagtevrugte]], [[groente]] en blomme. Die belangrikste nywerhede is metale, elektroniese en biochemiese toerusting, halfgeleiers, verwerkte voedsel, chemiese en verwante produkte en vervoertoerusting. Die land se dienstesektor is hoogs ontwikkel, en sy diamantenywerheid is een van die belangrikste verskaffers van geslypte en gepoleerde diamante ter wêreld. Israel is een van die internasionale sentrums van sagtewareontwikkeling en 'n gewilde toeristebestemming. Nywerheidstreke in die sentrum van die land kontrasteer met periferiese gebiede in die noorde en suide van die land wat op 'n hoogs ontwikkelde landbousektor en kleiner nywerhede steun. Kenmerkend vir die landboubedryf in hierdie landsdele is dat daar nog steeds kollektiewe ondernemings soos kibboetsim en mosjawim bestaan. Die landbousektor se bydrae tot die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) het egter tot sowat twee persent gedaal. In Israel vorm hoogs opgeleide en globaal georiënteerde spesialiste saam met meer behoudende godsdienstige bevolkingsgroepe en etniese minderhede, wat dikwels slegs 'n marginale rol in die ekonomiese lewe speel, 'n heterogene bevolking wat uitdagings aan die sosioekonomiese beleid van die land bied. Terwyl die per capita-BBP tans sowat 84 persent van die gemiddeld vir alle OESO-lidlande beloop, is die persentasie arm huishoudings dubbel so groot. === Bruto geografiese produk, buitelandse handel en betalingsbalans === [[Lêer:PikiWiki Israel 16203 kiryat gat.jpg|duimnael|Nywerheidsone in Kirjat Gat]] [[Lêer:Israel AirportCity FromAir.JPG|duimnael|Airport City-besigheidspark, [[Ben Gurion Internasionale Lughawe]], Tel Aviv]] Israel se bruto geografiese produk het in 2004 145 miljard [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA-dollar]] beloop, wat gelykstaan aan 'n per capita-inkomste van sowat 20&nbsp;000 VSA-dollar. Ná die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] het Israel se ekonomie voordeel getrek uit die immigrasie van talle wetenskaplikes en ander akademies opgeleide werkers uit die voormalige Sowjetunie en die uitbreiding na nuwe markte. Die ekonomiese groeikoers het sedert 1996 weens die dalende aantal nuwe immigrante en die regering se streng monetêre beleid effens verstadig. Die inflasiekoers het in 1999 skerp begin daal. Israel se lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans is vroeër deur 'n permanente tekort gekenmerk wat goed gemaak is deur die invloei van kapitaal uit die buiteland en staatslenings. Sowat die helfte van Israel se buitelandse skuldlas is van Amerikaanse oorsprong. Die Verenigde State verskaf finansiële en ekonomiese hulp aan Israel en waarborg saam met lande soos byvoorbeeld [[Duitsland]] Israelse lenings of verskaf self lenings teen 'n lae rentekoers. Dié twee lande is waarborge vir die soewereiniteit van die Staat Israel, en hulle bystand werk ook die negatiewe gevolge van die Arabiese boikotte en sanksies teen. Weens die lae vlak van ekonomiese integrasie met die omliggende Arabiese buurlande bestaan handelsbande hoofsaaklik met oorsese lande. In- en uitvoere beloop respektiewelik 43 en 40 persent van die BBP. In die afgelope jare was daar 'n merkwaardige oorskot op die lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans. Israel se ekonomie het in 2010 en 2011 met respektiewelik 4,6 en 4,8 persent sterker gegroei as dié van ander nywerheidslande. Die groeikoers het in 2012 verswak tot 2,9 persent, maar sal in 2013 volgens ramings van die [[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] weer versnel tot 3,3 persent. Die werkloosheidsyfer het in Julie 2013 ses persent beloop – die laagste persentasie in twintig jaar. Die Europese Unie is tans die belangrikste handelsvennoot vir Israel. Die belangrikste bilaterale handelsvennote is die Verenigde State en die Volksrepubliek China. Daarnaas word die meeste goedere uit Duitsland, [[België]], [[Switserland]] en [[Italië]] ingevoer, die belangrikste bestemmings vir uitvoere is België, [[Indië]], die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]], [[Nederland]] en Duitsland. === Toerisme === In 2010, 2011 en 2012 het rekordgetalle besoekers in Israel aangekom. In 2012 het die getal toeriste met 0,6 persent toegeneem tot meer as 3,5 miljoen. {| class="wikitable" ! Rang ! Land ! Getal besoekers in 2012 ! Styging teenoor 2011 |---- |- | 1 | Verenigde State | 610&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 2 | Russiese Federasie | 590&nbsp;000 | +20% |---- |- | 3 | Frankryk | 300&nbsp;000 | 0% |---- |- | 4 | Duitsland | 230&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 5 | Verenigde Koninkryk | 208&nbsp;000 | -6% |} == Kultuur == Israel se uiteenlopende kultuur spruit uit die verskeidenheid van sy bevolking. Jode uit diaspora-gemeenskappe dwarsoor die wêreld het hul kulturele en godsdienstige tradisies met hulle saamgebring, wat 'n smeltkroes van Joodse gebruike en gelowe geskep het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.hse.ru/en/news/28331917.html |publisher=National Research University Higher School of Economics |title=Asian Studies: Israel as a 'Melting Pot' |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> Arabiese invloede is in baie kulturele sfere aanwesig,<ref name="MendelRanta2016p137">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|year=2016|publisher=Routled|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|p=137|quote= early settlers found it useful and suitable to imitate, adopt, adapt and later appropriate local customs, traditions, symbols and words. This was the principal process that we have unearthed in the book, and which changed in style, volume and recognition with time and with the shifting political environment in Palestine/Israel, yet was kept in the DNA of what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness'. It was an ongoing love-hate tango with the Arab-Palestinian 'other', which on the one hand represented the opposite of the 'self', and on the other hand, its presence was a mandatory ingredient in the creation of many of the customs, traditions and practices considered as local and as Israeli […] the line of thinking according to which the Arab-Palestinian influence on Hebrew culture has been dramatically reduced following the creation of Israel as an independent state in 1948, is simply inaccurate and does not reflect the reality of Jewish-Arab-Palestinian relations. Not only were the early relations between settlers and Arab-Palestinians important – we would say essential – to our understanding of modern life in Israel and to Jewish-Israeli identity and culture, but the fascination leading to adaptation of Arab and Arab-Palestinian cultures did not end in 1948, it is in fact an ongoing process […] many of the customs and traditions, which Jewish-Israelis define as belonging to the Israeli way of life and that represent 'Israeliness', are based on those early relations and cultural appropriations.}}</ref><ref name="MendelRanta2016p140">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|pp=140–141|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|quote= Jewish-Israeli identity and culture […] have had a wide range of influences, among these were also Arab and Arab-Palestinian elements. When we looked at them in greater detail through Israeli food, Israeli dance, Israeli music, or Israeli symbols, we found – somewhere in their very root – also an Arab component. This is a unique influence not only because the Arab-Palestinian influence is common in different cultural fields, but because it seems that these influences are the least noted […] Arab and Arab-Palestinian influence is much more important in understanding Jewish-Israeli identity and culture than given credit or recognised, and that it had an effect – at times basic and at times more profound – on the deferent cultural fields that constitute what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness' and the Israeli way of life. We believe that due to political reasons, the Arab influence on Israeli culture has been underestimated and overlooked […] presentation of the Jewish and Arab identity and culture as two binaries is misleading. The two identities should be viewed more accurately as a scale with overlapping points, while acknowledging that – despite the conflict and at times because of the conflict – it is hard to admit that at the end of many Hebrew sentences sits an Arab smoking a 'nargilah' and that the Arab-Palestinian 'Other' is actually at the very heart of the Jewish-Israeli 'Self'… Jewish-Israelis and Arab-Palestinians share a number of similarities and points of contact that allow for easier diffusion of culture and symbols. These include, for example the presence of large communities of Jews who have originated in Arab countries and the increasing visibility and involvement of Arab-Palestinians in Israeli politics, economy and society. It is therefore expected that this proximity will result in constant cultural diffusion.}}</ref> soos argitektuur,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA+Publications/Photo+exhibits/Encounters-+The+Vernacular+Paradox+of+Israeli+Arch-+Intro.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture |last=Ran |first=Ami |accessdate=6 September 2007 |date=25 August 1998 }}</ref> musiek,<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=http://www.israel21c.org/culture/israeli-palestinian-and-jordanian-djs-create-bridge-for-peace |title=Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace |last=Brinn |first=David |date=23 October 2005 |accessdate=20 March 2012 |newspaper=ISRAEL21c}}</ref> en kookkuns.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20International%20Israeli%20Table |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The International Israeli Table |accessdate=26 June 2009 }}</ref> Israel is die enigste land ter wêreld waar die lewe om die [[Joodse kalender]] wentel. Werk- en skoolvakansies word bepaal deur die Joodse vakansiedae, en die amptelike rusdag is Saterdag, die Joodse [[Sabbat]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel |accessdate=16 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814055003/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/people/jewish%20festivals%20in%20israel |archivedate=14 August 2007 }}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Lys van nedersettings in Israel]] * [[Knesset]] == Notas == <references group="fn" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bronnelys == ; Algemeen * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel|title=Israel|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|title=Israel|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Israel}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{en}} [http://www.isracast.com/ Isracast – Nuus oor Israel se buitelandse beleid] * {{en}} [http://www.goisrael.com/ Israel se Ministerium van Toerisme] {{Lande van Asië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Israel| ]] bgntqbgrnbbima0y1vjyl830g6sif42 2517317 2517290 2022-08-04T05:31:39Z Burgert Behr 2401 Wysigings deur [[Special:Contributions/2A00:A040:18C:3022:6065:DC49:5C01:F993|2A00:A040:18C:3022:6065:DC49:5C01:F993]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:Vluigral|Vluigral]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Land |noem_naam = Staat Israel |volle_naam = <small>מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ([[Hebreeus]])<br />دولة إسرائيل ([Arabies]])</small> |algemene_naam = Israel |beeld_vlag = Flag of Israel.svg |beeld_wapen = Emblem of Israel.svg |simbool_tipe = Wapen |beeld_kaart = ISR orthographic.svg |leuse = |volkslied = הַתִּקְוָה ''[[Hatikvah]]''<br /><small>''(Hebreeus vir: "Die Hoop")''</small><br /><center>[[Lêer:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg]]</center> |amptelike_tale = [[Hebreeus]] en [[Arabies]] |hoofstad = [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="swp">{{de}} {{cite web |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |title=Grundgesetz: Israel – Nationalstaat des jüdischen Volkes |work=SWP |trans-title=Grondwet: Israel – Nasiestaat van die Joodse Volk |accessdate=16 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616104550/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |archive-date=16 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> (''gedeeltelik erken''){{refn|group=fn|Erkenning deur ander VN-lidlande: [[Australië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref name="ausj">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Desember 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122105827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |archive-date=22 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rusland]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611050215/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Tsjeggië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital |newspaper=Jerusalem Post |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303093750/https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |archive-date=3 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203023556/https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{es}} {{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén |website=Infobae |date=24 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417074208/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |archive-date=17 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611110231/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617225602/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |archive-date=17 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} {{Koördinate|31|47|N|35|13|O}} |latd = 31 |latm = 47 |latNS = N |longd = 35 |longm = 13 |longEW = O |grootste_stad = [[Jerusalem]] |regeringsvorm = Unitêre parlementêre<br />grondwetlike [[republiek]] |leiertitels = <br />• [[Lys van presidente van Israel|President]]<br />• [[Lys van eerste ministers van Israel|Eerste minister]] |leiername = [[Isaac Herzog]]<br />[[Yair Lapid]] |oppervlak_rang = 149^ste |oppervlak_grootte = |oppervlak = 20&nbsp;770–22&nbsp;072{{smallsup|a}} |oppervlakmi² = 8&nbsp;019–8&nbsp;522 |persent_water = 2,71 (2015)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|title=Surface water and surface water change|publisher=[[OESO]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting = 9&nbsp;539&nbsp;420<ref name="cbs_main">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israeliese Sentrale Buro vir Statistiek |accessdate=20 Februarie 2017}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2022 |bevolking_rang = 93^ste |bevolking_sensus = 7&nbsp;412&nbsp;200<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |title=The 2008 Israel Integrated Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |date=28 Desember 2008 |format=PDF |accessdate=12 Mei 2014 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114031326/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |bevolking_sensus_jaar = 2008 |bevolkingsdigtheid = 432 |bevolkingsdigtheidmi² = 1&nbsp;118,9 |bevolkingsdigtheidrang = 35^ste |BBP_PPP = $478,010&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Israel |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2022 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |BBP_PPP_rang = 49^ste |BBP_PPP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_PPP_per_kapita = $50&nbsp;204<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 34^ste |BBP = $520,703&nbsp;miljard<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_rang = 29^ste |BBP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_per_kapita = $54&nbsp;688<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_per_kapita_rang = 15^de |onafhanklikheidstipe = • Verklaar<br />• Erken |onafhanklikheidsgebeure = |onafhanklikheidsdatums = van die [[Britse mandaat van Palestina|Mandaat van Palestina]]<br />[[14 Mei]] [[1948]]<br />[[11 Mei]] [[1949]] |MOI = {{wins}} 0,919<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=2020 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |MOI_rang = 19^de |MOI_jaar = 2019 |MOI_kategorie = {{kleur|#090|baie hoog}} |Gini = 38,6<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IL |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=8 Julie 2021}}</ref> |Gini_rang = 48^ste |Gini_jaar = 2018 |Gini_kategorie = {{kleur|#fc0|medium}} |geldeenheid = [[Nuwe sikkel]] (₪) |geldeenheid_kode = ILS |land_kode = IL |tydsone = IST |utc_afwyking = [[UTC+02:00|+2]] |tydsone_somer = IST |utc_afwyking_DST = [[UTC+03:00|+3]] |internet_domein = [[.il]] |skakelkode = 972 |voetskrif = {{smallsup|a}} 20&nbsp;770 is Israel binne die Groen Lyn. 22&nbsp;072 sluit in die geannekseerde Golanhoogtes en Oos-Jerusalem. }} '''Israel''', ook '''Israël''' ([[Hebreeus]]: יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Yisrā'el''; [[Arabies]]: إِسْرَائِيل, ''Isrāʼīl''), amptelik die '''Staat Israel''' (Hebreeus: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'', [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel], {{Audio|He-Medinat Israel.ogg|luister}}; Arabies: دولة إسرائيل, ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl'', [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is 'n [[demokrasie|demokratiese]] [[grondwet]]like [[republiek]] in die [[Midde-Ooste]] en antieke tuisland van die [[Jode]]. Dit oorvleuel gedeeltelik met [[Staat Palestina|Palestina]], tuisland van die [[Palestyne]]. Israel word begrens deur [[Sirië]] en [[Libanon]] in die noorde, [[Jordanië]] in die ooste, [[Egipte]] in die suidweste en die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste. Die amptelike hoofstad is [[Jerusalem]], die setel van die presidentswoning, regeringskantore, hooggeregshof en die parlement ([[Knesset]]).<ref name="swp" /> Die sentrum van ekonomiese en tegnologiese aktiwiteit is [[Tel Aviv]]; hier is ook die meeste ambassades gesetel. == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Israelic Flag.JPG|duimnael|links|'n [[Vlag van Israel|Israelse vlag]] waai in die Negev-woestyn]] [[Lêer:Israel relations.png|duimnael|links|Internasionale erkenning van Israel]] As gevolg van Zionisme, wat 'n Joodse tuisland in die destydse [[Britse mandaat van Palestina]] geëis het, is die moderne staat Israel op 14 Mei 1948 uitgeroep en feitlik onmiddellik deur [[Arabiere|Arabiese]] lande aangeval. Die geskiedenis van dié land tot op hede was en bly omstrede en die vroeë jare van die 21ste eeu word gekenmerk deur aanvalle op Israeli burgers deur Palestynse vegters en 'n gepaardgaande determinasie van die regering van Israel om 'n totale skeiding in die alledaagse lewe tussen die Palestyne, wat grotendeels nie Israeli burgers is nie, en die burgers van Israel te bewerkstellig. Nie-Joodse burgers van Israel, waaronder sowat een miljoen Arabiessprekende mense, geniet wel burgerskap en stemreg. Sedert 13 Junie 2021 regeer die [[Bennett-Lapid-kabinet]] met (sedert 1 Julie 2022) [[Yair Lapid]] van die liberale Yesh Atid-party as eerste minister. == Geografie == [[Lêer:Israel topo en.jpg|duimnael|links|Topografiese kaart van Israel]] Israel strek oor 'n lengte van 470 kilometer in noord-suidelike rigting, terwyl dit tussen 15 en 135 kilometer wyd is. Die land word in die noorde deur [[Libanon]], in die ooste deur [[Sirië]] en [[Jordanië]], en [[Egipte]] in die suidweste begrens. Die land het 'n kuslyn langs die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste en aan die suide die Golf van Eilat, wat ook as die [[Golf van Akaba]] bekend staan. In die ooste vloei die [[Jordaanrivier]]. Alhoewel die land baie klein is, is daar verskillende klimaatsones. Die beboste noorde het 'n gematigde klimaat, terwyl die suide baie warm en woestynagtig is. Sowat die helfte van Israel se oppervlak word deur woestyne soos die Negev beslaan. Die kusgebiede langs die Middellandse See en die Jordaanvallei is subtropiese gebiede. Die [[Dooie See]] aan die Israel-Jordaanse grens is die laagste plek onder seespieël ter wêreld. Gedurende die [[Sesdaagse Oorlog]] het Israel in 1967 die [[Wesoewer]] ([[Engels]]: ''West Bank'') van die Hasjemitiese Koninkryk van Jordanië, die Golanhoogtes van Sirië en die [[Sinai]]-skiereiland van Egipte verower. Israel het sy troepe en setlaars op die Sinai-skiereiland in 1982 en dié in die [[Gasastrook]] tot 12 September 2005 onttrek. Die toekomstige status van die Wesoewer, die Gasastrook en die Golanhoogtes is tans nie duidelik nie. Die totale oppervlak van Israel, sonder die gebiede wat in 1967 verower is, beslaan 20&nbsp;770 vierkante kilometer. Een persent hiervan is wateroppervlaktes. Die totale oppervlak van alle gebiede wat tans deur Israel beheer word, ook Oos-Jerusalem en die Golanhoogtes, is 22&nbsp;145 vierkante kilometer. As die Wesoewer ingesluit word, wat reeds gedeeltelik selfregerende status verkry het, beslaan Israel se oppervlak 28&nbsp;023 vierkante kilometer. Daar is vier [[Metropool|metropolitaanse]] gebiede in Israel (2017): * [[Tel Aviv]] en omgewing met 3&nbsp;854&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Jerusalem]] en omgewing met 1&nbsp;254&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Haifa]] en omgewing met 924&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Be'er Sheva]] en omgewing met 377&nbsp;000 inwoners == Demografie == [[Lêer:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg|duimnael|links|Ná eeue van diskriminasie en vervolging – die foto toon Joodse kinders wat die slagoffers van 'n [[Antisemitisme|anti-Joodse]] [[pogrom]] in Rusland geword het – het Joodse mense in Israel 'n nuwe tuiste gevind]] Met 'n bevolking van sowat 8,5 miljoen is Israel tans die 97ste mees bevolkte land in die wêreld. Sowat 91 persent van die bevolking is verstedelik. Die Joodse godsdiens en Westerse modernisme oefen die grootste invloede op die huidige Israelse samelewing uit, alhoewel ook ander godsdienste en kulture van die Midde-Ooste 'n rol speel. Israelse burgerskap kan deur geboorte of inburgering verkry word. Ook dubbele burgerskap word erken, onder meer in die geval van Amerikaanse Jode, wat hulle in Israel gevestig het en ingeburger is. Die reg op godsdiensvryheid word in die Israelse grondwet gewaarborg, en die groot aantal heilige plekke in die land word deur die betrokke godsdienstige gemeenskappe beheer. Vrye toegang daarin en beskerming teen ontwyding daarvan word deur 'n aantal wette beheer. Amptelike statistiek verdeel die bevolking in burgers van Joodse en nie-Joodse afkoms. In die jaar 2004 was 81 persent van alle Israelse burgers van Joodse afkoms (uitgesluit die bevolking van die besette gebiede). Die Joodse bevolking word verdeel in: * die sogenaamde Watikim of bewoners van die Jisjoef, dit wil sê die ou Joodse nedersettings, wat reeds voor die stigting van die Staat Israel bestaan het, en burgers, wat voor die stigting van die staat geïmmigreer het; * die sogenaamde Olim, dit wil sê mense wat hulle ná die stigting van die Staat Israel in die land gevestig het; en * die sogenaamde Tsabarim, dit wil sê burgers wat in Israel gebore is. [[Lêer:Haifa Shrine and Port.jpg|duimnael|links|Die hawestad Haifa, met die [[Baha’i-wêreldsentrum]], Heiligdom van die [[Baha’i]] in die voorgrond]] 26 persent van alle nie-Arabiese burgers het ten minste een ouer wat in Israel gebore is, 37 persent is Israeli's van die eerste generasie, 27 persent is immigrante uit Westerse lande en 42 persent het vanuit [[Asië]] of [[Afrika]] na Israel gekom. Daar is ook klein minderhede [[Droese]] (1,5 persent), [[Armeniërs]], [[Baha’i]], [[Alawiete]], Ahmadi en [[Sirkassiërs]]. Meer as die helfte van die 170&nbsp;000 Arabiese [[Bedoeïene]] het tans 'n vaste woonplek, terwyl die ander die tradisie van 'n nomadiese leefwyse bewaar het. Hulle bly egter in bepaalde gebiede van die land. Sowat een miljoen immigrante het uit die gebiede van die voormalige [[Sowjetunie]] gekom, waarvan meer as 'n driekwart miljoen in die tydperk tussen 1989 en 1999. Meer as 220&nbsp;000 Israeli's het hulle in nedersettings in die Wesoewer-gebied gevestig. In 2005 het sowat 7&nbsp;500 setlaars hulle aan die Gasastrook onttrek. Hebreeus en Arabies was reeds in die tydperk van die Britse mandaat van Palestina naas [[Engels]] die [[Amptelike taal|amptelike tale]]. Ivrit, die moderne Hebreeus, is die huistaal van die meeste Israelse burgers, terwyl sowat een miljoen Arabies as [[moedertaal]] praat. Arabiese skole gebruik Arabies as onderwystaal, en die taal is naas Engels ook 'n belangrike vak in Hebreeuse skole. Amptelike dokumente soos wette is in Hebreeus en Arabies beskikbaar. Mense in Israel het een van die hoogste lewensverwagtings ter wêreld, met 80,9 jaar vir vroue en 76,7 jaar vir mans. == Godsdiens == [[Lêer:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 13.JPG|duimnael|Die Wesmuur, 'n oorblyfsel van die Joodse Tempel, en die goue koepel van die Tempelberg in Jerusalem]] In Augustus 2013 was 75,1 persent van Israel se bevolking Joods; dit maak van Israel die enigste land ter wêreld met 'n Joodse meerderheid. Van die Joodse bevolking beskou ses persent hulself as ''Charedim'' of ultra-ortodokse [[Jode]]; nege persent as vrome Jode; 34 persent as Joodse tradisionaliste en 51 persent as sekulêre Jode. Sowat 2 persent van Israel se bevolking is [[Christendom|Christene]], 17 persent [[Moslem]]s, 1,4 persent Droese en 4,1 persent andere. Die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] is die grootste Christelike kerk in Israel met sowat 75&nbsp;000 lede. 'n Klein minderheid Jode – na ramings sowat 4&nbsp;000 lidmate in 80 gemeentes – is Messiaanse Jode, wat die Joodse kultuur en die meeste leerstellings van die Joodse godsdiens aanvaar, maar nogtans [[Jesus van Nasaret]] as [[Messias]] beskou. Hulle word deur ander Jode meestal as Christene beskou. Van die sowat 20,7 persent Israelse Arabiere is 14,6 [[Soenni]]se Moslems. 'n Klein minderheid van Moslems behoort tot die Ahmadiyyah-hervormingsbeweging, wat tolerante en vreedsame aspekte van die [[Islam]]itiese geloof beklemtoon. Daar is ook 'n klein minderheid van enkele honderd [[Baha’i|Bahá'í]], veral in [[Haifa]] en omgewing, waar ook sommige van hulle belangrikste heiligdomme te vinde is. Daar bestaan 'n klein Samaritaanse gemeente van sowat 800 lidmate wat in Israel en op die besette Wesoewer woon. Sendingwerk is in Israel verbode. == Ekonomie == === Ekonomiese geskiedenis === [[Lêer:Israel 10000 NIS Bill 1984.jpg|duimnael|Hiperinflasie in die vroeë 1980's: hierdie 10&nbsp;000 sheqalim-banknoot van 1984 is in die volgende jaar deur 'n banknoot ter waarde van 10 [[Nuwe sikkel]] met dieselfde ontwerp vervang]] Toe die onafhanklikheidsoorlog in 1948 uitbreek, is die Joodse bevolking in die Britse mandaatgebied Palestina op sowat 600&nbsp;000 beraam. Nogtans het hierdie minderheid 'n besliste invloed op die land se ekonomie uitgeoefen. Dit was veral omdat ondernemings in Joodse besit die Britse leër en ander geallieerde magte, wat tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in die Midde-Ooste gestasioneer was, van benodigde basiese goedere voorsien het. In 'n tyd, toe miljoene Joodse burgers in Europa slagoffers van die Nasionaalsosialistiese verdelgingsbeleid geword het, het die Britse mandaatgebied ekonomiese voorspoed ervaar wat later die materiële basis vir Israel se ontwikkeling sou vorm.<ref>{{de}} [http://www.bpb.de/izpb/268917/wirtschaftliche-grundzuege-und-entwicklungen ''Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb): Israel – Wirtschaftliche Grundzüge und Entwicklungen. Besoek op 12 Junie 2018'']</ref> Die tydperk tussen 1948 en 1972 was 'n periode waartydens immigrasie van Joodse burgers uit alle wêrelddele tot vinnige bevolkingsgroei gelei het. Terwyl kapitaal in groot hoeveelhede uit die buiteland ingevoer is, het die totale [[Bruto nasionale produk]] (BNP) en die BNP per capita buitengewoon sterk groei getoon. Die BNP het in hierdie tydperk jaarliks met 'n gemiddeld van 10,4 persent toegeneem. Hierdie groei het in die volgende periode tussen 1973 en 1986 verstadig tot sowat twee persent. Die BNP per capita het selfs gestagneer, en terwyl die periode tussen 1948 en 1972 nog deur 'n enkelsyfer-inflasiekoers gekenmerk is, het dié koers dramaties versnel tot 'n maksimum van 445 persent in 1984. In enkele jare – 1975, 1983 en 1984 – is Israel se bronne van korttermynfinansiering byna volledig uitgeput om die tekort op die betalingsbalans te dek. Die regering het in Julie 1985 ekonomiese noodmaatreëls toegepas om die hiperinflasie, wat die ekonomiese oorlewing van die land bedreig het, te bowe te kom. Laat in 1985 het die inflasiekoers skerp gedaal tot 20 persent. Nog merkwaardiger was die sukses wat met die vermindering van die begrotingstekort behaal is. Teen die begin van die 1986 fiskale jaar was dit byna nul. Die noodmaatreëls het 'n einde gemaak aan 'n periode van veerien jaar waartydens die ekonomie deur stygende inflasie, waardeverlies van Israel se geldeenheid en groot begrotingstekorte ontwrig is. Ekonomiese stabiliteit is ook verseker wat benodig is om alle strukturele tekortkominge, wat die groei van die ekonomie sedert 1973 bemoeilik het, uit die weg te ruim. === Kenmerke === [[Lêer:Azriely Center.jpg|duimnael|Die ''Azriely Centre'' in Tel Aviv, die ekonomiese spil van Israel]] Israel het sedert sy stigting in 1948 van 'n agrariese ekonomie met sosialistiese elemente (met [[kibboets]]im of kollektiewe gemeenskappe en die invloedryke vakbondvereniging Histradoet as belangrikste rolspeler in sosiaal-politiese opsig) tot 'n uitvoergerigte ope markekonomie met 'n sterk hoëtegnologiebedryf ontwikkel. Met die [[Europese Unie]], die [[Verenigde State]] en die [[Volksrepubliek China]] as belangrikste handelsvennote is Israel volledig in die wêreldekonomie geïntegreer en het in 2010 by die [[OESO]] aangesluit.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |publisher=[[OESO]] |title=Israel’s accession to the OECD |date=7 September 2010 |accessdate=22 Julie 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516012445/http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Israel beskik oor min natuurlike hulpbronne en beperkte watervoorrade, maar het ongeag sy relatief klein oppervlakte 'n gediversifiseerde ekonomie. In die groot metropolitaanse gebiede van Tel Aviv, Haifa en Jerusalem het 'n moderne dienste- en hoëtegnologiebedryf ontstaan waar talle globale ondernemings filiale gestig het. Israel is die derde belangrikste land van oorsprong na die VSA en die Volksrepubliek China van tegnologiemaatskappye waarvan die aandele aan die [[New York Stad|New Yorkse]] [[NASDAQ]]-[[aandelebeurs]] genoteer word. Die twee grootste aanlegte van die Amerikaanse mikroskyfie-vervaardiger ''[[Intel]]'' buite die VSA is in Jerusalem en Kirjat Gat gesetel.<ref>{{de}} ''WirtschaftsWoche'', nommer 28, 8 Julie 2013, bl. 34</ref> Israel is 'n geïsoleerde nywerheidsland temidde van onderontwikkelde Arabiese lande en afhanklik van invoere van [[ru-olie]], [[steenkool]], voedsel, ongeslypte [[diamant]]e en wapentuig. Sy hoofsaaklike uitvoere is geslypte diamante, hoëtegnologie-produkte, wapentuig, sagteware, artsenymiddels, chemiese produkte, [[sagtevrugte]], [[groente]] en blomme. Die belangrikste nywerhede is metale, elektroniese en biochemiese toerusting, halfgeleiers, verwerkte voedsel, chemiese en verwante produkte en vervoertoerusting. Die land se dienstesektor is hoogs ontwikkel, en sy diamantenywerheid is een van die belangrikste verskaffers van geslypte en gepoleerde diamante ter wêreld. Israel is een van die internasionale sentrums van sagtewareontwikkeling en 'n gewilde toeristebestemming. Nywerheidstreke in die sentrum van die land kontrasteer met periferiese gebiede in die noorde en suide van die land wat op 'n hoogs ontwikkelde landbousektor en kleiner nywerhede steun. Kenmerkend vir die landboubedryf in hierdie landsdele is dat daar nog steeds kollektiewe ondernemings soos kibboetsim en mosjawim bestaan. Die landbousektor se bydrae tot die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) het egter tot sowat twee persent gedaal. In Israel vorm hoogs opgeleide en globaal georiënteerde spesialiste saam met meer behoudende godsdienstige bevolkingsgroepe en etniese minderhede, wat dikwels slegs 'n marginale rol in die ekonomiese lewe speel, 'n heterogene bevolking wat uitdagings aan die sosioekonomiese beleid van die land bied. Terwyl die per capita-BBP tans sowat 84 persent van die gemiddeld vir alle OESO-lidlande beloop, is die persentasie arm huishoudings dubbel so groot. === Bruto geografiese produk, buitelandse handel en betalingsbalans === [[Lêer:PikiWiki Israel 16203 kiryat gat.jpg|duimnael|Nywerheidsone in Kirjat Gat]] [[Lêer:Israel AirportCity FromAir.JPG|duimnael|Airport City-besigheidspark, [[Ben Gurion Internasionale Lughawe]], Tel Aviv]] Israel se bruto geografiese produk het in 2004 145 miljard [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA-dollar]] beloop, wat gelykstaan aan 'n per capita-inkomste van sowat 20&nbsp;000 VSA-dollar. Ná die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] het Israel se ekonomie voordeel getrek uit die immigrasie van talle wetenskaplikes en ander akademies opgeleide werkers uit die voormalige Sowjetunie en die uitbreiding na nuwe markte. Die ekonomiese groeikoers het sedert 1996 weens die dalende aantal nuwe immigrante en die regering se streng monetêre beleid effens verstadig. Die inflasiekoers het in 1999 skerp begin daal. Israel se lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans is vroeër deur 'n permanente tekort gekenmerk wat goed gemaak is deur die invloei van kapitaal uit die buiteland en staatslenings. Sowat die helfte van Israel se buitelandse skuldlas is van Amerikaanse oorsprong. Die Verenigde State verskaf finansiële en ekonomiese hulp aan Israel en waarborg saam met lande soos byvoorbeeld [[Duitsland]] Israelse lenings of verskaf self lenings teen 'n lae rentekoers. Dié twee lande is waarborge vir die soewereiniteit van die Staat Israel, en hulle bystand werk ook die negatiewe gevolge van die Arabiese boikotte en sanksies teen. Weens die lae vlak van ekonomiese integrasie met die omliggende Arabiese buurlande bestaan handelsbande hoofsaaklik met oorsese lande. In- en uitvoere beloop respektiewelik 43 en 40 persent van die BBP. In die afgelope jare was daar 'n merkwaardige oorskot op die lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans. Israel se ekonomie het in 2010 en 2011 met respektiewelik 4,6 en 4,8 persent sterker gegroei as dié van ander nywerheidslande. Die groeikoers het in 2012 verswak tot 2,9 persent, maar sal in 2013 volgens ramings van die [[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] weer versnel tot 3,3 persent. Die werkloosheidsyfer het in Julie 2013 ses persent beloop – die laagste persentasie in twintig jaar. Die Europese Unie is tans die belangrikste handelsvennoot vir Israel. Die belangrikste bilaterale handelsvennote is die Verenigde State en die Volksrepubliek China. Daarnaas word die meeste goedere uit Duitsland, [[België]], [[Switserland]] en [[Italië]] ingevoer, die belangrikste bestemmings vir uitvoere is België, [[Indië]], die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]], [[Nederland]] en Duitsland. === Toerisme === In 2010, 2011 en 2012 het rekordgetalle besoekers in Israel aangekom. In 2012 het die getal toeriste met 0,6 persent toegeneem tot meer as 3,5 miljoen. {| class="wikitable" ! Rang ! Land ! Getal besoekers in 2012 ! Styging teenoor 2011 |---- |- | 1 | Verenigde State | 610&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 2 | Russiese Federasie | 590&nbsp;000 | +20% |---- |- | 3 | Frankryk | 300&nbsp;000 | 0% |---- |- | 4 | Duitsland | 230&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 5 | Verenigde Koninkryk | 208&nbsp;000 | -6% |} == Kultuur == Israel se uiteenlopende kultuur spruit uit die verskeidenheid van sy bevolking. Jode uit diaspora-gemeenskappe dwarsoor die wêreld het hul kulturele en godsdienstige tradisies met hulle saamgebring, wat 'n smeltkroes van Joodse gebruike en gelowe geskep het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.hse.ru/en/news/28331917.html |publisher=National Research University Higher School of Economics |title=Asian Studies: Israel as a 'Melting Pot' |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> Arabiese invloede is in baie kulturele sfere aanwesig,<ref name="MendelRanta2016p137">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|year=2016|publisher=Routled|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|p=137|quote= early settlers found it useful and suitable to imitate, adopt, adapt and later appropriate local customs, traditions, symbols and words. This was the principal process that we have unearthed in the book, and which changed in style, volume and recognition with time and with the shifting political environment in Palestine/Israel, yet was kept in the DNA of what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness'. It was an ongoing love-hate tango with the Arab-Palestinian 'other', which on the one hand represented the opposite of the 'self', and on the other hand, its presence was a mandatory ingredient in the creation of many of the customs, traditions and practices considered as local and as Israeli […] the line of thinking according to which the Arab-Palestinian influence on Hebrew culture has been dramatically reduced following the creation of Israel as an independent state in 1948, is simply inaccurate and does not reflect the reality of Jewish-Arab-Palestinian relations. Not only were the early relations between settlers and Arab-Palestinians important – we would say essential – to our understanding of modern life in Israel and to Jewish-Israeli identity and culture, but the fascination leading to adaptation of Arab and Arab-Palestinian cultures did not end in 1948, it is in fact an ongoing process […] many of the customs and traditions, which Jewish-Israelis define as belonging to the Israeli way of life and that represent 'Israeliness', are based on those early relations and cultural appropriations.}}</ref><ref name="MendelRanta2016p140">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|pp=140–141|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|quote= Jewish-Israeli identity and culture […] have had a wide range of influences, among these were also Arab and Arab-Palestinian elements. When we looked at them in greater detail through Israeli food, Israeli dance, Israeli music, or Israeli symbols, we found – somewhere in their very root – also an Arab component. This is a unique influence not only because the Arab-Palestinian influence is common in different cultural fields, but because it seems that these influences are the least noted […] Arab and Arab-Palestinian influence is much more important in understanding Jewish-Israeli identity and culture than given credit or recognised, and that it had an effect – at times basic and at times more profound – on the deferent cultural fields that constitute what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness' and the Israeli way of life. We believe that due to political reasons, the Arab influence on Israeli culture has been underestimated and overlooked […] presentation of the Jewish and Arab identity and culture as two binaries is misleading. The two identities should be viewed more accurately as a scale with overlapping points, while acknowledging that – despite the conflict and at times because of the conflict – it is hard to admit that at the end of many Hebrew sentences sits an Arab smoking a 'nargilah' and that the Arab-Palestinian 'Other' is actually at the very heart of the Jewish-Israeli 'Self'… Jewish-Israelis and Arab-Palestinians share a number of similarities and points of contact that allow for easier diffusion of culture and symbols. These include, for example the presence of large communities of Jews who have originated in Arab countries and the increasing visibility and involvement of Arab-Palestinians in Israeli politics, economy and society. It is therefore expected that this proximity will result in constant cultural diffusion.}}</ref> soos argitektuur,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA+Publications/Photo+exhibits/Encounters-+The+Vernacular+Paradox+of+Israeli+Arch-+Intro.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture |last=Ran |first=Ami |accessdate=6 September 2007 |date=25 August 1998 }}</ref> musiek,<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=http://www.israel21c.org/culture/israeli-palestinian-and-jordanian-djs-create-bridge-for-peace |title=Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace |last=Brinn |first=David |date=23 October 2005 |accessdate=20 March 2012 |newspaper=ISRAEL21c}}</ref> en kookkuns.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20International%20Israeli%20Table |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The International Israeli Table |accessdate=26 June 2009 }}</ref> Israel is die enigste land ter wêreld waar die lewe om die [[Joodse kalender]] wentel. Werk- en skoolvakansies word bepaal deur die Joodse vakansiedae, en die amptelike rusdag is Saterdag, die Joodse [[Sabbat]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel |accessdate=16 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814055003/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/people/jewish%20festivals%20in%20israel |archivedate=14 August 2007 }}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Lys van nedersettings in Israel]] * [[Knesset]] == Notas == <references group="fn" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bronnelys == ; Algemeen * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel|title=Israel|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|title=Israel|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Israel}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{en}} [http://www.isracast.com/ Isracast – Nuus oor Israel se buitelandse beleid] * {{en}} [http://www.goisrael.com/ Israel se Ministerium van Toerisme] {{Lande van Asië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Israel| ]] h2jfmxehkrse7sk2c3iyv964yzqrn27 2517318 2517317 2022-08-04T05:33:15Z Burgert Behr 2401 Skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Land |noem_naam = Staat Israel |volle_naam = <small>מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ([[Hebreeus]])<br />دولة إسرائيل ([[Arabies]])</small> |algemene_naam = Israel |beeld_vlag = Flag of Israel.svg |beeld_wapen = Emblem of Israel.svg |simbool_tipe = Wapen |beeld_kaart = ISR orthographic.svg |leuse = |volkslied = הַתִּקְוָה ''[[Hatikvah]]''<br /><small>''(Hebreeus vir: "Die Hoop")''</small><br /><center>[[Lêer:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg]]</center> |amptelike_tale = [[Hebreeus]] en [[Arabies]] |hoofstad = [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="swp">{{de}} {{cite web |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |title=Grundgesetz: Israel – Nationalstaat des jüdischen Volkes |work=SWP |trans-title=Grondwet: Israel – Nasiestaat van die Joodse Volk |accessdate=16 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616104550/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/sonstiges/2018A50_Anhang_IsraelNationalstaatsgesetz.pdf |archive-date=16 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> (''gedeeltelik erken''){{refn|group=fn|Erkenning deur ander VN-lidlande: [[Australië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref name="ausj">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Desember 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122105827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |archive-date=22 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rusland]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611050215/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Tsjeggië]] (Wes-Jerusalem),<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital |newspaper=Jerusalem Post |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303093750/https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 |archive-date=3 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203023556/https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{es}} {{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén |website=Infobae |date=24 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417074208/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/ |archive-date=17 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Augustus 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611110231/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 Desember 2017 |accessdate=6 Desember 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617225602/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html |archive-date=17 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} {{Koördinate|31|47|N|35|13|O}} |latd = 31 |latm = 47 |latNS = N |longd = 35 |longm = 13 |longEW = O |grootste_stad = [[Jerusalem]] |regeringsvorm = Unitêre parlementêre<br />grondwetlike [[republiek]] |leiertitels = <br />• [[Lys van presidente van Israel|President]]<br />• [[Lys van eerste ministers van Israel|Eerste minister]] |leiername = [[Isaac Herzog]]<br />[[Yair Lapid]] |oppervlak_rang = 149^ste |oppervlak_grootte = |oppervlak = 20&nbsp;770–22&nbsp;072{{smallsup|a}} |oppervlakmi² = 8&nbsp;019–8&nbsp;522 |persent_water = 2,71 (2015)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|title=Surface water and surface water change|publisher=[[OESO]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting = 9&nbsp;539&nbsp;420<ref name="cbs_main">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israeliese Sentrale Buro vir Statistiek |accessdate=20 Februarie 2017}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2022 |bevolking_rang = 93^ste |bevolking_sensus = 7&nbsp;412&nbsp;200<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |title=The 2008 Israel Integrated Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |date=28 Desember 2008 |format=PDF |accessdate=12 Mei 2014 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114031326/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |bevolking_sensus_jaar = 2008 |bevolkingsdigtheid = 432 |bevolkingsdigtheidmi² = 1&nbsp;118,9 |bevolkingsdigtheidrang = 35^ste |BBP_PPP = $478,010&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Israel |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2022 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |BBP_PPP_rang = 49^ste |BBP_PPP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_PPP_per_kapita = $50&nbsp;204<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 34^ste |BBP = $520,703&nbsp;miljard<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_rang = 29^ste |BBP_jaar = 2022 |BBP_per_kapita = $54&nbsp;688<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_per_kapita_rang = 15^de |onafhanklikheidstipe = • Verklaar<br />• Erken |onafhanklikheidsgebeure = |onafhanklikheidsdatums = van die [[Britse mandaat van Palestina|Mandaat van Palestina]]<br />[[14 Mei]] [[1948]]<br />[[11 Mei]] [[1949]] |MOI = {{wins}} 0,919<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=2020 |accessdate=1 Julie 2022}}</ref> |MOI_rang = 19^de |MOI_jaar = 2019 |MOI_kategorie = {{kleur|#090|baie hoog}} |Gini = 38,6<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IL |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=8 Julie 2021}}</ref> |Gini_rang = 48^ste |Gini_jaar = 2018 |Gini_kategorie = {{kleur|#fc0|medium}} |geldeenheid = [[Nuwe sikkel]] (₪) |geldeenheid_kode = ILS |land_kode = IL |tydsone = IST |utc_afwyking = [[UTC+02:00|+2]] |tydsone_somer = IST |utc_afwyking_DST = [[UTC+03:00|+3]] |internet_domein = [[.il]] |skakelkode = 972 |voetskrif = {{smallsup|a}} 20&nbsp;770 is Israel binne die Groen Lyn. 22&nbsp;072 sluit in die geannekseerde Golanhoogtes en Oos-Jerusalem. }} '''Israel''', ook '''Israël''' ([[Hebreeus]]: יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Yisrā'el''; [[Arabies]]: إِسْرَائِيل, ''Isrāʼīl''), amptelik die '''Staat Israel''' (Hebreeus: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'', [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel], {{Audio|He-Medinat Israel.ogg|luister}}; Arabies: دولة إسرائيل, ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl'', [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is 'n [[demokrasie|demokratiese]] [[grondwet]]like [[republiek]] in die [[Midde-Ooste]] en antieke tuisland van die [[Jode]]. Dit oorvleuel gedeeltelik met [[Staat Palestina|Palestina]], tuisland van die [[Palestyne]]. Israel word begrens deur [[Sirië]] en [[Libanon]] in die noorde, [[Jordanië]] in die ooste, [[Egipte]] in die suidweste en die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste. Die amptelike hoofstad is [[Jerusalem]], die setel van die presidentswoning, regeringskantore, hooggeregshof en die parlement ([[Knesset]]).<ref name="swp" /> Die sentrum van ekonomiese en tegnologiese aktiwiteit is [[Tel Aviv]]; hier is ook die meeste ambassades gesetel. == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Israelic Flag.JPG|duimnael|links|'n [[Vlag van Israel|Israelse vlag]] waai in die Negev-woestyn]] [[Lêer:Israel relations.png|duimnael|links|Internasionale erkenning van Israel]] As gevolg van Zionisme, wat 'n Joodse tuisland in die destydse [[Britse mandaat van Palestina]] geëis het, is die moderne staat Israel op 14 Mei 1948 uitgeroep en feitlik onmiddellik deur [[Arabiere|Arabiese]] lande aangeval. Die geskiedenis van dié land tot op hede was en bly omstrede en die vroeë jare van die 21ste eeu word gekenmerk deur aanvalle op Israeli burgers deur Palestynse vegters en 'n gepaardgaande determinasie van die regering van Israel om 'n totale skeiding in die alledaagse lewe tussen die Palestyne, wat grotendeels nie Israeli burgers is nie, en die burgers van Israel te bewerkstellig. Nie-Joodse burgers van Israel, waaronder sowat een miljoen Arabiessprekende mense, geniet wel burgerskap en stemreg. Sedert 13 Junie 2021 regeer die [[Bennett-Lapid-kabinet]] met (sedert 1 Julie 2022) [[Yair Lapid]] van die liberale Yesh Atid-party as eerste minister. == Geografie == [[Lêer:Israel topo en.jpg|duimnael|links|Topografiese kaart van Israel]] Israel strek oor 'n lengte van 470 kilometer in noord-suidelike rigting, terwyl dit tussen 15 en 135 kilometer wyd is. Die land word in die noorde deur [[Libanon]], in die ooste deur [[Sirië]] en [[Jordanië]], en [[Egipte]] in die suidweste begrens. Die land het 'n kuslyn langs die [[Middellandse See]] in die weste en aan die suide die Golf van Eilat, wat ook as die [[Golf van Akaba]] bekend staan. In die ooste vloei die [[Jordaanrivier]]. Alhoewel die land baie klein is, is daar verskillende klimaatsones. Die beboste noorde het 'n gematigde klimaat, terwyl die suide baie warm en woestynagtig is. Sowat die helfte van Israel se oppervlak word deur woestyne soos die Negev beslaan. Die kusgebiede langs die Middellandse See en die Jordaanvallei is subtropiese gebiede. Die [[Dooie See]] aan die Israel-Jordaanse grens is die laagste plek onder seespieël ter wêreld. Gedurende die [[Sesdaagse Oorlog]] het Israel in 1967 die [[Wesoewer]] ([[Engels]]: ''West Bank'') van die Hasjemitiese Koninkryk van Jordanië, die Golanhoogtes van Sirië en die [[Sinai]]-skiereiland van Egipte verower. Israel het sy troepe en setlaars op die Sinai-skiereiland in 1982 en dié in die [[Gasastrook]] tot 12 September 2005 onttrek. Die toekomstige status van die Wesoewer, die Gasastrook en die Golanhoogtes is tans nie duidelik nie. Die totale oppervlak van Israel, sonder die gebiede wat in 1967 verower is, beslaan 20&nbsp;770 vierkante kilometer. Een persent hiervan is wateroppervlaktes. Die totale oppervlak van alle gebiede wat tans deur Israel beheer word, ook Oos-Jerusalem en die Golanhoogtes, is 22&nbsp;145 vierkante kilometer. As die Wesoewer ingesluit word, wat reeds gedeeltelik selfregerende status verkry het, beslaan Israel se oppervlak 28&nbsp;023 vierkante kilometer. Daar is vier [[Metropool|metropolitaanse]] gebiede in Israel (2017): * [[Tel Aviv]] en omgewing met 3&nbsp;854&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Jerusalem]] en omgewing met 1&nbsp;254&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Haifa]] en omgewing met 924&nbsp;000 inwoners * [[Be'er Sheva]] en omgewing met 377&nbsp;000 inwoners == Demografie == [[Lêer:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg|duimnael|links|Ná eeue van diskriminasie en vervolging – die foto toon Joodse kinders wat die slagoffers van 'n [[Antisemitisme|anti-Joodse]] [[pogrom]] in Rusland geword het – het Joodse mense in Israel 'n nuwe tuiste gevind]] Met 'n bevolking van sowat 8,5 miljoen is Israel tans die 97ste mees bevolkte land in die wêreld. Sowat 91 persent van die bevolking is verstedelik. Die Joodse godsdiens en Westerse modernisme oefen die grootste invloede op die huidige Israelse samelewing uit, alhoewel ook ander godsdienste en kulture van die Midde-Ooste 'n rol speel. Israelse burgerskap kan deur geboorte of inburgering verkry word. Ook dubbele burgerskap word erken, onder meer in die geval van Amerikaanse Jode, wat hulle in Israel gevestig het en ingeburger is. Die reg op godsdiensvryheid word in die Israelse grondwet gewaarborg, en die groot aantal heilige plekke in die land word deur die betrokke godsdienstige gemeenskappe beheer. Vrye toegang daarin en beskerming teen ontwyding daarvan word deur 'n aantal wette beheer. Amptelike statistiek verdeel die bevolking in burgers van Joodse en nie-Joodse afkoms. In die jaar 2004 was 81 persent van alle Israelse burgers van Joodse afkoms (uitgesluit die bevolking van die besette gebiede). Die Joodse bevolking word verdeel in: * die sogenaamde Watikim of bewoners van die Jisjoef, dit wil sê die ou Joodse nedersettings, wat reeds voor die stigting van die Staat Israel bestaan het, en burgers, wat voor die stigting van die staat geïmmigreer het; * die sogenaamde Olim, dit wil sê mense wat hulle ná die stigting van die Staat Israel in die land gevestig het; en * die sogenaamde Tsabarim, dit wil sê burgers wat in Israel gebore is. [[Lêer:Haifa Shrine and Port.jpg|duimnael|links|Die hawestad Haifa, met die [[Baha’i-wêreldsentrum]], Heiligdom van die [[Baha’i]] in die voorgrond]] 26 persent van alle nie-Arabiese burgers het ten minste een ouer wat in Israel gebore is, 37 persent is Israeli's van die eerste generasie, 27 persent is immigrante uit Westerse lande en 42 persent het vanuit [[Asië]] of [[Afrika]] na Israel gekom. Daar is ook klein minderhede [[Droese]] (1,5 persent), [[Armeniërs]], [[Baha’i]], [[Alawiete]], Ahmadi en [[Sirkassiërs]]. Meer as die helfte van die 170&nbsp;000 Arabiese [[Bedoeïene]] het tans 'n vaste woonplek, terwyl die ander die tradisie van 'n nomadiese leefwyse bewaar het. Hulle bly egter in bepaalde gebiede van die land. Sowat een miljoen immigrante het uit die gebiede van die voormalige [[Sowjetunie]] gekom, waarvan meer as 'n driekwart miljoen in die tydperk tussen 1989 en 1999. Meer as 220&nbsp;000 Israeli's het hulle in nedersettings in die Wesoewer-gebied gevestig. In 2005 het sowat 7&nbsp;500 setlaars hulle aan die Gasastrook onttrek. Hebreeus en Arabies was reeds in die tydperk van die Britse mandaat van Palestina naas [[Engels]] die [[Amptelike taal|amptelike tale]]. Ivrit, die moderne Hebreeus, is die huistaal van die meeste Israelse burgers, terwyl sowat een miljoen Arabies as [[moedertaal]] praat. Arabiese skole gebruik Arabies as onderwystaal, en die taal is naas Engels ook 'n belangrike vak in Hebreeuse skole. Amptelike dokumente soos wette is in Hebreeus en Arabies beskikbaar. Mense in Israel het een van die hoogste lewensverwagtings ter wêreld, met 80,9 jaar vir vroue en 76,7 jaar vir mans. == Godsdiens == [[Lêer:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 13.JPG|duimnael|Die Wesmuur, 'n oorblyfsel van die Joodse Tempel, en die goue koepel van die Tempelberg in Jerusalem]] In Augustus 2013 was 75,1 persent van Israel se bevolking Joods; dit maak van Israel die enigste land ter wêreld met 'n Joodse meerderheid. Van die Joodse bevolking beskou ses persent hulself as ''Charedim'' of ultra-ortodokse [[Jode]]; nege persent as vrome Jode; 34 persent as Joodse tradisionaliste en 51 persent as sekulêre Jode. Sowat 2 persent van Israel se bevolking is [[Christendom|Christene]], 17 persent [[Moslem]]s, 1,4 persent Droese en 4,1 persent andere. Die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] is die grootste Christelike kerk in Israel met sowat 75&nbsp;000 lede. 'n Klein minderheid Jode – na ramings sowat 4&nbsp;000 lidmate in 80 gemeentes – is Messiaanse Jode, wat die Joodse kultuur en die meeste leerstellings van die Joodse godsdiens aanvaar, maar nogtans [[Jesus van Nasaret]] as [[Messias]] beskou. Hulle word deur ander Jode meestal as Christene beskou. Van die sowat 20,7 persent Israelse Arabiere is 14,6 [[Soenni]]se Moslems. 'n Klein minderheid van Moslems behoort tot die Ahmadiyyah-hervormingsbeweging, wat tolerante en vreedsame aspekte van die [[Islam]]itiese geloof beklemtoon. Daar is ook 'n klein minderheid van enkele honderd [[Baha’i|Bahá'í]], veral in [[Haifa]] en omgewing, waar ook sommige van hulle belangrikste heiligdomme te vinde is. Daar bestaan 'n klein Samaritaanse gemeente van sowat 800 lidmate wat in Israel en op die besette Wesoewer woon. Sendingwerk is in Israel verbode. == Ekonomie == === Ekonomiese geskiedenis === [[Lêer:Israel 10000 NIS Bill 1984.jpg|duimnael|Hiperinflasie in die vroeë 1980's: hierdie 10&nbsp;000 sheqalim-banknoot van 1984 is in die volgende jaar deur 'n banknoot ter waarde van 10 [[Nuwe sikkel]] met dieselfde ontwerp vervang]] Toe die onafhanklikheidsoorlog in 1948 uitbreek, is die Joodse bevolking in die Britse mandaatgebied Palestina op sowat 600&nbsp;000 beraam. Nogtans het hierdie minderheid 'n besliste invloed op die land se ekonomie uitgeoefen. Dit was veral omdat ondernemings in Joodse besit die Britse leër en ander geallieerde magte, wat tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in die Midde-Ooste gestasioneer was, van benodigde basiese goedere voorsien het. In 'n tyd, toe miljoene Joodse burgers in Europa slagoffers van die Nasionaalsosialistiese verdelgingsbeleid geword het, het die Britse mandaatgebied ekonomiese voorspoed ervaar wat later die materiële basis vir Israel se ontwikkeling sou vorm.<ref>{{de}} [http://www.bpb.de/izpb/268917/wirtschaftliche-grundzuege-und-entwicklungen ''Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb): Israel – Wirtschaftliche Grundzüge und Entwicklungen. Besoek op 12 Junie 2018'']</ref> Die tydperk tussen 1948 en 1972 was 'n periode waartydens immigrasie van Joodse burgers uit alle wêrelddele tot vinnige bevolkingsgroei gelei het. Terwyl kapitaal in groot hoeveelhede uit die buiteland ingevoer is, het die totale [[Bruto nasionale produk]] (BNP) en die BNP per capita buitengewoon sterk groei getoon. Die BNP het in hierdie tydperk jaarliks met 'n gemiddeld van 10,4 persent toegeneem. Hierdie groei het in die volgende periode tussen 1973 en 1986 verstadig tot sowat twee persent. Die BNP per capita het selfs gestagneer, en terwyl die periode tussen 1948 en 1972 nog deur 'n enkelsyfer-inflasiekoers gekenmerk is, het dié koers dramaties versnel tot 'n maksimum van 445 persent in 1984. In enkele jare – 1975, 1983 en 1984 – is Israel se bronne van korttermynfinansiering byna volledig uitgeput om die tekort op die betalingsbalans te dek. Die regering het in Julie 1985 ekonomiese noodmaatreëls toegepas om die hiperinflasie, wat die ekonomiese oorlewing van die land bedreig het, te bowe te kom. Laat in 1985 het die inflasiekoers skerp gedaal tot 20 persent. Nog merkwaardiger was die sukses wat met die vermindering van die begrotingstekort behaal is. Teen die begin van die 1986 fiskale jaar was dit byna nul. Die noodmaatreëls het 'n einde gemaak aan 'n periode van veerien jaar waartydens die ekonomie deur stygende inflasie, waardeverlies van Israel se geldeenheid en groot begrotingstekorte ontwrig is. Ekonomiese stabiliteit is ook verseker wat benodig is om alle strukturele tekortkominge, wat die groei van die ekonomie sedert 1973 bemoeilik het, uit die weg te ruim. === Kenmerke === [[Lêer:Azriely Center.jpg|duimnael|Die ''Azriely Centre'' in Tel Aviv, die ekonomiese spil van Israel]] Israel het sedert sy stigting in 1948 van 'n agrariese ekonomie met sosialistiese elemente (met [[kibboets]]im of kollektiewe gemeenskappe en die invloedryke vakbondvereniging Histradoet as belangrikste rolspeler in sosiaal-politiese opsig) tot 'n uitvoergerigte ope markekonomie met 'n sterk hoëtegnologiebedryf ontwikkel. Met die [[Europese Unie]], die [[Verenigde State]] en die [[Volksrepubliek China]] as belangrikste handelsvennote is Israel volledig in die wêreldekonomie geïntegreer en het in 2010 by die [[OESO]] aangesluit.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |publisher=[[OESO]] |title=Israel’s accession to the OECD |date=7 September 2010 |accessdate=22 Julie 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516012445/http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Israel beskik oor min natuurlike hulpbronne en beperkte watervoorrade, maar het ongeag sy relatief klein oppervlakte 'n gediversifiseerde ekonomie. In die groot metropolitaanse gebiede van Tel Aviv, Haifa en Jerusalem het 'n moderne dienste- en hoëtegnologiebedryf ontstaan waar talle globale ondernemings filiale gestig het. Israel is die derde belangrikste land van oorsprong na die VSA en die Volksrepubliek China van tegnologiemaatskappye waarvan die aandele aan die [[New York Stad|New Yorkse]] [[NASDAQ]]-[[aandelebeurs]] genoteer word. Die twee grootste aanlegte van die Amerikaanse mikroskyfie-vervaardiger ''[[Intel]]'' buite die VSA is in Jerusalem en Kirjat Gat gesetel.<ref>{{de}} ''WirtschaftsWoche'', nommer 28, 8 Julie 2013, bl. 34</ref> Israel is 'n geïsoleerde nywerheidsland temidde van onderontwikkelde Arabiese lande en afhanklik van invoere van [[ru-olie]], [[steenkool]], voedsel, ongeslypte [[diamant]]e en wapentuig. Sy hoofsaaklike uitvoere is geslypte diamante, hoëtegnologie-produkte, wapentuig, sagteware, artsenymiddels, chemiese produkte, [[sagtevrugte]], [[groente]] en blomme. Die belangrikste nywerhede is metale, elektroniese en biochemiese toerusting, halfgeleiers, verwerkte voedsel, chemiese en verwante produkte en vervoertoerusting. Die land se dienstesektor is hoogs ontwikkel, en sy diamantenywerheid is een van die belangrikste verskaffers van geslypte en gepoleerde diamante ter wêreld. Israel is een van die internasionale sentrums van sagtewareontwikkeling en 'n gewilde toeristebestemming. Nywerheidstreke in die sentrum van die land kontrasteer met periferiese gebiede in die noorde en suide van die land wat op 'n hoogs ontwikkelde landbousektor en kleiner nywerhede steun. Kenmerkend vir die landboubedryf in hierdie landsdele is dat daar nog steeds kollektiewe ondernemings soos kibboetsim en mosjawim bestaan. Die landbousektor se bydrae tot die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) het egter tot sowat twee persent gedaal. In Israel vorm hoogs opgeleide en globaal georiënteerde spesialiste saam met meer behoudende godsdienstige bevolkingsgroepe en etniese minderhede, wat dikwels slegs 'n marginale rol in die ekonomiese lewe speel, 'n heterogene bevolking wat uitdagings aan die sosioekonomiese beleid van die land bied. Terwyl die per capita-BBP tans sowat 84 persent van die gemiddeld vir alle OESO-lidlande beloop, is die persentasie arm huishoudings dubbel so groot. === Bruto geografiese produk, buitelandse handel en betalingsbalans === [[Lêer:PikiWiki Israel 16203 kiryat gat.jpg|duimnael|Nywerheidsone in Kirjat Gat]] [[Lêer:Israel AirportCity FromAir.JPG|duimnael|Airport City-besigheidspark, [[Ben Gurion Internasionale Lughawe]], Tel Aviv]] Israel se bruto geografiese produk het in 2004 145 miljard [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA-dollar]] beloop, wat gelykstaan aan 'n per capita-inkomste van sowat 20&nbsp;000 VSA-dollar. Ná die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] het Israel se ekonomie voordeel getrek uit die immigrasie van talle wetenskaplikes en ander akademies opgeleide werkers uit die voormalige Sowjetunie en die uitbreiding na nuwe markte. Die ekonomiese groeikoers het sedert 1996 weens die dalende aantal nuwe immigrante en die regering se streng monetêre beleid effens verstadig. Die inflasiekoers het in 1999 skerp begin daal. Israel se lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans is vroeër deur 'n permanente tekort gekenmerk wat goed gemaak is deur die invloei van kapitaal uit die buiteland en staatslenings. Sowat die helfte van Israel se buitelandse skuldlas is van Amerikaanse oorsprong. Die Verenigde State verskaf finansiële en ekonomiese hulp aan Israel en waarborg saam met lande soos byvoorbeeld [[Duitsland]] Israelse lenings of verskaf self lenings teen 'n lae rentekoers. Dié twee lande is waarborge vir die soewereiniteit van die Staat Israel, en hulle bystand werk ook die negatiewe gevolge van die Arabiese boikotte en sanksies teen. Weens die lae vlak van ekonomiese integrasie met die omliggende Arabiese buurlande bestaan handelsbande hoofsaaklik met oorsese lande. In- en uitvoere beloop respektiewelik 43 en 40 persent van die BBP. In die afgelope jare was daar 'n merkwaardige oorskot op die lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans. Israel se ekonomie het in 2010 en 2011 met respektiewelik 4,6 en 4,8 persent sterker gegroei as dié van ander nywerheidslande. Die groeikoers het in 2012 verswak tot 2,9 persent, maar sal in 2013 volgens ramings van die [[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] weer versnel tot 3,3 persent. Die werkloosheidsyfer het in Julie 2013 ses persent beloop – die laagste persentasie in twintig jaar. Die Europese Unie is tans die belangrikste handelsvennoot vir Israel. Die belangrikste bilaterale handelsvennote is die Verenigde State en die Volksrepubliek China. Daarnaas word die meeste goedere uit Duitsland, [[België]], [[Switserland]] en [[Italië]] ingevoer, die belangrikste bestemmings vir uitvoere is België, [[Indië]], die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]], [[Nederland]] en Duitsland. === Toerisme === In 2010, 2011 en 2012 het rekordgetalle besoekers in Israel aangekom. In 2012 het die getal toeriste met 0,6 persent toegeneem tot meer as 3,5 miljoen. {| class="wikitable" ! Rang ! Land ! Getal besoekers in 2012 ! Styging teenoor 2011 |---- |- | 1 | Verenigde State | 610&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 2 | Russiese Federasie | 590&nbsp;000 | +20% |---- |- | 3 | Frankryk | 300&nbsp;000 | 0% |---- |- | 4 | Duitsland | 230&nbsp;000 | +4% |---- |- | 5 | Verenigde Koninkryk | 208&nbsp;000 | -6% |} == Kultuur == Israel se uiteenlopende kultuur spruit uit die verskeidenheid van sy bevolking. Jode uit diaspora-gemeenskappe dwarsoor die wêreld het hul kulturele en godsdienstige tradisies met hulle saamgebring, wat 'n smeltkroes van Joodse gebruike en gelowe geskep het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.hse.ru/en/news/28331917.html |publisher=National Research University Higher School of Economics |title=Asian Studies: Israel as a 'Melting Pot' |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> Arabiese invloede is in baie kulturele sfere aanwesig,<ref name="MendelRanta2016p137">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|year=2016|publisher=Routled|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|p=137|quote= early settlers found it useful and suitable to imitate, adopt, adapt and later appropriate local customs, traditions, symbols and words. This was the principal process that we have unearthed in the book, and which changed in style, volume and recognition with time and with the shifting political environment in Palestine/Israel, yet was kept in the DNA of what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness'. It was an ongoing love-hate tango with the Arab-Palestinian 'other', which on the one hand represented the opposite of the 'self', and on the other hand, its presence was a mandatory ingredient in the creation of many of the customs, traditions and practices considered as local and as Israeli […] the line of thinking according to which the Arab-Palestinian influence on Hebrew culture has been dramatically reduced following the creation of Israel as an independent state in 1948, is simply inaccurate and does not reflect the reality of Jewish-Arab-Palestinian relations. Not only were the early relations between settlers and Arab-Palestinians important – we would say essential – to our understanding of modern life in Israel and to Jewish-Israeli identity and culture, but the fascination leading to adaptation of Arab and Arab-Palestinian cultures did not end in 1948, it is in fact an ongoing process […] many of the customs and traditions, which Jewish-Israelis define as belonging to the Israeli way of life and that represent 'Israeliness', are based on those early relations and cultural appropriations.}}</ref><ref name="MendelRanta2016p140">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Mendel|first1=Yonatan|last2=Ranta|first2=Ronald|title=From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y&hl=de|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|pp=140–141|isbn=978-1-317-13171-7|quote= Jewish-Israeli identity and culture […] have had a wide range of influences, among these were also Arab and Arab-Palestinian elements. When we looked at them in greater detail through Israeli food, Israeli dance, Israeli music, or Israeli symbols, we found – somewhere in their very root – also an Arab component. This is a unique influence not only because the Arab-Palestinian influence is common in different cultural fields, but because it seems that these influences are the least noted […] Arab and Arab-Palestinian influence is much more important in understanding Jewish-Israeli identity and culture than given credit or recognised, and that it had an effect – at times basic and at times more profound – on the deferent cultural fields that constitute what Jewish-Israelis perceive as 'Israeliness' and the Israeli way of life. We believe that due to political reasons, the Arab influence on Israeli culture has been underestimated and overlooked […] presentation of the Jewish and Arab identity and culture as two binaries is misleading. The two identities should be viewed more accurately as a scale with overlapping points, while acknowledging that – despite the conflict and at times because of the conflict – it is hard to admit that at the end of many Hebrew sentences sits an Arab smoking a 'nargilah' and that the Arab-Palestinian 'Other' is actually at the very heart of the Jewish-Israeli 'Self'… Jewish-Israelis and Arab-Palestinians share a number of similarities and points of contact that allow for easier diffusion of culture and symbols. These include, for example the presence of large communities of Jews who have originated in Arab countries and the increasing visibility and involvement of Arab-Palestinians in Israeli politics, economy and society. It is therefore expected that this proximity will result in constant cultural diffusion.}}</ref> soos argitektuur,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA+Publications/Photo+exhibits/Encounters-+The+Vernacular+Paradox+of+Israeli+Arch-+Intro.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture |last=Ran |first=Ami |accessdate=6 September 2007 |date=25 August 1998 }}</ref> musiek,<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |url=http://www.israel21c.org/culture/israeli-palestinian-and-jordanian-djs-create-bridge-for-peace |title=Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace |last=Brinn |first=David |date=23 October 2005 |accessdate=20 March 2012 |newspaper=ISRAEL21c}}</ref> en kookkuns.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20International%20Israeli%20Table |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The International Israeli Table |accessdate=26 June 2009 }}</ref> Israel is die enigste land ter wêreld waar die lewe om die [[Joodse kalender]] wentel. Werk- en skoolvakansies word bepaal deur die Joodse vakansiedae, en die amptelike rusdag is Saterdag, die Joodse [[Sabbat]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel |accessdate=16 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814055003/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/people/jewish%20festivals%20in%20israel |archivedate=14 August 2007 }}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Lys van nedersettings in Israel]] * [[Knesset]] == Notas == <references group="fn" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bronnelys == ; Algemeen * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel|title=Israel|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|title=Israel|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 Julie 2022}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Israel}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{en}} [http://www.isracast.com/ Isracast – Nuus oor Israel se buitelandse beleid] * {{en}} [http://www.goisrael.com/ Israel se Ministerium van Toerisme] {{Lande van Asië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Israel| ]] agsjqaovwumhhea857r3ogrxzvh6e2p 0 414 2517358 2515709 2022-08-04T08:46:09Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ [[Nicholas Gleaves]], Engelse akteur en skrywer. wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|teks=Eerste maanlanding.}} Die '''jaar 1969''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Woensdag]] begin het. Dit was die 69ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * Bouwerk aan die reuse [[Cahora Bassa-dam]] in [[Mosambiek]] begin. * Sirhan Sirhan word gevonnis vir die sluipmoord op Robert F. Kennedy. * [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye|Tsjeggo-Slowaakse]] [[kommunisme|kommuniste]] party voorsitter Alexander Dubcek word ontslaan. * [[3 Maart]] – [[Apollo 9]] word gelanseer. * [[17 Maart]] – Die [[Israel]]se [[Meir-kabinet]] onder leiding van eerste minister [[Golda Meir]] word geïnstalleer. * [[22 Mei]] – [[Apollo 10]] se [[Apollo-maanmodule|maan-eenheid]] vlieg binne 15&nbsp;400&nbsp;m van die [[maan]] se oppervlakte verby. * [[27 Junie]] – Die Stonewall-oproer lui die begin van die gayregtebeweging in die [[VSA]] in. * [[14 Julie]] – [[El Salvador]] val [[Honduras]] binne, die begin van die [[Sokkeroorlog]]. * [[20 Julie]] – [[Neil Armstrong]] en [[Buzz Aldrin]] doen die eerste [[maanlanding]] in die [[Apollo-maanmodule|maanlandingstuig]], "Eagle". * [[29 September]] – 'n [[Bolandse aardbewing van 1969|Aardskudding]] van 6,5 op die [[Richterskaal]] tref die [[Wes-Kaap]], en nege mense sterf toe [[Tulbagh]] die kwaaiste getref is. * [[15 Desember]] – [[Albino Luciani]] (later [[Pous Johannes Paulus I]]) word patriarg van [[Venesië]]. * [[17 Desember]] – Die [[Amerikaanse Lugmag]] kondig aan dat sy vlieënde-pieringondersoeke geen getuienis ontbloot het oor die bestaan van 'n buite-aardse ruimtetuig nie. * [[18 Desember]] – Die Britse parlement skaf die doodstraf af vir moord. == Geboortes == * [[1 Januarie]] – [[Nicholas Gleaves]], Engelse akteur en skrywer. * [[3 Januarie]] – [[Michael Schumacher]], Duitse sewemalige [[Formule Een]]-renmotorkampioen. * [[5 Januarie]] – [[Marilyn Manson]], Amerikaanse akteur en sanger. * [[21 Januarie]] – [[Karina Lombard]], Amerikaanse aktrise, komponis en vervaardiger. * [[25 Januarie]] – Desmond Dube, Suid-Afrikaanse akteur. * [[10 Februarie]] – [[Jan Kees de Jager]], Nederlandse politikus. * 10 Februarie – [[James Small]], [[Springbokrugbyspeler]] († [[2019]]). * [[27 Maart]] – [[Mariah Carey]], Amerikaanse sangeres. * 27 Maart – [[Pauley Perrette]], Amerikaanse aktrise, vervaardiger en regisseuse. * [[2 April]] – [[Mariella Ahrens]], Duitse aktrise. * [[25 April]] – [[Renée Zellweger]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[14 Mei]] – [[Cate Blanchett]], Australiese aktrise. * [[23 Mei]] – [[Kobie van Rensburg]], Suid-Afrikaanse tenoor en operadirekteur. * [[14 Junie]] – [[Steffi Graf]], voormalige Duitse vrouetennisspeler. * [[9 Julie]] – [[Gert-Jan Segers]], Nederlandse politikus. * [[10 Julie]] – [[Jonas Kaufmann]], [[Duitsers|Duitse]] [[opera]]tenoor. * [[26 Julie]] – [[Randall Abrahams]], Suid-Afrikaanse radio- en televisiebesigheidspersoon en musiekprodusent. * [[27 Julie]] – [[Jonty Rhodes]], voormalige Suid-Afrikaanse krieketspeler. * [[23 Augustus]] – [[Tinus Linee]], Suid-Afrikaanse rugbyspeler († [[2014]]). * [[13 September]] – [[Shane Warne]], Australiese krieketspeler († [[2022]]). * [[14 September]] – [[Kallie Kriel]], [[HUB]] van die Suid-Afrikaanse burgerregte-organisasie [[AfriForum]]. * [[25 September]] – [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]], Walliese aktrise. * [[17 Oktober]] – [[Ernie Els]], Suid-Afrikaanse gholfspeler. * [[28 Desember]] – [[Linus Torvalds]], Finse rekenaarwetenskaplike en skepper van [[Linux]]. * [[30 Desember]] – [[Toks van der Linde]], Suid-Afrikaanse rugbyspeler en tv-geselsprogramaanbieder. == Sterftes == * [[26 Februarie]] – [[Levi Eshkol]], Israelse politikus (eerste minister) (* [[1895]]). * [[28 Maart]] – [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Generaal in die [[Amerikaanse Weermag]] en 34ste [[President van die Verenigde State]] (* [[1890]]) * [[30 Maart]] – [[Terence Macleane Salter]], Brits-Suid-Afrikaanse plantversamelaar en [[Plantkunde|plantkundige]] (* [[1883]]) * [[12 April]] – [[D.F. Malherbe]], Afrikaanse digter en dramaturg (* [[1881]]). * [[26 Mei]] – [[Helga Uys]], Duits-gebore konsertpianis, moeder van [[Pieter-Dirk Uys]] (* [[1908]]). * [[31 Mei]] – [[Tom Naudé]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus en waarnemende [[Staatspresident van Suid-Afrika]] (1967–1968) (* [[1889]]). * [[22 Junie]] – [[Judy Garland]], Amerikaanse sanger, akteur (* [[1922]]). * [[5 Julie]] – [[Walter Gropius]], Duitse argitek (* [[1883]]). * 5 Julie – [[Wilhelm Backhaus]], Duitse pianis en pedagoog (* [[1884]]). * [[22 Julie]] – [[Bertha Solomon]], Suid-Afrikaanse feminis en Volksraadslid vir [[Jeppes (kiesafdeling)|Jeppes]] van 1938 tot 1958 (* [[1892]]). * [[9 Augustus]] – [[Sharon Tate]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* [[1943]]). * [[15 Augustus]] &ndash; [[Stijn Streuvels]], Vlaamse skrywer (* [[1871]]). * [[19 Augustus]] – [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], Duitse argitek, (* [[1886]]). * [[21 Oktober]] – [[Jack Kerouac]], Amerikaanse skrywer, (* [[1922]]). * [[26 Oktober]] – [[Jeremy Schulman]], Suid-Afrikaanse violis en dirigent (* [[1896]]). * [[18 November]] – [[Gus McNaughton]], Engelse akteur en skrywer (* [[1881]]). [[Kategorie:1969| ]] [[Kategorie:20ste eeu]] e6yra1ocpi0s9yhphnsht8g14ds6ane 0 431 2517357 2510217 2022-08-04T08:44:42Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ * [[1969]] – [[Nicholas Gleaves]], Engelse akteur en skrywer. wikitext text/x-wiki {{JanuarieKalender}} '''1 Januarie''' is [[nuwejaarsdag]], die eerste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]]. Dit is ook die eerste dag van die eerste [[kwartaal]] van die jaar. Daar volg nog 364 dae in die res van die jaar (365 in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). == Gebeure == <!--gebruik teenwoordige tyd--> [[Lêer:Hogmanay Party.jpg|duimnael|Vuurwerke oor Edinburg in Skotland, 1 Januarie 2006.]] [[Lêer:EC09-1973 European Community map enlargement.svg|duimnael|1973 – Denemarke, Ierland en die Verenigde Koninkryk sluit by die Europese Gemeenskap aan]] [[Lêer:EC10-1981 European Community map enlargement.svg|duimnael|1981 – Griekeland sluit by die Europese Gemeenskap aan]] [[Lêer:EC12-1986 European Community map enlargement.svg|duimnael|1986 – Portugal en Spanje sluit by die Europese Gemeenskap aan]] [[Lêer:EU15-1995 European Union map enlargement.svg|duimnael|1995 – Finland, Oostenryk en Swede sluit by die Europese Unie aan]] [[Lêer:EU27-2007 European Union map enlargement.svg|duimnael|2007 – Bulgarye en Roemenië sluit by die Europese Unie aan]] * [[153 v.C.]] – Die [[Konsul (Rome)|konsuls]] van die [[Romeinse Republiek]] begin hul termyn vir die eerste keer op 1 Januarie in plaas van 1 Maart en daarom is 1 Januarie vandag die begin van die kalenderjaar. * [[45 v.C.]] – Die [[Juliaanse kalender]] tree in werking nadat [[Julius Caesar]] die Romeinse kalender hervorm het. * [[32 v.C.]] – Die Romeinse senaat verklaar Octavian tot Dux Italiae (Leier van Italië). Daarmee verklaar hy de facto oorlog teen [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] en [[Marcus Antonius]]. * [[404]] – Die laaste gladiatorkompetisie vind plaas in [[Rome]]. * [[1159]] – [[Pous Alexander III]] stel [[Ubaldo Allucingoli]] (later [[Pous Lucius III]]) aan as kardinaal-biskop van Ostia en Velletri. * [[1438]] – Albert II van Habsburg word koning van [[Hongarye]]. * [[1622]] – In die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] word 1 Januarie as die eerste dag van die jaar verklaar. * [[1651]] – [[Karel II van Engeland]] word die koning van [[Skotland]]. * [[1700]] – [[Rusland]] aanvaar die [[Juliaanse kalender]]. * [[1707]] – Johan V word die koning van [[Portugal]]. * [[1748]] – [[Pous Benedictus XIV]] publiseer “Inter caetera” oor karnaval. * [[1751]] – Pous Benedictus XIV publiseer “Celebationem magni” ter afsluiting van die Heilige Jaar 1750. * [[1788]] – Die eerste uitgawe van ''[[The Times]]'' word gepubliseer. * [[1801]] – Die wetgewende unie van [[Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje|Groot-Brittanje]] en [[Koninkryk van Ierland|Ierland]] smelt saam om die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] te vorm, die Sint Patrickkruis word tot die ''[[Union Jack]]'' gevoeg. * 1801 – Giuseppe Piazzi ontdek die eerste [[asteroïed]], [[1 Ceres]]. * [[1804]] – Die einde van [[Frankryk|Franse]] regering in [[Haïti]]. * [[1808]] – Invoering van [[slawerny|slawe]] na die [[VSA]] word verban. * [[1863]] – [[Abraham Lincoln]] lewer die emansipasieafkondiging tydens die tweede jaar van die [[Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog]]. * [[1880]] – Konstruksie van die [[Panamakanaal]] begin. * [[1884]] – [[Caledon]] in die [[Wes-Kaap]] verkry munisipale status. * [[1891]] – [[NG gemeente Tamboerskloof]] na ’n bittere stryd van [[NG gemeente Kaapstad]] afgestig. * [[1893]] – [[Japan]] aanvaar die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]]. * [[1897]] – Die [[Oranje Vrijstaatsche Gouvernementsspoorwegen]] word gestig. * [[1899]] – Die einde van die [[Spanje|Spaanse]] regering in [[Kuba]]. * [[1901]] – Die [[Britse Ryk|Britse kolonies]] [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], [[Queensland]], [[Suid-Australië]], [[Tasmanië]], [[Victoria (Australië)|Victoria]] en [[Wes-Australië]] stig die [[Australië|Australiese Gemenebes]] met [[Canberra]] as hoofstad. * 1901 – Die [[Franse nasionale rugbyspan|Franse rugbyspan]] speel die eerste keer ’n rugbytoets teen [[Nieu-Seelandse nasionale rugbyspan|Nieu- Seeland]]. * 1901 – [[Nigerië]] word ’n [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britse]] protektoraat. * [[1911]] – Die [[Noordelike Gebied]] word van [[Suid-Australië]] afgestig as eie [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|gebied]] binne die [[Australië|Australiese Gemenebes]]. * [[1912]] – Stigting van die [[Republiek China]] op die Chinese vasteland. * [[1937]] – Anastasio Somoza word die president van [[Nicaragua]]. * [[1956]] – Die einde van die [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Anglo]]-[[Egipte|Egiptiese]] kondominium in die [[Soedan]]. * [[1959]] – In [[Kuba]] word [[Fulgencio Batista]] deur [[Fidel Castro]] omvergewerp. * [[1960]] – [[Kameroen]] word van [[Frankryk]] onafhanklik. * [[1962]] – [[Samoa|Wes-Samoa]] word onafhanklik van [[Nieu-Seeland]]. * [[1964]] – Die federasie van [[Rhodesië]] en [[Malawi|Njassaland]] word ontbind. * [[1970]] – Die Unix epog begin om 00:00:00 GT. * [[1971]] – [[Sigaret]]advertensies word verban op [[Verenigde State|VSA]]-[[televisie]]. * [[1973]] – [[Denemarke]] en die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] verlaat die [[Europese Vryhandelsvereniging]] en betree met [[Republiek van Ierland|Ierland]] die [[Europese Unie|Europese gemeenskap]]. * [[1979]] – Die [[VSA]] en die [[Volksrepubliek China]] knoop diplomatieke betrekkinge aan. * [[1981]] – [[Griekeland]] betree die Europese gemeenskap. * [[1983]] – [[ARPANET]] verander amptelik na die [[internetprotokol]], om die [[Internet]] te vorm. * [[1984]] – [[Broenei]] word van die Verenigde Koninkryk onafhanklik. * [[1984]] – AT&T word opgebreek in 22 onafhanklike dele. * [[1985]] – [[Groenland]] verlaat die Europese gemeenskap. * [[1986]] – [[Finland]] betree en [[Portugal]] verlaat die Europese Vryhandelsvereniging. [[Spanje]] en Portugal betree die Europese gemeenskap. * 1986 – [[Aruba]] verlaat die [[Nederlandse Antille]] en word ’n separate deel van die [[Koninkryk der Nederlande]]. * [[1993]] – [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] word verdeel en die republieke [[Tsjeggië]] en [[Slowakye]] word gestig. * [[1994]] – Die [[NAFTA]] word gestig deur [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika]]. * [[1995]] – Die [[Wêreld-handelsorganisasie]] word geskep om die "Algemene ooreenkoms op tariewe en handel" te vervang. * 1995 – Stigting van die [[OVSE]], die opvolger van die KVSE, in [[Helsinki]]. * 1995 – [[Finland]], [[Oostenryk]] en [[Swede]] verlaat die Europese Vryhandelsvereniging en betree die [[Europese Unie]]. * [[1996]] – [[Slowenië]] betree die [[Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms]]. * [[1997]] – [[Roemenië]] betree die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms. * [[1999]] – Die [[Euro]]-geldeenheid word in [[België]], [[Duitsland]], [[Finland]], [[Frankryk]], [[Republiek van Ierland|Ierland]], [[Italië]], [[Luxemburg]], [[Nederland]], [[Oostenryk]], [[Portugal]] en [[Spanje]] ingebruikgeneem. [[Bulgarye]] betree die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms. * [[2001]] – Die Euro-geldeenheid word ingelei in [[Griekeland]]. * [[2002]] – Euro banknote en -muntstukke word ingelei in België, Duitsland, Finland, Frankryk, Griekeland, Ierland, Italië, Luxemburg, Nederland, Oostenryk, Portugal en Spanje. * [[2003]] – [[Kroasië]] betree die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms. * [[2003]] – [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] word president van [[Brasilië]]. * [[2006]] – [[Republiek van Masedonië|Masedonië]] betree die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms. * [[2007]] – [[Bulgarye]] en [[Roemenië]] verlaat die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms en word lidstate van die [[Europese Unie]], die Euro word ingelei in [[Slowenië]]. [[Albanië]], [[Bosnië en Herzegowina]], [[Kosovo]], [[Moldowa]], [[Montenegro]] en [[Serwië]] sluit by die Sentraal-Europese Vryehandelsooreenkoms aan. * [[2008]] – Die Euro word ingelei in [[Malta]] en [[Siprus]]. * [[2009]] – Die Euro word ingelei in [[Slowakye]]. * [[2011]] – Die Euro word ingelei in [[Estland]]. * 2011 – Die [[Amerikaanse dollar]] word ingelei in [[Bonaire]], [[Saba]] en [[Sint Eustatius]]. * [[2014]] – Die [[Franse oorsese gebiede|Franse oorsese gebied]] [[Mayotte]] word amptelik deel van die Europese Unie en die Euro word ingelei in [[Letland]]. * [[2015]] – Die Euro word ingelei in [[Litaue]]. == Geboortes == * [[1431]] – [[Pous Alexander VI]], die 214de [[pous]] van die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] († [[1503]]). * [[1449]] – [[Lorenzo de' Medici]], Italiaanse staatsman († [[1492]]). * [[1484]] – [[Ulrich Zwingli]], Switserse hervormpr en Potestantse leier († [[1531]]). * [[1618]] – [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]], Spaanse skilder († [[1682]]). * [[1714]] – [[Kristijonas Donelaitis]], Pruisies-Litause digter († [[1780]]). * [[1735]] – [[Paul Revere]], Amerikaanse patriot († [[1818]]). * [[1814]] – [[Hong Xiuquan]], leier van die [[Taiping-rebellie]] teen die [[Qing-dinastie]] († [[1864]]). * [[1830]] – [[Simeon Jacobs]], Prokureur-generaal van die [[Kaapkolonie]] († [[1883]]). * [[1853]] – [[Hans von Koessler]], Duitse komponis, dirigent en musiekonderwyser. († [[1926]]). * [[1858]] – [[Dirk Balfoort]], Nederlandsgebore regisseur, direkteur van die Rederykerskamer en komponis († [[1921]]). * [[1863]] – [[Pierre de Coubertin]], historikus († [[1937]]). * [[1868]] – [[Maria Kloppers]], Suid-Afrikaanse weldoener († [[1950]]). * [[1874]] – [[Gustave Whitehead]], Amerikaanse lugvaartpionier († [[1927]]). * [[1879]] – [[E.M. Forster]], Britse skrywer († [[1970]]). * [[1887]] – [[Wilhelm Canaris]], Duitse admiraal († [[1945]]). * [[1892]] – [[Bertha Solomon]], Suid-Afrikaanse feminis en politikus († [[1969]]). * [[1895]] – [[J. Edgar Hoover]], Amerikaanse [[FBI]]-direkteur († [[1972]]). * [[1912]] – [[Kim Philby]], Britse spioen († [[1988]]). * [[1925]] – [[Idi Amin]], Ugandese staatsman, President van Uganda († [[2003]]). * [[1927]] – [[Maurice Béjart]], Franse choreograaf († [[2007]]). * [[1938]] – [[Margaret Singana]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse sangeres († [[2000]]). * [[1945]] – [[Jacky Ickx]], Belgiese motorrenjaer. * [[1962]] – [[Jaco Reinach]], [[Springbok]]rugbyspeler en atleet. ( † [[1997]]) * 1962 – [[Deon Coetzee]], Suid-Afrikaanse akteur. * [[1969]] – [[Nicholas Gleaves]], Engelse akteur en skrywer. == Sterftes == * [[898]] – [[Odo, graaf van Parys]] (* [[860]]) * [[1559]] – [[Christiaan III van Denemarke]], Koning van Denemarke en Noorweë (* [[1503]]) * [[1583]] – [[François de Belleforest]], [[Frankryk|Franse]] skrywer, digter, en vertaler van die [[Renaissance]]-era (* [[1530]]) * [[1655]] – [[Frans Banninck Cocq]], 17de eeuse [[burgemeester]] van [[Amsterdam]] (* [[1605]]). * [[1782]] – [[Johann Christian Bach]], Duitse komponis (* [[1735]]). * [[1894]] – [[Heinrich Hertz]], Duitse fisikus (* [[1857]]). * [[1972]] – [[Maurice Chevalier]], Franse akteur (* [[1888]]). * [[1989]] – [[Stompie Moeketsi]], ANC-aktivis, op 14-jarige ouderdom vermoor (* [[1974]]). * [[1992]] – [[Grace Hopper]], Amerikaanse [[rekenaar]]pionier (* [[1906]]). * [[1995]] – [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Hongare|Hongaars]]-Amerikaanse [[Teoretiese fisika|teoretiese fisikus]] en [[Nobelprys vir Fisika|Nobelprys-wenner]] (* [[1902]]) * [[2001]] – [[Ray Walston]], Amerikaanse akteur (* [[1914]]). * [[2006]] – [[Haas Schoeman]], Springbokflank (* [[1940]]). * [[2009]] – [[Helen Suzman]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus (* [[1917]]). * [[2017]] – [[Yaakov Neeman]], Israelse politikus, advokaat en regsgeleerde (* [[1939]]). * [[2020]] – [[Rein Arndt]], Suid-Afrikaanse wetenskaplike (* [[1929]]). == Vakansie-, vierings- en waarnemingsdae == * Baie lande wat die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] gebruik, vier [[Nuwejaarsdag]] om 00:00:00 met [[vuurwerk]]vertonings. * [[Katoliek]]e agtdaagse fees van die heilige maagd Maria, moeder van [[God]]. * Die agtste dag van [[Kersfees]]. * [[Kopieregvervaldag]] word in die [[VSA]] gevier, wanneer ’n jaar se werke [[publieke domein]] word. Word nie gevier tussen [[1978]] tot [[2018]] nie, as gevolg herhaalde kopiereg-verlengings. * Onafhanklikheidsdag van [[Haïti]]. * Stigtingsdag in [[China]]. * Onafhanklikheidsdag van die [[Soedan]]. * Bevrydingsdag in [[Kuba]]. * Stigtingsdag in [[Slowakye]]. * Laaste dag van [[Kwanzaa]]. * [[Wêreldbiddag vir vrede]]. {{CommonsKategorie|1 January}} [[Kategorie:Januarie]] hxvmoakljsubjurffgjy0ekqsg74ihu 0 434 2517420 2514582 2022-08-04T11:28:22Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ * [[14 Februarie]] – [[Jim Jefferies]], Amerikaanse komediant en akteur. wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=Carter DengXiaoping.jpg|teks=[[Deng Xiaoping]] en Jimmy Carter}} Die '''jaar 1977''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Saterdag]] begin het. Dit was die 77ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * [[27 April]] – Die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse regering begin onderhandelinge met die Westerse Kontakgroep van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] se [[Veiligheidsraad]] oor die politieke toekoms van Suidwes-Afrika/[[Namibië]]. * [[30 April]] – [[:en:Hendrik Johannes Jacob Bingle|Prof Hennie Bingle]] {{en}} tree af as rektor van die [[Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys|PU vir CHO]] en word opgevolg deur Prof. [[Tjaart van der Walt]]. * [[21 Junie]] – Die [[Israel]]se [[Begin-kabinet]] onder leiding van eerste minister [[Menachem Begin]] word geïnstalleer. * [[26 Junie]] – [[Elvis Presley]] hou sy laaste konsert. * [[27 Junie]] – [[Frankryk]] verleen onafhanklikheid aan [[Djiboeti]]. * [[28 Junie]] – Die [[Verenigde Party]] van Suid-Afrika ontbind. * [[29 Junie]] – Die Verenigde Party en [[Demokratiese Party]] (1973) smelt saam en vorm die [[Nuwe Republiek Party]] met sir [[De Villiers Graaff]] as tussentydse leier. * [[20 Augustus]] – [[Voyager 2]] word lanseer. * [[5 September]] – [[Voyager 1]], 'n onbemande ruimtetuig wat al die planete besoek, word lanseer. * [[6 Desember]] – Suid-Afrika verklaar [[Bophuthatswana]] onafhanklik, maar dit word deur geen ander land as sodanig aanvaar nie. * Die Belgiese chemikus Ilya Prigogine ontvang ’n [[Nobelprys]] vir die bekendstelling van dissipatiewe stelsels en selforganisasie. == Geboortes == * datum onbekend – [[Noxolo Maqashalala]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[aktrise]] († [[2021]]). * [[15 Januarie]] − [[Giorgia Meloni]], Italiaanse joernalis en politikus. * [[19 Januarie]] – [[Nicole (Chileense sangeres)|Nicole]], Chileense sangeres. * [[30 Januarie]] − [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus en kabinetsminister. * [[2 Februarie]] – [[Shakira]], [[Colombia]]anse sangeres en aktrise. * [[14 Februarie]] – [[Jim Jefferies]], Amerikaanse komediant en akteur. * [[14 April]] – [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[22 April]] – [[Robbie Hunter]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[fietsry]]er. * [[23 April]] – [[Kasper Andersen]], Deense akteur. * [[25 April]] – [[Jeff Coetzee]], Suid-Afrikaanse tennisspeler * [[3 Mei]] – [[Maryam Mirzakhani]], [[Iran]]se wiskundige († [[2017]]). * [[10 Mei]] – [[Nick Heidfeld]], [[Duitsers|Duitse]] professionele renjaer. * [[11 Mei]] – [[Victor Matfield]], Suid-Afrika se twee-en-vyftigste [[Springbokkaptein]]. * [[13 Mei]] - [[Tom Cotton]], junior senator vir [[Arkansas]]. * [[14 Junie]] – [[Camila Pitanga]], [[Brasilië|Brasiliaanse]] [[aktrise]]. * [[4 Julie]] – [[Allan Kierstein Jepsen]], Deense sokkerspeler. * [[27 Julie]] – [[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]], Ierse akteur. * [[23 Augustus]] – [[Jared Fogle]] is 'n Amerikaanse akteur en veroordeelde kindermolesteerder. * [[6 Oktober]] – [[Carola Schouten]], Nederlandse politikus. * [[19 Oktober]] – [[Gerrie Pretorius]], bekende Afrikaanse minnesanger. * [[27 Oktober]] – [[Tessa Jubber]], Suid-Afrikaanse aktrise. * [[10 November]] – [[Brittany Murphy]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2009]]). * [[19 November]] – [[Mette Frederiksen]], Eerste minister van [[Denemarke]]. * [[2 Desember]] – [[Marjan Šarec]], [[Slowenië|Sloweense]] [[politikus]], 9de eerste minister. == Sterftes == * [[12 Januarie]] – [[M.S.B. Kritzinger]], Afrikaanse [[Letterkunde|letterkundige]] en [[leksikograaf]] (* [[1896]]). * [[29 Januarie]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], Amerikaanse akteur (* [[1954]]). * [[26 Maart]] – [[Dirk Ziervogel]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse kenner van Bantoetale (* [[1917]]). * [[8 April]] – [[Stefania Turkewich]], Oekraïense [[komponis]],[[ pianis]] en musikoloog (* [[1898]]). * [[26 April]] – [[Hennie Muller]], Suid-Afrika se twee-en-twintigste [[Springbokkaptein]] (* [[1922]]). * [[5 Mei]] – [[Ludwig Erhard]], Duitse politikus, minister van ekonomie en bondskanselier van [[Wes-Duitsland]] (* [[1897]]). * [[17 Mei]] – [[M.L. de Villiers]], Afrikaanse predikant en musikus, komponis van ''Die Stem van Suid-Afrika'' (* [[1885]]). * [[30 Mei]] – [[Paul Desmond]], [[VSA|Amerikaanse]] jazzmusikant (* [[1924]]) * [[2 Julie]] – [[Gert Potgieter]], Suid-Afrikaanse tenoor en akteur (* [[1929]]). * 2 Julie – [[Vladimir Nabokov]], Russiese skrywer (* [[1899]]) * [[21 Julie]] – [[Henry Vahl]], Duitse akteur (* [[1897]]). * [[16 Augustus]] – [[Elvis Presley]], Amerikaanse sanger en ruk-en-rol-koning sterf op 42-jarige ouderdom (* [[1935]]). * [[12 September]] – [[Steve Biko]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[apartheid|anti-apartheidsaktivis]] en stigter van die ''Swart bewussynsbeweging'' sterf in polisie-aanhouding (* [[1946]]). * [[13 September]] – [[Leopold Stokowski]], Britse [[dirigent]] (* [[1882]]). * [[16 September]] – [[Maria Callas]], Amerikaanse operasangeres (* [[1923]]). * [[11 Oktober]] – [[Misha Black]], Britse argitek en ontwerper (* [[1910]]). * [[14 Oktober]] – [[Bing Crosby]], Amerikaanse akteur en sanger (* [[1903]]) * [[25 Desember]] – [[Charlie Chaplin]], Britse [[akteur]], [[skrywer]] en rolprentvervaardiger (* [[1889]]). [[Kategorie:1977| ]] [[Kategorie:20ste eeu]] rag1ck60f66lelekz6sjm4u7eec8t33 2517421 2517420 2022-08-04T11:29:25Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ korreksie, Australiese komediant wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=Carter DengXiaoping.jpg|teks=[[Deng Xiaoping]] en Jimmy Carter}} Die '''jaar 1977''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Saterdag]] begin het. Dit was die 77ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * [[27 April]] – Die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse regering begin onderhandelinge met die Westerse Kontakgroep van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] se [[Veiligheidsraad]] oor die politieke toekoms van Suidwes-Afrika/[[Namibië]]. * [[30 April]] – [[:en:Hendrik Johannes Jacob Bingle|Prof Hennie Bingle]] {{en}} tree af as rektor van die [[Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys|PU vir CHO]] en word opgevolg deur Prof. [[Tjaart van der Walt]]. * [[21 Junie]] – Die [[Israel]]se [[Begin-kabinet]] onder leiding van eerste minister [[Menachem Begin]] word geïnstalleer. * [[26 Junie]] – [[Elvis Presley]] hou sy laaste konsert. * [[27 Junie]] – [[Frankryk]] verleen onafhanklikheid aan [[Djiboeti]]. * [[28 Junie]] – Die [[Verenigde Party]] van Suid-Afrika ontbind. * [[29 Junie]] – Die Verenigde Party en [[Demokratiese Party]] (1973) smelt saam en vorm die [[Nuwe Republiek Party]] met sir [[De Villiers Graaff]] as tussentydse leier. * [[20 Augustus]] – [[Voyager 2]] word lanseer. * [[5 September]] – [[Voyager 1]], 'n onbemande ruimtetuig wat al die planete besoek, word lanseer. * [[6 Desember]] – Suid-Afrika verklaar [[Bophuthatswana]] onafhanklik, maar dit word deur geen ander land as sodanig aanvaar nie. * Die Belgiese chemikus Ilya Prigogine ontvang ’n [[Nobelprys]] vir die bekendstelling van dissipatiewe stelsels en selforganisasie. == Geboortes == * datum onbekend – [[Noxolo Maqashalala]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[aktrise]] († [[2021]]). * [[15 Januarie]] − [[Giorgia Meloni]], Italiaanse joernalis en politikus. * [[19 Januarie]] – [[Nicole (Chileense sangeres)|Nicole]], Chileense sangeres. * [[30 Januarie]] − [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus en kabinetsminister. * [[2 Februarie]] – [[Shakira]], [[Colombia]]anse sangeres en aktrise. * [[14 Februarie]] – [[Jim Jefferies]], Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. * [[14 April]] – [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[22 April]] – [[Robbie Hunter]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[fietsry]]er. * [[23 April]] – [[Kasper Andersen]], Deense akteur. * [[25 April]] – [[Jeff Coetzee]], Suid-Afrikaanse tennisspeler * [[3 Mei]] – [[Maryam Mirzakhani]], [[Iran]]se wiskundige († [[2017]]). * [[10 Mei]] – [[Nick Heidfeld]], [[Duitsers|Duitse]] professionele renjaer. * [[11 Mei]] – [[Victor Matfield]], Suid-Afrika se twee-en-vyftigste [[Springbokkaptein]]. * [[13 Mei]] - [[Tom Cotton]], junior senator vir [[Arkansas]]. * [[14 Junie]] – [[Camila Pitanga]], [[Brasilië|Brasiliaanse]] [[aktrise]]. * [[4 Julie]] – [[Allan Kierstein Jepsen]], Deense sokkerspeler. * [[27 Julie]] – [[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]], Ierse akteur. * [[23 Augustus]] – [[Jared Fogle]] is 'n Amerikaanse akteur en veroordeelde kindermolesteerder. * [[6 Oktober]] – [[Carola Schouten]], Nederlandse politikus. * [[19 Oktober]] – [[Gerrie Pretorius]], bekende Afrikaanse minnesanger. * [[27 Oktober]] – [[Tessa Jubber]], Suid-Afrikaanse aktrise. * [[10 November]] – [[Brittany Murphy]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2009]]). * [[19 November]] – [[Mette Frederiksen]], Eerste minister van [[Denemarke]]. * [[2 Desember]] – [[Marjan Šarec]], [[Slowenië|Sloweense]] [[politikus]], 9de eerste minister. == Sterftes == * [[12 Januarie]] – [[M.S.B. Kritzinger]], Afrikaanse [[Letterkunde|letterkundige]] en [[leksikograaf]] (* [[1896]]). * [[29 Januarie]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], Amerikaanse akteur (* [[1954]]). * [[26 Maart]] – [[Dirk Ziervogel]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse kenner van Bantoetale (* [[1917]]). * [[8 April]] – [[Stefania Turkewich]], Oekraïense [[komponis]],[[ pianis]] en musikoloog (* [[1898]]). * [[26 April]] – [[Hennie Muller]], Suid-Afrika se twee-en-twintigste [[Springbokkaptein]] (* [[1922]]). * [[5 Mei]] – [[Ludwig Erhard]], Duitse politikus, minister van ekonomie en bondskanselier van [[Wes-Duitsland]] (* [[1897]]). * [[17 Mei]] – [[M.L. de Villiers]], Afrikaanse predikant en musikus, komponis van ''Die Stem van Suid-Afrika'' (* [[1885]]). * [[30 Mei]] – [[Paul Desmond]], [[VSA|Amerikaanse]] jazzmusikant (* [[1924]]) * [[2 Julie]] – [[Gert Potgieter]], Suid-Afrikaanse tenoor en akteur (* [[1929]]). * 2 Julie – [[Vladimir Nabokov]], Russiese skrywer (* [[1899]]) * [[21 Julie]] – [[Henry Vahl]], Duitse akteur (* [[1897]]). * [[16 Augustus]] – [[Elvis Presley]], Amerikaanse sanger en ruk-en-rol-koning sterf op 42-jarige ouderdom (* [[1935]]). * [[12 September]] – [[Steve Biko]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[apartheid|anti-apartheidsaktivis]] en stigter van die ''Swart bewussynsbeweging'' sterf in polisie-aanhouding (* [[1946]]). * [[13 September]] – [[Leopold Stokowski]], Britse [[dirigent]] (* [[1882]]). * [[16 September]] – [[Maria Callas]], Amerikaanse operasangeres (* [[1923]]). * [[11 Oktober]] – [[Misha Black]], Britse argitek en ontwerper (* [[1910]]). * [[14 Oktober]] – [[Bing Crosby]], Amerikaanse akteur en sanger (* [[1903]]) * [[25 Desember]] – [[Charlie Chaplin]], Britse [[akteur]], [[skrywer]] en rolprentvervaardiger (* [[1889]]). [[Kategorie:1977| ]] [[Kategorie:20ste eeu]] s3kq0gfvx5m1zhpuj0fyk0tekt243xd 0 447 2517339 2510977 2022-08-04T07:49:05Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ [[Franci Greyling]], skrywer van jeugverhale. wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|teks=Kwame Nkrumah}} Die '''jaar 1957''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Dinsdag]] begin het. Dit was die 57ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * [[6 Maart]] – [[Ghana]] word van die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] onafhanklik. * [[27 Junie]] – 500 mense sterf as gevolg van [[orkaan]] Audrey in [[Louisiana]] en [[Texas]]. * [[1 Julie]] – Die Internasionale Geofisiese Jaar begin. * [[6 Julie]] – Althea Gibson wen die [[Wimbledon Kampioenskappe|Wimbledon]] vroue-enkelspeltitel. * [[13 April]] – [[Elvis Presley]] se eerste nommer een treffer: ''All Shook Up''. * [[4 Oktober]] – [[Spoetnik-ruimteprogram]]: [[Rusland]] lanseer [[Spoetnik 1]], die eerste [[satelliet]] wat om die [[Aarde]] wentel. * [[3 November]] – Die [[Sowjet-Unie]] lanseer [[Spoetnik 2]]. Aan boord is een van die eerste [[dier]]e in die ruimte - 'n [[hond]] genaamd ''[[Laika]]''. * [[20 Desember]] – Die [[Boeing 707]] onderneem sy nooiensvlug. == Geboortes == * [[8 Januarie]] – [[Sisi Khampepe]], regter in die [[Konstitusionele Hof van Suid-Afrika]]. * [[17 Januarie]] – [[Steve Harvey]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[21 Januarie]] – [[Stanley Mathabatha]], ANC-politikus en premier van [[Limpopo]]. * [[25 Januarie]] – [[Luis Garavito]], [[Colombia]]anse verkragter en kinderreeksmoordenaar. * [[16 Februarie]] – [[Roy Bennett]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwiese]] politikus († [[2018]]). * [[18 Februarie]] – [[Vanna White]], [[Amerika]]anse rolprentaktrise en TV-gasvrou van die ''Wheel of Fortune''. * [[19 Februarie]] – [[Falco (sanger)|Falco]] (eintlik Johann Hölzel), [[Oostenryk]]se sanger († [[1998]]). * [[10 Maart]] – [[Osama bin Laden]], Saoedi-Arabiese terroris en stigter van [[al-Kaïda]] († [[2011]]). * [[11 Maart]] – [[Qasem Soleimani]], [[Iran]]se generaalmajoor van die [[Islamitiese Revolusionêre Wagkorps]] († [[2020]]). * [[14 Maart]] – [[Mark Gordon]], Amerikaanse politikus. * [[20 Maart]] – [[Spike Lee]], Amerikaanse rolprentregisseur. * [[23 Maart]] – [[Edna Molewa]], ANC-politikus en Minister van Omgewingsake van Suid-Afrika († [[2018]]). * [[25 Maart]] – [[Ben Kruger]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[akteur]] († [[2021]]). * [[30 Maart]] – [[Paul Reiser]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[9 April]] – [[Seve Ballesteros]], Spaanse gholfspeler († [[2011]]). * [[12 April]] – [[Suzzanne Douglas]], Amerikaanse aktrise en vervaardiger († [[2021]]). * [[12 April]] – [[Ronald Plasterk]], Nederlandse bioloog en voormalige PvdA-politikus. * [[15 April]] – [[Koos Prinsloo]], Afrikaanse joernalis en skrywer van postmodernistiese kortverhale († [[1994]]). * [[29 April]] – [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], Brits-Ierse akteur. * [[5 Mei]] – [[Richard E. Grant]], Swazi-Engelse akteur. * [[10 Mei]] – [[Sid Vicious]], Britse musikant († [[1979]]). * [[17 Mei]] – [[Abbas Maroufi]], Iranse skrywer, toneelskrywer, publisis en dissident. * [[19 Mei]] – [[Danny Titus]], Suid-Afrikaanse regsman, taalstryder en historikus († [[2020]]). * [[21 Mei]] – [[Judge Reinhold]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[3 Junie]] – [[Peter de Villiers]], voormalige [[Springbokafrigter]]. * [[23 Junie]] – [[Frances McDormand]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[26 Junie]] – [[Ryk Hattingh]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer († [[2017]]) * [[26 Junie]] – [[Franci Greyling]], professor in Skryfkuns aan die Noordwes-Universiteit en skrywer van jeugverhale. * [[28 Junie]] – [[Annelie Botes]], [[Afrikaans]]e roman-, kortverhaal- en rubriekskrywer. * [[9 Julie]] – [[Kelly McGillis]], Amerikaanse filmaktrise en -vervaardiger. * [[11 Julie]] – [[Joe Phaahla]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus, minister van gesondheid. * [[24 Augustus]] – [[Stephen Fry (akteur)|Stephen Fry]], Britse akteur. * [[28 Augustus]] – [[Rick Rossovich]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[31 Augustus]] – [[Rachelle Greeff]], Afrikaanse joernalis en skrywer. * [[13 September]] – [[Bongbong Marcos]], president van die Filippyne. * [[14 September]] – [[Kepler Wessels]], Suid-Afrikaans-Australiese internasionale [[krieket]]speler. * [[15 September]] – [[Fulton Allem]], Suid-Afrikaanse beroeps[[gholf]]speler. * [[21 September]] – [[Kevin Rudd]], Australiese politikus en vorige Eerste Minister van [[Australië]]. * [[24 September]] – [[Sibongile Khumalo]], Suid-Afrikaanse sanger († [[2021]]). * [[9 Oktober]] – [[Herman Brusselmans]], Vlaamse digter, dramaturg en rubriekskrywer. * [[22 Oktober]] – [[Ram Barkai]], Suid-Afrikaanse oopwaterswemmer. * [[22 November]] – [[Alan Stern]], Amerikaanse planetêre wetenskaplike en deel van die [[New Horizons]]-projek. * [[9 Desember]] – [[Riana Scheepers]], [[Afrikaanse skrywer]] en [[digter]]. * [[10 Desember]] – [[Michael Clarke Duncan]], Amerikaanse akteur († [[2012]]). * Onbekend – Dr. [[Japie van Zyl]], [[Namibië|Namibiese]] elektriese ingenieur wat werksaam was by [[NASA]] († [[2020]]). == Sterftes == * [[14 Januarie]] – [[Humphrey Bogart]], Amerikaanse akteur (* [[1899]]). * [[16 Januarie]] – [[Alexander Cambridge, 1ste Graaf van Athlone|Alexander Cambridge]], Britse politikus, 16de Goewerneur-generaal van Kanada (1940–1946) en vierde [[Goewerneur-generaal van Suid-Afrika]] (1924–1930) (* [[1874]]). * 16 Januarie – [[Arturo Toscanini]], [[Italië|Italiaanse]] [[dirigent]] (* [[1867]]). * [[22 Februarie]] – [[Jochem van Bruggen]], Afrikaanse skrywer (* [[1881]]). * [[17 Maart]] – [[Ramon Magsaysay]], [[Filippyne|Filippynse]] politikus en president (* [[1907]]). * [[26 Maart]] – [[Édouard Herriot]], Franse politikus (* [[1872]]). * [[21 Junie]] – [[Johannes Stark]], Duitse fisikus, [[Nobelprys vir fisika|Nobelpryswenner]] (* [[1874]]). * [[27 Junie]] – Malcolm Lowry, skrywer (* [[1909]]). * [[8 Julie]] – [[C.M. van den Heever]], Afrikaanse skrywer en digter (* [[1902]]). * [[29 Augustus]] – [[Jozef Cantré]], Belgiese beeldhouer (* [[1890]]). * [[1 September]] – [[Dennis Brain]], Britse virtuoos [[Franse horing|horing]]speler (* [[1921]]) * [[20 September]] – [[Jean Sibelius]], Finse komponis van die laat-Romantiese tydperk (* [[1865]]). * [[21 September]] – [[Haakon VII van Noorweë]], eerste koning van [[Noorweë]] (* [[1872]]) * [[4 Oktober]] – [[Jacob Hendrik Pierneef]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse skilder (* [[13 Augustus]] [[1886]]). * [[25 Oktober]] – [[Henry van de Velde]], [[België|Belgiese]] argitek en ontwerper (* 1863). * [[25 November]] – [[Ernest Oppenheimer]], Suid-Afrikaanse mynmagnaat. (* [[22 Mei]] [[1880]]). * [[10 Desember]] – Majoor [[James Stevenson-Hamilton]] in [[Skotland]]. Met sy aftrede is sy droom van die stigting van die Nasionale [[Krugerwildtuin]] in [[Suid-Afrika]] bewaarheid (* [[1867]]). [[Kategorie:1957| ]] [[Kategorie:20ste eeu]] krqi71wb73aoy6nj6nhkx2mq9zrinkh 0 516 2517341 2508655 2022-08-04T07:50:08Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ [[Franci Greyling]], skrywer van jeugverhale. wikitext text/x-wiki {{JunieKalender}} '''26 Junie''' is die 177ste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] (178ste in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). Daar volg nog 188 dae in die res van die jaar. == Gebeure == * [[684]] – [[Pous Benedictus II]] volg [[Pous Leo II]] op as [[pous]] van die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]]. * [[1409]] – Die konsilie van Pisa verkies [[Teenpous Alexander V]] as pous. Omdat die afsetting van die regerende pouse nie gewerk het nie, is daar nou drie pouse gelyktydig. * [[1483]] – [[Richard III van Engeland|Richard III]] word die koning van [[Engeland]]. * [[1529]] – Die Vredesverdrag van Kappel. Die Switserse Bondgenootskap laat die kerkgemeentes toe om self tussen Protestantisme en die Katolieke kerk te kies. Katolieke en Protestantse soldate eet na die verdrag saam 'n melksop ("Kappeler Milchsuppe"). * [[1721]] – Zabdiel Boylston begin [[inenting]] teen [[pokke|pokkies]] in [[Amerika]]. * [[1749]] – [[Pous Benedictus XIV]] publiseer ''Apostolica Constitutio'' ter voorbereiding van die Heilige Jaar [[1750]]. * [[1754]] – Pous Benedictus XIV publiseer ''Cum Religiosi'' oor godsdiensonderrig. * [[1827]] – [[Pous Leo XII]] publiseer ''Dirae Librorum'' teen wêreldse literatuur. * [[1860]] – Die eerste stukkie spoorlyn in Suid-Afrika, die 3&nbsp;km lange lyn van die Punt na Durban, word vir verkeer oopgestel. * [[1919]] – Die eerste [[NG Kerk in Zambië|NG gemeente]] in die latere [[Zambië]] in [[Lusaka]] gestig. * [[1923]] – Die eerste [[Le Mans|24 uur Le Mans]] motorwedren vind plaas. * [[1924]] – Besettende magte van die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] verlaat die [[Dominikaanse Republiek]]. * [[1945]] – Die grondwet van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] geteken. * [[1948]] – Die Westerse geallieerdes begin 'n lugbrug na [[Wes-Berlyn]] na 'n blokkade deur die [[Sowjetunie]]. * [[1959]] – Die [[Sint-Laurensrivier|Sint-Laurens-seeweg]], 'n stelsel kanale wat die [[Groot Mere]] met die [[Atlantiese Oseaan]] verbind, word amptelik geopen. * [[1960]] – [[Madagaskar]] word van [[Frankryk]] onafhanklik. * [[1976]] – [[CN-toring]] in [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]], geopen – dit was toe die hoogste gebou ter [[wêreld]]. * [[1977]] – [[Elvis Presley]] hou sy laaste konsert. * [[1979]] – [[Muhammad Ali]] tree af. * [[2000]] – [[Bengaalse nasionale krieketspan|Bangladesj]] word 'n volle lid van die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR). == Geboortes == * [[1806]] – [[Antjie Scheepers]], Afrikanerpioniersvrou († [[1878]]). * [[1824]] – [[William Thomson, 1ste Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]], Britse fisikus († [[1907]]). * [[1908]] – [[Salvador Allende]], Chileense president († [[1973]]). * [[1925]] – Pawel Beljajef, [[ruimtevaarder]] († [[1970]]). * [[1926]] – [[Louis Pienaar]], Suid-Afrikaanse regter, diplomaat en die laaste blanke administrateur van [[Suidwes-Afrika]] († [[2012]]). * [[1927]] – [[Ben Turok]], professor in ekonomie, ANC aktivis en voormalige lid van die parlement († [[2019]]). * [[1933]] – [[Claudio Abbado]], Italiaanse dirigent († [[2016]]). * [[1938]] – [[Neil Abercrombie]], sewende goewerneur van [[Hawaii]]. * [[1939]] – [[Ampie Coetzee]], letterkundige en professor in Afrikaans-Nederlands aan die universiteite van die Witwatersrand en die Wes-Kaap († [[2020]]). * [[1943]] – [[Pierre Fourie (bokser)|Pierre Fourie]], Suid-Afrikaanse bokskampioen († [[1980]]). * [[1947]] – [[Peter Sloterdijk]], [[Duitse]] [[filosoof]] en kultuurteoretikus. * [[1956]] – [[Chris Isaak]], Amerikaanse sanger. * [[1957]] – [[Ryk Hattingh]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer († [[2017]]). * 1957 – [[Franci Greyling]], professor in Skryfkuns aan die Noordwes-Universiteit en skrywer van jeugverhale. * [[1959]] – [[Connie September]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus, voormalige kabinetsminister. * [[1961]] – Greg LeMond, Amerikaanse fietsryer en wenner van die [[Tour de France]]. * [[1968]] – [[Jovenel Moïse]], Haïtiaanse president († [[2021]]). * [[1988]] – [[Trisha Chetty]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse internasionale vroue[[krieket]]speler. * 1988 – [[Amanda Du-Pont]], Suid-Afrikaanse filmster. * [[1993]] – [[Ariana Grande]], Amerikaanse vermaaklikheidster. == Sterftes == * [[363]] – Keiser [[Julianus]] (* [[331]]). * [[1541]] – [[Francisco Pizarro]], Spaanse veroweraar (* omtrent [[1476]] of [[1478]]). * [[1704]] – [[Hercules van Loon]], die twaalfde leraar wat in die [[Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] in [[Suid-Afrika]] (* circa [[1668]]). * [[1795]] – [[Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart]], [[Duits]]e plantkundige en direkteur van die Botaniese Tuin van Hannover (* [[1742]]). * [[1830]] – [[George IV van die Verenigde Koninkryk|George IV]], Britse koning (* [[1762]]). * [[1856]] – [[Max Stirner]], Duitse filosoof (* [[1806]]). * [[1922]] – Albert I van [[Monaco]] (* [[1848]]). * [[1934]] – Sir [[Godfrey Lagden]] KCMG KBE, 'n [[VK|Britse]] koloniale administrateur in Afrika (* [[1851]]). * [[1942]] – [[Carola Neher]], Duitse toneelspeler (* [[1900]]). * [[1947]] – Richard Bedford Bennett, Kanadese politikus (* [[1870]]). * [[1949]] – [[Kim Koo]], Suid-Koreaanse onafhanklikheidsaktivis en politikus. * [[1967]] – [[Françoise Dorléac]], Franse aktrise en sangeres (* [[1942]]). * [[1993]] – William H. Riker, Amerikaanse staatswetenskaplike (* [[1920]]). * [[1996]] – [[Veronica Guerin]], Ierse joernalis (* [[1958]]). * [[2003]] – Strom Thurmond, Amerikaanse politikus (* [[1902]]). * [[2010]] – [[Algirdas Brazauskas]], Litause ingenieur en politikus, 2de President van [[Litaue]] (* 1932). * [[2011]] – [[Edith Fellows]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* 1923). * [[2012]] – [[Doris Singleton]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* 1919). * [[2022]] – [[Mary Mara]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* [[1960]]). * 2022 – [[Frank Williams (akteur)|Frank Williams]], Amerikaanse akteur en skrywer (* [[1931]]). == Vakansies, vierings, en waarnemingsdae == * [[Verenigde nasies]] se dag van steun vir slagoffers van [[marteling]]. {{commonskat|26 June|26 Junie}} [[Kategorie:Junie]] fgbsfvcozf5asngeezd0ouoih8un3uw 0 1894 2517422 2505561 2022-08-04T11:31:07Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Geboortes */ * [[1977]] – [[Jim Jefferies]], Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. wikitext text/x-wiki {{FebruarieKalender}} '''14 Februarie''' is die 45ste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]]. Daar volg nog 320 dae in die res van die jaar (321 in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). == Gebeure == * [[1014]] – [[Pous Benedictus VIII]] kroon Hendrik II en sy vrou Kunigunde tot keiser en keiserin van die [[Heilige Romeinse Ryk]]. * [[1130]] – [[Pous Innocentius II]] volg [[Pous Honorius II]] op. * [[1130]] – [[Pietro Pierleoni]] word as [[Teenpous Anacletus II]] gekies teen Pous Innocentius II. * [[1515]] – [[Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici]] (later [[Pous Clemens VII]]) word aartsbiskop van Narbonne. * [[1621]] – [[Pous Gregorius XV]] word gekroon deur kardinaal Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto. * [[1785]] – [[Pous Pius VI]] stel 14 nuwe kardinale aan waaronder [[Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti]], O.S.B.Cas., biskop van Imola, later [[Pous Pius VII]]. * [[1859]] – [[Oregon]] word die 33ste [[Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika|deelstaat]] van die [[Verenigde State]]. * [[1876]] – [[Elisha Gray]] en [[Alexander Graham Bell]] doen elkeen aansoek om 'n patent vir die [[telefoon]]. * [[1879]] – [[Chileense]] magte beset die [[Boliviese]] hawe [[Antofagasta]], en bring die [[Stille Oseaan]] Oorlog teweeg. * [[1900]] – [[Tweede Vryheidsoorlog]]: Die [[Slag van Pietershoogte]] begin. * [[1901]] – Koning [[Edward VII van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Edward VII]] open die Britse Parlement vir die eerste keer. * [[1912]] – [[Arizona]] word die 48ste [[Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika|deelstaat]] van die [[Verenigde State]]. * [[1945]] – Die [[Britse Lugmag|''RAF'']] Bomkommandoment begin die strategiese bombardering van [[Dresden]] in [[Sakse]], [[Duitsland]], wat lei tot 'n noodlottige [[vuurstorm]] waarin 25,000 burgerlikes sterf. * [[1989]] – 'n Fatwa word uitgevaardig vir die teregstelling van [[Salman Rushdie]], die outeur van ''The Satanic Verses'', 'n roman wat as "lasterlik teenoor Islam" beskou is. * [[1989]] – Die eerste [[satelliet]] in die satellietkonstellasie van die [[GPS]]-stelsel word in 'n wentelbaan om die aarde geplaas. * [[1996]] – Die sesde [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1996|Krieketwêreldbeker]] begin in [[Indië]], [[Pakistan]] en [[Sri Lanka]]. * [[2015]] – Die elfde [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2015|Krieketwêreldbeker]] begin in [[Australië]] en [[Nieu-Seeland]]. * [[2018]] – [[Jacob Zuma]] bedank as [[President van Suid-Afrika]]. == Geboortes == * [[1817]] – [[Frederick Douglass]], Amerikaanse sosiale hervormer, slawernyafskaffingsaktivis, redenaar, skrywer en staatsman († [[1895]]). * [[1879]] – Dr. [[Willem Petrus Steenkamp]], Suid-Afrikaanse predikant, dokter en politikus († [[1956]]). * [[1895]] – [[Max Horkheimer]], Duitse filosoof en sosioloog († [[1973]]). * [[1895]] – Alexander Alexandrowitsch Mikulin, Russiese ingenieur († [[1985]]). * [[1896]] – Werner Richard Heymann, Duitse komponis en dirigent († [[1961]]). * [[1897]] – Jørgen Bentzon, Deense komponis († [[1951]]). * [[1948]] – [[Ingrid Winterbach]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer. * [[1952]] – [[Anton Lesser]], Engelse akteur. * [[1958]] – [[André Swiegers]], Suid-Afrikaanse sanger en liedjieskrywer. * [[1959]] – [[Renée Fleming]], Amerikaanse operasopraan. * [[1965]] – [[Zinzan Brooke]], voormalige Nieu-Seelandse [[rugby]]speler (agsteman). * [[1970]] – [[Simon Pegg]], Britse akteur. * [[1977]] – [[Jim Jefferies]], Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. * [[1992]] – [[Freddie Highmore]], Engelse akteur en skrywer. == Sterftes == * [[1400]] – [[Richard II van Engeland|Richard II]], koning van Engeland (* [[1367]]) * [[1779]] – [[James Cook]], Britse ontdekkingsreisiger (* [[1728]]) * [[1933]] – [[Paul Louw]], Afrikaanse predikant en digter (* [[1890]]). * [[2013]] – [[Reeva Steenkamp]], Suid-Afrikaanse model (* [[1983]]). * [[2018]] – [[Ruud Lubbers]], politikus en Eerste Minister van [[Nederland]] (* [[1939]]). * 2018 – [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwiese]] politikus (* [[1952]]). == Vakansies, vierings en waarnemingsdae == * [[Valentynsdag]] – oral {{commonskat|14 February}} [[Kategorie:Februarie]] nljqzb9ok9pn2oxiyibemw2rurwtjyv 0 3689 2517254 2499085 2022-08-03T16:05:35Z 41.13.194.254 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Mimi Coertse Johannesburg.JPG|duimnael|[[Mimi Coertse]] poseer in Johannesburg voor haar borsbeeld.]] [[Lêer:Amanda Strydom.jpg|duimnael|[[Amanda Strydom]] tydens ’n konsert.]] [[Beeld:Vusi Mahlasela 2015.jpg|duimnael|regs|[[Vusi Mahlasela]] tree op in Kaapstad in 2015.]] [[Lêer:Steve Hofmyer crop.jpg|duimnael|[[Steve Hofmeyr]] ontvang ’n staande toejuiging.]] [[Beeld:Laurika Rauch 2015.jpg|regs|duimnael|[[Laurika Rauch]] sing in 2015 tydens die 100ste verjaardagviering van ''[[Die Burger]]'' in Kaapstad.]] [[Lêer:Jimmy Dludlu.jpg|duimnael|[[Jimmy Dludlu]] op die verhoog in Kaapstad.]] [[Lêer:Gé Korsten Madama Butterfly 1960.jpg|duimnael|[[Gé Korsten]] as lt. Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly.]] [[Lêer:Jan Blohm.jpg|duimnael|[[Jan Blohm]] poseer vir ’n foto.]] [[Lêer:Theuns Jordaan.jpg|duimnael|[[Theuns Jordaan]] tydens ’n optrede.]] [[Lêer:Miriam Makeba10.JPG|duimnael|[[Miriam Makeba]] tydens ’n konsert saam met Dizzy Gillespie]] [[Lêer:Karen zoid in 2009.jpg|duimnael|[[Karen Zoid]] hou konsert.]] [[Lêer:Valiant Swart.jpg|duimnael|[[Valiant Swart]] kap dit uit.]] [[Lêer:Abdullah Ibrahim 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Abdullah Ibrahim]] poseer vir ’n foto.]] [[Lêer:Winckler, Heinz (Canon) 2.jpg|duimnael|[[Heinz Winckler]] glimlag vir die paparazzi.]] [[Lêer:Marita Napier.jpg|duimnael|[[Marita Napier]] met vakansie.]] [[Lêer:Hugh Masekela (1390856678).jpg|duimnael|[[Hugh Masekela]] tydens ’n konsert.]] [[Lêer:Nadine.jpg|duimnael|[[Nádine]] in 2009 in Nederland.]] [[Lêer:Ricus Nel at 5for5 concert.jpg|duimnael|[[Ricus Nel]] by "5 vir 50000".]] [[Lêer:JPFPC1987.jpg|duimnael|[[Bernoldus Niemand]], oftewel James Phillips in konsert.]] [[Lêer:Yvonne Ntombizodwa Chaka Chaka - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|duimnael|[[Yvonne Chaka Chaka]] sing in Davos, Switserland.]] [[Lêer:Liza Brönner - State Theatre 02.jpg|duimnael|[[Liza Brönner]] by die [[staatsteater]] (Liefling).]] [[Lêer:Emma Renzi.jpg|duimnael|300px|[[Emma Renzi]] as Tosca in Johannesburg.]] Hier volg ’n alfabetiese '''lys van''' bekende of andersinds noemenswaardige '''[[Suid-Afrika]]anse musikante'''. {{indeks}} <!-- SLEGS BEKENDE OF ANDERSINS NOEMENSWAARDIGE MUSIKANTE MAG HIER GELYS WORD. NIE ELKE TWEEDE OU WAT KITAAR KAN SPEEL OF IN DIE STORT SING NIE!!! LEES [[Wikipedia:Noemenswaardigheid]] LET ASSEBLIEF OP DIE SORTEERVOLGORDE: EERS VAN, DAN NAAM!!! LEES DIE OPSKRIF, SANGERS, NIE MUSIEKGROEPE NIE!!! --> == A == * [[Lucille Ackermann]] * [[Emo Adams]] * [[Henri Alant]] * [[Sanet Allen]] (sopraan) * [[Andriëtte Norman|Andriëtte]] * [[Bobby Angel]] * [[Anrika]] * [[Appel (sanger)]] == B == * [[Adam Barnard]] * [[Vernon Barnard]] * [[Gito Baloi]] † * [[Helga Bassel]], pianis † * [[Joyce Barker]], sopraan † * [[Die Baron]] * [[Lize Beekman]] * [[Bobby Angel]] * [[BEN-G]] * [[BenStof]] * [[Betty-Jean]] * [[Innes en Franna Benadé]] * [[Ronnie Belcher (sanger)|Ronnie Belcher]] † * [[Charlize Berg]] * [[Zirk Bergh]] * [[Helenè Bester]] * [[Lieb Bester]] † * [[William Blackrose]] * [[Chris Blignaut]] † * [[Jan Blohm]] * [[Nedine Blom]] * [[Manie Bodenstein]] * [[Mel Botes]] * [[Anton Botha]] * [[Corlea Botha]] * [[Danie Botha (musikant)|Danie Botha]] * [[Johan Botha (tenoor)|Johan Botha]] * [[Piet Botha]] † * [[Willem Botha]] * [[Alanda Bothma]] * [[Doris Brasch]] * [[Bles Bridges]] † * [[Sunette Bridges]] * [[Liza Brönner]] * [[Retief Burger]] * [[Juan Boucher]] * [[Anthonie Bougas]] * [[Bouwer Bosch]] * [[Bianca Blanc]] * [[Hugo Boss (sanger)]] * [[Basjan]] * [[Hendro Bekker]] * [[Tanja Bodenstein]] * [[Tasché Burger]] * [[Battery 9]] * [[Jo Black]] * [[Louis Brittz]] == C == * [[Carlo]] * [[Arno Carstens]] * [[Nico Carstens]] * [[Collins Chabane]] * [[Yvonne Chaka Chaka]] * [[Chris Chameleon]] * [[Chanté]] * [[Melindi Charle]] * [[Chereé]] * [[Rudi Claase]] * [[Janita Claassen]] * [[Don Clarke]] *[[Gerald Clark]] * [[Johnny Clegg]] * [[Richard Cock]], dirigent * [[Mimi Coertse]], sopraan * [[Chris Coetzer]] *[[Mandie Coleske]] * [[Coleske|Ewald & Arnold Coleske]] *[[Roelof Colyn]] *[[Dawie Couzyn]] Bariton *[[Jaycee Crause]] *[[Kobus Crafford]] *[[PJ C]] *[[Chereé]] == D == * [[Kurt Darren]] * [[Anna Davel]] * [[Izak Davel]] * [[Al Debbo]] † * [[Jacques de Koning]] * [[Jak de Priester]] * [[Coenie de Villiers]] * [[Rocco de Villiers]] * [[Albert de Wet]] * [[Jan de Wet]] * [[Arina de Wit]] * [[Tommy Dell]] * [[Charlie Dicks]] * [[Jimmy Dludlu]] * [[Dozi]] * [[Lucky Dube]] † * [[Christo du Plessis]] * [[Juanita du Plessis]] * [[Karla du Plessis]] * [[Koos du Plessis]] † * [[Neil du Preez]] * [[Jannie du Toit]] * [[Liesl du Toit]] * [[Lucky Dube]] † * [[Ray Dylan]] * [[DJ Ossewa]] * [[Dewald Dippenaar]] * [[Rinel Day]] *[[Ampie du Preez]] *[[Danita Dee-Dee Delport]] *[[Munro du Toit]] *[[Franja du Plessis]] *[[Jak de Priester]] *[[Ruhan du Toit]] == E == * [[Egmond]] * [[Elandré]] * [[Erica Eloff]], sopraan * [[Jurie Els]] * Chris Else * [[Ronéll Erasmus]] * [[Sorina Erasmus]] * [[Manuel Escorcio]] * [[Sean Else]] * [[Elandré]] == F == * [[Brenda Fassie]] † * [[Jurie Ferreira]] † * [[Karen Ferreira]] * [[Joe F]] * [[Joe Foster]] * [[David Fourie]] * [[Steyn Fourie]] * [[Albert Frost]] * [[Franzelle]] * [[Frans Brits]] == G == * [[Franco Gagiano]] * [[Vaughan Gardiner]] * Pietman Geldenhuys - Pietman Die Skot * [[Ghapi]] * [[Anton Goosen]] * [[Caroline Grace]] * [[Raymond Greenberg]] * [[MD Greyling]] * [[Gian Groen]] * [[Mynie Grové]] * [[Dewald Gouws]] - Gospel * [[Guillaume]] == H == * [[Simeon Hamman]] * [[Paul Hanmer]], pianis * [[Francois Hayes]] * [[Sonja Herholdt]] * [[Ian Herman]] * [[Hellena Hettema]] * [[Steve Hofmeyr]] * [[Armand Hofmeyr]] * [[Karin Hougaard]] * [[Hugo]] * [[Rina Hugo]] * [[Andre Huysamen]] * [[Hans Huyssen]], tjellis en komponis * [[Charne Hugo]] * [[HemelBesem]] == I == * [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], pianis * [[Jacques Imbrailo]], bariton == J == * [[Manie Jackson]] * [[Charles Jacobie]] † * [[Lance James]] * [[Jezelle]] * [[JJ Stephens]] * [[Claire Johnston]] * [[Jolette]] * [[Greta Jones]] † * [[Arno Jordaan]] * [[Theuns Jordaan]] † * [[Alta Joubert]] * [[Natasha Joubert]] * [[Willie Joubert]] * [[Jaak Leonard]] * [[Jaco du Plessis|Jay]] * [[Ruan Josh]] == K == * [[Karin K]] (Kotzé) * [[Shine4|Marlese Kapp]] * [[Johannes Kerkorrel]] † * [[Carike Keuzenkamp]] * [[Sibongile Khumalo]], sopraan * [[Robbie Klay]] * [[Pieter Koen]] * [[Kooler Box]], kletsrymer * [[Koos Kombuis]] * [[Gé Korsten]] † * [[Gérard Korsten]], dirigent * [[Abel Kraamsaal]] * [[David Kramer]] * [[Kupido (sanger)|Kupido]] * [[Pedro Kruger]] == L == * [[Tarryn Lamb]] * [[Sanet Lambrechts]] * [[Robert John Lange|Robert John "Mutt" Lange]] * [[Riku Lätti]] * [[Leah van Niekerk|Leah]] * [[Virginia Lee]] † * [[Dillon Lerm]] * [[Ruben Lennox]] * [[Kevin Leo]] * [[Patricia Lewis]] * [[Solomon Linda]] † * [[George Longane]] * [[Jakkie Louw]] * [[Nadia Louw]] * [[Nicholis Louw]] * [[Stéfan Louw]], tenoor * [[Roger Lucey]] * [[Stefan Ludick]] * [[Luna Paige|Luna]] * [[Amanda Luyt]] == M == * [[Vusi Mahlasela]] * [[Miriam Makeba]] † * [[Eon Malan]] * [[Petronel Malan]], pianis * [[Mandoza]] * [[Marcato]] * [[Martin Lane]] * [[Lucas Maree]] † * [[Cora Marie]] † * [[Anne Marshall]], pianis * [[Hugh Masekela]] * [[Dorothy Masuka]] * [[Lianie May]] * [[Chris McGregor]] * [[Ralph Michielsen]] * [[Shine4|Jill Middlekop]] * [[Magdalene Minnaar]], sopraan * [[Busi Mhlongo]] * [[Kippie Moeketsi]] † * [[Pops Mohamed]] * [[Louis Moholo]] * [[Monica]] * [[Jannie Moolman]] * [[Philip Moolman]] * [[Demi Lee Moore]] * [[Refentse Morake]] * [[Ike Moriz]] * [[McCoy Mrubata]] * [[Anton Myburgh]] * [[Len Muller]] * [[Refentse Morake]] == N == * [[Nádine]] * [[Marita Napier]] † * [[Nataniël]] * [[Pieter Naudé]] * [[Anton Nel]] * [[Bacchus Nel]] * [[Gert Vlok Nel]] * [[Riana Nel]] * [[Ricus Nel]] * [[Werner Nel]], bariton * [[Nelda]] * [[Fredi Nest]] † * [[Steve Newman]] * [[Nianell]] * [[Pierre Nel]] * [[Danie Niehaus]] * [[Bernoldus Niemand]] * [[Joe Niemand]] * [[Andriëtte Norman]] * [[Riaan Nienaber]] == O == * [[Brandon October]] * [[Antoinette Olivier]], sopraan * [[Frank Opperman]] == P == * [[Jack Parow]], kletsrymer * [[Brendan Peyper]] * [[James Phillips]] † * [[Daniel-Ben Pienaar]], pianis * [[Fanus Pienaar]] * [[Liezel Pieters]] * [[Cobus Potgieter]], tromspeler * [[Gert Potgieter]] † * [[PJ Powers]] * [[Gerrie Pretorius]] * [[Zita Pretorius]] == Q == == R == * [[Dolly Rathebe]] * [[Laurika Rauch]] * [[Reana]] * [[Surendran Reddy]], pianis * [[Emma Renzi]], sopraan * [[Sias Reinecke]] † * [[Mathys Roets]] * [[Eric Rycroft]], dirigent * [[Roux Cloete]] (ook Roux & Christi Cloete) * [[Riaan Rust]] == S == * [[Ben Schoeman (pianis)|Ben Schoeman]], pianis * [[Ilse Schumann]], pianis * [[Charl Stone]] * Chriszelda Steyn * [[Leon Schuster]] * [[André Schwartz]] * [[Judith Sephuma]] * [[Min Shaw]] * [[Dihan Slabbert]] * [[Pieter Smith]] * [[Snotkop]] * [[Neil Somers]] * [[Zanne Stapelberg]], sopraan * [[Johan Stemmet]] * [[Steven Sterling]] * [[Nic Stevens]] * [[Christa Steyn]] † * [[Etienne Steyn]] * [[Gerhard Steyn]] * [[Monique Steyn]] * [[Mareli Stolp]], pianis * [[Du Preez Stoltz]] * [[Amanda Strydom]] * [[Wynand Strydom]] * [[Blackie Swart (sanger)|Blackie Swart]] * [[Valiant Swart]] * [[André Swiegers]] == T == * [[Shaun Tait]] * [[Adam Tas (sanger)|Adam Tas]] * [[Elizma Theron]] * [[Sarah Theron]] * [[Thys die Bosveldklong]] *[[Tiro]] == U == * [[Shine4|Desirèe Underwood]] * [[Hannes Uys]], pianis, koordirigent † * [[Helga Uys]], pianis * [[Tessa Uys]], pianis == V == * [[Bok van Blerk]] * [[Francois van Coke]] * [[Herman van den Berg]] * [[Wouter van de Venter]] * [[Deon van der Merwe]] * [[Marno van der Merwe]] * [[Wicus van der Merwe]] * [[Cobus van der Walt]] (Bernardt James) * [[Deon van der Walt]], tenoor † * [[Johannes van der Walt]] † * [[Tjarra van der Walt]] * [[Anmari van der Westhuizen]], [[tjellis]] * [[Dirk van der Westhuizen]] * [[Richard van der Westhuizen]] * [[Johan van Dyk]] * [[Bobby van Jaarsveld]] * [[Karlien van Jaarsveld]] * [[Zak van Niekerk]] † * [[Albie van Schalkwyk]], pianis * [[Kobie van Rensburg]], tenoor * [[Louis van Rensburg]] † * [[Anneli van Rooyen]] * [[Vincent van Rooyen]] † * [[Gert van Tonder]] * [[Irene van Wyk]] † * [[Sheldon Van Wyk]] * [[Leonore Veenemans]] † * [[Venita]] * [[Johan C Venter]] * [[Vera-Marie]] * [[Ollie Viljoen]] * [[Worsie Visser]] † * [[Amor Vittone]] == W == * [[Dewald Wasserfall]] * [[Karen Wessels]] * [[Robbie Wessels]] * [[Randall Wicomb]] † * [[Heinz Winckler]] * [[Wynand Windpomp]] (Wynand Burger) == X == == Y == * [[Pretty Yende]], sopraan * [[Yoti die Griekse Boertjie]] == Z == * [[Jennifer Zamudio]] * [[Elzabé Zietsman]] * [[Karen Zoid]] == Sien ook == * [[Afrikaanse musiek]] * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] {{indeks}} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Musikante]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse musici| Musikante]] ddy2v7yllhhi782l7g5ys79rfobdjxd 2517260 2517254 2022-08-03T17:08:28Z 41.13.194.254 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Mimi Coertse Johannesburg.JPG|duimnael|[[Mimi Coertse]] poseer in Johannesburg voor haar borsbeeld.]] [[Lêer:Amanda Strydom.jpg|duimnael|[[Amanda Strydom]] tydens ’n konsert.]] [[Beeld:Vusi Mahlasela 2015.jpg|duimnael|regs|[[Vusi Mahlasela]] tree op in Kaapstad in 2015.]] [[Lêer:Steve Hofmyer crop.jpg|duimnael|[[Steve Hofmeyr]] ontvang ’n staande toejuiging.]] [[Beeld:Laurika Rauch 2015.jpg|regs|duimnael|[[Laurika Rauch]] sing in 2015 tydens die 100ste verjaardagviering van ''[[Die Burger]]'' in Kaapstad.]] [[Lêer:Jimmy Dludlu.jpg|duimnael|[[Jimmy Dludlu]] op die verhoog in Kaapstad.]] [[Lêer:Gé Korsten Madama Butterfly 1960.jpg|duimnael|[[Gé Korsten]] as lt. Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly.]] [[Lêer:Jan Blohm.jpg|duimnael|[[Jan Blohm]] poseer vir ’n foto.]] [[Lêer:Theuns Jordaan.jpg|duimnael|[[Theuns Jordaan]] tydens ’n optrede.]] [[Lêer:Miriam Makeba10.JPG|duimnael|[[Miriam Makeba]] tydens ’n konsert saam met Dizzy Gillespie]] [[Lêer:Karen zoid in 2009.jpg|duimnael|[[Karen Zoid]] hou konsert.]] [[Lêer:Valiant Swart.jpg|duimnael|[[Valiant Swart]] kap dit uit.]] [[Lêer:Abdullah Ibrahim 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Abdullah Ibrahim]] poseer vir ’n foto.]] [[Lêer:Winckler, Heinz (Canon) 2.jpg|duimnael|[[Heinz Winckler]] glimlag vir die paparazzi.]] [[Lêer:Marita Napier.jpg|duimnael|[[Marita Napier]] met vakansie.]] [[Lêer:Hugh Masekela (1390856678).jpg|duimnael|[[Hugh Masekela]] tydens ’n konsert.]] [[Lêer:Nadine.jpg|duimnael|[[Nádine]] in 2009 in Nederland.]] [[Lêer:Ricus Nel at 5for5 concert.jpg|duimnael|[[Ricus Nel]] by "5 vir 50000".]] [[Lêer:JPFPC1987.jpg|duimnael|[[Bernoldus Niemand]], oftewel James Phillips in konsert.]] [[Lêer:Yvonne Ntombizodwa Chaka Chaka - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|duimnael|[[Yvonne Chaka Chaka]] sing in Davos, Switserland.]] [[Lêer:Liza Brönner - State Theatre 02.jpg|duimnael|[[Liza Brönner]] by die [[staatsteater]] (Liefling).]] [[Lêer:Emma Renzi.jpg|duimnael|300px|[[Emma Renzi]] as Tosca in Johannesburg.]] Hier volg ’n alfabetiese '''lys van''' bekende of andersinds noemenswaardige '''[[Suid-Afrika]]anse musikante'''. {{indeks}} <!-- SLEGS BEKENDE OF ANDERSINS NOEMENSWAARDIGE MUSIKANTE MAG HIER GELYS WORD. NIE ELKE TWEEDE OU WAT KITAAR KAN SPEEL OF IN DIE STORT SING NIE!!! LEES [[Wikipedia:Noemenswaardigheid]] LET ASSEBLIEF OP DIE SORTEERVOLGORDE: EERS VAN, DAN NAAM!!! LEES DIE OPSKRIF, SANGERS, NIE MUSIEKGROEPE NIE!!! --> == A == * [[Lucille Ackermann]] * [[Emo Adams]] * [[Henri Alant]] * [[Sanet Allen]] (sopraan) * [[Andriëtte Norman|Andriëtte]] * [[Bobby Angel]] * [[Anrika]] * [[Appel (sanger)]] == B == * [[Adam Barnard]] * [[Vernon Barnard]] * [[Gito Baloi]] † * [[Helga Bassel]], pianis † * [[Joyce Barker]], sopraan † * [[Die Baron]] * [[Lize Beekman]] * [[Bobby Angel]] * [[BEN-G]] * [[BenStof]] * [[Betty-Jean]] * [[Innes en Franna Benadé]] * [[Ronnie Belcher (sanger)|Ronnie Belcher]] † * [[Charlize Berg]] * [[Zirk Bergh]] * [[Helenè Bester]] * [[Lieb Bester]] † * [[William Blackrose]] * [[Chris Blignaut]] † * [[Jan Blohm]] * [[Nedine Blom]] * [[Manie Bodenstein]] * [[Mel Botes]] * [[Anton Botha]] * [[Corlea Botha]] * [[Danie Botha (musikant)|Danie Botha]] * [[Johan Botha (tenoor)|Johan Botha]] * [[Piet Botha]] † * [[Willem Botha]] * [[Alanda Bothma]] * [[Doris Brasch]] * [[Bles Bridges]] † * [[Sunette Bridges]] * [[Liza Brönner]] * [[Retief Burger]] * [[Juan Boucher]] * [[Anthonie Bougas]] * [[Bouwer Bosch]] * [[Bianca Blanc]] * [[Hugo Boss (sanger)]] * [[Basjan]] * [[Hendro Bekker]] * [[Tanja Bodenstein]] * [[Tasché Burger]] * [[Battery 9]] * [[Jo Black]] * [[Louis Brittz]] == C == * [[Carlo]] * [[Arno Carstens]] * [[Nico Carstens]] * [[Collins Chabane]] * [[Yvonne Chaka Chaka]] * [[Chris Chameleon]] * [[Chanté]] * [[Melindi Charle]] * [[Chereé]] * [[Rudi Claase]] * [[Janita Claassen]] * [[Don Clarke]] *[[Gerald Clark]] * [[Johnny Clegg]] * [[Richard Cock]], dirigent * [[Mimi Coertse]], sopraan * [[Chris Coetzer]] *[[Mandie Coleske]] * [[Coleske|Ewald & Arnold Coleske]] *[[Roelof Colyn]] *[[Dawie Couzyn]] Bariton *[[Jaycee Crause]] *[[Kobus Crafford]] *[[PJ C]] *[[Chereé]] == D == * [[Kurt Darren]] * [[Anna Davel]] * [[Izak Davel]] * [[Al Debbo]] † * [[Jacques de Koning]] * [[Jak de Priester]] * [[Coenie de Villiers]] * [[Rocco de Villiers]] * [[Albert de Wet]] * [[Jan de Wet]] * [[Arina de Wit]] * [[Tommy Dell]] * [[Charlie Dicks]] * [[Jimmy Dludlu]] * [[Dozi]] * [[Lucky Dube]] † * [[Christo du Plessis]] * [[Juanita du Plessis]] * [[Karla du Plessis]] * [[Koos du Plessis]] † * [[Neil du Preez]] * [[Jannie du Toit]] * [[Liesl du Toit]] * [[Lucky Dube]] † * [[Ray Dylan]] * [[DJ Ossewa]] * [[Dewald Dippenaar]] * [[Rinel Day]] *[[Ampie du Preez]] *[[Danita Dee-Dee Delport]] *[[Munro du Toit]] *[[Franja du Plessis]] *[[Jak de Priester]] *[[Ruhan du Toit]] == E == * [[Egmond]] * [[Elandré]] * [[Erica Eloff]], sopraan * [[Jurie Els]] * Chris Else * [[Ronéll Erasmus]] * [[Sorina Erasmus]] * [[Manuel Escorcio]] * [[Sean Else]] * [[Elandré]] == F == * [[Brenda Fassie]] † * [[Jurie Ferreira]] † * [[Karen Ferreira]] * [[Joe F]] * [[Joe Foster]] * [[David Fourie]] * [[Steyn Fourie]] * [[Albert Frost]] * [[Franzelle]] * [[Frans Brits]] == G == * [[Franco Gagiano]] * [[Vaughan Gardiner]] * Pietman Geldenhuys - Pietman Die Skot * [[Ghapi]] * [[Anton Goosen]] * [[Caroline Grace]] * [[Raymond Greenberg]] * [[MD Greyling]] * [[Gian Groen]] * [[Mynie Grové]] * [[Dewald Gouws]] - Gospel * [[Guillaume]] * [[Groep Twee]] == H == * [[Simeon Hamman]] * [[Paul Hanmer]], pianis * [[Francois Hayes]] * [[Sonja Herholdt]] * [[Ian Herman]] * [[Hellena Hettema]] * [[Steve Hofmeyr]] * [[Armand Hofmeyr]] * [[Karin Hougaard]] * [[Hugo]] * [[Rina Hugo]] * [[Andre Huysamen]] * [[Hans Huyssen]], tjellis en komponis * [[Charne Hugo]] * [[HemelBesem]] == I == * [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], pianis * [[Jacques Imbrailo]], bariton == J == * [[Manie Jackson]] * [[Charles Jacobie]] † * [[Lance James]] * [[Jezelle]] * [[JJ Stephens]] * [[Claire Johnston]] * [[Jolette]] * [[Greta Jones]] † * [[Arno Jordaan]] * [[Theuns Jordaan]] † * [[Alta Joubert]] * [[Natasha Joubert]] * [[Willie Joubert]] * [[Jaak Leonard]] * [[Jaco du Plessis|Jay]] * [[Ruan Josh]] == K == * [[Karin K]] (Kotzé) * [[Shine4|Marlese Kapp]] * [[Johannes Kerkorrel]] † * [[Carike Keuzenkamp]] * [[Sibongile Khumalo]], sopraan * [[Robbie Klay]] * [[Pieter Koen]] * [[Kooler Box]], kletsrymer * [[Koos Kombuis]] * [[Gé Korsten]] † * [[Gérard Korsten]], dirigent * [[Abel Kraamsaal]] * [[David Kramer]] * [[Kupido (sanger)|Kupido]] * [[Pedro Kruger]] == L == * [[Tarryn Lamb]] * [[Sanet Lambrechts]] * [[Robert John Lange|Robert John "Mutt" Lange]] * [[Riku Lätti]] * [[Leah van Niekerk|Leah]] * [[Virginia Lee]] † * [[Dillon Lerm]] * [[Ruben Lennox]] * [[Kevin Leo]] * [[Patricia Lewis]] * [[Solomon Linda]] † * [[George Longane]] * [[Jakkie Louw]] * [[Nadia Louw]] * [[Nicholis Louw]] * [[Stéfan Louw]], tenoor * [[Roger Lucey]] * [[Stefan Ludick]] * [[Luna Paige|Luna]] * [[Amanda Luyt]] == M == * [[Vusi Mahlasela]] * [[Miriam Makeba]] † * [[Eon Malan]] * [[Petronel Malan]], pianis * [[Mandoza]] * [[Marcato]] * [[Martin Lane]] * [[Lucas Maree]] † * [[Cora Marie]] † * [[Anne Marshall]], pianis * [[Hugh Masekela]] * [[Dorothy Masuka]] * [[Lianie May]] * [[Chris McGregor]] * [[Ralph Michielsen]] * [[Shine4|Jill Middlekop]] * [[Magdalene Minnaar]], sopraan * [[Busi Mhlongo]] * [[Kippie Moeketsi]] † * [[Pops Mohamed]] * [[Louis Moholo]] * [[Monica]] * [[Jannie Moolman]] * [[Philip Moolman]] * [[Demi Lee Moore]] * [[Refentse Morake]] * [[Ike Moriz]] * [[McCoy Mrubata]] * [[Anton Myburgh]] * [[Len Muller]] * [[Refentse Morake]] == N == * [[Nádine]] * [[Marita Napier]] † * [[Nataniël]] * [[Pieter Naudé]] * [[Anton Nel]] * [[Bacchus Nel]] * [[Gert Vlok Nel]] * [[Riana Nel]] * [[Ricus Nel]] * [[Werner Nel]], bariton * [[Nelda]] * [[Fredi Nest]] † * [[Steve Newman]] * [[Nianell]] * [[Pierre Nel]] * [[Danie Niehaus]] * [[Bernoldus Niemand]] * [[Joe Niemand]] * [[Andriëtte Norman]] * [[Riaan Nienaber]] == O == * [[Brandon October]] * [[Antoinette Olivier]], sopraan * [[Frank Opperman]] == P == * [[Jack Parow]], kletsrymer * [[Brendan Peyper]] * [[James Phillips]] † * [[Daniel-Ben Pienaar]], pianis * [[Fanus Pienaar]] * [[Liezel Pieters]] * [[Cobus Potgieter]], tromspeler * [[Gert Potgieter]] † * [[PJ Powers]] * [[Gerrie Pretorius]] * [[Zita Pretorius]] == Q == == R == * [[Dolly Rathebe]] * [[Laurika Rauch]] * [[Reana]] * [[Surendran Reddy]], pianis * [[Emma Renzi]], sopraan * [[Sias Reinecke]] † * [[Mathys Roets]] * [[Eric Rycroft]], dirigent * [[Roux Cloete]] (ook Roux & Christi Cloete) * [[Riaan Rust]] == S == * [[Ben Schoeman (pianis)|Ben Schoeman]], pianis * [[Ilse Schumann]], pianis * [[Charl Stone]] * Chriszelda Steyn * [[Leon Schuster]] * [[André Schwartz]] * [[Judith Sephuma]] * [[Min Shaw]] * [[Dihan Slabbert]] * [[Pieter Smith]] * [[Snotkop]] * [[Neil Somers]] * [[Zanne Stapelberg]], sopraan * [[Johan Stemmet]] * [[Steven Sterling]] * [[Nic Stevens]] * [[Christa Steyn]] † * [[Etienne Steyn]] * [[Gerhard Steyn]] * [[Monique Steyn]] * [[Mareli Stolp]], pianis * [[Du Preez Stoltz]] * [[Amanda Strydom]] * [[Wynand Strydom]] * [[Blackie Swart (sanger)|Blackie Swart]] * [[Valiant Swart]] * [[André Swiegers]] == T == * [[Shaun Tait]] * [[Adam Tas (sanger)|Adam Tas]] * [[Elizma Theron]] * [[Sarah Theron]] * [[Thys die Bosveldklong]] *[[Tiro]] == U == * [[Shine4|Desirèe Underwood]] * [[Hannes Uys]], pianis, koordirigent † * [[Helga Uys]], pianis * [[Tessa Uys]], pianis == V == * [[Bok van Blerk]] * [[Francois van Coke]] * [[Herman van den Berg]] * [[Wouter van de Venter]] * [[Deon van der Merwe]] * [[Marno van der Merwe]] * [[Wicus van der Merwe]] * [[Cobus van der Walt]] (Bernardt James) * [[Deon van der Walt]], tenoor † * [[Johannes van der Walt]] † * [[Tjarra van der Walt]] * [[Anmari van der Westhuizen]], [[tjellis]] * [[Dirk van der Westhuizen]] * [[Richard van der Westhuizen]] * [[Johan van Dyk]] * [[Bobby van Jaarsveld]] * [[Karlien van Jaarsveld]] * [[Zak van Niekerk]] † * [[Albie van Schalkwyk]], pianis * [[Kobie van Rensburg]], tenoor * [[Louis van Rensburg]] † * [[Anneli van Rooyen]] * [[Vincent van Rooyen]] † * [[Gert van Tonder]] * [[Irene van Wyk]] † * [[Sheldon Van Wyk]] * [[Leonore Veenemans]] † * [[Venita]] * [[Johan C Venter]] * [[Vera-Marie]] * [[Ollie Viljoen]] * [[Worsie Visser]] † * [[Amor Vittone]] == W == * [[Dewald Wasserfall]] * [[Karen Wessels]] * [[Robbie Wessels]] * [[Randall Wicomb]] † * [[Heinz Winckler]] * [[Wynand Windpomp]] (Wynand Burger) == X == == Y == * [[Pretty Yende]], sopraan * [[Yoti die Griekse Boertjie]] == Z == * [[Jennifer Zamudio]] * [[Elzabé Zietsman]] * [[Karen Zoid]] == Sien ook == * [[Afrikaanse musiek]] * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] {{indeks}} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Musikante]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse musici| Musikante]] 6palo3qa29idscraadnjxa1v8km8fwd 0 4360 2517305 2430036 2022-08-04T03:51:13Z 2001:4451:110A:9200:9C77:F9FB:B04A:8B40 Logo wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''The Simpsons''}} {{Inligtingskas Televisiereeks | reeksnaam = The Simpsons | beeld = [[File:Logo Simpsons Deutsch German.png|200px]] | onderskrif = Logo van ''The Simpsons'' | reeksnaam_2 = | genre = Geanimeerde sitkom<br />surrealistiese humor<br />sosiale satire<br />familie | formaat = | skepper = [[Matt Groening]] | ontwikkelaar = [[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | skrywer = | regisseur = | kreatiewe regisseur = | aanbieder = | rolverdeling = [[Dan Castellaneta]]<br />[[Julie Kavner]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Yeardley Smith]]<br />[[Hank Azaria]]<br />[[Harry Shearer]] | beoordelaars = | stemme = | verteller = | temamusiekkomponis = [[Danny Elfman]] | openingstema = ''The Simpsons Theme'' | afsluitingstema = | komponis = [[Alf Clausen]] | oorsprongsland = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | aantal_seisoene = 31 | aantal_episodes = 666 | episodelys = | uitvoerende_vervaardiger = [[Al Jean]]<br />[[John Frink]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Matt Selman]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | vervaardiger = | redigeerder = | lokasie = | kinematografie = | kamera = | looptydperk = 21–24 minute | maatskappy = Gracie Films<br />20th Century Fox Television<br />Klasky Csupo <small>(1990–1992)</small><br />Film Roman <small>(1992–hede)</small> | verspreider = 20th Television | netwerk = Fox | beeldformaat = 480i/576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1989–2009)</small><br />720p (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2009–hede)</small> | klankformaat = Stereo <small>(1989–1991)</small><br />Dolby Surround 2.0 <small>(1991–2009)</small><br />5.1 surround sound <small>(2009–hede)</small> | eerste_lopie = 17 Desember 1989 – hede | eerste_uitsending = | laaste_uitsending = | status = | voorafgegaan_deur = ''The Simpsons shorts'' van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' | opgevolg_deur = | verwant = ''[[Futurama]]'' | webwerf = http://www.simpsonsworld.com/region-simpsons/ | produksiewebwerf = }} '''''The Simpsons''''' is ’n [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Amerikaanse]] [[televisie]]-[[animasie]]reeks wat deur [[Matt Groening]] geskep is<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortved|first=John|title=The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcJMPiM0tCwC&pg=PA287|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=12 Oktober 2010|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-939-5|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Animation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXwBT9CuU-sC&pg=PA9|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3249-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Irwin|first1=William|last2=Conard|first2=Mark T.|last3=Skoble|first3=Aeon J.|title=The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKhSR33J8gC&pg=PA1972|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=21 Augustus 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9694-3|page=1972}}</ref> en sedert [[1989]] in [[Suid-Korea]] en die VSA vervaardig word. [[Lêer:Matt Groening.jpg|duimnael|links|Die skepper Matt Groening]] Die reeks is ’n [[Satire|satiriese]] uitbeelding van ’n werkersklasgesin, die Simpsons, wat bestaan uit [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] en [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Dit speel in die [[21ste eeu]] op ’n fiktiewe dorp, Springfield, af en is ’n [[parodie]] op die Amerikaanse kultuur en gemeenskap, televisie en die menslike bestaan. == Ontstaan en sukses == [[Lêer:Wax Museum Plus (6345577800).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Simpson-gesin.]] Groening het aanvanklik ’n reeks kort tonele geskryf en die lede van die disfunksionele gesin na sy eie gesinslede genoem, met Bart in die plek van sy eie naam. Dit het op 19 April 1987 deel van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' geword. Ná drie seisoene is dit ontwikkel in ’n halfuurlange program in spitstyd. Dit is die sitkom wat die langste nog op televisie wys, met (in Januarie 2018) altesaam 30 seisoene<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |title='The Simpsons' is forever: Series renewed through Season 30 on FOX |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |work=TV by the Numbers |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141336/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |title='Family Guy and 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed by Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400 |work=Variety |date=12 Mei 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516152348/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400/ |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en meer as 650 episodes sedert die eerste uitsending op [[17 Desember]] [[1989]]. Daar is ook ’n [[rolprent]], ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), ’n videospeletjie (ook 2007) en ’n ''Simpsons Comic'', wat deur ''Bongo Comics'' gepubliseer word. Daar sal minstens ’n 31ste reeks ook wees, maar die datum is nog nie aangekondig nie.<ref>[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908428292545318912 @TheSimpsons THOH XXIX is a go! From Al Jean's official Twitter account]</ref> ''The Simpsons'' is wyd geprys tydens sy eerste nege<ref name=Wilson>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tyler |title=The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD |newspaper=Coeur d'Alene Press |date=27 Julie 2007 |page=D3}}</ref><ref name=bbcclassic>{{cite news |title=The Simpsons: 10 classic episodes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=14 Januarie 2010 |access-date=15 Januarie 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529120530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |archive-date=29 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of tien<ref name=empirereview>{{cite news |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |title=The Simpsons Movie (PG) |access-date=25 Julie 2007 |first=Ian |last=Nathan |work=Empire |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134712/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LucidWorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|title=Best. Episodes. Ever. 'The Simpsons': Seasons 1–10|work=Ludic Works|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153813/http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|archivedate=9 November 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> seisoene, wat as sy "goue era" beskou word. Die tydskrif ''[[Time]]'' het dit die 20ste eeu se beste TV-reeks genoem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993039,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|journal=Time|date=1999-12-31}}</ref> en Erik Adams van ''The A.V. Club'' meen dis die beste televisieproduk "ongeag die formaat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |title=The best animated series ever |work=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222845/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 Januarie 2019 }}</ref> Op 14 Januarie het die Simpson-gesin ’n ster op die [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] gekry. Dit het al tientalle pryse gewen, insluitende 31 [[Emmy]]s, 30 [[Annie]]s en Peabody-prys, en Homer se uitroep "D'oh!" is selfs in [[Engels]] opgeneem. == Hoofkarakters == * [[Homer Simpson]] * [[Marge Simpson]] * [[Bart Simpson]] * [[Lisa Simpson]] * [[Maggie Simpson]] == Medekarakters == * [[Abraham Simpson]] * [[Moe Szyslak]] * [[Montgomery Burns]] * [[Waylon Smithers]] * [[Ned Flanders]] == Sien ook == * [[Futurama]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{en}} [http://www.thesimpsons.com/index.html Amptelike tuisblad] * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|id=0096697}} * {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:The Simpsons|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse televisiereekse]] [[Kategorie:Animasie]] gxbzu1xicpuhmdksyybkorn9n09oljq 2517316 2517305 2022-08-04T05:21:57Z Burgert Behr 2401 Wysigings deur [[Special:Contributions/2001:4451:110A:9200:9C77:F9FB:B04A:8B40|2001:4451:110A:9200:9C77:F9FB:B04A:8B40]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''The Simpsons''}} {{Inligtingskas Televisiereeks | reeksnaam = The Simpsons | beeld = [[Lêer:Logo The Simpsons.svg|200px]] | onderskrif = Logo van ''The Simpsons'' | reeksnaam_2 = | genre = Geanimeerde sitkom<br />surrealistiese humor<br />sosiale satire<br />familie | formaat = | skepper = [[Matt Groening]] | ontwikkelaar = [[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | skrywer = | regisseur = | kreatiewe regisseur = | aanbieder = | rolverdeling = [[Dan Castellaneta]]<br />[[Julie Kavner]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Yeardley Smith]]<br />[[Hank Azaria]]<br />[[Harry Shearer]] | beoordelaars = | stemme = | verteller = | temamusiekkomponis = [[Danny Elfman]] | openingstema = ''The Simpsons Theme'' | afsluitingstema = | komponis = [[Alf Clausen]] | oorsprongsland = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | aantal_seisoene = 31 | aantal_episodes = 666 | episodelys = | uitvoerende_vervaardiger = [[Al Jean]]<br />[[John Frink]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Matt Selman]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | vervaardiger = | redigeerder = | lokasie = | kinematografie = | kamera = | looptydperk = 21–24 minute | maatskappy = Gracie Films<br />20th Century Fox Television<br />Klasky Csupo <small>(1990–1992)</small><br />Film Roman <small>(1992–hede)</small> | verspreider = 20th Television | netwerk = Fox | beeldformaat = 480i/576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1989–2009)</small><br />720p (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2009–hede)</small> | klankformaat = Stereo <small>(1989–1991)</small><br />Dolby Surround 2.0 <small>(1991–2009)</small><br />5.1 surround sound <small>(2009–hede)</small> | eerste_lopie = 17 Desember 1989 – hede | eerste_uitsending = | laaste_uitsending = | status = | voorafgegaan_deur = ''The Simpsons shorts'' van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' | opgevolg_deur = | verwant = ''[[Futurama]]'' | webwerf = http://www.simpsonsworld.com/region-simpsons/ | produksiewebwerf = }} '''''The Simpsons''''' is ’n [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Amerikaanse]] [[televisie]]-[[animasie]]reeks wat deur [[Matt Groening]] geskep is<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortved|first=John|title=The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcJMPiM0tCwC&pg=PA287|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=12 Oktober 2010|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-939-5|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Animation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXwBT9CuU-sC&pg=PA9|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3249-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Irwin|first1=William|last2=Conard|first2=Mark T.|last3=Skoble|first3=Aeon J.|title=The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKhSR33J8gC&pg=PA1972|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=21 Augustus 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9694-3|page=1972}}</ref> en sedert [[1989]] in [[Suid-Korea]] en die VSA vervaardig word. [[Lêer:Matt Groening.jpg|duimnael|links|Die skepper Matt Groening]] Die reeks is ’n [[Satire|satiriese]] uitbeelding van ’n werkersklasgesin, die Simpsons, wat bestaan uit [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] en [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Dit speel in die [[21ste eeu]] op ’n fiktiewe dorp, Springfield, af en is ’n [[parodie]] op die Amerikaanse kultuur en gemeenskap, televisie en die menslike bestaan. == Ontstaan en sukses == [[Lêer:Wax Museum Plus (6345577800).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Simpson-gesin.]] Groening het aanvanklik ’n reeks kort tonele geskryf en die lede van die disfunksionele gesin na sy eie gesinslede genoem, met Bart in die plek van sy eie naam. Dit het op 19 April 1987 deel van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' geword. Ná drie seisoene is dit ontwikkel in ’n halfuurlange program in spitstyd. Dit is die sitkom wat die langste nog op televisie wys, met (in Januarie 2018) altesaam 30 seisoene<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |title='The Simpsons' is forever: Series renewed through Season 30 on FOX |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |work=TV by the Numbers |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141336/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |title='Family Guy and 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed by Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400 |work=Variety |date=12 Mei 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516152348/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400/ |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en meer as 650 episodes sedert die eerste uitsending op [[17 Desember]] [[1989]]. Daar is ook ’n [[rolprent]], ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), ’n videospeletjie (ook 2007) en ’n ''Simpsons Comic'', wat deur ''Bongo Comics'' gepubliseer word. Daar sal minstens ’n 31ste reeks ook wees, maar die datum is nog nie aangekondig nie.<ref>[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908428292545318912 @TheSimpsons THOH XXIX is a go! From Al Jean's official Twitter account]</ref> ''The Simpsons'' is wyd geprys tydens sy eerste nege<ref name=Wilson>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tyler |title=The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD |newspaper=Coeur d'Alene Press |date=27 Julie 2007 |page=D3}}</ref><ref name=bbcclassic>{{cite news |title=The Simpsons: 10 classic episodes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=14 Januarie 2010 |access-date=15 Januarie 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529120530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |archive-date=29 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of tien<ref name=empirereview>{{cite news |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |title=The Simpsons Movie (PG) |access-date=25 Julie 2007 |first=Ian |last=Nathan |work=Empire |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134712/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LucidWorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|title=Best. Episodes. Ever. 'The Simpsons': Seasons 1–10|work=Ludic Works|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153813/http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|archivedate=9 November 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> seisoene, wat as sy "goue era" beskou word. Die tydskrif ''[[Time]]'' het dit die 20ste eeu se beste TV-reeks genoem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993039,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|journal=Time|date=1999-12-31}}</ref> en Erik Adams van ''The A.V. Club'' meen dis die beste televisieproduk "ongeag die formaat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |title=The best animated series ever |work=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222845/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 Januarie 2019 }}</ref> Op 14 Januarie het die Simpson-gesin ’n ster op die [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] gekry. Dit het al tientalle pryse gewen, insluitende 31 [[Emmy]]s, 30 [[Annie]]s en Peabody-prys, en Homer se uitroep "D'oh!" is selfs in [[Engels]] opgeneem. == Hoofkarakters == * [[Homer Simpson]] * [[Marge Simpson]] * [[Bart Simpson]] * [[Lisa Simpson]] * [[Maggie Simpson]] == Medekarakters == * [[Abraham Simpson]] * [[Moe Szyslak]] * [[Montgomery Burns]] * [[Waylon Smithers]] * [[Ned Flanders]] == Sien ook == * [[Futurama]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{en}} [http://www.thesimpsons.com/index.html Amptelike tuisblad] * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|id=0096697}} * {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:The Simpsons|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse televisiereekse]] [[Kategorie:Animasie]] c0zjav3qahnn7f4h0t27yfm4mqll8q9 2517321 2517316 2022-08-04T06:54:17Z 2001:4451:110A:9200:6C4C:B728:2597:21A Logo wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''The Simpsons''}} {{Inligtingskas Televisiereeks | reeksnaam = The Simpsons | beeld = [[File:Logo Simpsons Deutsch German.png |200px]] | onderskrif = Logo van ''The Simpsons'' | reeksnaam_2 = | genre = Geanimeerde sitkom<br />surrealistiese humor<br />sosiale satire<br />familie | formaat = | skepper = [[Matt Groening]] | ontwikkelaar = [[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | skrywer = | regisseur = | kreatiewe regisseur = | aanbieder = | rolverdeling = [[Dan Castellaneta]]<br />[[Julie Kavner]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Yeardley Smith]]<br />[[Hank Azaria]]<br />[[Harry Shearer]] | beoordelaars = | stemme = | verteller = | temamusiekkomponis = [[Danny Elfman]] | openingstema = ''The Simpsons Theme'' | afsluitingstema = | komponis = [[Alf Clausen]] | oorsprongsland = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | aantal_seisoene = 31 | aantal_episodes = 666 | episodelys = | uitvoerende_vervaardiger = [[Al Jean]]<br />[[John Frink]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Matt Selman]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | vervaardiger = | redigeerder = | lokasie = | kinematografie = | kamera = | looptydperk = 21–24 minute | maatskappy = Gracie Films<br />20th Century Fox Television<br />Klasky Csupo <small>(1990–1992)</small><br />Film Roman <small>(1992–hede)</small> | verspreider = 20th Television | netwerk = Fox | beeldformaat = 480i/576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1989–2009)</small><br />720p (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2009–hede)</small> | klankformaat = Stereo <small>(1989–1991)</small><br />Dolby Surround 2.0 <small>(1991–2009)</small><br />5.1 surround sound <small>(2009–hede)</small> | eerste_lopie = 17 Desember 1989 – hede | eerste_uitsending = | laaste_uitsending = | status = | voorafgegaan_deur = ''The Simpsons shorts'' van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' | opgevolg_deur = | verwant = ''[[Futurama]]'' | webwerf = http://www.simpsonsworld.com/region-simpsons/ | produksiewebwerf = }} '''''The Simpsons''''' is ’n [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Amerikaanse]] [[televisie]]-[[animasie]]reeks wat deur [[Matt Groening]] geskep is<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortved|first=John|title=The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcJMPiM0tCwC&pg=PA287|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=12 Oktober 2010|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-939-5|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Animation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXwBT9CuU-sC&pg=PA9|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3249-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Irwin|first1=William|last2=Conard|first2=Mark T.|last3=Skoble|first3=Aeon J.|title=The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKhSR33J8gC&pg=PA1972|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=21 Augustus 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9694-3|page=1972}}</ref> en sedert [[1989]] in [[Suid-Korea]] en die VSA vervaardig word. [[Lêer:Matt Groening.jpg|duimnael|links|Die skepper Matt Groening]] Die reeks is ’n [[Satire|satiriese]] uitbeelding van ’n werkersklasgesin, die Simpsons, wat bestaan uit [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] en [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Dit speel in die [[21ste eeu]] op ’n fiktiewe dorp, Springfield, af en is ’n [[parodie]] op die Amerikaanse kultuur en gemeenskap, televisie en die menslike bestaan. == Ontstaan en sukses == [[Lêer:Wax Museum Plus (6345577800).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Simpson-gesin.]] Groening het aanvanklik ’n reeks kort tonele geskryf en die lede van die disfunksionele gesin na sy eie gesinslede genoem, met Bart in die plek van sy eie naam. Dit het op 19 April 1987 deel van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' geword. Ná drie seisoene is dit ontwikkel in ’n halfuurlange program in spitstyd. Dit is die sitkom wat die langste nog op televisie wys, met (in Januarie 2018) altesaam 30 seisoene<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |title='The Simpsons' is forever: Series renewed through Season 30 on FOX |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |work=TV by the Numbers |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141336/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |title='Family Guy and 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed by Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400 |work=Variety |date=12 Mei 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516152348/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400/ |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en meer as 650 episodes sedert die eerste uitsending op [[17 Desember]] [[1989]]. Daar is ook ’n [[rolprent]], ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), ’n videospeletjie (ook 2007) en ’n ''Simpsons Comic'', wat deur ''Bongo Comics'' gepubliseer word. Daar sal minstens ’n 31ste reeks ook wees, maar die datum is nog nie aangekondig nie.<ref>[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908428292545318912 @TheSimpsons THOH XXIX is a go! From Al Jean's official Twitter account]</ref> ''The Simpsons'' is wyd geprys tydens sy eerste nege<ref name=Wilson>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tyler |title=The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD |newspaper=Coeur d'Alene Press |date=27 Julie 2007 |page=D3}}</ref><ref name=bbcclassic>{{cite news |title=The Simpsons: 10 classic episodes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=14 Januarie 2010 |access-date=15 Januarie 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529120530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |archive-date=29 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of tien<ref name=empirereview>{{cite news |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |title=The Simpsons Movie (PG) |access-date=25 Julie 2007 |first=Ian |last=Nathan |work=Empire |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134712/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LucidWorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|title=Best. Episodes. Ever. 'The Simpsons': Seasons 1–10|work=Ludic Works|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153813/http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|archivedate=9 November 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> seisoene, wat as sy "goue era" beskou word. Die tydskrif ''[[Time]]'' het dit die 20ste eeu se beste TV-reeks genoem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993039,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|journal=Time|date=1999-12-31}}</ref> en Erik Adams van ''The A.V. Club'' meen dis die beste televisieproduk "ongeag die formaat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |title=The best animated series ever |work=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222845/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 Januarie 2019 }}</ref> Op 14 Januarie het die Simpson-gesin ’n ster op die [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] gekry. Dit het al tientalle pryse gewen, insluitende 31 [[Emmy]]s, 30 [[Annie]]s en Peabody-prys, en Homer se uitroep "D'oh!" is selfs in [[Engels]] opgeneem. == Hoofkarakters == * [[Homer Simpson]] * [[Marge Simpson]] * [[Bart Simpson]] * [[Lisa Simpson]] * [[Maggie Simpson]] == Medekarakters == * [[Abraham Simpson]] * [[Moe Szyslak]] * [[Montgomery Burns]] * [[Waylon Smithers]] * [[Ned Flanders]] == Sien ook == * [[Futurama]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{en}} [http://www.thesimpsons.com/index.html Amptelike tuisblad] * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|id=0096697}} * {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:The Simpsons|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse televisiereekse]] [[Kategorie:Animasie]] 9zxtlt8hvd6hvqjmrrg8o5aviupg94a 2517373 2517321 2022-08-04T09:44:57Z Burgert Behr 2401 Wysigings deur [[Special:Contributions/2001:4451:110A:9200:6C4C:B728:2597:21A|2001:4451:110A:9200:6C4C:B728:2597:21A]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:Burgert Behr|Burgert Behr]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''The Simpsons''}} {{Inligtingskas Televisiereeks | reeksnaam = The Simpsons | beeld = [[Lêer:Logo The Simpsons.svg|200px]] | onderskrif = Logo van ''The Simpsons'' | reeksnaam_2 = | genre = Geanimeerde sitkom<br />surrealistiese humor<br />sosiale satire<br />familie | formaat = | skepper = [[Matt Groening]] | ontwikkelaar = [[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | skrywer = | regisseur = | kreatiewe regisseur = | aanbieder = | rolverdeling = [[Dan Castellaneta]]<br />[[Julie Kavner]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Yeardley Smith]]<br />[[Hank Azaria]]<br />[[Harry Shearer]] | beoordelaars = | stemme = | verteller = | temamusiekkomponis = [[Danny Elfman]] | openingstema = ''The Simpsons Theme'' | afsluitingstema = | komponis = [[Alf Clausen]] | oorsprongsland = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | aantal_seisoene = 31 | aantal_episodes = 666 | episodelys = | uitvoerende_vervaardiger = [[Al Jean]]<br />[[John Frink]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Matt Selman]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | vervaardiger = | redigeerder = | lokasie = | kinematografie = | kamera = | looptydperk = 21–24 minute | maatskappy = Gracie Films<br />20th Century Fox Television<br />Klasky Csupo <small>(1990–1992)</small><br />Film Roman <small>(1992–hede)</small> | verspreider = 20th Television | netwerk = Fox | beeldformaat = 480i/576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1989–2009)</small><br />720p (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2009–hede)</small> | klankformaat = Stereo <small>(1989–1991)</small><br />Dolby Surround 2.0 <small>(1991–2009)</small><br />5.1 surround sound <small>(2009–hede)</small> | eerste_lopie = 17 Desember 1989 – hede | eerste_uitsending = | laaste_uitsending = | status = | voorafgegaan_deur = ''The Simpsons shorts'' van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' | opgevolg_deur = | verwant = ''[[Futurama]]'' | webwerf = http://www.simpsonsworld.com/region-simpsons/ | produksiewebwerf = }} '''''The Simpsons''''' is ’n [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Amerikaanse]] [[televisie]]-[[animasie]]reeks wat deur [[Matt Groening]] geskep is<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortved|first=John|title=The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcJMPiM0tCwC&pg=PA287|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=12 Oktober 2010|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-939-5|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Animation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXwBT9CuU-sC&pg=PA9|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3249-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Irwin|first1=William|last2=Conard|first2=Mark T.|last3=Skoble|first3=Aeon J.|title=The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKhSR33J8gC&pg=PA1972|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=21 Augustus 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9694-3|page=1972}}</ref> en sedert [[1989]] in [[Suid-Korea]] en die VSA vervaardig word. [[Lêer:Matt Groening.jpg|duimnael|links|Die skepper Matt Groening]] Die reeks is ’n [[Satire|satiriese]] uitbeelding van ’n werkersklasgesin, die Simpsons, wat bestaan uit [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] en [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Dit speel in die [[21ste eeu]] op ’n fiktiewe dorp, Springfield, af en is ’n [[parodie]] op die Amerikaanse kultuur en gemeenskap, televisie en die menslike bestaan. == Ontstaan en sukses == [[Lêer:Wax Museum Plus (6345577800).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Simpson-gesin.]] Groening het aanvanklik ’n reeks kort tonele geskryf en die lede van die disfunksionele gesin na sy eie gesinslede genoem, met Bart in die plek van sy eie naam. Dit het op 19 April 1987 deel van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' geword. Ná drie seisoene is dit ontwikkel in ’n halfuurlange program in spitstyd. Dit is die sitkom wat die langste nog op televisie wys, met (in Januarie 2018) altesaam 30 seisoene<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |title='The Simpsons' is forever: Series renewed through Season 30 on FOX |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |work=TV by the Numbers |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141336/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |title='Family Guy and 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed by Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400 |work=Variety |date=12 Mei 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516152348/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400/ |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en meer as 650 episodes sedert die eerste uitsending op [[17 Desember]] [[1989]]. Daar is ook ’n [[rolprent]], ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), ’n videospeletjie (ook 2007) en ’n ''Simpsons Comic'', wat deur ''Bongo Comics'' gepubliseer word. Daar sal minstens ’n 31ste reeks ook wees, maar die datum is nog nie aangekondig nie.<ref>[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908428292545318912 @TheSimpsons THOH XXIX is a go! From Al Jean's official Twitter account]</ref> ''The Simpsons'' is wyd geprys tydens sy eerste nege<ref name=Wilson>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tyler |title=The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD |newspaper=Coeur d'Alene Press |date=27 Julie 2007 |page=D3}}</ref><ref name=bbcclassic>{{cite news |title=The Simpsons: 10 classic episodes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=14 Januarie 2010 |access-date=15 Januarie 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529120530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |archive-date=29 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of tien<ref name=empirereview>{{cite news |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |title=The Simpsons Movie (PG) |access-date=25 Julie 2007 |first=Ian |last=Nathan |work=Empire |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134712/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LucidWorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|title=Best. Episodes. Ever. 'The Simpsons': Seasons 1–10|work=Ludic Works|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153813/http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|archivedate=9 November 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> seisoene, wat as sy "goue era" beskou word. Die tydskrif ''[[Time]]'' het dit die 20ste eeu se beste TV-reeks genoem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993039,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|journal=Time|date=1999-12-31}}</ref> en Erik Adams van ''The A.V. Club'' meen dis die beste televisieproduk "ongeag die formaat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |title=The best animated series ever |work=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222845/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 Januarie 2019 }}</ref> Op 14 Januarie het die Simpson-gesin ’n ster op die [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] gekry. Dit het al tientalle pryse gewen, insluitende 31 [[Emmy]]s, 30 [[Annie]]s en Peabody-prys, en Homer se uitroep "D'oh!" is selfs in [[Engels]] opgeneem. == Hoofkarakters == * [[Homer Simpson]] * [[Marge Simpson]] * [[Bart Simpson]] * [[Lisa Simpson]] * [[Maggie Simpson]] == Medekarakters == * [[Abraham Simpson]] * [[Moe Szyslak]] * [[Montgomery Burns]] * [[Waylon Smithers]] * [[Ned Flanders]] == Sien ook == * [[Futurama]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{en}} [http://www.thesimpsons.com/index.html Amptelike tuisblad] * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|id=0096697}} * {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:The Simpsons|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse televisiereekse]] [[Kategorie:Animasie]] c0zjav3qahnn7f4h0t27yfm4mqll8q9 2517375 2517373 2022-08-04T09:46:27Z Burgert Behr 2401 Beskerm "[[The Simpsons]]": Vandalisme ([Wysig=Laat slegs outomaties bevestigde gebruikers toe] (verval nie) [Skuif=Laat slegs outomaties bevestigde gebruikers toe] (verval nie)) wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''The Simpsons''}} {{Inligtingskas Televisiereeks | reeksnaam = The Simpsons | beeld = [[Lêer:Logo The Simpsons.svg|200px]] | onderskrif = Logo van ''The Simpsons'' | reeksnaam_2 = | genre = Geanimeerde sitkom<br />surrealistiese humor<br />sosiale satire<br />familie | formaat = | skepper = [[Matt Groening]] | ontwikkelaar = [[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | skrywer = | regisseur = | kreatiewe regisseur = | aanbieder = | rolverdeling = [[Dan Castellaneta]]<br />[[Julie Kavner]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Yeardley Smith]]<br />[[Hank Azaria]]<br />[[Harry Shearer]] | beoordelaars = | stemme = | verteller = | temamusiekkomponis = [[Danny Elfman]] | openingstema = ''The Simpsons Theme'' | afsluitingstema = | komponis = [[Alf Clausen]] | oorsprongsland = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | aantal_seisoene = 31 | aantal_episodes = 666 | episodelys = | uitvoerende_vervaardiger = [[Al Jean]]<br />[[John Frink]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br />[[Matt Groening]]<br />[[Matt Selman]]<br />[[Sam Simon]] | vervaardiger = | redigeerder = | lokasie = | kinematografie = | kamera = | looptydperk = 21–24 minute | maatskappy = Gracie Films<br />20th Century Fox Television<br />Klasky Csupo <small>(1990–1992)</small><br />Film Roman <small>(1992–hede)</small> | verspreider = 20th Television | netwerk = Fox | beeldformaat = 480i/576i (4:3 SDTV) <small>(1989–2009)</small><br />720p (16:9 HDTV) <small>(2009–hede)</small> | klankformaat = Stereo <small>(1989–1991)</small><br />Dolby Surround 2.0 <small>(1991–2009)</small><br />5.1 surround sound <small>(2009–hede)</small> | eerste_lopie = 17 Desember 1989 – hede | eerste_uitsending = | laaste_uitsending = | status = | voorafgegaan_deur = ''The Simpsons shorts'' van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' | opgevolg_deur = | verwant = ''[[Futurama]]'' | webwerf = http://www.simpsonsworld.com/region-simpsons/ | produksiewebwerf = }} '''''The Simpsons''''' is ’n [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Amerikaanse]] [[televisie]]-[[animasie]]reeks wat deur [[Matt Groening]] geskep is<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortved|first=John|title=The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcJMPiM0tCwC&pg=PA287|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=12 Oktober 2010|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-939-5|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Animation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXwBT9CuU-sC&pg=PA9|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3249-5|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Irwin|first1=William|last2=Conard|first2=Mark T.|last3=Skoble|first3=Aeon J.|title=The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKhSR33J8gC&pg=PA1972|accessdate=2 Februarie 2014|date=21 Augustus 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9694-3|page=1972}}</ref> en sedert [[1989]] in [[Suid-Korea]] en die VSA vervaardig word. [[Lêer:Matt Groening.jpg|duimnael|links|Die skepper Matt Groening]] Die reeks is ’n [[Satire|satiriese]] uitbeelding van ’n werkersklasgesin, die Simpsons, wat bestaan uit [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] en [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Dit speel in die [[21ste eeu]] op ’n fiktiewe dorp, Springfield, af en is ’n [[parodie]] op die Amerikaanse kultuur en gemeenskap, televisie en die menslike bestaan. == Ontstaan en sukses == [[Lêer:Wax Museum Plus (6345577800).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Simpson-gesin.]] Groening het aanvanklik ’n reeks kort tonele geskryf en die lede van die disfunksionele gesin na sy eie gesinslede genoem, met Bart in die plek van sy eie naam. Dit het op 19 April 1987 deel van ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' geword. Ná drie seisoene is dit ontwikkel in ’n halfuurlange program in spitstyd. Dit is die sitkom wat die langste nog op televisie wys, met (in Januarie 2018) altesaam 30 seisoene<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |title='The Simpsons' is forever: Series renewed through Season 30 on FOX |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |work=TV by the Numbers |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141336/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/the-simpsons-is-forever-series-renewed-through-season-30-on-fox/ |archive-date=3 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |title='Family Guy and 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed by Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400 |work=Variety |date=12 Mei 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516152348/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/family-guy-bobs-burgers-renewed-fox-1202800400/ |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en meer as 650 episodes sedert die eerste uitsending op [[17 Desember]] [[1989]]. Daar is ook ’n [[rolprent]], ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), ’n videospeletjie (ook 2007) en ’n ''Simpsons Comic'', wat deur ''Bongo Comics'' gepubliseer word. Daar sal minstens ’n 31ste reeks ook wees, maar die datum is nog nie aangekondig nie.<ref>[https://twitter.com/AlJean/status/908428292545318912 @TheSimpsons THOH XXIX is a go! From Al Jean's official Twitter account]</ref> ''The Simpsons'' is wyd geprys tydens sy eerste nege<ref name=Wilson>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tyler |title=The 10 best 'Simpsons' episodes out on DVD |newspaper=Coeur d'Alene Press |date=27 Julie 2007 |page=D3}}</ref><ref name=bbcclassic>{{cite news |title=The Simpsons: 10 classic episodes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |publisher=BBC News Online |date=14 Januarie 2010 |access-date=15 Januarie 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529120530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8449416.stm |archive-date=29 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> of tien<ref name=empirereview>{{cite news |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |title=The Simpsons Movie (PG) |access-date=25 Julie 2007 |first=Ian |last=Nathan |work=Empire |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134712/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=11196 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LucidWorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|title=Best. Episodes. Ever. 'The Simpsons': Seasons 1–10|work=Ludic Works|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153813/http://www.ludicworks.com/best-episodes-ever-the-simpsons-seasons-1-10/|archivedate=9 November 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> seisoene, wat as sy "goue era" beskou word. Die tydskrif ''[[Time]]'' het dit die 20ste eeu se beste TV-reeks genoem,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993039,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|journal=Time|date=1999-12-31}}</ref> en Erik Adams van ''The A.V. Club'' meen dis die beste televisieproduk "ongeag die formaat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |title=The best animated series ever |work=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222845/http://www.avclub.com/article/best-animated-series-ever-adventure-time-whatever--214799 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 Januarie 2019 }}</ref> Op 14 Januarie het die Simpson-gesin ’n ster op die [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] gekry. Dit het al tientalle pryse gewen, insluitende 31 [[Emmy]]s, 30 [[Annie]]s en Peabody-prys, en Homer se uitroep "D'oh!" is selfs in [[Engels]] opgeneem. == Hoofkarakters == * [[Homer Simpson]] * [[Marge Simpson]] * [[Bart Simpson]] * [[Lisa Simpson]] * [[Maggie Simpson]] == Medekarakters == * [[Abraham Simpson]] * [[Moe Szyslak]] * [[Montgomery Burns]] * [[Waylon Smithers]] * [[Ned Flanders]] == Sien ook == * [[Futurama]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{en}} [http://www.thesimpsons.com/index.html Amptelike tuisblad] * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|id=0096697}} * {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:The Simpsons|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse televisiereekse]] [[Kategorie:Animasie]] c0zjav3qahnn7f4h0t27yfm4mqll8q9 0 6949 2517353 2490845 2022-08-04T08:30:45Z Oesjaar 7467 Oesjaar toets! wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = Koningsprotea |taxon = Protea cynaroides |image = Protea cynaroides 3.jpg |image_width = 240px |status = EN |status_system = iucn3.1 |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = * ''Erodendrum cynariflorum'' <small>Knight</small> * ''Protea cyclophylla'' <small>(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz</small> * ''Protea eriolepis'' <small>(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz</small> * ''Protea petiolata'' <small>H.Buek ex Meisn.</small> * ''Protea woodwardii'' <small>Endl.</small> * ''Scolymocephalus cynaroides'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''koningsprotea''' (''Protea cynaroides''), ook bekend as die '''reuseprotea''', '''koningsuikerbos''' of '''heuningpot''', is 'n [[blom]] en die grootste lid van die [[Protea (genus)|Protea-genus]] en is deel van die [[fynbos]]. Die plant is [[endemie]]s aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom voor vanaf die [[Sederberg]] tot [[Port Elizabeth]]. Die struik het meer as een stam en word tot 2&nbsp;m in deursnee en ook tot 2&nbsp;m hoog. Dit blom regdeur die jaar. Die plant spruit weer uit na 'n [[vuur]]. Die [[saad]] word deur die [[wind]] versprei en die plant is eenslagtig. Die aktiwiteite van [[voël]]s is verantwoordelik vir die [[bestuiwing]]. Die plant groei in [[sandsteen]]grond op hoogtes van 0–1&nbsp;500&nbsp;m. == Nasionale embleem == Die koningsprotea is die nasionale blom en [[sport]]embleem van Suid-Afrika. Dit verskyn op die [[wapen van Suid-Afrika]] en die [[Proteas|Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale krieketspan]] (''Proteas'') se bynaam is aan dié plant ontleen. == Fotogalery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Lêer:Protea cynaroides MS 9113.jpg|Blom in die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch Botaniese Tuin]] Lêer:Protea P1010882.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010883.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010884.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010885.JPG </gallery> == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Nasionale Simbole van Suid-Afrika]] * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] * [[Lys van proteaspesies]] == Bronne == * [http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/flower.htm Inligtingsblad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926212958/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/flower.htm |date=26 September 2011 }} * [http://protea.worldonline.co.za/ Die Protea Atlasprojek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908083518/http://protea.worldonline.co.za/ |date= 8 September 2012 }} van die Nasionale Botaniese Instituut * http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=799-31 * http://pza.sanbi.org/protea-cynaroides * https://www.proteaatlas.org.za/sugar7.htm#prcyna * http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705744-1 == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Protea cynaroides}} {{Wikispecies-inlyn|Protea cynaroides}} {{Suid-Afrika Simbole}} {{Normdata}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Protea]] [[Kategorie:Struike]] [[Kategorie:Blomme]] [[Kategorie:Nasionale simbole van Suid-Afrika]] 85d767skkhxh8xxu88x14k2gq4znl6w 2517354 2517353 2022-08-04T08:31:28Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = Koningsprotea |taxon = Protea cynaroides |image = Protea cynaroides 3.jpg |image_width = 240px |status = LC |status_system = iucn3.1 |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = * ''Erodendrum cynariflorum'' <small>Knight</small> * ''Protea cyclophylla'' <small>(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz</small> * ''Protea eriolepis'' <small>(Gand.) Gand. & Schinz</small> * ''Protea petiolata'' <small>H.Buek ex Meisn.</small> * ''Protea woodwardii'' <small>Endl.</small> * ''Scolymocephalus cynaroides'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''koningsprotea''' (''Protea cynaroides''), ook bekend as die '''reuseprotea''', '''koningsuikerbos''' of '''heuningpot''', is 'n [[blom]] en die grootste lid van die [[Protea (genus)|Protea-genus]] en is deel van die [[fynbos]]. Die plant is [[endemie]]s aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom voor vanaf die [[Sederberg]] tot [[Port Elizabeth]]. Die struik het meer as een stam en word tot 2&nbsp;m in deursnee en ook tot 2&nbsp;m hoog. Dit blom regdeur die jaar. Die plant spruit weer uit na 'n [[vuur]]. Die [[saad]] word deur die [[wind]] versprei en die plant is eenslagtig. Die aktiwiteite van [[voël]]s is verantwoordelik vir die [[bestuiwing]]. Die plant groei in [[sandsteen]]grond op hoogtes van 0–1&nbsp;500&nbsp;m. == Nasionale embleem == Die koningsprotea is die nasionale blom en [[sport]]embleem van Suid-Afrika. Dit verskyn op die [[wapen van Suid-Afrika]] en die [[Proteas|Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale krieketspan]] (''Proteas'') se bynaam is aan dié plant ontleen. == Fotogalery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Lêer:Protea cynaroides MS 9113.jpg|Blom in die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch Botaniese Tuin]] Lêer:Protea P1010882.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010883.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010884.JPG Lêer:Protea P1010885.JPG </gallery> == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Nasionale Simbole van Suid-Afrika]] * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] * [[Lys van proteaspesies]] == Bronne == * [http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/flower.htm Inligtingsblad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926212958/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/flower.htm |date=26 September 2011 }} * [http://protea.worldonline.co.za/ Die Protea Atlasprojek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908083518/http://protea.worldonline.co.za/ |date= 8 September 2012 }} van die Nasionale Botaniese Instituut * http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=799-31 * http://pza.sanbi.org/protea-cynaroides * https://www.proteaatlas.org.za/sugar7.htm#prcyna * http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705744-1 == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Protea cynaroides}} {{Wikispecies-inlyn|Protea cynaroides}} {{Suid-Afrika Simbole}} {{Normdata}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Protea]] [[Kategorie:Struike]] [[Kategorie:Blomme]] [[Kategorie:Nasionale simbole van Suid-Afrika]] my2h82b1gmqa9espzirib8oxe2or032 0 8495 2517332 2485139 2022-08-04T07:11:46Z Rooiratel 90342 wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien [[Russe]].'' {{Inligtingskas Taal |naam=Russies |inheemsenaam=русский язык<br />''roesski jazik'' |uitspraak=[ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] |familiekleur=Indo-Europees |state={{vlagland|Rusland}}<br />{{vlagland|Armenië}}<br />{{vlagland|Azerbeidjan}}<br />{{vlagland|Estland}}<br />{{vlagland|Finland}}<br />{{vlagland|Georgië}}<br />{{vlagland|Kasakstan}}<br />{{vlagland|Kirgisië}}<br />{{vlagland|Letland}}<br />{{vlagland|Litaue}}<br />{{vlagland|Moldowa}}<br />{{vlagland|Oekraïne}}<br />{{vlagland|Tadjikistan}}<br />{{vlagland|Belarus}}<br />{{vlagland|Duitsland}}<br />{{vlagland|Israel}} |streek=[[Oos-Europa]] en [[Noord-Asië]] |sprekers=165 miljoen (moedertaal)<br />110 miljoen (tweede taal) |rang=7 |skrif=[[Cyrilliese alfabet]] |fam1=[[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europees]] |fam2=[[Slawiese tale|Slawies]] |fam3=[[Oos-Slawiese tale|Oos-Slawies]] |fam4=[[Suidoos-Slawiese tale|Suidoos-Slawies]] |nasie={{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}<br />[[Lêer:Flag of the CIS.svg|23px]] [[Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State|GOS]]<br />{{vlagland|Rusland}}<br />{{vlagland|Belarus}}<br />{{vlagland|Kasakstan}}<br />{{vlagland|Kirgisië}}<br />{{vlagland|Tadjikistan}}<br />''{{vlagland|Abchasië}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Suid-Ossetië}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Transnistrië}}''<br />{{vlagland|Gagaoesië}}<br />''{{vlagland|Volksrepubliek Donetsk}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Volksrepubliek Loehansk}}'' |agentskap=Russiese Akademie vir Wetenskap |iso1=ru|iso2=rus|iso3=rus |kaart=[[Lêer:Idioma ruso.PNG|250px|Verspreiding van Russies]] }} '''Russies''' (ру́сский язы́к, ''roesski jazik'', [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] {{Audio|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg|luister}}) is een van die grootste tale ter wêreld. Dit behoort tot die [[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europese taalfamilie]] en binne dié [[taalfamilie]] tot die [[Slawiese tale]]. Russies, [[Oekraïens]] en [[Belarussies]] vorm die [[Oos-Slawiese tale|Oos-Slawiese taalgroep]]. Russies is by verre die grootste en belangrikste Slawiese taal met meer as 160 miljoen moedertaalsprekers en meer as 110 miljoen wat Russies as tweede taal magtig is.<ref>Timothy J. Colton: ''Russia. What Everyone Needs to Know''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2016, bl. 19</ref> Al het Russies sy bloeitydperk as literêre taal reeds in die 19de eeu beleef en val die periode van sy grootste uitbreiding as belangrikste [[Ampstaal|amps-]], vreemde en verkeerstaal in die [[Sowjetunie]] en die [[Oosblok]]lande, insluitende [[Kuba]], in die 20ste eeu, speel die taal steeds 'n belangrike rol as die medium met die tweede grootste inhoud op die [[internet]] na [[Engels]] en as die tweede of derde mees gesproke taal in lande soos [[Duitsland]] en [[Israel]] waar groot getalle Russiessprekendes hulle gevestig het. As huistaal vir 881&nbsp;723 Amerikaners (van wie 'n derde in die deelstaat [[New York (deelstaat)|New York]] woonagtig was) was Russies in 2009 volgens die Amerikaanse Sensusburo daarnaas een van die tien mees gebesigde tale in die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>Oksana Laleko: ''Assessing Heritage Language Vitality: Russian in the United States''. In: ''Heritage Language Journal'', 10 (3), Winter 2013, bl. 89</ref> Die moderne Russiese skryftaal baseer op die Moskouse dialek van Russies, terwyl sy [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] met 33 letters uit die seremoniële Griekse skrif ontwikkel is en godsdienstig-kulturele bande met die Middeleeuse Grieks-Bisantynse wêreld weerspieël. Die beginpunt van moderne Russies word deur wetenskaplikes nie verder terug gedateer as die middel van die 17de eeu nie; in vroeëre taalperiodes oorweeg die invloed van Kerkslawies. Ondanks hervormings is die spelling van moderne Russies nie heeltemal aangepas aan die uitspraak nie en het dit sodoende 'n historiese karakter. Dit beteken dat bepaalde besonderhede nie deur die skryftaal aangedui word nie en derhalwe deur vreemde sprekers aangeleer moet word – net soos die vrye woordaksent van Russies en die harde en sagte (gepalatiseerde) weergawes van Russiese medeklinkers. == Geografiese verspreiding == Russies is die [[amptelike taal]] van [[Rusland]]. Dit word ook in onder meer [[Estland]] (saam met [[Estnies]]), [[Georgië]] (saam met [[Georgies]], [[Abchasies]], [[Osseties]], [[Armeens]] en [[Turks]]), [[Letland]] (saam met [[Lets]]), [[Litaue]] (saam met [[Litaus]] en [[Pools]]), [[Moldowa]] (saam met [[Roemeens]], [[Oekraïens]], [[Bulgaars]], [[Turks]] en [[Gagaoesies]]), [[Oekraïne]] (saam met Oekraïens, [[Krim-Tataars]], [[Gagaoesies]], [[Roemeens]], [[Hongaars]], [[Bulgaars]], [[Pools]], [[Duits]], [[Slowaaks]], [[Belarussies]] en [[Grieks]]) en [[Belarus]] (saam met [[Belarussies]], Oekraïens en [[Pools]]) gepraat en is een van die ses amptelike tale van die [[Verenigde Nasies]]. In Rusland word naas Russies ook nog tale soos [[Tsjetsjnies]], [[Tartaars]], [[Kirgisies]], [[Basjkiries]] en byna honderd ander tale gepraat. == Geskiedenis == === Vroeë geskiedenis === [[Lêer:Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg|duimnael|links|Streke waar Russies gepraat word. Die donkerblou dele is waar Russies 'n amptelike taal is]] [[Lêer:RussianLanguageMap.svg|duimnael|links|Wêreldwye verspreiding van Russies]] Die Protoslawiese [[dialek]] het waarskynlik in die tweede millennium v.C. binne die Indo-Europese taalfamilie ontstaan. In die eerste millennium n.C. het [[Protoslawies]] getransformeer in [[Oudslawies]]. In die sesde tot sewende eeu het drie groepe dialekte ontstaan: Oos-, [[Wes-Slawiese tale|Wes]]- en [[Suid-Slawiese tale|Suid-Slawies]]. Uit die Oos-Slawiese dialekte het Russies, Oekraïens en [[Belarussies]] in die veertiende tot vyftiende eeu ontstaan. Oekraïens toon groter afwykings van Russies as Belarussies. === Kerkslawies === 'n Belangrike gebeurtenis in die Russiese taalgeskiedenis was die aanvaarding van die Grieks-Ortodokse Christelike geloof deur Wladimir, grootvors van Kyiv (Kiëf) in die laat 10de eeu. Vervolgens het die Christendom ook ingang gevind tot die gebied van die huidige Rusland. Die Slawiese taalvorm, wat deur geestelikes saamgebring is, was Oud-Bulgaars, 'n Suid-Slawiese dialek wat deur die sogenaamde Slawe-apostels Cyrillus en Methodios gebruik is om die Evangelies in die Slawiese volkstaal te vertaal. Tot vandag het hierdie [[Kerkslawies]] sy status as kerktaal in Rusland bewaar – veral danksy die feit dat Slawiese tale, in teenstelling met byvoorbeeld die Germaanse taalfamilie, nie so sterk uitmekaar beweeg het nie en onderling verstaanbaar gebly het. Die gebruik van 'n geskrewe taalvorm as kommunikasiemiddel was aanvanklik byna uitsluitlik die domein van die kerk en die klerus sodat Kerkslawies as vroegste Russiese skryftaal beskou word. Die oudste literêre monument van Russies, die Ostromir-evangelie wat tussen 1056 en 1057 ontstaan het, is oorwegend in Kerkslawies geskryf, met slegs enkele besonderhede wat uit die gesproke Russiese volkstaal oorgeneem is. === Volkstaal en taalhervormings === [[Lêer:Lomonossow Russische Grammatik Deutsche StPetersburg 1764.jpg|duimnael|Michail Lomonosof se gesaghebbende Russiese Grammatika is reeds nege jaar ná sy publikasie in Duits vertaal. Die foto wys die Sint Petersburgse uitgawe van 1764, die ''Rußische Grammatick'']] Die laasgenoemde het weens die gebrek aan 'n geskrewe standaardvariant 'n meer dinamiese karakter getoon as die kerktaal wat in die loop van tyd in toenemende mate as argaïes waargeneem is. Buite die Russies-Ortodokse Kerk het elemente uit die volkstaal steeds meer ingang gevind tot geskrewe kommunikasie soos oorkondes en verdrae. Die 17de eeuse Moskouse kanselarytaal, geskrewe kommunikasie in die sakewêreld en die wêreldlike literatuur toon sterk invloede van gesproke Russies (''prostorečie'') – 'n taal waarin die outobiografie van die priester Awwakoem uit die tweede helfte van die sewentiende eeu geskryf is wat as die eerste werk van die moderne Russiese letterkunde beskou word. Die hervorming van die Russiese alfabet deur tsaar [[Pieter die Grote]] tussen 1708 en 1710 was die eerste belangrike maatreël om 'n selfstandige Russiese skryftaal vir nie-godsdienstige publikasies te help vestig – onafhanklik van Kerkslawies en sy historiese alfabet, die Kirillitsa – en ook die begin van 'n skeiding tussen kerk en staat op kulturele gebied. Vir Pieter se nuwe wêreldlike alfabet (гражданскій шрифтъ ''graždanskij šrift'') is enkele Griekse letters soos ξ (ksi), ψ (psi) en ώ (omega), wat saam met Grieks-Christelike leenwoorde ingang gevind het tot Russies, saam met klemtoontekens (sogenaamde силы) en afkortingstekens geskrap en twee nuwe letters, з en я, ingevoer. Ook is konsekwent oorgegaan tot die gebruik van groot- en kleinletters en Arabiese syfers (in plaas van letters). Die Kirilliese alfabet is aangepas by die klassisistiese Antiqua-lettertipes van tale met Latynse skryfstelsels. 'n Omvattende hervorming van Russies, wat as grondslag van die moderne taal beskryf mag word, word egter eers verbind met die naam van die geleerde en "Vader van die Russiese letterkunde", [[Michail Lomonosof]] (1711−1765). In sy retoriese en grammatikale werke (in 1755 het sy befaamde ''Russiese Grammatika (Rossijskaja grammatika)'' verskyn; in 1783 het die Russiese Akademie die eerste verklarende woordeboek van Russies saamgestel) ontwikkel hy sy teorie van drie taalstyle in Russies (Kerkslawies, Russiese skryf- en Russiese omgangstaal) en trek hy 'n lyn tussen die oorgelewerde Kerkslawies en Russies. Aan die eersgenoemde sou volgens hom die status van 'n seremoniële taal en hoë stylvorm toegeken word, terwyl die gewone skryftaal van Russies as 'n middelpad ontwikkel sou word – met 'n eg Russiese karakter. Nie-Russiese Slawiese elemente sou met groot versigtigheid bygemeng word. Daarnaas het Lomonosof ook groot aandag aan Russiese poësie geskenk. Hier is tot Lomonosof se hervormings, afgesien van enkele onsuksesvolle pogings, vasgehou aan die sillabiese versmaat wat uit Pools ontleen is – en in elk geval onversoenbaar was met die vrye woordaksent van Russies. Vir sy swierige odes het Lomonosof vir die eerste keer die toniese beginsel toegepas wat as enigste geskik is vir Russies.<ref>Max Vasmer, Erich Berneker: ''Russische Grammatik''. Sesde onveranderde uitgawe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1947, bl. 12</ref> === Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur === Lomonosof se hervormingswerk is deur sy opvolgers voortgesit, onder wie die geskiedkundige Nikolai Karamzin (1766−1826) wat, vol bewondering vir die elegansie van Franse meesterwerke, die oorgelewerde styl van Russies as "barbaars" waargeneem en dit volgens die voorbeeld van Frans begin omvorm het. Vir 18de en 19de eeuse Russiese elites was Frans, net soos vir die adels- en hoërklas van ander Europese lande in hierdie tydperk, die voorkeur- of tweede taal wat vir 'n verskeidenheid doelwitte gebruik is.<ref>Derek Offord, Vladislav Rjéoutski, and Gesine Argent: ''The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History''. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2018, bl. 11</ref> Karamzin se ideaal van Russies – die Nuwe Styl of ''novyj slog'' wat op Lomonosof se "middelpad" gesteun het – is deur hom gesuiwer van oorbodige ontlenings uit vreemde tale en slawismes waarvoor hy Russiese terme ingevoer het. Waar hy dit nodig geag het, is die Russiese sintaks en woordeskat volgens die voorbeeld van ander Europese tale, hoofsaaklik Frans, aangepas. Sodoende het Karamzin die letterkundige norm daargestel waarop [[Aleksander Poesjkin]] en ander literêre persoonlikhede soos die digter [[Michail Lermontof]] (1814−1841) en die prosaskrywers [[Nikolai Gogol]] (1809−1852), [[Iwan Toergenef]] (1818−1883), [[Fjodor Dostojefski]] (1821−1881) en [[Leo Tolstoi]] (1828−1910) kon voortbou. Die stabilisering en standaardisering van Russies as literêre en skryftaal het gou vrugte afgewerp. Die laat 18de en 19de eeu sou later as die "Goue Tydperk" van Russiese literatuur beskryf word waartydens werke van wêreldfaam in 'n volmaakte Russies ontstaan het. Poesjkin se rykdom van stylmiddels, klank- en ritmiese vorme was so gesofistikeerd dat sy werke as onvertaalbaar beskou word. === Sowjet-Russiese tydperk === [[Lêer:Fox Typewriter 24 with Russian layout.JPG|duimnael|Die voor-rewolusionêre Russiese alfabet en sleutelborduitleg op 'n [[tikmasjien]] van 1912, vervaardig deur die Amerikaanse ''Fox Typewriter Company'', Grand Rapids, [[Michigan]]]] In die Sowjetunie was Russies die "taal van interetniese kommunikasie" en sodoende die de facto-ampstaal. === Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies === Die ingrypende maatskaplike veranderinge, wat die Sowjetunie vanaf die 1980's begin deurloop het en ook in die huidige Russiese Federasie steeds plaasvind, het gepaard gegaan met strukturele veranderinge en die toevoeging van nuwe betekenisse van die Russiese woordeskat. Terwyl die politieke stabiliteit (of stilstand) van die Sowjettydperk in 'n hoogs beperkte variabiliteit van die woordeskat weerspieël is, het die dinamiek van sosiale omwentelinge daartoe gelei dat Russiessprekendes 'n stortvloed ontlenings uit die Amerikaanse variant van Engels bereidwillig begin aanvaar het – dikwels regstreekse ontlenings van leefstyl-, rekenaar-, internet- en ekonomiese vakterme soos ''fast food'', ''business'', ''business lunch'', ''dress code'', ''online'' of ''broker''. In moderne Russies vind daarnaas toenemend terme, wat tradisioneel by Substandaard-Russies of – as jargon – by bepaalde groepstale gereken is, of as dialektismes of vulgarismes bestempel is, ingang tot Standaardrussies – insluitende die literêre taal. Hierdie proses word deur taalkundiges dikwels as 'n liberalisering of demokratisering van Russies beskryf. == Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale == Met die kerstening van Rusland het met die oorname van nuwe godsdienstige konsepte en instellings vir die eerste keer vreemde leenwoorde uit Grieks in groter omvang ingang tot die Russiese woordeskat gevind. Ook die eeue lange Tataarse bewind tussen die 13de en 16de eeu het merkbare spore gelaat. So is terme in die geld- en vervoerwese, vir behuising en huisgereedskap, asook klerasie en wapens dikwels uit Tataars ontleen. === Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is === Interessant genoeg is die Russiese woord vir treinstasie, Вокзал (''wokzal''), niks meer as die Russiese weergawe van Vauxhall-stasie in Londen nie. Toe tsaar [[Nikolaas I van Rusland|Nikolaas I]] teen die middel van die 19de eeu besluit het om 'n spoorwegnetwerk in sy uitgestrekte ryk te bou, het hy 'n afvaardiging van deskundiges na die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] gestuur om die Britse spoorwegstelsel te bestudeer. Die Russiese besoekers het op die ''South Western Railway'' gery en was verbaas dat elke trein op Vauxhall-stasie gestop het. Sodoende het hulle onder die indruk verkeer dat Vauxhall die belangrikste spoorspilpunt moes wees. In waarheid was Vauxhall die stasie waar passasiers hul treinkaartjies kon wys om dan verder te ry tot die oop Waterloo-stasie waar hulle sonder kontroles uit die trein kon klim.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-vauxhall-to-vokzal-1240445.html ''The Independent, 21 September 1997: From Vauxhall to Vokzal. Besoek op 4 April 2020'']</ref> === Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal === Vanweë die belangstelling van [[tsaar]] [[Pieter I van Rusland|Pieter die Grote]] in die [[Nederland]]se [[skeepvaart]] en ook vanweë buitelanders wat in Rusland gewoon het, is talle woorde in Russies opgeneem wat ook in Afrikaans heel bekend lyk, soos: {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} актёр (aktjor) – [[akteur]]<br /> аптека (aptjeka) – [[apteker|apteek]]<br /> балкон (balkon) – balkon<br /> батат (batat) – [[patat]]<br /> библиотека (bibliotjeka) – [[biblioteek]]<br /> боцман (botsman) – bootsman<br /> брюки (brjoeki – net mv.) – [[broek]]<br /> бутерброд (boeterbrod) – [[toebroodjie]]<br /> ватерпас (waterpas) – [[waterpas]]<br /> галстук (galstoek = halsdoek) – [[das]]<br /> герцог (gertsog) – [[hertog]]<br /> кабельтов (kabeltof) – kabeltou<br /> каюта (kajoeta) – kajuit<br /> контора (kantora) – kantoor<br /> кафе (kafe) – [[kafee]]<br /> кофе (kofe) – [[koffie]]<br /> Картофель (kartofel) – aartappels<br /> {{Col-break}} мебель (mjebel) – meubels<br /> мода (moda) – mode<br /> музыкант (moezikant) – musikant<br /> номер (nomer) – nommer<br /> пассажир (passazjir) – passasier<br /> результат (rezoeltat) – resultaat<br /> роман (roman) – roman<br /> спортзал (sportzal) – sportsaal<br /> стадион (stadion) – stadion<br /> стул (stoel) – stoel<br /> табак (tabak) – tabak<br /> театр (teatr) – teater<br /> трап (trap) – leer<br /> университет (oeniwersitjet) – universiteit<br /> фабрика (fabrika) – fabriek<br /> фейерверк (fejerwerk) – vuurwerk<br /> {{Col-break}} флаг (flag) – vlag<br /> флагшток (flagsjtok) – vlagpaal<br /> шкипер (sjkiper) – skipper<br /> школа (sjkola) – skool<br /> штраф (sjtraf) – boete<br /> норд (nord – skeepvaart) – noord<br /> ост (ost – skeepvaart) – oos<br /> зюйд (zjoed – skeepvaart) – suid<br /> вест (west – skeepvaart) – wes<br /> парикмахер (parikmacher = pruikmaker) – haarkapper<br /> портрет (portret) – portret<br /> студент (stoedent) – student<br /> банкрот (bankrot) – bankrot<br /> реклама (reklama) – reklame<br /> рюкзак (rjoekzak) – rugsak<br /> прейскурант (preiskoerant) – pryslys<br /> {{col-end}} Net so is 'n hele paar Russiese woorde ook in Afrikaans opgeneem, soos baboesjka, glasnost, perestroika, oekase, tolk, intelligentsia, tsaar, borsjt, balalaika, bistro, steppe, taiga, troika, wodka, koelak, sowjet, ens. == Kenmerke == === Alfabet === Die huidige Russiese weergawe van die [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] bestaan sedert 1918, toe die nuwe kommunistiese bewind se Raad van Volkskommissarisse die Russiese Akademie van Wetenskappe se voorstelle vir 'n spellingshervorming, wat deur 'n kommissie tussen 1904 en 1912 saamgestel is, op 10 Oktober 1918 per dekreet verwesenlik het en sekere letters uitgelaat is. Die huidige alfabet het 33 letters: {| cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style="text-align:center;" |'''А а'''||'''Б б'''||'''В в'''||'''Г г'''||'''Д д'''||'''Е е'''||'''Ё ё'''||'''Ж ж'''||'''З з'''||'''И и'''||'''Й й''' |- |'''К к'''||'''Л л'''||'''М м'''||'''Н н'''||'''О о'''||'''П п'''||'''Р р'''||'''С с'''||'''Т т'''||'''У у'''||'''Ф ф''' |- |'''Х х'''||'''Ц ц'''||'''Ч ч'''||'''Ш ш'''||'''Щ щ'''||'''ъ'''||'''ы'''||'''ь'''||'''Э э'''||'''Ю ю'''||'''Я я''' |} === Fonetiek en fonologie === Die Russiese klankstelsel het 5 klinkers (wat elk op twee verskillende maniere geskryf kan word na gelang van of die voorafgaande medeklinker gepalatiseer is of nie) en 36 medeklinkers. Veral twee kenmerke kan onderskei word: vokaalreduksie en 'n fonologiese verskil tussen "harde" en "sagte" medeklinkers. ==== Harde en sagte medeklinkers ==== Die meeste medeklinkers het 'n "harde" en "sagte" (gepalatiseerde) weergawe. Die verskil tussen die twee soorte kan 'n woord se betekenis verander en word weerspieël in die spelling. By die uitspraak van 'n sagte medeklinker druk die tong byna teen die harde verhemelte, waardeur 'n ligte ''j''-klank gehoor kan word. So klink 'n sagte "n" soos "nj" in mañana. ==== Vokaalreduksie ==== 'n Beklemtoonde lettergreep word halflank uitgespreek en die onbeklemtoonde lettergrepe kort. Feitlik alle woorde het net een beklemtoonde lettergreep en dit het 'n groot invloed op die uitspraak van die woord; die verskynsel word vokaalreduksie genoem. Daardeur smelt 'n groep klinkers buite die lettergreep met die aksent saam en hulle word dan "dowwer" uitgespreek. Ná harde medeklinkers word die "o" en die "a" albei uitgespreek as [a] of [ə]); ná sagte medeklinkers word "je", "ja" en die sagte "i" as 'n kort i uitgespreek. By die "oe" en die harde "e" en "i" en sagte "joe" vind geen reduksie plaas nie. Die letter "jo" is altyd beklemtoon. Hoe verder 'n klinker van die beklemtoonde lettergreep af staan, hoe groter die mate van reduksie. So word 'n onbeklemtoonde "o" uitgespreek as [a] as dit reg voor die beklemtoonde lettergreep staan; as dit verder weg staan, klink dit soos [ə]. Die woord молокó (moloko, "melk") word dus uitgespreek as [məla'ko], вóдка ("wodka") as ['votkə]. Klinkers aan die begin van 'n woord word egter nie heeltemal gereduseer nie: автомáт klink soos [aftamat]. ==== Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers ==== Die volgende stemhebbende en stemlose pare word in Russies aangetref: b en p, w en f, g en k, d en t, zj en sj, z en s. Nes in Afrikaans word [[stemhebbend]]e medeklinkers aan die einde van 'n woord stemloos; 'n woord soos хлеб (''chleb'', "brood") klink dus soos ''chlep'' (vergelyk die Afrikaanse woord "brood" wat "broot" uitgespreek word) en юг (''joeg'', "suid") word ''joek''. Wanneer 'n stemhebbende en 'n stemlose medeklinker langs mekaar staan, tree regressiewe [[Assimilasie (taalkunde)|assimilasie]] in (dus van agter na voor). Albei letters word dan óf stemhebbend óf stemloos uitgespreek (dit word bepaal deur die laaste letter). So word die letters "dk" as "tk" uitgspreek en die letters "tb" as "db". ''Wodka'' word "wotka" uitgespreek en ''foetbol'' word "voedbol". === Grammatika === Verbuigings is 'n belangrike deel van Russies. In die moderne taal is daar ses naamvalle: nominatief, genitief, datief, akkusatief, instrumentalis en preposisioneel/lokatief. Daar is drie geslagte: manlik, vroulik en onsydig. In verbuigings word onderskeid getref tussen die geslagte, asook tussen enkel- en meervoud. Dit lei tot 'n groot aantal uitgange. Daar is geen lidwoorde in Russies nie. Russiese werkwoorde het drie tye: die teenswoordige, verlede en toekomstige tyd. Die teenswoordige en toekomstige tyd word vervoeg volgens persoon (1e, 2e, 3e), enkel- en meervoud; in die verlede tyd word onderskeid getref tussen manlik, vroulik, onsydig en meervoud. Die moeilikste deel van Russiese grammatika is die sogenaamde woordaspekte, die imperfektum en perfektum. Feitlik alle werkwoorde het twee verskillende vorme vir die imperfektum en die perfektum. Die imperfektum dui op 'n handeling en die perfektum op die resultaat. Voorbeeld: Die werkwoord oopmaak se twee vorms is ''otkriwat'' (imperfektum) en ''otkrit'' (perfektum). In die sin "Ja dolgo '''otkriwal''' dwer', no ne '''otkril''' jejo" ("Ek was lank besig om die deur oop te maak, maar het dit nie oopgemaak nie") word vir die handeling van "die deur oopmaak" die imperfektum gebruik en vir die resultaat (of gebrek daaraan) die perfektum. Russies het 'n baie vry woordvolgorde. 'n Woord kan byvoorbeeld op 'n sekere plek in die sin geplaas word om daaraan 'n belangriker of minder belangrike betekenis te gee. Min vaste reëls bestaan vir die voorkoms van aksente op woorde. Aksente is dikwels onvoorspelbaar; dit kan binne 'n verbuiging of vervoeging rondspring. 'n Voorbeeld is die verbuiging van die woord woda (water): wodá, wodí, wodjé, wódoe, wodói, wodjé, wódi, wod, wódam, wódi, wódami, wódach. === Dialekte === In die Europese deel van Rusland word drie dialekgroepe onderskei: die Noord-, Sentraal- en Suid-Russiese dialekte. Die Sentraal-Russiese dialek word as die oorgangsdialek beskou aangesien dit elemente van albei ander groepe bevat. Tog verskil die dialekte nie soveel van die standaardtaal (Moskouse norm) dat dialeksprekers vir iemand uit Moskou onverstaanbaar is nie. Vanweë verstedeliking en unifikasie in die onderwys gedurende die Sowjet-tydperk word die dialekte nou minder gepraat. Veral jonger Russe praat eerder Standaardrussies met dialek-elemente. == Sien ook == * [[Transkripsie]] van Russiese woorde en name in Afrikaans * [[Padonki-jargon]] (Russiese internettaal met baie elemente uit die vulgêre Russiese straattaal [[Russiese mat (taal)|mat]]) * [[Glagolitiese alfabet]] (voorloper van die Cyrilliese alfabet) * [[Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} === In Engels === * {{cite book|author=Comrie, Bernard, Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky|title=The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century|edition=2nd |location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1996|id=019824066X|}} * {{cite book|author=Timberlake, Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|edition=|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|id=0521772923|}} * {{cite book|title= Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages|author=Carleton, T.R.|year=1991|publisher=Slavica Press|location= [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]] |}} * {{cite book|author=Cubberley, P.|title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction|edition=1st |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|}} * {{cite book|title= Sound Pattern of Russian|author= Halle, Morris|year=1959|publisher= MIT Press|}} * {{cite book|title= The Sounds of the World's Languages|author= Ladefoged, Peter en Maddieson, Ian|year=1996|publisher= Blackwell Publishers |}} * {{cite book|author=Matthews, W.K.|title=Russian Historical Grammar|location=London|publisher=University of London, Athlone Press|year=1960}} * {{cite book|author=Stender-Petersen, A.|title=Anthology of old Russian literature|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1954|}} * {{cite book|author=Wade, Terrence|title=A Comprehensive Russian Grammar|edition=2nd |location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2000|isbn=0-631-20757-0|}} === In Russies === * Востриков О.В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу.- Свердловск, 1990. – 99c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького. * Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987. * Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990. * Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.? * Новиков Л.А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы.- Москва: Лань, 2003. * Филин Ф. П., [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа]; Вопросы языкознания. - М., 1982, № 5. - С. 18–28 * Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970. * Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961. * Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983. == Eksterne skakels == {{Interwiki|kode=ru}} {{CommonsKategorie|Russian language|Russies}} {{Wikt|Russies}} ; Inligting vir taalaanleerders ---- * [https://www.rbth.com/education/2016/04/13/how-russian-is-taught-as-a-foreign-language_584299 ''Russia Beyond: How Russian is taught as a foreign language''] ; Aanlyn-woordeboeke ---- * [http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm ''The Russian Dictionary Tree – a learner's grammatical dictionary created at Cornell University''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521232353/http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm |date=2020-05-21 }} ; Russiese alfabet ---- * [http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm ''Raskraska-projek – die Russiese alfabet met prente vir kinders''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917031411/http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm |date=17 September 2009 }} ; Aanlyn-kursusse ---- * [https://russky.info/en ''russky.info – A multilingual website to learn Russian''] ; Name ---- * [https://www.rbth.com/education/332112-russian-surnames-end-ff ''Russia Beyond, 4 Mei 2020: Why do some Russian surnames end with “-off”?''] {{Slawiese tale}} {{Amptelike tale in Rusland}} {{Tale van Estland}} {{Tale van Letland}} {{Tale van Litaue}} {{Tale van Pole}} {{Tale van Roemenië}} {{Tale van Belarus}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Russies| ]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Armenië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Azerbeidjan]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Belarus]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Duitsland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Estland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Finland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Georgië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Israel]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Kasakstan]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Kirgisië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Letland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Litaue]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Moldowa]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Oekraïne]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Tadjikistan]] [[Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Donetsk]] [[Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Loehansk]] kkpmi5p1w1qckkj426qt6sbvp1u90tk 2517368 2517332 2022-08-04T09:18:37Z Burgert Behr 2401 Verwysings wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien [[Russe]].'' {{Inligtingskas Taal |naam=Russies |inheemsenaam=русский язык<br />''roesski jazik'' |uitspraak=[ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] |familiekleur=Indo-Europees |state={{vlagland|Rusland}}<br />{{vlagland|Armenië}}<br />{{vlagland|Azerbeidjan}}<br />{{vlagland|Estland}}<br />{{vlagland|Finland}}<br />{{vlagland|Georgië}}<br />{{vlagland|Kasakstan}}<br />{{vlagland|Kirgisië}}<br />{{vlagland|Letland}}<br />{{vlagland|Litaue}}<br />{{vlagland|Moldowa}}<br />{{vlagland|Oekraïne}}<br />{{vlagland|Tadjikistan}}<br />{{vlagland|Belarus}}<br />{{vlagland|Duitsland}}<br />{{vlagland|Israel}} |streek=[[Oos-Europa]] en [[Noord-Asië]] |sprekers=165 miljoen (moedertaal)<br />110 miljoen (tweede taal) |rang=7 |skrif=[[Cyrilliese alfabet]] |fam1=[[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europees]] |fam2=[[Slawiese tale|Slawies]] |fam3=[[Oos-Slawiese tale|Oos-Slawies]] |fam4=[[Suidoos-Slawiese tale|Suidoos-Slawies]] |nasie={{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}<br />[[Lêer:Flag of the CIS.svg|23px]] [[Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State|GOS]]<br />{{vlagland|Rusland}}<br />{{vlagland|Belarus}}<br />{{vlagland|Kasakstan}}<br />{{vlagland|Kirgisië}}<br />{{vlagland|Tadjikistan}}<br />''{{vlagland|Abchasië}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Suid-Ossetië}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Transnistrië}}''<br />{{vlagland|Gagaoesië}}<br />''{{vlagland|Volksrepubliek Donetsk}}''<br />''{{vlagland|Volksrepubliek Loehansk}}'' |agentskap=Russiese Akademie vir Wetenskap |iso1=ru|iso2=rus|iso3=rus |kaart=[[Lêer:Idioma ruso.PNG|250px|Verspreiding van Russies]] }} '''Russies''' (ру́сский язы́к, ''roesski jazik'', [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] {{Audio|Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg|luister}}) is een van die grootste tale ter wêreld. Dit behoort tot die [[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europese taalfamilie]] en binne dié [[taalfamilie]] tot die [[Slawiese tale]]. Russies, [[Oekraïens]] en [[Belarussies]] vorm die [[Oos-Slawiese tale|Oos-Slawiese taalgroep]]. Russies is by verre die grootste en belangrikste Slawiese taal met meer as 160 miljoen moedertaalsprekers en meer as 110 miljoen wat Russies as tweede taal magtig is.<ref>Timothy J. Colton: ''Russia. What Everyone Needs to Know''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2016, bl. 19</ref> Al het Russies sy bloeitydperk as literêre taal reeds in die 19de eeu beleef en val die periode van sy grootste uitbreiding as belangrikste [[Ampstaal|amps-]], vreemde en verkeerstaal in die [[Sowjetunie]] en die [[Oosblok]]lande, insluitende [[Kuba]], in die 20ste eeu, speel die taal steeds 'n belangrike rol as die medium met die tweede grootste inhoud op die [[internet]] na [[Engels]] en as die tweede of derde mees gesproke taal in lande soos [[Duitsland]] en [[Israel]] waar groot getalle Russiessprekendes hulle gevestig het. As huistaal vir 881&nbsp;723 Amerikaners (van wie 'n derde in die deelstaat [[New York (deelstaat)|New York]] woonagtig was) was Russies in 2009 volgens die Amerikaanse Sensusburo daarnaas een van die tien mees gebesigde tale in die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>Oksana Laleko: ''Assessing Heritage Language Vitality: Russian in the United States''. In: ''Heritage Language Journal'', 10 (3), Winter 2013, bl. 89</ref> Die moderne Russiese skryftaal baseer op die Moskouse dialek van Russies, terwyl sy [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] met 33 letters uit die seremoniële Griekse skrif ontwikkel is en godsdienstig-kulturele bande met die Middeleeuse Grieks-Bisantynse wêreld weerspieël. Die beginpunt van moderne Russies word deur wetenskaplikes nie verder terug gedateer as die middel van die 17de eeu nie; in vroeëre taalperiodes oorweeg die invloed van Kerkslawies. Ondanks hervormings is die spelling van moderne Russies nie heeltemal aangepas aan die uitspraak nie en het dit sodoende 'n historiese karakter. Dit beteken dat bepaalde besonderhede nie deur die skryftaal aangedui word nie en derhalwe deur vreemde sprekers aangeleer moet word – net soos die vrye woordaksent van Russies en die harde en sagte (gepalatiseerde) weergawes van Russiese medeklinkers. == Geografiese verspreiding == Russies is die [[amptelike taal]] van [[Rusland]]. Dit word ook in onder meer [[Estland]] (saam met [[Estnies]]), [[Georgië]] (saam met [[Georgies]], [[Abchasies]], [[Osseties]], [[Armeens]] en [[Turks]]), [[Letland]] (saam met [[Lets]]), [[Litaue]] (saam met [[Litaus]] en [[Pools]]), [[Moldowa]] (saam met [[Roemeens]], [[Oekraïens]], [[Bulgaars]], [[Turks]] en [[Gagaoesies]]), [[Oekraïne]] (saam met Oekraïens, [[Krim-Tataars]], [[Gagaoesies]], [[Roemeens]], [[Hongaars]], [[Bulgaars]], [[Pools]], [[Duits]], [[Slowaaks]], [[Belarussies]] en [[Grieks]]) en [[Belarus]] (saam met [[Belarussies]], Oekraïens en [[Pools]]) gepraat en is een van die ses amptelike tale van die [[Verenigde Nasies]]. In Rusland word naas Russies ook nog tale soos [[Tsjetsjnies]], [[Tartaars]], [[Kirgisies]], [[Basjkiries]] en byna honderd ander tale gepraat. == Geskiedenis == === Vroeë geskiedenis === [[Lêer:Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg|duimnael|links|Streke waar Russies gepraat word. Die donkerblou dele is waar Russies 'n amptelike taal is]] [[Lêer:RussianLanguageMap.svg|duimnael|links|Wêreldwye verspreiding van Russies]] Die Protoslawiese [[dialek]] het waarskynlik in die tweede millennium v.C. binne die Indo-Europese taalfamilie ontstaan. In die eerste millennium n.C. het [[Protoslawies]] getransformeer in [[Oudslawies]]. In die sesde tot sewende eeu het drie groepe dialekte ontstaan: Oos-, [[Wes-Slawiese tale|Wes]]- en [[Suid-Slawiese tale|Suid-Slawies]]. Uit die Oos-Slawiese dialekte het Russies, Oekraïens en [[Belarussies]] in die veertiende tot vyftiende eeu ontstaan. Oekraïens toon groter afwykings van Russies as Belarussies. === Kerkslawies === 'n Belangrike gebeurtenis in die Russiese taalgeskiedenis was die aanvaarding van die Grieks-Ortodokse Christelike geloof deur Wladimir, grootvors van [[Kiëf-Roes|Kiëf]] in die laat 10de eeu. Vervolgens het die Christendom ook ingang gevind tot die gebied van die huidige Rusland. Die Slawiese taalvorm, wat deur geestelikes saamgebring is, was Oud-Bulgaars, 'n Suid-Slawiese dialek wat deur die sogenaamde Slawe-apostels Cyrillus en Methodios gebruik is om die Evangelies in die Slawiese volkstaal te vertaal. Tot vandag het hierdie [[Kerkslawies]] sy status as kerktaal in Rusland bewaar – veral danksy die feit dat Slawiese tale, in teenstelling met byvoorbeeld die Germaanse taalfamilie, nie so sterk uitmekaar beweeg het nie en onderling verstaanbaar gebly het. Die gebruik van 'n geskrewe taalvorm as kommunikasiemiddel was aanvanklik byna uitsluitlik die domein van die kerk en die klerus sodat Kerkslawies as vroegste Russiese skryftaal beskou word. Die oudste literêre monument van Russies, die Ostromir-evangelie wat tussen 1056 en 1057 ontstaan het, is oorwegend in Kerkslawies geskryf, met slegs enkele besonderhede wat uit die gesproke Russiese volkstaal oorgeneem is. === Volkstaal en taalhervormings === [[Lêer:Lomonossow Russische Grammatik Deutsche StPetersburg 1764.jpg|duimnael|Michail Lomonosof se gesaghebbende Russiese Grammatika is reeds nege jaar ná sy publikasie in Duits vertaal. Die foto wys die Sint Petersburgse uitgawe van 1764, die ''Rußische Grammatick'']] Die laasgenoemde het weens die gebrek aan 'n geskrewe standaardvariant 'n meer dinamiese karakter getoon as die kerktaal wat in die loop van tyd in toenemende mate as argaïes waargeneem is. Buite die Russies-Ortodokse Kerk het elemente uit die volkstaal steeds meer ingang gevind tot geskrewe kommunikasie soos oorkondes en verdrae. Die 17de eeuse Moskouse kanselarytaal, geskrewe kommunikasie in die sakewêreld en die wêreldlike literatuur toon sterk invloede van gesproke Russies (''prostorečie'') – 'n taal waarin die outobiografie van die priester Awwakoem uit die tweede helfte van die sewentiende eeu geskryf is wat as die eerste werk van die moderne Russiese letterkunde beskou word. Die hervorming van die Russiese alfabet deur tsaar [[Pieter die Grote]] tussen 1708 en 1710 was die eerste belangrike maatreël om 'n selfstandige Russiese skryftaal vir nie-godsdienstige publikasies te help vestig – onafhanklik van Kerkslawies en sy historiese alfabet, die Kirillitsa – en ook die begin van 'n skeiding tussen kerk en staat op kulturele gebied. Vir Pieter se nuwe wêreldlike alfabet (гражданскій шрифтъ ''graždanskij šrift'') is enkele Griekse letters soos ξ (ksi), ψ (psi) en ώ (omega), wat saam met Grieks-Christelike leenwoorde ingang gevind het tot Russies, saam met klemtoontekens (sogenaamde силы) en afkortingstekens geskrap en twee nuwe letters, з en я, ingevoer. Ook is konsekwent oorgegaan tot die gebruik van groot- en kleinletters en Arabiese syfers (in plaas van letters). Die Kirilliese alfabet is aangepas by die klassisistiese Antiqua-lettertipes van tale met Latynse skryfstelsels. 'n Omvattende hervorming van Russies, wat as grondslag van die moderne taal beskryf mag word, word egter eers verbind met die naam van die geleerde en "Vader van die Russiese letterkunde", [[Michail Lomonosof]] (1711−1765). In sy retoriese en grammatikale werke (in 1755 het sy befaamde ''Russiese Grammatika (Rossijskaja grammatika)'' verskyn; in 1783 het die Russiese Akademie die eerste verklarende woordeboek van Russies saamgestel) ontwikkel hy sy teorie van drie taalstyle in Russies (Kerkslawies, Russiese skryf- en Russiese omgangstaal) en trek hy 'n lyn tussen die oorgelewerde Kerkslawies en Russies. Aan die eersgenoemde sou volgens hom die status van 'n seremoniële taal en hoë stylvorm toegeken word, terwyl die gewone skryftaal van Russies as 'n middelpad ontwikkel sou word – met 'n eg Russiese karakter. Nie-Russiese Slawiese elemente sou met groot versigtigheid bygemeng word. Daarnaas het Lomonosof ook groot aandag aan Russiese poësie geskenk. Hier is tot Lomonosof se hervormings, afgesien van enkele onsuksesvolle pogings, vasgehou aan die sillabiese versmaat wat uit Pools ontleen is – en in elk geval onversoenbaar was met die vrye woordaksent van Russies. Vir sy swierige odes het Lomonosof vir die eerste keer die toniese beginsel toegepas wat as enigste geskik is vir Russies.<ref>Max Vasmer, Erich Berneker: ''Russische Grammatik''. Sesde onveranderde uitgawe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1947, bl. 12</ref> === Lomonosof, Karamzin, Poesjkin en die Goue Tydperk van Russiese literatuur === Lomonosof se hervormingswerk is deur sy opvolgers voortgesit, onder wie die geskiedkundige Nikolai Karamzin (1766−1826) wat, vol bewondering vir die elegansie van Franse meesterwerke, die oorgelewerde styl van Russies as "barbaars" waargeneem en dit volgens die voorbeeld van Frans begin omvorm het. Vir 18de en 19de eeuse Russiese elites was Frans, net soos vir die adels- en hoërklas van ander Europese lande in hierdie tydperk, die voorkeur- of tweede taal wat vir 'n verskeidenheid doelwitte gebruik is.<ref>Derek Offord, Vladislav Rjéoutski, and Gesine Argent: ''The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History''. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2018, bl. 11</ref> Karamzin se ideaal van Russies – die Nuwe Styl of ''novyj slog'' wat op Lomonosof se "middelpad" gesteun het – is deur hom gesuiwer van oorbodige ontlenings uit vreemde tale en slawismes waarvoor hy Russiese terme ingevoer het. Waar hy dit nodig geag het, is die Russiese sintaks en woordeskat volgens die voorbeeld van ander Europese tale, hoofsaaklik Frans, aangepas. Sodoende het Karamzin die letterkundige norm daargestel waarop [[Aleksander Poesjkin]] en ander literêre persoonlikhede soos die digter [[Michail Lermontof]] (1814−1841) en die prosaskrywers [[Nikolai Gogol]] (1809−1852), [[Iwan Toergenef]] (1818−1883), [[Fjodor Dostojefski]] (1821−1881) en [[Leo Tolstoi]] (1828−1910) kon voortbou. Die stabilisering en standaardisering van Russies as literêre en skryftaal het gou vrugte afgewerp. Die laat 18de en 19de eeu sou later as die "Goue Tydperk" van Russiese literatuur beskryf word waartydens werke van wêreldfaam in 'n volmaakte Russies ontstaan het. Poesjkin se rykdom van stylmiddels, klank- en ritmiese vorme was so gesofistikeerd dat sy werke as onvertaalbaar beskou word. === Sowjet-Russiese tydperk === [[Lêer:Fox Typewriter 24 with Russian layout.JPG|duimnael|Die voor-rewolusionêre Russiese alfabet en sleutelborduitleg op 'n [[tikmasjien]] van 1912, vervaardig deur die Amerikaanse ''Fox Typewriter Company'', Grand Rapids, [[Michigan]]]] In die Sowjetunie was Russies die "taal van interetniese kommunikasie" en sodoende die de facto-ampstaal. === Ontwikkelinge in moderne Russies === Die ingrypende maatskaplike veranderinge, wat die Sowjetunie vanaf die 1980's begin deurloop het en ook in die huidige Russiese Federasie steeds plaasvind, het gepaard gegaan met strukturele veranderinge en die toevoeging van nuwe betekenisse van die Russiese woordeskat. Terwyl die politieke stabiliteit (of stilstand) van die Sowjettydperk in 'n hoogs beperkte variabiliteit van die woordeskat weerspieël is, het die dinamiek van sosiale omwentelinge daartoe gelei dat Russiessprekendes 'n stortvloed ontlenings uit die Amerikaanse variant van Engels bereidwillig begin aanvaar het – dikwels regstreekse ontlenings van leefstyl-, rekenaar-, internet- en ekonomiese vakterme soos ''fast food'', ''business'', ''business lunch'', ''dress code'', ''online'' of ''broker''. In moderne Russies vind daarnaas toenemend terme, wat tradisioneel by Substandaard-Russies of – as jargon – by bepaalde groepstale gereken is, of as dialektismes of vulgarismes bestempel is, ingang tot Standaardrussies – insluitende die literêre taal. Hierdie proses word deur taalkundiges dikwels as 'n liberalisering of demokratisering van Russies beskryf. == Invloede en ontlenings uit ander tale == Met die kerstening van Rusland het met die oorname van nuwe godsdienstige konsepte en instellings vir die eerste keer vreemde leenwoorde uit Grieks in groter omvang ingang tot die Russiese woordeskat gevind. Ook die eeue lange Tataarse bewind tussen die 13de en 16de eeu het merkbare spore gelaat. So is terme in die geld- en vervoerwese, vir behuising en huisgereedskap, asook klerasie en wapens dikwels uit Tataars ontleen. === Terme wat uit Engels ontleen is === Interessant genoeg is die Russiese woord vir treinstasie, Вокзал (''wokzal''), niks meer as die Russiese weergawe van Vauxhall-stasie in Londen nie. Toe tsaar [[Nikolaas I van Rusland|Nikolaas I]] teen die middel van die 19de eeu besluit het om 'n spoorwegnetwerk in sy uitgestrekte ryk te bou, het hy 'n afvaardiging van deskundiges na die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] gestuur om die Britse spoorwegstelsel te bestudeer. Die Russiese besoekers het op die ''South Western Railway'' gery en was verbaas dat elke trein op Vauxhall-stasie gestop het. Sodoende het hulle onder die indruk verkeer dat Vauxhall die belangrikste spoorspilpunt moes wees. In waarheid was Vauxhall die stasie waar passasiers hul treinkaartjies kon wys om dan verder te ry tot die oop Waterloo-stasie waar hulle sonder kontroles uit die trein kon klim.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-vauxhall-to-vokzal-1240445.html ''The Independent, 21 September 1997: From Vauxhall to Vokzal. Besoek op 4 April 2020'']</ref> === Nederlands en Duits in die Russiese taal === Vanweë die belangstelling van [[tsaar]] [[Pieter I van Rusland|Pieter die Grote]] in die [[Nederland]]se [[skeepvaart]] en ook vanweë buitelanders wat in Rusland gewoon het, is talle woorde in Russies opgeneem wat ook in Afrikaans heel bekend lyk, soos: {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} актёр (aktjor) – [[akteur]]<br /> аптека (aptjeka) – [[apteker|apteek]]<br /> балкон (balkon) – balkon<br /> батат (batat) – [[patat]]<br /> библиотека (bibliotjeka) – [[biblioteek]]<br /> боцман (botsman) – bootsman<br /> брюки (brjoeki – net mv.) – [[broek]]<br /> бутерброд (boeterbrod) – [[toebroodjie]]<br /> ватерпас (waterpas) – [[waterpas]]<br /> галстук (galstoek = halsdoek) – [[das]]<br /> герцог (gertsog) – [[hertog]]<br /> кабельтов (kabeltof) – kabeltou<br /> каюта (kajoeta) – kajuit<br /> контора (kantora) – kantoor<br /> кафе (kafe) – [[kafee]]<br /> кофе (kofe) – [[koffie]]<br /> Картофель (kartofel) – aartappels<br /> {{Col-break}} мебель (mjebel) – meubels<br /> мода (moda) – mode<br /> музыкант (moezikant) – musikant<br /> номер (nomer) – nommer<br /> пассажир (passazjir) – passasier<br /> результат (rezoeltat) – resultaat<br /> роман (roman) – roman<br /> спортзал (sportzal) – sportsaal<br /> стадион (stadion) – stadion<br /> стул (stoel) – stoel<br /> табак (tabak) – tabak<br /> театр (teatr) – teater<br /> трап (trap) – leer<br /> университет (oeniwersitjet) – universiteit<br /> фабрика (fabrika) – fabriek<br /> фейерверк (fejerwerk) – vuurwerk<br /> {{Col-break}} флаг (flag) – vlag<br /> флагшток (flagsjtok) – vlagpaal<br /> шкипер (sjkiper) – skipper<br /> школа (sjkola) – skool<br /> штраф (sjtraf) – boete<br /> норд (nord – skeepvaart) – noord<br /> ост (ost – skeepvaart) – oos<br /> зюйд (zjoed – skeepvaart) – suid<br /> вест (west – skeepvaart) – wes<br /> парикмахер (parikmacher = pruikmaker) – haarkapper<br /> портрет (portret) – portret<br /> студент (stoedent) – student<br /> банкрот (bankrot) – bankrot<br /> реклама (reklama) – reklame<br /> рюкзак (rjoekzak) – rugsak<br /> прейскурант (preiskoerant) – pryslys<br /> {{col-end}} Net so is 'n hele paar Russiese woorde ook in Afrikaans opgeneem, soos baboesjka, glasnost, perestroika, oekase, tolk, intelligentsia, tsaar, borsjt, balalaika, bistro, steppe, taiga, troika, wodka, koelak, sowjet, ens. == Kenmerke == === Alfabet === Die huidige Russiese weergawe van die [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] bestaan sedert 1918, toe die nuwe kommunistiese bewind se Raad van Volkskommissarisse die Russiese Akademie van Wetenskappe se voorstelle vir 'n spellingshervorming, wat deur 'n kommissie tussen 1904 en 1912 saamgestel is, op 10 Oktober 1918 per dekreet verwesenlik het en sekere letters uitgelaat is. Die huidige alfabet het 33 letters: {| cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style="text-align:center;" |'''А а'''||'''Б б'''||'''В в'''||'''Г г'''||'''Д д'''||'''Е е'''||'''Ё ё'''||'''Ж ж'''||'''З з'''||'''И и'''||'''Й й''' |- |'''К к'''||'''Л л'''||'''М м'''||'''Н н'''||'''О о'''||'''П п'''||'''Р р'''||'''С с'''||'''Т т'''||'''У у'''||'''Ф ф''' |- |'''Х х'''||'''Ц ц'''||'''Ч ч'''||'''Ш ш'''||'''Щ щ'''||'''ъ'''||'''ы'''||'''ь'''||'''Э э'''||'''Ю ю'''||'''Я я''' |} === Fonetiek en fonologie === Die Russiese klankstelsel het 5 klinkers (wat elk op twee verskillende maniere geskryf kan word na gelang van of die voorafgaande medeklinker gepalatiseer is of nie) en 36 medeklinkers. Veral twee kenmerke kan onderskei word: vokaalreduksie en 'n fonologiese verskil tussen "harde" en "sagte" medeklinkers. ==== Harde en sagte medeklinkers ==== Die meeste medeklinkers het 'n "harde" en "sagte" (gepalatiseerde) weergawe. Die verskil tussen die twee soorte kan 'n woord se betekenis verander en word weerspieël in die spelling. By die uitspraak van 'n sagte medeklinker druk die tong byna teen die harde verhemelte, waardeur 'n ligte ''j''-klank gehoor kan word. So klink 'n sagte "n" soos "nj" in mañana. ==== Vokaalreduksie ==== 'n Beklemtoonde lettergreep word halflank uitgespreek en die onbeklemtoonde lettergrepe kort. Feitlik alle woorde het net een beklemtoonde lettergreep en dit het 'n groot invloed op die uitspraak van die woord; die verskynsel word vokaalreduksie genoem. Daardeur smelt 'n groep klinkers buite die lettergreep met die aksent saam en hulle word dan "dowwer" uitgespreek. Ná harde medeklinkers word die "o" en die "a" albei uitgespreek as [a] of [ə]); ná sagte medeklinkers word "je", "ja" en die sagte "i" as 'n kort i uitgespreek. By die "oe" en die harde "e" en "i" en sagte "joe" vind geen reduksie plaas nie. Die letter "jo" is altyd beklemtoon. Hoe verder 'n klinker van die beklemtoonde lettergreep af staan, hoe groter die mate van reduksie. So word 'n onbeklemtoonde "o" uitgespreek as [a] as dit reg voor die beklemtoonde lettergreep staan; as dit verder weg staan, klink dit soos [ə]. Die woord молокó (moloko, "melk") word dus uitgespreek as [məla'ko], вóдка ("wodka") as ['votkə]. Klinkers aan die begin van 'n woord word egter nie heeltemal gereduseer nie: автомáт klink soos [aftamat]. ==== Stemhebbende en stemlose medeklinkers ==== Die volgende stemhebbende en stemlose pare word in Russies aangetref: b en p, w en f, g en k, d en t, zj en sj, z en s. Nes in Afrikaans word [[stemhebbend]]e medeklinkers aan die einde van 'n woord stemloos; 'n woord soos хлеб (''chleb'', "brood") klink dus soos ''chlep'' (vergelyk die Afrikaanse woord "brood" wat "broot" uitgespreek word) en юг (''joeg'', "suid") word ''joek''. Wanneer 'n stemhebbende en 'n stemlose medeklinker langs mekaar staan, tree regressiewe [[Assimilasie (taalkunde)|assimilasie]] in (dus van agter na voor). Albei letters word dan óf stemhebbend óf stemloos uitgespreek (dit word bepaal deur die laaste letter). So word die letters "dk" as "tk" uitgspreek en die letters "tb" as "db". ''Wodka'' word "wotka" uitgespreek en ''foetbol'' word "voedbol". === Grammatika === Verbuigings is 'n belangrike deel van Russies. In die moderne taal is daar ses naamvalle: nominatief, genitief, datief, akkusatief, instrumentalis en preposisioneel/lokatief. Daar is drie geslagte: manlik, vroulik en onsydig. In verbuigings word onderskeid getref tussen die geslagte, asook tussen enkel- en meervoud. Dit lei tot 'n groot aantal uitgange. Daar is geen lidwoorde in Russies nie. Russiese werkwoorde het drie tye: die teenswoordige, verlede en toekomstige tyd. Die teenswoordige en toekomstige tyd word vervoeg volgens persoon (1e, 2e, 3e), enkel- en meervoud; in die verlede tyd word onderskeid getref tussen manlik, vroulik, onsydig en meervoud. Die moeilikste deel van Russiese grammatika is die sogenaamde woordaspekte, die imperfektum en perfektum. Feitlik alle werkwoorde het twee verskillende vorme vir die imperfektum en die perfektum. Die imperfektum dui op 'n handeling en die perfektum op die resultaat. Voorbeeld: Die werkwoord oopmaak se twee vorms is ''otkriwat'' (imperfektum) en ''otkrit'' (perfektum). In die sin "Ja dolgo '''otkriwal''' dwer', no ne '''otkril''' jejo" ("Ek was lank besig om die deur oop te maak, maar het dit nie oopgemaak nie") word vir die handeling van "die deur oopmaak" die imperfektum gebruik en vir die resultaat (of gebrek daaraan) die perfektum. Russies het 'n baie vry woordvolgorde. 'n Woord kan byvoorbeeld op 'n sekere plek in die sin geplaas word om daaraan 'n belangriker of minder belangrike betekenis te gee. Min vaste reëls bestaan vir die voorkoms van aksente op woorde. Aksente is dikwels onvoorspelbaar; dit kan binne 'n verbuiging of vervoeging rondspring. 'n Voorbeeld is die verbuiging van die woord woda (water): wodá, wodí, wodjé, wódoe, wodói, wodjé, wódi, wod, wódam, wódi, wódami, wódach. === Dialekte === In die Europese deel van Rusland word drie dialekgroepe onderskei: die Noord-, Sentraal- en Suid-Russiese dialekte. Die Sentraal-Russiese dialek word as die oorgangsdialek beskou aangesien dit elemente van albei ander groepe bevat. Tog verskil die dialekte nie soveel van die standaardtaal (Moskouse norm) dat dialeksprekers vir iemand uit Moskou onverstaanbaar is nie. Vanweë verstedeliking en unifikasie in die onderwys gedurende die Sowjet-tydperk word die dialekte nou minder gepraat. Veral jonger Russe praat eerder Standaardrussies met dialek-elemente. == Sien ook == * [[Transkripsie]] van Russiese woorde en name in Afrikaans * [[Padonki-jargon]] (Russiese internettaal met baie elemente uit die vulgêre Russiese straattaal [[Russiese mat (taal)|mat]]) * [[Glagolitiese alfabet]] (voorloper van die Cyrilliese alfabet) * [[Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} === In Engels === {{refbegin|2}} * M.A. O'Brien, New English–Russian and Russian–English Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications. * {{cite book |last1=Comrie |first1=Bernard S. |last2=Stone |first2=Gerald |last3=Polinsky |first3=Maria |title=The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, England |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-824066-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr}} * {{cite book |title=Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages |last=Carleton |first=T. R. |year=1991 |publisher=Slavica Press |location=Columbus, Ohio}} * {{cite book |last=Cubberley |first=P. |title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction|edition=1st|location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79641-5}} * [https://www.academia.edu/33192973/THE_RUSSIAN_GENITIVE_OF_NEGATION_AND_ITS_JAPANESE_COUNTERPART Iliev, Iv. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. International Journal of Russian Stidies. 1, 2018 (In Print)] * {{cite book | last1=Sussex | first1=Roland | last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul | title=The Slavic languages | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2006 | location=[[Cambridge]], England | isbn=978-0-521-22315-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Timberlake |first=Alan |title=A Reference Grammar of Russian |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-77292-1 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB }} * {{cite book | last=Timberlake | first=Alan | chapter=Russian | title=The Slavonic languages | publisher=Routledge | editor1-last=Comrie | editor1-first=Bernard | editor2-last=Corbett | editor2-first=Greville G. | year=1993 | location=London, England; New York, NY | pages=827–886 | isbn=978-0-415-04755-5 }} * {{cite book | last1=Trofimov | first1=Michael V. | last2=Jones | first2=Daniel | title=The Pronunciation of Russian | series=Cambridge primers of pronunciation | place=Cambridge | publisher=University Press | date=1923 }} * {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Terence |year=2000 |editor-last=Holman |editor-first=Michael |title=A Comprehensive Russian Grammar |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-631-20757-3}} {{refend}} === In Russies === {{refbegin|2}} * Востриков О.В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу.- Свердловск, 1990. – 99c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького. * Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987. * Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990. * Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.? * Новиков Л.А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы.- Москва: Лань, 2003. * Филин Ф. П., [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа]; Вопросы языкознания. - М., 1982, № 5. - С. 18–28 * Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970. * Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961. * Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983. {{refend}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Interwiki|kode=ru}} {{CommonsKategorie|Russian language|Russies}} {{Wikt|Russies}} ; Inligting vir taalaanleerders ---- * [https://www.rbth.com/education/2016/04/13/how-russian-is-taught-as-a-foreign-language_584299 ''Russia Beyond: How Russian is taught as a foreign language''] ; Aanlyn-woordeboeke ---- * [http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm ''The Russian Dictionary Tree – a learner's grammatical dictionary created at Cornell University''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521232353/http://russian.dmll.cornell.edu/rdt/index.cfm |date=2020-05-21 }} ; Russiese alfabet ---- * [http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm ''Raskraska-projek – die Russiese alfabet met prente vir kinders''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917031411/http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/index_eng.htm |date=17 September 2009 }} ; Aanlyn-kursusse ---- * [https://russky.info/en ''russky.info – A multilingual website to learn Russian''] ; Name ---- * [https://www.rbth.com/education/332112-russian-surnames-end-ff ''Russia Beyond, 4 Mei 2020: Why do some Russian surnames end with “-off”?''] {{Slawiese tale}} {{Amptelike tale in Rusland}} {{Tale van Estland}} {{Tale van Letland}} {{Tale van Litaue}} {{Tale van Pole}} {{Tale van Roemenië}} {{Tale van Belarus}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Russies| ]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Armenië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Azerbeidjan]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Belarus]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Duitsland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Estland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Finland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Georgië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Israel]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Kasakstan]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Kirgisië]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Letland]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Litaue]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Moldowa]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Oekraïne]] [[Kategorie:Tale van Tadjikistan]] [[Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Donetsk]] [[Kategorie:Volksrepubliek Loehansk]] oojwpcf58hfqmb2j0b2y3hmq4btpzsr 0 9482 2517296 2477049 2022-08-03T21:09:30Z JMK 649 sorteer inhoud, prente na galery wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Land |noem_naam = Republiek Burundi |volle_naam = <small>Republic of Burundi ([[Engels]]) <br />République du Burundi ([[Frans]]) <br />Republika y'Uburundi ([[Kirundi]])</small> |algemene_naam = Burundi |beeld_vlag = Flag of Burundi.svg |beeld_wapen = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg |simbool_tipe = Wapen |beeld_kaart = Location Burundi AU Africa.svg |leuse = ''Union, Work, Progress'' <small>{{en}}</small><br />''Unité, Travail, Progrès'' <small>{{fr}}</small><br />''Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere'' <small>(Kirundi)</small><br /><small>''([[Afrikaans]]: "Eenheid, Arbeid, Vooruitgang")''</small> |volkslied = ''[[Burundi Bwacu]]''<br /><small>''(Kirundi vir: "Ons Burundi")''</small> |amptelike_tale = [[Engels]], [[Frans]] en [[Kirundi]] |hoofstad = [[Gitega]] {{Koördinate|3|30|S|30|00|O}} |latd = 3 |latm = 30 |latNS = S |longd = 30 |longm = 00 |longEW = O |grootste_stad = [[Bujumbura]] |regeringsvorm = Unitêre presidensiële<br />grondwetlike [[republiek]] |leiertitels = <br />• [[Lys van presidente van Burundi|President]]<br />• 1ste [[Adjunkpresident]]<br />• 2de Adjunkpresident<br />• [[Eerste minister]] |leiername = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]]<br />[[Gaston Sindimwo]]<br />[[Joseph Butore]]<br />[[Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni]] |oppervlak_rang = 142^ste |oppervlak_grootte = |oppervlak = 27&nbsp;834<ref name=ISTEEBU>{{fr}} {{cite web |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |title=Quelques données pour le Burundi |publisher=ISTEEBU |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501144755/https://isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |archive-date=1 Mei 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |oppervlakmi² = 10&nbsp;747 |persent_water = 10<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |title=Annuaire statistique du Burundi |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |publisher=ISTEEBU |page=105 |date=Julie 2015 |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416185751/http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting = 10&nbsp;524&nbsp;117<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision |type=custom data acquired via website |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |website=ESA.UN.org |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824094819/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=24 Augustus 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2016 |bevolking_rang = 86^ste |bevolking_sensus = 8&nbsp;053&nbsp;574<ref name=ISTEEBU /> |bevolking_sensus_jaar = 2008 |bevolkingsdigtheid = 401,6 |bevolkingsdigtheidmi² = 1040,1 |bevolkingsdigtheidrang = 45^ste |BBP_PPP = $8,384&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=618&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Burundi |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=Oktober 2019 |accessdate=18 Junie 2020}}</ref> |BBP_PPP_rang = |BBP_PPP_jaar = 2019 |BBP_PPP_per_kapita = $727<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = |BBP = $3,573&nbsp;miljard<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_rang = |BBP_jaar = 2019 |BBP_per_kapita = $310<ref name="imf2" /> |BBP_per_kapita_rang = |onafhanklikheidstipe = • Koninkryk Burundi<br />• Rwanda-Burundi<br />• van [[België]]<br />• Republiek<br />• Huidige grondwet |onafhanklikheidsgebeure = |onafhanklikheidsdatums = <br />17de eeu<br />1945–1962<br />[[1 Julie]] [[1962]]<br />[[1 Julie]] [[1966]]<br />[[28 Februarie]] [[2005]] |MOI = {{wins}} 0,423<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking |date=2019 |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628050321/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |archive-date=28 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |MOI_rang = 185^ste |MOI_jaar = 2018 |MOI_kategorie = {{kleur|#990000|laag}} |Gini = 38,6<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BI |title=Burundi |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111537/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DBI |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |Gini_rang = |Gini_jaar = 2013 |Gini_kategorie = {{kleur|#fc0|medium}} |geldeenheid = [[Burundi-frank|Frank]] (FBu) |geldeenheid_kode = BIF |land_kode = BI |tydsone = SAT |utc_afwyking = [[UTC+02:00|+2]] |tydsone_somer = nie toegepas nie |utc_afwyking_DST = [[UTC+02:00|+2]] |internet_domein = [[.bi]] |skakelkode = 257 |voetskrif = }} '''Burundi''' ([[Engels]]: [bəˈrʊndi], {{Audio|En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg|luister}}; [[Frans]]: [buʁundi] of [byʁyndi]; [[Kirundi]]: [buˈɾundi]), amptelik die '''Republiek Burundi''' (Engels: ''Republic of Burundi''; Frans: ''République du Burundi''; Kirundi: ''Republika y'Uburundi''), is 'n [[landingeslote land]] in [[Sentraal-Afrika|Sentraal-]] en [[Oos-Afrika]] net suid van die [[ewenaar]]. Dit is naas [[Rwanda]] die mees digbevolkte land in [[Afrika]]. Nes sy buurstaat is dit 'n voormalige deelgebied van [[Duits-Oos-Afrika]], wat later as mandaatgebied van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] 'n [[België|Belgiese]] administrasie kry. Albei lande word deur etniese konflikte tussen die [[Tutsi]]-minderheid en die meerderheid van die [[Hutu]] geteister. Die [[Twa]] vorm die derde etniese groep in daardie lande. Burundi word in 1962 onafhanklik van België. Bykans ’n halfmiljoen mense het in etniese slagtings omgekom, veral gedurende die [[volksmoord]]e van 1972 en 1993. Dit is ’n lidland van die [[Afrika-unie]].<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids">HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, Desember 2013, ISBN 978-1-77578-243-8</ref> Burundi beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 27&nbsp;834&nbsp;km² en het 'n bevolking van 10&nbsp;524&nbsp;117 in 2016 gehad. Die voormalige koninklike [[hoofstad]] [[Gitega]] dien sedert 24 Desember 2018 as hoofstad van die land,<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-46659352 |title=Gitega, future capitale du Burundi |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=22 Desember 2018 |accessdate=18 Junie 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191119104741/https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-46659352 |archive-date=19 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> terwyl de ou hoofstad [[Bujumbura]] die grootste stad is. [[Lêer:Satellite image of Burundi in February 2003.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-Satellietbeeld van Burundi]] ==Ligging en klimaat== Burundi is 'n bergagtige land in Sentraal-Afrika, met ’n plato en vlaktes in die ooste en die [[Tanganjikameer]], geleë in die [[Groot Skeurvallei]], in die suidweste. Dit is landgebonde, met [[Rwanda]] in die noorde, [[Tanzanië]] in die ooste en suidooste, en die [[Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo]] in die weste.<!--Burundi grens aan Rwanda, [[Tanzanië]] en die [[Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo]].--> Dit is in die [[Groot Mere van Afrika]]-streek en lê baie hoog; sy geografie word oorheers deur berge in die weste en savanne aan die oostekant, met talle mere regdeur die land. Die [[klimaat]] is matig tot subtropies, met twee [[reën]]seisoene en twee droë seisoene per jaar. == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Burundikaart.png|duimnael|links|Kaart van Burundi]] [[Lêer:Flag of Burundi (1962–1966).svg|duimnael|links|Vlag van die Koninkryk Burundi (1962–1966)]] Burundi is oorspronklik die tuisland van die Hutu, 'n volk van akkerbouers. Tydens die 15de eeu vestig die Tutsi, veeboere wat vanuit die noorde na die gebied van die groot mere van Sentraal-Afrika getrek het, hulle in die gebied van die huidige Burundi en onderwerp die inheemse bevolking in 'n [[feodalisme|feodale]] stelsel. Omtrent 1500 word die Koninkryk Burundi opgerig. In die laat 19de eeu kom Burundi saam met die aangrensende Rwanda onder die invloed van die [[Duitse Keiserryk]] en word as selfregerende sultanaat deel van Duits-Oos-Afrika. Troepe vanuit Belgies-Kongo verower die gebied tydens die [[Oos-Afrika-veldtog]] in 1916 en stel 'n militêre bewind in. Burundi word saam met Rwanda ná die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] deel van die Belgiese mandaatgebied Rwanda-Urundi. In 1960 word die mandaatgebied weer in sy oorspronklike deelgebiede Rwanda en Burundi geskei. Die monargistiese Mwami- of Koninklike Party wen die eerste algemene verkiesing, wat in 1961 onder die toesig van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] plaasvind. Met die onafhanklikwording op 1 Julie van die volgende jaar word die monargistiese staatsbestel behou, tog bly die politieke en ekonomiese bemagtiging van die Hutu-meerderheid 'n ernstige vraagstuk wat die ontwikkeling van die land oorskadu. Ondanks 'n aantal maatreëls ter bevordering van die belange van die Hutu eis 'n opstand in 1959 duisende slagoffers onder die Tutsi. Die verdeeldheid van die politieke Tutsi-elite en etniese konflikte lei tot herhaalde staatsgrepe, en in Julie 1966 Koning Mwamboetsa IV afstand van die troon doen ten gunste van die nuwe maghebber Michel Micombero, wat op 28 November van dieselfde jaar die Republiek Burundi uitroep. Hy bly diktatoriale staats- en regeringshoof tot die staatsgreep van 1976. Die [[burgeroorlog]] tussen Tutsi en Hutu in die sewentigerjare lei tot grootskaalse slagtings van veral opgeleide Hutu en politieke spanninge met Tanzanië, wat as 'n toevlugsoord vir duisende Hutu dien. Mense wat van Tanzanië terugkeer, bring dikwels kennis van [[Swahili]] saam, wat nou 'n belangrike minderheidstaal in Burundi vorm. Die etniese konflikte duur ook in die tagtiger- en negentigerjare voort. Burundi probeer herhaaldelik voordeel uit die burgeroorlog in die aangrensende [[Demokratiese Republiek van Kongo]] te trek, waarby die yl bevolkte landgebiede en natuurlike hulpbronne van die buurstaat 'n begeerlike objek vir Burundi se maghebbers maak. Van 1995 af probeer ander Afrikalande vrede bewerkstellig, en [[Suid-Afrika]] speel ’n leidende rol hierin. ’n Groot mate van stabiliteit het sedert 2008 ingetree, maar daar het nie veel van die land se ekonomie oorgebly nie.<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids" /> == Ekonomie == Burundi is die armste land in die wêreld (BBP per capita: US$106 in 2005). Bestaansboerdery is die ekonomiese basis vir die grootste deel van die bevolking, wat maniok (broodwortels), [[piesang]]s, [[mielies]], [[Boontjie|bone]], [[rys]] en [[groente]] verbou. [[Katoen]], [[koffie]], [[tee]] en [[tabak]] is belangrike uitvoerprodukte. Die lae produktiwiteit van die veeteelt belemmer die opbou van uitvoermarkte, en net velle word in groot hoeveelhede bemark. [[Vis]]sery speel 'n belangrike rol as een van die skaars bronne van proteïen in die land, terwyl die bosbou deur die grootskaalse ontwouding en erosie geknel word. Die industriële ontwikkeling van die land is weens die gebrek aan kapitaal, die lae binnelandse aanvraag en die ongunstige geografiese ligging beperk op die verwerking van voedselprodukte en klereproduksie. Die natuurlike hulpbronne van [[uraan]], [[koper]], [[kobalt]] en [[nikkel]] is nog nie ontgin nie. == Fotogalery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="145" style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%"> Lêer:Plaza de la Independencia.JPG|Onafhanklikheidsplein en -gedenkteken in Bujumbura Lêer:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg|'n Uitsig oor die destydse hoofstad Bujumbura in 2006 Lêer:Gitega.JPG|'n Uitsig oor die huidige hoofstad Gitega in 2006 </gallery> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Bronnelys == ; Algemeen * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burundi|title=Burundi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=18 Junie 2020}} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html|title=Burundi|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=18 Junie 2020|archive-date=28 Januarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html|url-status=dead}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Burundi}} === Regering === * {{fr}} [http://www.burundi-gov.org/ Republiek Burundi] amptelike portal === Nuus === * [http://allafrica.com/burundi/ allAfrica – Burundi] * [http://www.isanganiro.org/ Radio Isanganiro] Burundi se onafhanklike radiostasie (Frans en Kirundi) * {{fr}} [http://www.umuco.com/ umuco.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324072257/http://www.umuco.com/ |date=24 Maart 2006 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm BBC Nuus – ''Country Profile: Burundi''] * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html CIA – ''Burundi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322043659/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html |date=22 Maart 2006 }} * [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065675/us559906/ LookSmart – ''Burundi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201617/http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065675/us559906/ |date= 4 Maart 2016 }} * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Burundi/ Open Directory Project – ''Burundi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911131702/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Burundi/ |date=11 September 2005 }} * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/burundi.html Stanford Universiteit – Afrika Suid van die Sahara: ''Burundi''] * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burundi.html Universiteit van Pennsylvania] * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Burundi/ Yahoo! - ''Burundi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050808082653/http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Burundi/ |date= 8 Augustus 2005 }} * [http://www.ligue-iteka.africa-web.org/index.php3 Burundian Human Rights Organisation "Ligue Iteka"] – Engels en Frans * [http://www.burundi-sites.com/ Burundi-Sites.com informasie] in Frans en Engels * [http://www.hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=burund Human Rights Watch] * [http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/burundi/2004/0904/1.htm#_Toc81987410 Human Rights Watch spesiale verslag] * [http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?id=1172&l=1 International Crisis Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305141221/http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?id=1172&l=1 |date= 5 Maart 2005 }} * [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/152653.htm Reuters Alertnet – Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901152649/http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/152653.htm |date= 1 September 2005 }} * [http://www.irinnews.org/frontpage.asp?SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=Burundi Verenigde Nasies] {{Lande van Afrika}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Burundi| ]] [[Kategorie:Voormalige Belgiese kolonies]] [[Kategorie:Voormalige Duitse kolonies]] 1549ztn9y9ojevtnk3v21ar6p360zwm 0 14465 2517256 2514401 2022-08-03T16:35:37Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] 8p2gnbq8yusr5x4a1wqbx7c0bcdhx3c 2517257 2517256 2022-08-03T16:40:11Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] 7xylp5wwbnrcx2i92ltl9oja2b35788 2517259 2517257 2022-08-03T16:45:23Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] 1xlkw99qwn49tn6vuhzt2048yl7yscy 2517261 2517259 2022-08-03T17:13:03Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] 2naxkcj82g03pm74tvsq81pmyr4xnpb 2517263 2517261 2022-08-03T17:16:45Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] n1qprxbckbbjb98vyw8i8h03sjnkqwa 2517264 2517263 2022-08-03T17:27:13Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||[[Senegalia robynsiana]] ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] e7pgchqi0p8fcqvsbe4w94z9enfdisi 2517265 2517264 2022-08-03T17:30:03Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||[[Senegalia robynsiana]] ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||[[Vachellia arenaria]] ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] avv7s0oz5436d1t5i80uk8nv8sjkebg 2517276 2517265 2022-08-03T18:13:31Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||[[Senegalia robynsiana]] ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||[[Vachellia arenaria]] ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||[[Schrebera trichoclada]] ||s=Sand jasmine ||613 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] eh64qlthlwpdunlin06sjh1wkhnpp4b 2517277 2517276 2022-08-03T18:15:33Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 220 | footer = | image1 = Podocarpus latifolius LeavesHabitusBark BotGard1205.JPG | alt1 = Geelhout | caption1 = [[Geelhout]] | image2 = Ngorongoro Acacia xanthophloea.jpg | alt2 = Koorsboom | caption2 = [[Koorsboom]] | image3 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt3 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption3 = [[Outeniekwageelhout]] | image4 = Acacia karroo0.jpg | alt4 = Soetdoring | caption4 = [[Soetdoring]] | image5 = Tarchonanthus littoralis - Cape Town 3.jpg | alt5 = Kanferbos | caption5 = [[Kanferbos]] | image6 = Olinia emarginata tree - South Africa 9.JPG | alt6 = Berghardepeer | caption6 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image7 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt7 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption7 = [[Grasveldboomvaring]] | image8 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt8 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption8 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||[[Tamarix usneoides]]||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrika-hondsroos]]||[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrika-soetlemoen]] ||[[Maclura africana]] || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||[[Vaccinium exul]]||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia livingstonei]]||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa reticulata]]||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||[[Morus mesozygia]]||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia africana]]||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||[[Borassus aethiopum]]||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros natalensis]]||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albanie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos latifrons]] ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Anaboom]]||[[Faidherbia albida]]||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angeliersuikerbos]]||[[Protea punctata]]|| Water sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Angola brandnetel]] ||[[Obetia carruthersiana]] ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||[[Acacia galpinii]]||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||[[Senna petersiana]]||Monkey pod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera violacea]]||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)|Assegaai]]||[[Curtisia dentata]]||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||[[Searsia incisa]] ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||[[Erica triflora]] || Bearded Tree Erica ||575 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea neriifolia]] ||Narrow-leaf protea ||93.1 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea comptonii]] ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]] ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Barberton kruiskruid]] ||[[Senecio barbertonicus]] || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Barbertonse veldsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea curvata]] ||Barberton sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Basboom]]||[[Dais cotinifolia]]||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]||Sumach bean||193 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum patersonii]] ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea kenyensis]] ||Mock Stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||[[Hexalobus monopetalus]] ||Shakama Plum ||106 |- |[[Baster-suurpruim]] ||[[Olax dissitiflora]] ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron pillansii]] ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||[[Trilepisium madagascariense]] ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]] ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedford-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]] ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||[[Salsola arborea]] ||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii]]||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||[[Bergbambos tessellatus]] ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||[[Osyris lanceolata]] ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||[[Obetia tenax]] ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||[[Olinia emarginata]]||Olive||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||[[Searsia leptodictya]] ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia divaricata]] || Mountain Kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||[[Kirkia wilmsii]]||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]] ||Mountain Firethorn Currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena rotundata]] ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||[[Morella microbracteata]] ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria parvifolia]] ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||[[Strelitzia caudata]]||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Besembos]] ||[[Searsia erosa]] ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia fastigiata]] ||Broom Currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||[[Ficus sur]]||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe ferox]] ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena elliptica]]||Bitter-leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||[[Searsia marlothii]] ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||[[Albizia amara]]||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||[[Senegalia fleckii]] ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||[[Rhamnus prinoides]]||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora schimperi]]||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus mucronata]]||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||[[Bersama lucens]]||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia quartiniana]] ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||[[Phylica oleifolia]] ||Glossy Hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||[[Searsia lucida]]||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Blombos]] ||[[Metalasia densa]] ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosende-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea stokoei]] ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos usambarensis]]||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora glaucescens]] ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]] ||Blue-leaved spikethorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||[[Ochna glauca]] ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]] ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubos]]||[[Diospyros lycioides]]||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]] ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||[[Euclea crispa]]||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||[[Acacia erubescens]]||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia glauca]] ||Blue Kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]] ||Blue Laurel ||112 |- |[[Blou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. america]] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||[[Searsia zeyheri]] ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cupidus]] ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laetans]] ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||[[Othonna triplinervia]] ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||[[Stangeria eriopus]] ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||[[Catha edulis]]||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Boesmanrivier-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos trispinosus]] ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||[[Solanum aculeastrum]]||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||[[Paranomus bracteolaris]] ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||[[Aloidendron barberae]]||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||[[Urera trinervis]] ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe rupestris]] ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||[[Schotia latifolia]]||Bush boer-bean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Cyathea capensis]]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta inandensis]] ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||[[Canthium inerme]]||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||[[Garcinia gerrardii]]||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||[[Tricalysia capensis]]||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||[[Encephalartos caffer]] ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||[[Baphia racemosa]]||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada procera]] ||Suregada procera ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora woodii]]||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia thunbergia]]||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus deflexa]] ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||[[Croton sylvaticus]]||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||[[Atalaya natalensis]]||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||[[Heteropyxis canescens]]||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||[[Cassine peragua]]||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara discolor]]||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia natalitia]]||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||[[Searsia grandidens]] ||Sharp-toothed Currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||[[Olea woodiana]]||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] ||[[Piper capense]] ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||[[Rawsonia lucida]]||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||[[Trichilia dregeana]]||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]] ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops obovata]]||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron croceum]]||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||[[Searsia chirindensis]]||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena transvaalensis]]||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||[[Combretum kraussii]]||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||[[Acalypha glabrata]]||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia verrucosa]] ||False forest spike-thorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||[[Faurea saligna]]||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia cooperi]]||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia volkensii]]||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveld-halfmaanranker]] ||[[Cocculus hirsutus]] || Python Climber ||104.5 |- |[[Bosveld-klipels]]||[[Psydrax livida]]||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveld-rooiklapperbos]] ||[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]] ||Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia harveyi]]||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||[[Rothmannia fischeri]]||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||[[Vepris reflexa]]||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||[[Nuxia floribunda]]||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||[[Ficus craterostoma]]||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium gerrardii]]||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes gerrardii]]||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea compacta]] ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||[[Pachypodium lealii]]||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Botterknoppietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]] ||Green-flower sunbush ||81.5 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia batophylla]] ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||[[Faurea rochetiana]]||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]] ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina latissima]]||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||[[Lopholaena platyphylla]] || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea eximia]] ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||[[Morella pilulifera]] ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia mossambicensis]] ||Broad-leaved Shepherd Tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||[[Alberta magna]]||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia forbesii]]||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broadpod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||[[Podocarpus elongatus]]||Breede river yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||[[Galpinia transvaalica]]||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]] ||Brittle Thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe vryheidensis]] ||Brown aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||[[Berchemia discolor]]||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||[[Homalium dentatum]]||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubu-vy]] ||[[Ficus bubu]] ||Bubu Fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||[[Buxus macowanii]]||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica buxifolia]] ||Box Hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliam-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe comosa]] ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]] ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||[[Acacia welwitschii]]||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||[[Ehretia rigida]]||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||[[Lannea discolor]]||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] || [[Eugenia umtamvunensis]] ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]] ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||[[Mestoklema arboriforme]] ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||[[Pappea capensis]]||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos horridus]] ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora glandulosa]]||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium spinosum]] ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||[[Chaetacme aristata]]||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||[[Scolopia zeyheri]]||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia longispina]] ||Spiny Currant ||388 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||[[Senegalia hereroensis]] ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||[[Erica dracomontana]] || Dragon Heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]] ||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||[[Searsia montana]] ||Drakensberg Karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia devenishii]] ||Drakensberg Spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||[[Rhigozum trichotomum]] ||Three-thorn Rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||[[Senegalia senegal]]||Threehook thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||[[Julbernardia globiflora]]||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||[[Sapium integerrimum]] ||Duiker-berry||343 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||[[Olea exasperata]] ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos arenarius]] ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta revoluta]]||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||[[Caroxylon nollothensis]] ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||[[Euclea racemosa]]||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]] ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus procumbens]] ||Dune Koko Tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia crenata]] ||Dune Crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||[[Eugenia capensis]]||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia arenicola]] ||Dune Spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||[[Diospyros rotundifolia]] ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||[[Searsia laevigata]] ||Dune Currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinetolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron coniferum]] ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus natalensis]]||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinseepbessie]]||[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||[[Morella cordifolia]] ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea glabra]] || Narrow-leaf Fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos humilis]] ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||[[Osyris speciosa]] ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||[[Ficus pygmaea]] || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||[[Euclea pseudebenus]]||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia natalensis]]||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||[[Acacia robusta]]||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoring-noemnoem]]||[[Carissa spinarum]]||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||[[Craibia zimmermannii]] ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Eskarpspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ||Escarpment Pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Essenhout]]||[[Ekebergia capensis]]||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||[[Combretum molle]]||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mollis]]||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||[[Searsia engleri]] ||Velvet Karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||[[Bridelia mollis]]||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica purpurea]] ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||[[Zanha africana]]||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||[[Psoralea aphylla]] || Leafless Fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||[[Aloe pluridens]]||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta zeyheri]] ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||[[Ochna serrulata]]||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||[[Diospyros glabra]] ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]] ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] ||[[Salsola aphylla]] ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||[[Adenolobus garipensis]]||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariep-harpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||[[Searsia populifolia]] ||Gariep Karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]] ||Gariep Spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]] ||Gariep narrow-leaved spikethorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelberggranaat]]||[[Rhigozum obovatum]]||Yellow pomegranate||675 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos mitis]] ||Yellow Bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||[[Psychotria capensis]]||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geelhout]]||[[Podocarpus latifolius]]||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||[[Calpurnia aurea]]||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||[[Monotes glaber]]||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea aurea aurea]] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||[[Solanum giganteum]]||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]] ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea undulata]]||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||[[Acacia caffra]]||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica paniculata]]||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada africana]] ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]] ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||[[Searsia pentheri]]||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]] ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] ||[[Protea caffra]]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides]]||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]] ||Mountain Wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]||Parsley-tree / parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||[[Ficus burkei]]||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]] ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta schumanniana]] ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||[[Peddiea africana]]||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||[[Greyia sutherlandii]]||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria madagascariensis]] ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||[[Dombeya cymosa]]||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||[[Cola natalensis]]||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||[[Lagynias lasiantha]]||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]] ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia obtusifolia]] ||Golden Bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Goue-tee]]||[[Aspalathus pendula]] || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gordonia-valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia saxatilis]] ||Gordonia false spike-thorn ||403.4 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe alooides]] ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||[[Cyathea dregei]] ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||[[Ochna confusa]] ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus ilicina]] ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||[[Searsia tridactyla]] ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||[[Erica canaliculata]] ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]] ||Green Apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba natalensis]] ||Green-leaved Worm Bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groendoring]]||[[Balanites maughamii]]||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||[[Protea coronata]] ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]]||[[Strychnos spinosa]]||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| [[Commiphora neglecta]]||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Groot-haakbessie]] || [[Artabotrys brachypetalus]] ||Large Hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena aletriformis]]||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]] ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia africana]]||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus abutilifolia]]||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||[[Albizia versicolor]]||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]] ||Large-flowered Spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]] ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groot-mirting]] ||[[Myrsine pillansii]] ||Large Cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||[[Carissa macrocarpa]]||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea gaguedi]] ||African Sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena uniflora]] ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||[[Guibourtia coleosperma]] ||Copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]] ||Large-leaved Forest Spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]] ||Large-fruited Spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa]] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||[[Rotheca myricoides]]||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||[[Cordia ovalis]]||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis gomphophylla]] ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||[[Searsia refracta]] ||Thorny Crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||[[Parinari curatellifolia]] ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus albata]] ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-Steek]]||[[Acacia tortilis]]||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hardekool]]||[[Combretum imberbe]]||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||[[Olinia ventosa]]||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||[[Canthium ciliatum]] ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||[[Eucla natalensis]]||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||[[Commiphora africana]]||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta bowkeri]] ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||[[Eugenia woodii]]||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia pubescens]] ||Hairy Spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum humile]] ||Hairy Knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||[[Ficus glumosa]]||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus tomentosus]] ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia resiniflua]]||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus polita subsp. polita]] ||Heart-leaved Fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||[[Leucadendron ericifolium]] ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]] ||Holy Venda Bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||[[Senegalia robynsiana]] ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||[[Podocarpus henkelii]]||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]] ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||[[Erica caterviflora]] ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tetragona]]||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Heuningreuksepter]] ||[[Paranomus roodebergensis]] ||Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Hoedespeld-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia paniculata]]||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||[[Trema orientalis]]||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||[[Acacia grandicornuta]]||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||[[Schotia brachypetala]]||Weeping boer-bean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||[[Peltophorum africanum]]||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||[[Adenium multiflorum]]||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||[[Ceriops tagal]] ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jozini-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos senticosus]] || Jozizni cycad || |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||[[Erica tristis]]||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||[[Olinia capensis]]||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||[[Tecoma capensis]]||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||[[Strychnos decussata]]||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus lucida]] ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||[[Atalaya capensis]]||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||[[Psydrax capensis]] ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||[[Cryptocarya woodii]]||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||[[Sterculia alexandri]] || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||[[Maytenus peduncularis]] ||Cape- blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse Uiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea flanaganii]] || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia alba]]||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaiingbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea glabra]] ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoop-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos laevifolius]] ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||[[Philenoptera nelsii]] ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||[[Xylopia odoratissima]] ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||[[Searsia tenuinervis]] ||Rolled-leaf Currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||[[Vangueria cyanescens]]||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kaoko-rooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kamassie]]||[[Gonioma kamassi]]||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdeboo-boekenhout]]||[[Faurea recondita]]||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||[[Acacia erioloba]]||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||[[Piliostigma thonningii]]||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesberg-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe khamiesensis]] ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||[[Aloe candelabrum]] ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||[[Balanites angolensis]]||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]] ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||[[Boscia microphylla]] ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba schroeppelii]] ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||[[Searsia lancea]] ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Karee-kanniedood]] || [[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]] ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||[[Schotia afra]] ||Karoo boer-bean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lehmannii]] ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||[[Searsia burchellii]] ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa haematocarpa]] ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia karooica]] ||Karoo spikethorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||[[Boscia oleoides]] ||Karoo Shepherd Tree ||128 |- |[[Kasuur]]||[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe castanea]] ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||[[Dovyalis caffra]]||Kei-apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||[[Greyia flanaganii]]||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos princeps]]||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||[[Vitex obovata]]||Kei fingerlead||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||[[Crassula ovata]]||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||[[Hypericum revolutum]]||Curry bush<br />St. Johns wort||484 |- |[[Kersfeessuikerbos]] ||[[Protea welwitschii]] ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Kershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Kerstolbossuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lanceolata]] ||Lance-leaf sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Keurboom]]||[[Virgilia oroboides]]||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||[[Cussonia spicata]]||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||[[Combretum hereroense]]||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||[[Rauvolfia caffra]]||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||[[Nymania capensis]]||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||[[Senna singueana]]||Sticky pod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinblou-suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia americana var. microphylla]] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaar-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena mannii]] ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||[[Ficus tettensis]]||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||[[Lopholaena coriifolia]] || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua subsp. depauperata]] ||Small-leaved Fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||[[Schotia capitata]]||Dwarf boer-bean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||[[Ochna gamostigmata]] ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||[[Balanites pedicellaris]]||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Klein-kanferfoelieboom]]||[[Turraea obtusifolia]]||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina humeana]]||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum capense]]||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||[[Guibourtia conjugata]]||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||[[Pavetta edentula]] ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Klipels]]||[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||[[Euryops brevipapposus]] ||Rock Resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||[[Heeria argentea]]||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||[[Maytenus oleoides]]||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||[[Markhamia zanzibarica]] ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||[[Othonna arbuscula]] || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||[[Maerua angolensis]]||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]]||[[Acacia nigrescens]]||Knob thorn||178 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Ficus sansibarica]]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||[[Cyphostemma currorii]] ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia undulata]] ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]] ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]||Kudu-berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]||[[Bauhinia petersiana]] ||Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes arboreus]] ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron dichotomum]] ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||[[Maytenus undata]]||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus nigropunctata]] ||Busse's fig or Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||[[Thilachium africanum]]||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||[[Croton megalobotrys]]||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||[[Acacia xanthophloea]]||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||[[Holarrhena pubescens]] ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora harveyi]]||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||[[Erythrina lysistemon]]||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||[[Searsia magalismontana]] ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||[[Searsia tomentosa]] ||Bicoloured Currant ||394 |- |[[Kortdoringgranaat]] ||[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]] ||Simple-leaved Rhigozum ||674 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||[[Euphorbia otjingandu]] ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||[[Raphia australis]]||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||[[Ochna arborea]]||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||[[Lycium afrum]]||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe arborescens]] ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||[[Gerrardina foliosa]]||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||[[Psydrax locuples]] ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rupicola]] ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||[[Adansonia digitata]]||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelhout]]||[[Leucospernum conocarpodendron]]||Tree pincushion||84 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||[[Ochna inermis]] ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||[[Maerua schinzii]]||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||[[Securidaca longipedunculata]]||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||[[Grewia occidentalis]]||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||[[Syzygium kuneneense]] ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||[[Strychnos cocculoides]]||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||[[Ochna maguirei]] ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||[[Mundulea sericea]]||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria suber]] ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta natalensis]] ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Tricalysia sonderiana]] ||Coastal Jackal-coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||[[Erythrina caffra]]||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] ||[[Osyris compressa]] ||Coast tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||[[Mimusops caffra]]||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||[[Searsia nebulosa]] ||Coastal Currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena discolor]]||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]] ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||[[Strelitzia nicolai]]||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||[[Bersama swinnyi]] ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Ficus natalensis]]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||[[Psydrax obovata]]||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||[[Vernonia colorata]]||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||[[Alchornea laxiflora]] ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara mochisia]]||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia evansii]]||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia murex]]||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena huillensis]]||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron osbornei]] ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||[[Hyphaene coriacea]]||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||[[Leucadendron procerum]] ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]] ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||[[Croton gratissimus]]||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron loeriense]] ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos inopinus]] || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spicata]] ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombo-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]] || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||[[Atalaya alata]]||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||[[Euphorbia confinalis]]||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]||Lebombo wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||[[Androstachys johnsonii]]||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||[[Ochna pulchra]]||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||[[Acacia nilotica]]||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[Opilia campestris]] || ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||[[Xymalos monospora]]||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||[[Cassine schinoides]]||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lillie-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dyerianus]] || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea subvestita]]||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||[[Protea laurifolia]]||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||[[Ficus ilicina]] || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||[[Ochna pretoriensis]] ||Magalies Redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||[[Brachylaena glabra]] ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||[[Grewia villosa]]||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis]] ||White Fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]] ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]||Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputaland-raasblaar]]||[[Combretum mkuzense]]||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maroela]]||[[Sclerocarya birrea]]||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||[[Boscia albitrunca]]||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia petersiana]]||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]] ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||[[Breonadia salicina]]||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mitserie]]||[[Bridelia micrantha]]||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadji-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||[[Mimusops zeyheri]]||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||[[Ficus trichopoda]]||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||[[Colophospermum mopane]]||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe littoralis]] ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]] ||Zambezi Gold ||676 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||[[Moringa Oleifrea]]||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Msasa]]||[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]||Spring msasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||[[Encephalartos msinganus]]||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Mufuti]]||[[Brachystegia boehmii]]||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron nobile]] ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||[[Maerua rosmarinoides]] ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||[[Phylica villosa]] ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||[[Euphorbia ingens]]||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]] ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora capensis]] ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||[[Diospyros acocksii]] ||Namaqua jackal-berry ||602 |- |[[Namakwa-rooiklapperbos]]||[[Erythrophysa alata]]||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||[[Ficus cordata]]||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]] ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||[[Erythrina decora]]||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||[[Searsia dentata]]||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouw-luisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum praemorsum]] ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natal-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe spectabilis]] ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natal-ghwarrie]] ||[[Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis]] ||Natal guarri ||597 |- |[[Natal-kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya natalensis]] ||Sandstone Quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalwilger]] ||[[Salix mucronata subsp. woodii]] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||[[Searsia natalensis]] ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluft-karee]] ||[[Searsia volkii]] ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aemulans]] || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoye dwergbroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]] ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||[[Carissa bispinosa]] ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]] ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike Boesmansdruif]]||[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]||Northern Bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cataractarum]] ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia neglecta]] ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||[[Halleria lucida]]||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Olienhout]]||[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]||Ironwood||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos lanatus]]||Olifants river cycad||5.2 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||[[Millettia grandis]]||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||[[Trichocladus crinitus]]||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||[[Erythrophleum africanum]]||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]] ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spikethorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||[[Searsia pallens]] ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||[[Protea repens]]||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||[[Hyphaene petersiana]]||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranje-druiweranker]] ||[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]] ||Orange Grape Creeper ||104.7 |- |[[Ouhout]]||[[Leucosidea sericea]]||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||[[Erica inconstans]] ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwa-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum glabrum]] ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||[[Psoralea diturnerae]] ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||[[Passerina falcifolia]] ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]] ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||[[Prionium serratum]] ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||[[Anastrabe integerrima]]||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||[[Erica psittacina ]] ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||[[Acacia sieberiana]]||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora marlothii]]||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlota broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos relictus]] ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||[[Searsia gueinzii]] ||Thorny Karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pterota]] ||Winged Currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||[[Warburgia salutaris]]||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||[[Leucospermum reflexum]] ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||[[Clausena anisata]]||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||[[Polygala virgata]]||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||[[Karomia speciosa]]||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora multijuga]] ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||[[Ficus petersii]]||Peters's wildfig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||[[Afzelia quanzensis]]||Pod mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||[[Dombeya burgessia]]||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||[[Feretia aeruginescens]] ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||[[Justicia adhatodoides]] ||Pistol Bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||[[Albizia adianthifolia]]||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorand-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]] ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorand-perdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]] ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||[[Faurea galpinii]]||Forest beechwood||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||[[Searsia transvaalensis]] ||Escarpment Karee ||394.1 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||[[Gardenia ternifolia]]||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||[[Barringtonia racemosa]]||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Pok-ysterhout]]||[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pomponbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta cooperi]] ||Pompom Brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||[[Maytenus oleosa]] ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||[[Searsia acocksii]] ||Pondo Climbing Currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||[[Ochna sp. nov.]] ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||[[Maytenus abbottii]] ||Pondo Silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pondoense]] ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondo-vy]] ||[[Ficus bizanae]] || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]] ||Pondo false spike-thorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||[[Syzygium pondoense]]||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus fischeri]] ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Protea aurea potbergensis]]||Potberg sugarbush || 90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||[[Ochna natalitia]]||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pylgif]]||[[Adenium boehmianum]]||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||[[Smodingium argutum]] ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex rehmannii]]||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||[[Combretum zeyheri]]||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||[[Keetia gueinzii]] ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||[[Diospyros simii]] ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||[[Kraussia floribunda]] ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lutea]] ||Giant-leaved Fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos natalensis]]||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||[[Grewia hexamita]]||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Riemblaar-suikerbos]] ||[[Protea lorifolia]] ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstam-pendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora steynii]] ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||[[Monanthotaxis obovata]] ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||[[Lycium hirsutum]]||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||[[Euphorbia triangularis]]||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]] ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||[[Leucadendron salicifolium]] ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||[[Vangueria proschii]] ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Robinson-kreupelhout]] ||[[Leucospermum pluridens]] ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||[[Acokanthera rotundata]] ||Round-leaved Poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]] || Black Forest Spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos henningsii]] ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||[[Ficus ingens]]||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia rubra]] ||Red-flower Spikethorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||[[Protorhus longifolia]]||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||[[Aspalathus linearis]] ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||[[Combretum apiculatum]]||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooiels (boom)|Rooiels]] ||[[Cunonia capensis]]||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||[[Trichilia emetica]]||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||[[Artabotrys monteiroae]] ||Red Hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||[[Berchemia zeyheri]]||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||[[Scolopia mundii]]||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||[[Prunus africana]]||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||[[Protea grandiceps]] ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron discolor]] ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||[[Psychotria zombamontana]]||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||[[Celtis mildbraedii]]||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||[[Stoeberia arborea]] ||Red Fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||[[Rhizophora mucronata]]||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||[[Ochna holstii]]||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||[[Grewia flava]]||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||[[Combretum moggii]] ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora saxicola]] ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron strobilinum]] ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||[[Wrightia natalensis]]||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsaf-wilger]]||[[Salix mucronata]]||Willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||[[Cassia abbreviata]]||Sjambok pod||212 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||[[Pavetta catophylla]] ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||[[Vachellia arenaria]] ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||[[Xylia torreana]]||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||[[Empogona maputensis]] ||Maputo Jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||[[Schrebera trichoclada]] ||s=Sand jasmine ||613 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||[[Suregada zanzibariensis]] ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora angolensis]]||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]] ||Sand Crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||[[Carissa tetramera]] ||Sand Num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||[[Dodonaea viscosa]]||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]] ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||[[Ochna barbosae]] ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||[[Diospyros loureiriana]]||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]] ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||[[Leucospermum rodolentum]] ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||[[Commiphora viminea]] ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||[[Maerua sebrabergensis]] ||Zebra Mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||[[Noltea africana]]||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||[[Pouzolzia mixta]]||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuni Boesmanstee]] ||[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]] ||Sekhukhuni Bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]] ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]] ||Sekhukhune Karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||[[Cordia caffra]]||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||[[Polygala myrtifolia]]||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||[[Rothmannia globosa]]||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||[[Senegalia loetteri]] ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||[[Englerophytum natalense]]||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||[[Leucadendron argenteum]]||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. uliginosum]] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||[[Ehretia amoena]]||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora edulis]]||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia flavescens]]||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||[[Ficus capreifolia]] || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea roupelliae roupelliae]] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||[[Searsia keetii]] ||Slender Karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]] ||Rough-leaved Shepherd Tree ||123 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe speciosa]] ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora virgata]] ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slymappel]]||[[Azanza garckeana]]||Snot apple||466 |- |[[Smalblaar-harpuisbos]]||[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||[[Salvadora australis]] ||Narrow-leaved Mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||[[Morella serrata]]||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||[[Oncoba spinosa]]||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||[[Acacia karroo]]||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]] ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Spalk-pendoring]] ||[[Gloveria integrifolia]] ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||[[Portulacaria afra]]||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Speldekopsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea mundii]]|| Forest sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]] || Jumping-seed Tree ||342 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos villosus]] ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrug-klimop]] ||[[Tiliacora funifera]] ||Elbow Leaf || 104.6 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||[[Drypetes natalensis]]||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||[[Strychnos pungens]]||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||[[Sterculia rogersii]]||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||[[Terminalia prunioides]]||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||[[Cliffortia nitidula]]||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||[[Vitex mombassae]]||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea susannae]] ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||[[Ocotea bullata]]||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||[[Boscia foetida]]||Stink-bush<br />Stink sheperdstree||124 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||[[Searsia rehmanniana]]||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||[[Cadaba aphylla]] ||Leafless Worm Bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe thraskii]] ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidkus-kiepersol]] ||[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suikerkansuikerbos]] ||[[Protea obtusifolia]] ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos longifolius]]||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||[[Oldenburgia grandis]]||Suurberg cusion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||[[Searsia ciliata]]||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Ximenia caffra]]||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||[[Searsia krebsiana]] ||Mountain Currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||[[Commiphora oblanceolata]] || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||[[Acacia burkei]]||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]] ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||[[Diospyros whyteana]]||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||[[Strychnos potatorum]] ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]]||[[Acacia mellifera]]||Spike-flowered black-thorn||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus africanus]]||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos aplanatus]] ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia swazica]] ||Swazi spikethorn ||749 |- |[[Sybas]]||[[Maytenus acuminata]]||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron pubescens]] ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||[[Spirostachys africana]]||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||[[Loxostylis alata]]||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] || [[Faurea macnaughtonii]] ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||[[Empogona lanceolata]] ||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]] ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tonga-bergaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis]] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tonga-doringkatjiepiering]] ||[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]] ||Tonga Spiny-gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||[[Gardenia cornuta]] || Tonga Gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||[[Crateva kirkii]] ||Tonga-kerrie ||131 |- |[[Tongaland-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos ferox]] || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||[[Euclea divinorum]]||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] ||[[Protea rubropilosa]] ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalse sesambos]] ||[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]] ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||[[Pavetta lanceolata]]||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||[[Ozoroa engleri]]||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||[[Teclea natalensis]]||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus tremula subsp. tremula]] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]] ||Tropical Wild-quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]] ||Tropical Spike-thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Ficus sycomorus]]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikamma-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum]] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]] ||Tugela Spike thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||[[Welwitschia mirabilis]] ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Uiehout]]||[[Cassipourea malosana]]||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhage-aalwyn]] ||[[Aloe africana]] ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzi broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]] ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||[[Umtiza listeriana]]||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondale-tolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron rourkei]] ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalblaar-wurmbos]] ||[[Cadaba termitaria]] ||Grey-leaved Worm Bush ||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||[[Terminalia sericea]]||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]]||[[Acacia haematoxylon]]||Gray camel thorn||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia capitata]] ||Ashen Spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaal-pypsteelboom]]||[[Vitex zeyheri]]||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia monticola]]||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||[[Mimetes argenteus]] ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||[[Leucadendron conicum]] ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||[[Euphorbia grandidens]]||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||[[Maesa lanceolata]]||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||[[Tarenna pavettoides]]||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||[[Canthium armatum]] ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||[[Rothmannia capensis]]||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||[[Schefflera umbellifera]]||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]] ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||[[Putterlickia pyracantha]] ||False spike-thorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||[[Pisonia aculeata]] ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valssybas]]||[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||[[Allophylus decipiens]]||Smalleaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Vals-vaalrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia subsp. athulata]]||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||[[Ziziphus rivularis]]||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]] ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Van Staden-septerboom]] ||[[Paranomus reflexus]] ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Van Wykshout]]||[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||[[Ficus burtt-davyi]] || Burtt Davy's Fig ||49 |- |[[Venda-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos hirsutus]] ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]] ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||[[Bachmannia woodii]] ||Four-finger Bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||[[Acacia ataxacantha]]||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||[[Bauhinia galpinii]]||Pride-of-de kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]] ||Winged-fruit spikethorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]] ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||[[Antidesma venosum]]||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||[[Clutia pulchella]]||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||[[Kumara plicatilis]] ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||[[Protea nitida]]||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos cerinus]] ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]] || Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||[[Syzygium cordatum]]||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||[[Erica caffra]]||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||[[Podalyria calyptrata]]||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||[[Syzygium guineense]]||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||[[Chionanthus battiscombei]] ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||[[Maytenus cordata]] ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||[[Searsia gerrardii]] ||River Karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||[[Ficus verruculosa]] ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Westelike smalblaar-wasbessie]] ||[[Morella integra]] || Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wildeappelkoos]]||[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||[[Phoenix reclinata]]||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||[[Voacanga thouarsii]]||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||[[Burchellia bubalina]]||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||[[Parkinsonia africana]]||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||[[Schrebera alata]]||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||[[Calodendrum capense]] ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]] ||Myrtle Wild-quince ||115 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||[[Cordyla africana]]||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||[[Vangueria infausta]]||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||[[Trimeria grandifolia]]||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||[[Maerua racemulosa]] ||Forest Bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||[[Kiggelaria africana]]||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||[[Ensete ventricosum]]||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||[[Macaranga capensis]]||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||[[Buddleja salviifolia]]||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||[[Burkea africana]]||Wild seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||[[Annona senegalensis]]||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||[[Nuxia congesta]]||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||[[Searsia angustifolia]] ||Willow karee ||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]] ||Willow Spike-thorn ||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||[[Flueggea virosa]]||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||[[Metalasia muricata]] || White bristle bush ||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||[[Clerodendrum glabrum]]||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||[[Maerua cafra]]||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||[[Bersama tysoniana]]||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||[[Erica simii]] ||White-velvet tree erica ||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||[[Ilex mitis]]||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||[[Searsia pendulina]]||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||[[Sideroxylon inerme]]||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||[[Buddleja saligna]]||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||[[Apodytes dimidiata]]||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||[[Grewia bicolor]]||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||[[Avicennia marina]]||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||[[Kirkia acuminata]]||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||[[Euclea schimperi]] ||Glossy guarri ||600 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||[[Celtis africana]]||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||[[Protea lacticolor]] ||Hottentot sugarbush || 90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||[[Vepris lanceolata]]||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||[[Protea magnifica]] ||Queen sugarbush || 86.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-drakeboom]] ||[[Dracaena transvaalensis]] ||Wolkberg dragon tree ||30.10 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||[[Ceraria namaquensis]]||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkberg-broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]] ||Wolkberg cycad ||14.4 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||[[Greyia radlkoferi]]||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||[[Encephalartos heenanii]] ||Woolly cycad ||14.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||[[Lycium oxycarpum]] ||Karoo honey-thorn ||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||[[Hyaenanche globosa]] ||Hyaena poison ||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||[[Ficus salicifolia]]||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||[[Tinospora fragosa]] || Marvel Creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||[[Tinospora tenera]] ||Marvel-creeper ||104.9 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||[[Encephalartos woodii]]||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||[[Kigelia africana]]||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||[[Albizia anthelmintica]]||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||[[Aloe angelica]] ||Wyliespoort aloe ||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||[[Olea capensis]]||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Zambezi-kiaat]]||[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]||Zambezi teak||206 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||[[Searsia lucens]] || Zambezi karee ||388.2 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Aloe excelsa]]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zulukersielemoen]]||[[Teclea gerrardii]]||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zulu-lukwart]]||[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zulumelkbessie]]||[[Manilkara concolor]]||Zulu milkberry||586 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Red List of South African Plants] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] th1bbsfd6mbbkte6rzqv2cuoj4wvjw3 0 18576 2517266 2499551 2022-08-03T17:51:37Z Aliwal2012 39067 proeflees, ligte opruim wikitext text/x-wiki {{President van die VSA | Beeld = [[Lêer:George-W-Bush.jpeg|200px]] | Naam = George Walker Bush | Volgorde = 43^ste President | Ampstermyn = [[20 Januarie]] [[2001]] – 20 Januarie [[2009]] | Voorganger = [[Bill Clinton]] | Opvolger = [[Barack Obama]] | Geboortedatum = [[6 Julie]] [[1946]] | Geboorteplek = [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]] | Sterftedatum = | Sterfteplek = | Eerste Dame = [[Laura Bush]] | Politieke party = [[Republikeinse Party (VSA)|Republikein]] | Visepresident = [[Richard B. Cheney|Richard Bruce Cheney]] | Handtekening = GeorgeWBush Signature.svg }} '''George Walker Bush''' (gebore op [[6 Julie]] [[1946]]) was die 43ste president van die [[Verenigde State]], wat vir die eerste keer op [[20 Januarie]] [[2001]] en vir sy tweede ampstermyn op [[20 Januarie]] [[2005]] ingehuldig is. Hy is die seun van oudpres. [[George H.W. Bush]].<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids">HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, Desember 2013, ISBN 978-1-77578-243-8</ref> Bush is vir die eerste keer in 2000 verkies, met een van die kleinste en mees omstrede voorspronge in die Amerikaanse geskiedenis. Ná 'n maand se hertelling van stembriewe en die betwistings van die verkiesingsuitslae in [[Florida]] se geregshowe het die Amerikaanse Hooggeregshof uiteindelik George W. Bush as wenner van die presidentsverkiesing verklaar.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al.], 531 U.S. 98 (2000).</ref> Agt maande ná Bush se inhuldiging as President van die Verenigde State in 2001 het negentien kapers, wat by die terreurorganisasie [[Al-Kaïda]] betrokke was, die terreuraanvalle van 11 September 2001 uitgevoer. Bush het in reaksie hierop 'n oorlog teen terrorisme verklaar, wat later dié sentrale kwessie van sy presidentskap geword het. Teen die begin van Oktober 2001 het hy die bevel vir die Amerikaanse inval in [[Afghanistan]] gegee om sodoende die Taliban-régime omver te gooi en al-Kaïda te probeer vernietig.<ref name=archives>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/ |date=20 September 2001 |title=President Bush's address to joint session of Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806061017/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/ |archive-date= 6 Augustus 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=28 Februarie 2007 }}</ref> In Maart 2003 het Bush die bevel vir die inval in [[Irak]] gegee, nadat hy verklaar het dat Irak die bepalings van Resolusie 1441 van die Verenigde Nasies se [[Veiligheidsraad]] aangaande Irak se wapens van massavernietiging nie nagekom het nie.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-1.html Presidential Letter to Congress] (18 Maart 2003).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html |year=5 Februarie 2003 |title=U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council |first=Colin |last=Powell |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |access-date=25 Mei 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414100953/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ná die inval in Irak het Bush sy beleid van demokratisering van die [[Midde-Ooste]] bekragtig, wat vir die eerste keer in Afghanistan en Irak toegepas is.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html |date=6 November 2003 |title=President discusses freedom in Iraq and Middle East |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119141349/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html |archive-date=19 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2004 het hy in sy tweede verkiesingsveldtog as self-verklaarde "oorlogspresident"<ref name="War President">{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4179618/ |title=Transcript for Feb. 8th |access-date=9 September 2006 |date=8 Februarie 2004 |publisher=MSNBC |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122154059/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4179618/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> stemme gewerf en uiteindelik teen die Demokratiese Senator John Kerry gewen.<ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=2004 2004 Presidential Election Results]</ref> Die verkiesingsveldtog se belangrikste temas was – naas morele waardes en ekonomiese vraagstukke – sy handhawing van die "oorlog teen terrorisme" en die oorlog in Irak.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004d.html |title=13 October 2004 "The Third Bush-Kerry Presidential Debate" transcript |access-date= 1 Maart 2007 |archive-date=12 Desember 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212211446/http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html "CNN – U.S. President / National / Exit Poll / Election 2004"]</ref> Kwessies rondom die "oorlog teen terrorisme", Irak, die Amerikaanse gevangenekamp [[Guantanamobaai]] op die eiland [[Kuba]], die marteling en misbruik van gevangenes in die Irakse gevangenis Abu Ghraib het net soos die geheimediens NSA se praktyke, en federale noodhulpmaatreëls in verband met die [[Orkaan Katrina]] omstrede onderwerpe gedurende sy tweede ampstermyn geword. == Biografie == [[Lêer:GeorgeWBush1947.png|duimnael|links|George W. Bush met sy ouers, Barbara en George H.W. Bush, ca. 1947]] Bush is as die eersteling-seun van [[George H.W. Bush]] en sy vrou [[Barbara Bush]] in [[New Haven]] ([[Connecticut]]) gebore. Sy vaderlike voorouers was afkomstig uit Somerset in die West Country (Engeland) en het in die [[17de eeu]] na Amerika geëmigreer. Bush se ouers het van Connecticut na Texas verhuis toe hy twee jaar oud was. Hy is met sy drie broers Jeb, Neil en Marvin en sy suster Dorothy in Midland en Houston opgevoed. Sy tweede jonger suster, Robin, is in [[1953]] op die ouderdom van drie aan [[leukemie]] oorlede.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.famoustexans.com/georgewbush.htm |title=George Walker Bush |access-date=27 Junie 2006 |date=3 Februarie 2005 |work=Famous Texans |publisher=famoustexans.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501023501/http://www.famoustexans.com/georgewbush.htm |archive-date=1 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bush se oupa Prescott Bush was 'n Senator van Connecticut, en sy vader het tussen 1989 en 1993 as President van die VSA gedien. Bush het by die Phillips Academy in Andover (Massachusetts) skoolgegaan en is net soos sy vader ook deur die Yale-universiteit aanvaar, waar hy in 1968 'n B.A.-graad in Geskiedenis behaal het. Hy het tegelykertyd aan 'n aantal Republikeinse verkiesingsveldtogte deelgeneem, waaronder ook dié van sy vader as senatorskandidaat in Texas in die jare [[1964]] en [[1970]]. As 'n ''college senior'' het Bush lid geword van die geheime vereniging [[Skull and Bones]]. Bush was, volgens sy eie beskrywing, 'n middelmatige student.<ref>{{cite news |author=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,25229,00.html |title=Self-Deprecating Bush Talks to Yale Grads |publisher=FOXNews.com |date=21 Mei 2001 |access-date=27 Junie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153107/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,25229,00.html |archive-date=21 Mei 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Lêer:GW-Bush-in-uniform.jpg|duimnael|George W. Bush as luitenant in die Nasionale Wag]] In Mei [[1968]] is Bush op die hoogtepunt van die [[Viëtnamoorlog]] deur die lugeenheid van die Texaanse Nasionale Wag aanvaar en het ná sy opleiding diens in Houston gedoen.<ref>{{cite news |first=Byron |last=York |url=http://www.hillnews.com/york/090904.aspx |title=Bush's National Guard Years |publisher=The Hill |date=9 September 2004 |access-date=27 Junie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220043459/http://www.hillnews.com/york/090904.aspx |archive-date=20 Februarie 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tydens sy politieke loopbaan is die toedeling en duur van Bush se diensplig herhaaldelik gekritiseer. Daar word beweer dat Bush weens die politieke pos van sy vader 'n voorkeurbehandeling geniet en sy dienspligte onreëlmatig uitgevoer het. Bush het in [[1972]] vir 'n verplasing na die lugeenheid van Alabama se Nasionale Wag gevra om aan die verkiesingsveldtog van 'n plaaslike Republikeinse senatorskandidaat deel te neem en in [[1974]] verlof gekry om sy diensplig van ses jaar met ses maande te verkort sodat hy sy studies aan die Harvard Business School betyds kon begin. Hy is toegelaat om sy militêre loopbaan nogtans op 'n eervolle manier te beëindig.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brit Hume, Mara Liasson, Jeff Birnbaum, Charles Krauthammer |title=The All-Star Panel Discusses John Kerry's Shifting Positions on Iraq War Spending | work=Fox News Network (transcript) |date=9 Julie 2004}}</ref> [[Lêer:Bush daughters.png|duimnael|links|George en Laura Bush met hulle dogters Jenna en Barbara in 1990]] 'n Aantal verslae aangaande dwelmmisbruik en ander wanordelike gedrag dateer uit hierdie tydperk. Bush het erken dat hy gedurende daardie jare "te veel" gedrink het en dié periode van sy lewe as die "nomadiese" tydperk van sy "onverantwoordelike jeug" genoem.<ref name="Life-changing">{{cite news |first1 = Lois |last1 = Romano | first2= George | last2=Lardner Jr |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/bush072599.htm |title = Bush's Life-Changing Year |publisher = The Washington Post |date= 25 Julie 1999 |accessdate = 27 Junie 2006}}</ref> Op [[4 September]] [[1976]] is Bush op 30-jarige leeftyd in hegtenis geneem nadat hy in die buurt van die Bush-gesin se somerhuis in Kennebunkport ([[Maine]]) dronk bestuur het. Hy het skuldig gepleit, is 'n geldboete van VS$150 opgelê en sy bestuurderslisensie is tot die jaar 1978 ingetrek<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/bushdmv1.html |title=2000 Driving Record |access-date=9 Augustus 2006 |date=2 November 2000 |publisher=Department of the Secretary of State of Maine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722040039/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/bushdmv1.html |archive-date=22 Julie 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in Maine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998465,00.html |title=Fallout From A Midnight Ride |access-date=8 September 2006 |date=13 November 2000 |work=Time Magazine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813230009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998465,00.html |archive-date=13 Augustus 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nadat hy 'n [[Meestersgraad in Besigheidsadministrasie|meestersgraad in bedryfsbestuur]] aan die [[Harvard-universiteit]] behaal het (hy is die enigste President van die VSA met 'n MBA-graad),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanthinker.com/articles.php?article_id=3378 |title=GWB: HBS MBA |access-date=16 Oktober 2006 |work=The American Thinker |publisher=www.americanthinker.com |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027180519/http://www.americanthinker.com/articles.php?article_id=3378 |archive-date=27 Oktober 2006 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> het Bush sy loopbaan in die Texaanse olienywerheid begin. In [[1977]] is hy deur vriende aan Laura Welch, 'n onderwyseres en bibliotekaresse, bekendgestel. Drie maande later het hy met Laura getrou, en die egpaar het hulle in Midland gevestig. Hulle tweelingdogters, Jenna en Barbara, is in [[1981]] gebore. In 1978 is Bush in Texas se 19de Kongres-kiesdistrik as Republikeinse kandidaat vir die Huis van Verteenwoordigers genomineer en het gedurende sy verkiesingsveldtog die klemtoon op sy groot ervaring in die energiebedryf en sy konserwatiewe waardes gelê. Hy is uiteindelik deur die Demokratiese kandidaat Kent Hance met 'n meerderheid van 6&nbsp;000 van die uitgebragte stemme verslaan, nadat die meeste kiesers Hance se eie konserwatiewe standpunte, sy afkeuring van strenger wapenbeheer en sy nouer verbondenheid met die landelike Texas ondersteun het. Hance het later na die Republikeinse Party oorgeloop en Bush se verkiesingsveldtog as goewerneurskandidaat met 'n donasie gesteun.<ref name="NewsMine">{{cite news |url=http://newsmine.org/archive/cabal-elite/w-administration/w-bush/bush-loses-congress-election-1978-texas.txt |title=Bush Wasn't Always a Front-Runner |publisher=Associated Press |date=17 Oktober 1999 |access-date=27 Julie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228124642/http://newsmine.org/archive/cabal-elite/w-administration/w-bush/bush-loses-congress-election-1978-texas.txt |archive-date=28 Desember 2005 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bush het sy loopbaan in die plaaslike olienywerheid voortgesit, wat in die 1980's as gevolg van 'n skerp prysdaling in moeilikhede beland het. Omtrent 1986 het Bush 'n geheelonthouer geword, Christelike filosofie begin studeer en begin om aan kerklike en gemeenskapstudiegroepe deel te neem. Volgens sy eie woorde het Bush ná 'n persoonlike ontmoeting en gesprek met eerwaarde [[Billy Graham]] 'n wedergebore Christen geword.<ref name="Life-changing" /> In [[1988]] het Bush met sy gesin na [[Washington, D.C.]] verhuis om die presidensiële verkiesingsveldtog van sy vader te ondersteun.<ref>{{cite book |last=George W. Bush, Bill Adler | title=The Quotable George W. Bush: A Portrait in His Own Words |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |date=2004 |id=ISBN 0-7407-4154-3 }}</ref> Saam met sy kollegas Lee Atwater en Doug Wead was hy by die ontwikkeling en koördinering van 'n politieke strategie betrokke, wat veral op konserwatiewe en evangeliese Christene gemik was, aangesien hulle as die beslissende faktor vir die nominasie en verkiesing beskou is.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duffy, Michael; Gibbs, Nancy | title=The quiet dynasty | journal=Time; Canadian edition |date=8 Julie 2000 | issue=156 |page=34 | language=English | id=ISSN: 03158446 }}</ref> Ná sy terugkeer na Texas het hy in April 1989 'n aandeel in die [[konsessiesaak]] van die Texas Rangers-bofbalspan gekoop en vyf jaar lank as besturende vennoot gedien.<ref name="TexRngrs">{{cite web |last=Farrey |first=Tom |url=http://espn.go.com/mlb/bush/timeline.html |title=A series of beneficial moves |publisher=ESPN |date=1 November 1999 |access-date=21 Januarie 2007 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015222301/http://espn.go.com/mlb/bush/timeline.html |archive-date=15 Oktober 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Later het hy sy aandeel van oorspronklik VS$ 800&nbsp;000 vir meer as VS$ 15 miljoen verkoop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makethemaccountable.com/tax/SaleOfBaseballTeam.htm |title=Sale of baseball team |publisher=Make Them Accountable |date=19 Augustus 2002 |access-date=21 Januarie 2007 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923022713/http://makethemaccountable.com/tax/SaleOfBaseballTeam.htm |archive-date=23 September 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Politieke loopbaan == === Goewerneur van Texas === [[Lêer:President Bush walks up the South Lawn towards the Oval Office with his son, George W. Bush - NARA - 186449.tif|duimnael|George W. Bush met sy vader buite die Withuis, 29 April 1992]] [[Lêer:George H. W. Bush, Laura Bush, George W. Bush 1997.jpg|duimnael|Goewerneur Bush met sy vrou, Laura, en vader, George H.W. Bush in 1997]] In 1994 is Bush as die Republikeine se goewerneurskandidaat vir Texas genomineer, ten spyte van sy gebrek aan politieke ervaring en die gewildheid van die destydse Demokratiese goewerneur Ann Richards, wat as algehele gunsteling van die kiesers in Texas beskou is. Bush se verkiesingsveldtog is deur 'n aantal eersterangse politieke raadgewers gekoördineer en het veral goewerneur Ann Richards se swak rekord van handhawing van wet en orde, haar politieke benoemings en haar steun vir liberale politieke eise aangespreek. Bush het van homself 'n positiewe beeld geskep met onderwerpe soos "persoonlike verantwoordelikheid" en "morele leierskap" en het 'n aantal belangrike vraagstukke soos onderwys, [[misdaad]], deregulering van die ekonomie en hervorming van die regstelsel aangespreek. Sy veldtog is gekritiseer vir die manier waarop Ann Richards neergehaal is, maar desondanks het Bush se gewildheid as gevolg van sy indrukwekkende debatsvoering toegeneem. Uiteindelik het hy Richards met 52 persent van die uitgebragte stemme geklop.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wayne Slater | first = James Moore | year = 2003 | title = Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential | publisher = Wiley | location = USA | ISBN = 0-471-42327-0 | pages = 210}}</ref> As goewerneur het Bush met sukses wetgewing ingedien waardeur die regstelsel hervorm is, die befondsing van onderwys verhoog, hoër standaarde in Texas se skole daargestel en die kriminele regstelsel hervorm is. Onder sy leierskap het Texas 152 gevangenes tereggestel – meer as onder enige ander goewerneur in die moderne geskiedenis van Amerika. Kritiese stemme soos Helen Prejean het egter geredeneer dat Bush nie ernstig was om aansoeke om grasieverlening te oorweeg nie.<ref name="executions">{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17670|title=The New York Review of Books: Death in Texas}}</ref> Skoolbefondsing is destyds deur die politici en media as 'n politiek gevoelige saak beskou. Die deelstaat [[Texas]] het sy onderwysstelsel deur eiendomsbelasting gefinansieer. Bush het gepoog om die hoë belastingtariewe ten gunste van huiseienaars te verlaag en gelyktydig die algemene befondsing van onderwys te verhoog en nuwe belasting op maatskappye in te voer. Maar hy het sterk opposisie van sy eie party en die privaatsektor gekry. Nadat geen konsensus oor hierdie saak bereik is nie, het Bush 'n oorskot op die begroting gebruik om 'n belastingverlaging van VS$ 2 miljard toe te staan – die hoogste in Texas se geskiedenis. Hierdie besluit het sy openbare beeld van 'n fiskalies konserwatiewe politikus en beskermer van besigheidsbelange gevestig.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wayne Slater | first = James Moore | year = 2003 | title = Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential | publisher = Wiley | location = USA | ISBN = 0-471-42327-0 | pages = 233-36}}</ref> Bush het ook 'n pioniersrol by die instelling van godsdiensgebaseerde welsynsprogramme gespeel en die regering se steun en befondsing van nie-staats, godsdienstige organisasies verhoog, wat sosiale dienste soos opvoeding en onderwys, voorkoming van dwelm- en drankmisbruik en vermindering van huislike geweld verskaf. Goewerneur Bush het op [[17 April]] [[2000]] 'n memorandum geteken waarmee 10 Junie in Texas tot "Jesusdag" verklaar en alle Texane aangespoor is om hulp aan noodlydendes te verleen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/art/pop_jesusday.jpg |title=Jesus Day |access-date=30 Junie 2006 |author=Texas State |date=11 Maart 2005 |format=JPEG |work=Texas State Archives |publisher=PBS |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706004709/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/art/pop_jesusday.jpg |archive-date=6 Julie 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alhoewel Bush vir sy skending van die konstitusionele skeiding van staat en kerk (''"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."'') gekritiseer is, het die meeste Texane, veral godsdienstige en sosiaal-konserwatiewes, sy inisiatief gesteun. In [[1998]] het Bush 'n beslissende oorwinning in die goewerneursverkiesing behaal met naastenby 69 persent van die uitgebragte stemme en sodoende die eerste Texaanse goewerneur geword wat vir twee opeenvolgende ampstermyne van vier jaar elk verkies is (voor 1975 was die goewerneur se ampstermyn net twee jaar).<ref>{{cite news |author=Associated Press |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/governors/texas |title=Texas Gov. George W. Bush wins in landslide |publisher=CNN |date=3 November 1998 |access-date=30 Junie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211102107/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/03/election/governors/texas/ |archive-date=11 Desember 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Die presidensiële verkiesing van die jaar 2000 === Tydens sy verkiesingsveldtog het Bush homself as 'n "medelydende konserwatiewe" ("''compassionate conservative''") voorgedoen – volgens 'n nuwe politieke term, wat deur die onafhanklike televisiepersoonlikheid en kommentator Michael Savage gemunt is – en belowe dat hy die "eer en waardigheid van die Withuis" sou herstel.<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/23/se.02.html George W. Bush Speaks at Send-Off in Orlando] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403125929/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/23/se.02.html |date= 3 April 2008 }} (23 September 2000).</ref> ==== Voorverkiesing ==== [[Lêer:George W. Bush in Concord, New Hampshire signing papers for presidential run.jpg|duimnael|George W. Bush onderteken in Concord, New Hampshire sy kandidatuur vir die presidentskap]] Bush se verkiesingsveldtog is deur 'n aantal politieke vennote uit Texas beheer, en hy is deur 'n meerderheid van Republikeinse verteenwoordigers in die parlemente van 38 deelstate ondersteun. Maar nadat Bush die koukus in [[Iowa]] gewen het, het Senator [[John McCain]] uit [[Arizona]] 'n verrassende oorwinning in die voorverkiesing van [[New Hampshire]] behaal. Bush is onder meer gekritiseer vir die besoek wat hy by die omstrede Bob Jones-universiteit afgelê het, 'n instelling wat vir sy anti-Katolieke houding en sy verbod op gemengde verhoudings bekend gestaan het.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jackson, Derrick |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/020900-101.htm |title=At Bob Jones U., A Disturbing Lesson About The Real George W. |publisher=Common Dreams Newscenter |date=9 Februarie 2000 |access-date=30 Junie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527041306/http://www.commondreams.org/views/020900-101.htm |archive-date=27 Mei 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Maar Bush het vervolgens daarin geslaag om die voorverkiesing in [[Suid-Carolina]] te wen, en McCain het sy momentum begin verloor. Nogtans het hy die voorverkiesing in [[Michigan]] gewen. Met sy kritiek op Pat Robertson en Jerry Falwell net voor die verkiesing in [[Virginië]] het McCain egter godsdienstige konserwatiewes woedend gemaak. Bush het in Virginië en 'n week later op "Super-Dinsdag" in nege van dertien voorverkiesings gewen en sodoende sy nominasie as Republikeinse kandidaat verseker. In 'n televisiedebat op [[13 Desember]] [[1999]] in [[Des Moines]] (Iowa) het Bush in teenstelling met die ander kandidate nie 'n politieke figuur as sy voorbeeld genoem nie, maar [[Jesus Christus]]. Bush se gewildheid onder godsdienstige kiesers is as een van die beslissende faktore in die verkiesingsveldtog aangevoer. Weeklikse kerkgangers het volgens 'n Gallup-meningsopname in die 2000-verkiesing met 56 persent vir Bush gestem (en in die 2004-verkiesing selfs met 63 persent).<ref>{{cite news |title = How Americans Voted |publisher = The Gallup Organization |date= 5 November 2004}}</ref> === Algemene verkiesing === [[Lêer:ElectoralCollege2000.svg|duimnael|250px|Resultaatkaart van die presidentsverkiesing in 2000. Rooi dui deelstate aan wat deur Bush / Cheney gewen is, blou dui diegene aan wat deur Gore / Lieberman gewen is.]] Bush het Dick Cheney, 'n voormalige lid van die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en Minister van Verdediging as sy visepresidentskandidaat of ''running mate'' gekies, en sy veldtog is deur prominente Republikeine soos [[Donald Rumsfeld]] en Colin Powell ondersteun, wat as raadgewers oor kwessies in verband met nasionale veiligheid en buitelandse betrekkinge gefungeer het. Terwyl Bush sy suksesvolle beleid as goewerneur van Texas beklemtoon het, het hy in sy veldtog die Demokratiese presidentskandidaat en destydse visepresident Al Gore veral vanweë die Demokratiese beleid ten opsigte van wapenbeheer en belasting aangeval. Bush het ook Gore se steun vir die Kyoto-protokol gekritiseer (alhoewel die Senaat in 1998 met 95 teen 0 stemme die Amerikaanse deelname aan die protokol verwerp het) en gelyktydig op die agteruitgang van nywerhede in die Midweste, soos byvoorbeeld in [[Wes-Virginië]], en die daarmee gepaardgaande ekonomiese en sosiale vraagstukke gewys. Op die verkiesingsdag (7 November 2000) het Bush 'n aantal sleutelstate in die Midweste gewen, soos byvoorbeeld [[Ohio]], [[Missouri]] en [[Arkansas]]. Hy het ook 'n oorwinning in Gore se tuisstaat [[Tennessee]], in New Hampshire en in die voormalige Demokratiese vesting Wes-Virginië behaal. Die televisienetwerke het aanvanklik Gore as die wenner in die deelstaat Florida verklaar, maar moes hierdie aankondiging later herroep en uiteindelik Bush tot wenner in sowel Florida asook op nasionale vlak verklaar. Aangesien Bush Florida net naelskraap gewen het, was daar sprake van onreëlmatighede by die stemtelling. Volgens Florida se wetgewing het 'n tweede telling ten opsigte van stemmasjiene plaasgevind. Bush se voorsprong het kleiner geword, maar hy was nogtans die wenner. Die Hooggeregshof van Florida het op 8 Desember bepaal dat distrikte met moontlike onreëlmatighede per hand hertel moes word. Die Hooggeregshof van die Verenigde State het hierdie beslissing egter op 9 Desember herroep en die sodoende 'n einde aan hierdie hertelling van stemme gemaak. Die hertelling van stemmasjiene het getoon dat Bush die deelstaat Florida met 'n meerderheid van 537 van die totale ses miljoen stemme gewen het – dit was die dertigste deelstaat waar Bush 'n oorwinning behaal het.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm |title=2000 Official General Election Presidential Results |access-date=12 Januarie 2007 |date=Desember 2001 |publisher=Federal Election Commission |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517044231/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm |archive-date=17 Mei 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alhoewel Bush op nasionale vlak 'n halfmiljoen stemme minder as Gore gekry het,<ref>[http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm 2000 Presidential General Election Results]</ref> het hy nogtans 271 stemme in die presidensiële kieskollege behaal – teenoor Gore se 266. Dit het van George W. Bush die eerste president sedert [[Benjamin Harrison]] in 1888 gemaak, wat nie deur 'n meerderheid van die kiesers verkies is nie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ap.grolier.com/cgi-bin-unauth/dated_article_news?templatename=%2Fnews%2Fnews.html&assetid=apn20050223.04&seq=5&assettype=0tdnp |title="The Electoral College: How It Works" Grolier.com |access-date=15 Augustus 2021 |archive-date= 3 Oktober 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003190027/http://ap.grolier.com/cgi-bin-unauth/dated_article_news?templatename=%2Fnews%2Fnews.html&seq=5&assettype=0tdnp&assetid=apn20050223.04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Benoeming van ministers ==== Bush het Andrew Card as die stafhoof van die Withuis, Karl Rove as sy politieke raadgewer en Karen Hughes as direkteur van kommunikasie in die Wit Huis benoem. [[Colin Powell]] is benoem as Minister van Buitelandse Sake, Paul O'Neill as Minister van Finansies en [[Donald Rumsfeld]] as Minister van Verdediging.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1120959,00.html Bush decided to remove Saddam 'on day one'] Julian Borger, [[The Guardian]] (12 Januarie 2004).</ref> Sy benoeming van die vroeëre Senator John Ashcroft as Prokureur-generaal het skerp kritiek van Demokrate uitgelok, aangesien Ashcroft gekant was teen [[aborsie]] in die Verenigde State en verregse standpunte ten opsigte van burgerregte vir lesbiese en gay Amerikaners en die doodstraf ingeneem het.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68479000.html Bush Nominates John Ashcroft Attorney General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224165013/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68479000.html |date=24 Februarie 2007 }} US Newswire (27 Desember 2000).</ref> === Die presidentsverkiesing van die jaar 2004 === [[Lêer:Bush 43 10-19-04 Stpete.jpg|duimnael|200px|Bush spreek in Oktober 2004 aanhangers van die Republikeinse Party in St. Petersburg (Florida) toe]] Bush se voorneme om vir 'n tweede ampstermyn te dien is in die Republikeinse Party wyd gesteun, en geen ander Republikeinse kandidaat het hom in die voorverkiesing uitgedaag nie. Bush het Kenneth Mehlman as bestuurder van sy verkiesingsveldtog benoem, terwyl die politieke strategie deur Karl Rove uitgewerk is.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec04/rove_9-01.html |title=An Interview With Karl Rove |access-date=9 September 2006 |date=1 Augustus 2004 |work=NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |publisher=PBS |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119020810/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec04/rove_9-01.html |archive-date=19 Januarie 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bush het hom in sy agenda vir 2004 verbind tot die oorloë in Irak en Afghanistan, 'n hernuwing van die ''USA PATRIOT''-wet, die permanente deurvoering van die belastingverlagings van die jare 2001 en 2003, die halvering van die begrotingstekort, die bevordering van onderwys, asook hervormings ten opsigte van die regstelsel, die VSA se Sosiale Sekerheid en nasionale belasting. Vir Bush se verkiesingsveldtog is landswyd gebruik gemaak van televisie- en radioadvertensies teen Demokratiese kandidate, waaronder Bush se hoofteenstander, Senator John Kerry uit [[Massachusetts]]. Kerry en ander Demokrate het Bush oor die oorlogvoering in Irak, die toepassing van die ''USA PATRIOT''-wet en sy beweerde onvermoë om ekonomiese groei en die skepping van nuwe werkgeleenthede te bevorder aangeval, maar ook Bush se diensplig in die Nasionale Garde het geblyk om baie omstrede te wees. In Bush se veldtog is Kerry as 'n egte Amerikaanse liberaal beskrywe, wat belastingtariewe sou verhoog en die regering vergroot. Bush se veldtog het ook herhaaldelik Kerry se beweerde weersprekende verklarings ten opsigte van die oorlog in Irak gekritiseer en beweer dat Kerry nie oor die deursettingsvermoë en visie sou beskik om 'n oorwinning in die oorlog teen terrorisme te behaal nie. Bush het 31 van 50 deelstate en altesame 286 stemme in die VSA se kieskollege gewen. Met sy oorwinning in die 2004-verkiesing was Bush die eerste presidentskandidaat in sestien jaar wat met 'n absolute meerderheid van uitgebragte stemme gewen het (sedert sy vader se verkiesing in 1986).<ref name="16 years">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/11/3/22753.shtml |title=Bush First President in 16 Years to Win Popular Majority |access-date=1 Oktober 2006 |date=3 November 2004 |publisher=NewsMax.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716105532/http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/11/3/22753.shtml |archive-date=16 Julie 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==== Bush se nuwe aanstellings ==== Nadat die Senaat nie sy toestemming tot die benoeming van die omstrede [[John Bolton|John R. Bolton]] as die VSA se ambassadeur by die [[Verenigde Nasies]] verleen het nie, het Bush hom tydens die Senaat se reses in Augustus 2005 aangestel. Die leier van die Demokratiese opposisie in die Senaat, Harry Reid, het hierdie optrede as 'n misbruik van die president se gesag gekritiseer.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/01/AR2005080100436.html "Bush Names Bolton U.N. Ambassador in Recess Appointment"], ''The Washington Post''</ref> == Presidentskap == {| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000000;font-size:85%;" align="left" !bgcolor="#dcdcdc" colspan="3"|Bush se kabinet |- style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;" |AMP |NAAM |AMPSTERMYN |- !bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3" | |- |[[President van die Verenigde State|President]]||'''George Bush'''||2001–2009 |- |[[Visepresident van die Verenigde State|Visepresident]]||'''[[Dick Cheney]]'''||2001–2009 |- !bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Buitelandse Sake||'''[[Colin Powell]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Condoleezza Rice]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Finansies|||'''[[Paul O'Neill]]'''||2001–2002 |- | ||'''[[John Snow]]'''||2002–2006 |- | ||'''[[Henry Paulson]]'''||2006–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Verdediging|||'''[[Donald Rumsfeld]]'''||2001–2006 |- | ||'''[[Robert Gates]]'''||2006–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Justisie en <br />Prokureur-Generaal||'''[[John Ashcroft]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Alberto Gonzales]]'''||2005–2007 |- | ||'''[[Michael Mukasey]]'''||2007–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Binnelandse Sake||'''[[Gale Norton]]'''||2001–2006 |- | ||'''[[Dirk Kempthorne]]'''||2006–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Landbou||'''[[Ann Veneman]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Mike Johanns]]'''||2005–2007 |- | ||'''[[Ed Schafer]]'''||2007–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Handel||'''[[Donald Evans]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Carlos Gutierrez]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Arbeid||'''[[Elaine Chao]]'''||2001–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Gesondheid||'''[[Tommy Thompson]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Michael Leavitt]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |Minister van Onderwys||'''[[Rod Paige]]'''||2001–2005 |- | ||'''[[Margaret Spellings]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Minister van Behuising en <br />Stedelike Ontwikkeling||'''[[Mel Martinez]]'''||2001–2003 |- |'''[[Alphonso Jackson]]'''||2003–2008 |- | ||'''[[Steve Preston]]'''||2008–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Minister van Vervoer||'''[[Norman Mineta]]'''||2001–2005 |- |'''[[Mary Peters]]'''||2001–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=3 valign=top |Minister van Energie||'''[[Spencer Abraham]]'''||2001–2005 |- |'''[[Samuel Bodman]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Minister van Veterane-<br />aangeleenthede||'''[[Anthony Principi]]'''||2001–2005 |- |'''[[James Nicholson]]'''||2005–2007 |- |||'''[[James Peake]]'''||2007–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Minister van Nasionale Veiligheid||'''[[Tom Ridge]]'''||2003–2005 |- |'''[[Michael Chertoff]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Stafhoof van die Wit Huis||'''[[Andrew Card]]'''||2001–2006 |- |'''[[Joshua Bolten]]'''||2006–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Bestuurder van die <br />Agentskap vir Omgewingsake||'''[[Christine Todd Whitman]]'''||2001–2003 |- |'''[[Michael Leavitt]]'''||2003–2005 |- |- |||'''[[Stephen Johnson|Stephen L. Johnson]]'''||2005–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Kantoor vir Bestuur en Begroting||'''[[Mitch Daniels]]'''||2001–2003 |- |'''[[Joshua Bolten]]'''||2003–2006 |- |||'''[[Rob Portman]]'''||2006–2007 |- |||'''[[Jim Nussle]]'''||2007–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Direkteur van Nasionale Dwelmbeheer||'''[[John P. Walters|John Walters]]'''||2001–2009 |- !bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"| |- |rowspan=2 valign=top |Kantoor van die VSA se <br />Verteenwoordigers vir Handelsake||'''[[Robert Zoellick]]'''||2001–2005 |- |'''[[Rob Portman]]'''||2005–2006 |- |||'''[[Susan Schwab]]'''||2006–2009 |- |} === Ekonomiese beleid === [[Lêer:Bushtaxcuts.jpg|duimnael|links|upright|President Bush onderteken 'n $1,35 triljoen belastingverlaging as wet, 7 Junie 2001]] In 2001 het Bush belastingkortings van meer as VS$ 1&nbsp;300 miljard voorgestel. Bush en sy raadgewers het geargumenteer dat begrotingsfondse, wat deur die federale regering nie bestee kon word nie, aan belastingbetalers teruggebetaal moet word. Weens die sterk opposisie in die Kongres en waarskuwings deur die voorsitter van die Amerikaanse Federale Reserwebank, Alan Greenspan, dat daar 'n risiko van ressesie in die VSA was, het Bush die Amerikaanse publiek met 'n groot aantal publieke toesprake probeer oortuig dat die voorgestelde belastingkortings die ekonomie sou stimuleer en nuwe werkgeleenthede sou skep. En uiteindelik het vyf Demokratiese verteenwoordigers saam met die Republikeine ten gunste van die kortings gestem,<ref>{{cite news |first=Kelly |last=Wallace |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes |title=$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law |publisher=[[CNN]] InsidePolitics archives |date=7 Junie 2001 |access-date=30 Junie 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402060705/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> wat tot die grootstes in die geskiedenis van die VSA behoort. Werkloosheidsyfers het onder die Bush-regering hul hoogtepunt van 6,2 persent in Junie 2003 bereik en later tot net 4,4 persent gedaal. Die ekonomie het baie goed presteer, die Amerikaanse aandele-indeks ''Dow Jones Industrial Average'' het nuwe rekordvlakke bereik, en ook die bruto geografiese produk (BGP) het bestendige groei aangeteken.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gdpnewsrelease.htm |title=Gross Domestic Product and Corporate Profits |access-date= 1 April 2007 |archive-date=26 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426060900/http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gdpnewsrelease.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.commerce.gov/opa/press/Secretary_Gutierrez/2006_Releases/November/29_GDP_Third%20Qtr_Stmt.htm |title=GDP report shows sustainable economic growth |access-date= 1 April 2007 |archive-date= 5 Februarie 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205211833/http://www.commerce.gov/opa/press/Secretary_Gutierrez/2006_Releases/November/29_GDP_Third%20Qtr_Stmt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kritiese stemme verwys egter op die feit dat veral welgesteldes voordeel uit die ekonomiese groei getrek het, terwyl die meerderheid van middelklas- en onderklasburgers niks by Bush se ekonomiese beleid gebaat het nie.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/10/17/Dobbs.Oct18/index.html Fighting back in the war on the middle class]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061025200634/http://www.alternet.org/columnists/story/43430/ Bush's Economy 'Doing Remarkably Well'] by Molly Ivins, AlterNet. 24 Oktober 2006.</ref> === Omgewingsbeleid en globale verwarming === Kort nadat Bush in 2001 die presidentskap van die VSA oorgeneem het, het hy die land se steun vir die Kyoto-protokol onttrek. Dié wysiging van die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor Klimaatverandering het gebiedende bepalings vir die vermindering van [[Kweekhuisgas|kweekhuisgasse]] (veral [[koolstofdioksied]], wat by die verbranding van [[Fossielbrandstof|fossielbrandstowwe]] vrygestel word) vasgelê. Bush het beweer dat daar nog onsekerhede met die wetenskaplike ondersoek van [[klimaatverandering]] bestaan, veral in hoeverre menslike aktiwiteite werklik verantwoordelik is vir [[Aardverwarming|globale verwarming]]. Die president het ook op bekommernis oor die negatiewe gevolge verwys; wat die ooreenkoms moontlik vir die Amerikaanse ekonomie sou inhou, en die feit dat die [[Volksrepubliek China]] en [[Indië]] nog nie die verdrag onderteken het nie.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.alternet.org/story/11054/ | work=AlterNet | title=George W. Bush: The Un-science Guy | first1=David | last1=Corn | date=19 Junie 2001 | accessdate=5 November 2006 | archive-date=16 Julie 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716183152/http://www.alternet.org/story/11054/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die Bush-administrasie se houding aangaande globale verwarming het tydens sy presidentskap veral in wetenskaplike en ekologiese kringe omstrede gebly. In sy "Staat van die Unie"-toespraak van die jaar 2007 het die president sy voorneme bevestig om die VSA minder afhanklik van buitelandse olie-invoere te maak. Die verbruik van [[fossielbrandstof]] sou verminder en die produksie van alternatiewe brandstowwe verhoog word.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070123-2.html Full text (and video) of 2007 State of the Union address]</ref> === 11 September 2001 === [[Lêer:Bush Ground Zero.jpg|duimnael|links|250px|President Bush spreek reddingswerkers op ''Ground Zero'' toe]] [[Lêer:President George W. Bush addresses the media at the Pentagon on Sept. 17, 2001.jpg|duimnael|links|250px|President Bush spreek die media toe in die Pentagon, 17 September 2001]] Op 11 September 2001, agt maande ná President Bush se inhuldiging, het negentien [[terroris]]te (waarvan vyftien uit [[Saoedi-Arabië]], twee uit die [[Verenigde Arabiese Emirate]] en een elk uit onderskeidelik [[Egipte]] en [[Libanon]]) in opdrag van [[Osama bin Laden]] se Islamitiese terreurnetwerk [[Al-Kaïda]] terreuraanvalle op die Verenigde State uitgevoer. Vier Amerikaanse passasiersvliegtuie is gekaap, waarvan die terroriste twee in die New Yorkse Wêreldhandelsentrum en een in die [[Pentagon]] in Washington, D.C. vasgevlieg het. 'n Vierde [[straler]], wat blykbaar ook op pad na Washington was, het in 'n veld in [[Pennsilvanië]] neergestort, nadat [[passasier]]s die ontvoerders aan boord oorweldig het. Byna 3&nbsp;000 mense het hulle lewens as gevolg van die aanvalle verloor, waarby die ineenstorting van die Wêreldhandelsentrum-wolkekrabbers die meeste slagoffers geëis het. Die aanvalle van 11 September was 'n belangrike keerpunt in Bush se presidentskap. Nog dieselfde aand het hy in 'n toespraak uit die Withuis se ''Oval Office'' sterk reaksie aangekondig, maar tegelykertyd die Amerikaners opgeroep om as 'n nasie saam te staan en bystand aan die families van slagoffers te verleen. Op 14 September het President Bush 'n besoek aan die bouvalle van die Wêreldhandelsentrum afgelê en New York se [[burgemeester]] [[Rudy Giuliani]] ontmoet. Op 20 September het Bush Osama Bin Laden en Al-Kaïda in 'n toespraak skerp veroordeel en 'n ultimatum aan die Taliban-régime in [[Afghanistan]] gerig om die terroriste aan die VSA te oorhandig.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People]</ref> President Bush het 'n globale [[oorlog]] teen terrorisme verklaar en – nadat die Taliban-heersers nie sy eis nagekom het nie – die bevel vir die aanval op Afghanistan gegee, om sodoende die Taliban-régime omver te werp.<ref name=archives /> === Buitelandse beleid === [[Lêer:US President George W. Bush Presidential Trips.svg|duimnael|250px|Lande deur president George W. Bush besoek tydens sy ampstermyn]] Die Bush-administrasie het die Amerikaanse steun vir 'n aantal internasionale ooreenkomste onttrek, waaronder ook die Verdrag op Anti-ballistiese Missiele (ABM) met [[Rusland]] en het 'n veiligheids- en verdedigingsbeleid gevolg, wat op ABM gesteun het en deur die ABM-verdrag belemmer is. Die kongres het hierdie beleid nooit goedgekeur nie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/news/010501bush.html |title=President Bush Speech on Missile Defence |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |date=1 Mei 2001 |access-date=30 Junie 2006 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114307/https://fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/news/010501bush.html |archive-date=11 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bush het ook die Amerikaanse steun vir die verdediging van die demokratiese [[Republiek China]] (Taiwan) bekragtig en militêre intervensies in [[Haïti]] en [[Liberië]] gemagtig om Amerikaanse belange te beskerm. Ten opsigte van die konflik tussen [[Israel]] en die [[Palestyne]] het Bush 'n beleid van nie-inmenging gevolg en die Palestynse leier [[Jasser Arafat]] se steun vir geweld en militante groepe veroordeel. Hy was nogtans die eerste Amerikaanse president wat die sogenaamde twee-state-oplossing vir die konflik goedgekeur en die stigting van 'n onafhanklike Palestynse staat naas Israel voorgestel het. Bush het gesprekke tussen die Eerste Ministers van Israel en die Palestynse Outonome Gebiede, [[Ariel Sharon]] en Mahmoed Abbas, aangemoedig. Hy het Jassir Arafat egter steeds geboikot. Bush het ook Sharon se plan van eensydige onttrekking en die eerste demokratiese verkiesings in Palestina ná Arafat se dood goedgekeur. Teen die begin van sy tweede ampstermyn het Bush die klemtoon op die verbetering van die gespanne betrekkinge met Europese lande gelê. Hy het sy langjarige raadgewer Karen Hughes as die koördineerder van 'n wêreldwye skakelveldtog benoem, wat die VSA se beeld in die buiteland sou verbeter. Die VSA se ontwikkelingshulp is aansienlik verhoog en was nou veral op die bevordering van demokrasie en menseregte gefokusseer. Die betrekkinge met [[Duitsland]] en [[Kanada]] het ná die oorwinning van konserwatiewe partye in dié twee lande se verkiesings verbeter. Baie politieke ontleders het aangevoer dat Bush se politieke agenda teen die middel van sy tweede ampstermyn geleidelik wegbeweeg het van die bevordering van vryheid en demokrasie, soos geblyk het uit die VSA se beleid teenoor die olieryke vroeëre Sowjetrepublieke in Sentraal-Asië.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/23/AR2006042301017.html| title = Retreat From the Freedom Agenda| accessdate = 14 September 2006| last = Diehl| first = Jackson |date= 24 April 2005| work = Washington Post}}</ref> === Irak === [[Lêer:Bush al-Maliki handshake.jpg|duimnael|250px|President Bush en die Eerste Minister van Irak, Noeri al-Maliki, tydens 'n perskonferensie in die Withuis op 25 Julie 2006]] [[Lêer:Army.mil-2007-03-27-114351.jpg|duimnael|250px|20 Maart 2007: 'n Amerikaanse soldaat neem 'n gewonde Irakse kind na die Charlie-mediese sentrum in Camp Ramadi]] Vroeg in [[2003]] het President Bush die [[Irak]]se régime gewaarsku dat hulle óf bewyse sou moet lewer dat hulle nie oor massavernietigingswapens beskik nie, óf ontwapening in die gesig sou staar. Gelyktydig het Bush hom daarvoor beywer om 'n einde te maak aan die Verenigde Nasies se wapeninspeksies in Irak en die gebruik van militêre geweld bepleit, nadat die Irakse leier [[Saddam Hoessein]] sy kat-en-muis-spelletjies met die inspeksiespanne steeds voortgesit het. Ongeag die teenkanting van baie Europese geallieerdes, Rusland, die Volksrepubliek China en die meeste ander lande het Bush in Maart daarop aangedring dat Saddam Hoessein as president van Irak moet bedank en gelyktydig militêre optrede teen Irak aangekondig, indien Hoessein nie sou reageer nie. Op [[19 Maart]] [[2003]] het [[Britse]] en [[Amerikaanse Gewapende Magte]] hulle aanval op Irak begin. Teen die middel van April was die grootste deel van Irak onder beheer van die geallieerde magte. Daar is geen massavernietigingswapens ontdek nie, en Amerikaanse geheimediens-verslae, wat voor die oorlog die teenoorgestelde beweer het, het geblyk onjuis te wees. Die VSA en die Verenigde Koninkryk het hulle daarna aan die heropbou van Irak en die daarstelling van 'n demokratiese regering gewy. Parlementsverkiesings en 'n referendum oor 'n nuwe grondwet vir Irak is al in Januarie en Desember 2005 gehou, maar die politieke situasie in Irak het in die tydperk tussen 2004 en 2007 tot so 'n mate versleg dat internasionale waarnemers dit as 'n volskaalse burgeroorlog beskryf het. Die voortgesette geweldpleging van Islamitiese terreurgroepe, wat volgens godsdienstig-sektariese lyne verdeel is, het tienduisende slagoffers onder Irakse burgerlikes geëis. In [[2010]] het reeds meer as 4&nbsp;411 Amerikaanse soldate in Irak gesneuwel,<ref>http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf</ref> en die Demokratiese opposisie in die Amerikaanse Kongres het die druk op die Bush-regering verhoog om 'n tydplan vir die Amerikaanse troepe se onttrekking aan Irak vas te lê. In 'n toespraak op 10 Januarie 2007 het Bush aangekondig dat 'n bykomende 21&nbsp;500 Amerikaanse troepe ontplooi sou word, terwyl die ekonomiese probleme van Irak met 'n werkskeppingsprogram en meer voorstelle vir die heropbou van die land aangespreek sou word. Hiervoor is VS$ 1,2 miljard beskikbaar gestel. Op 1 Mei 2007 het Bush vir 'n tweede keer van sy vetoreg gebruik gemaak en 'n wetsontwerp van die Kongres ten opsigte van 'n tydlyn vir die onttrekking van Amerikaanse troepe verwerp.<ref>Stolberg, Sheryl Gay en Jeff Zeleny, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/02/washington/02policy.html?hp ''Bush Vetoes Bill Tying Iraq Funds to Exit''], ''The New York Times'', 1 Mei 2007</ref> == Verwysings == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} {{Verwysings|3}} {{Presidente van die VSA}} {{Time-persone van die jaar}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bush, George W.}} [[Kategorie:Presidente van die Verenigde State]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse goewerneurs]] [[Kategorie:Texas]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1946]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] q3ai48fs02f8i6385hh69gbav2z8uh1 0 18683 2517378 2429691 2022-08-04T09:48:29Z Pro Patria Museum 152477 /* Veldtogmedaljes */ Nuwe bladsy geskep wikitext text/x-wiki In [[1975]] het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering die [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 1952-1975| destyds bestaande reeks]] dekorasies en medaljes vir die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag]] ingrypend verander. Die meeste toekennings is afgeskaf, en nuwes is ingestel. Addisionele dekorasies en medaljes is tussen [[1987]] en [[1991]] ingestel. Hierdie reeks toekennings is in [[1994]] deur die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag]] oorgeneem en is in [[2003]] deur 'n heeltemaal [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 2003- | nuwe reeks]] vervang. Die dekorasies en medaljes word in voorrangorde gelys, beide ten opsigte van groepering en die indiwiduele toekennings, soos volg: * Dekorasies vir dapperheid, uitnemende leierskap, en voortreflike diens. * Veldtogmedaljes. * Herdenkingsmedaljes. * Medaljes vir troue diens. * Medaljes vir skietbedrewenheid. * 'n Embleem vir Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte. == Dekorasies == [[Lêer:Ribbon - Castle of Good Hope Decoration.gif|132px|regs]] '''Casteel de Goede Hoop-dekorasie''' (CGH) ([[1952]]-2003), vir buitengewone dapperheid of uitnemende dapperheid teen die vyand. 'n Goue kasteelvormige dekorasie wat die aankoms van drie seilskippe in [[Tafelbaai]] in [[1652]] uitbeeld. Dit hang aan 'n groen halslint. Die CGH is nooit toegeken nie. [[Lêer:Ribbon - Honoris Crux Diamond.gif|96px|regs]] '''Honoris Crux Diamant''' (HCD) (1975-[[1993]]), vir doodsveragtende roemryke dade van uitnemende heldemoed. 'n Goue malteserkruis, groen geëmailleerd met gekruiste swaarde tussen die arms en 'n oranje- wit- blou skyf omring met agt diamante in die middel. Die lint is oranjekleurig. Die HCD is nooit toegeken nie. [[Lêer:HCGlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Honoris Crux Goud''' (HCG) (1975-1993), vir uitnemende dapperheid in uiterste lewensgevaar. Dieselfde ontwerp as die HCD maar sonder die diamante. Dit hang aan 'n oranjekleurige lint met 'n wit middelstreep. Slegs 6 HCG's is toegeken, twee daarvan aan dieselfde persoon. [[Lêer:SSA2lint.gif|108px|regs]] '''Orde van die Ster van Suid-Afrika (Militêr): Goud''' (SSA) (1975-[[2002]]), vir voortreflike militêre diens deur opperoffisiere. 'n Goue malteserkruis, blou geëmailleerd, met proteablomme tussen die arms en 'n agtpuntige ster op die oppervlakte. Dit hang aan 'n blou halslint; by seremoniële geleenthede word die kenteken aan 'n goue ketting gehang. Daar is ook 'n agtpuntige borsster met die kenteken daarop. [[Lêer:SSASlint.gif|108px|regs]] '''Orde van die Ster van Suid-Afrika (Militêr): Silwer''' (SSAS) (1975-2002), vir besonder voortreflike diens deur opperoffisiere. Die kenteken en borsster is dieselfde ontwerp as die SSA s'n maar in silwer. Die halslint het 'n wit middelstreep. Gewoonlik is ontvangers van die SSAS na 'n paar jaar tot die SSA-klas bevorder. [[Lêer:HCSlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Honoris Crux Silwer''' (HCS) (1975-1993), vir buitengewone dapperheid in groot lewensgevaar. Dieselfde ontwerp as die HCG maar in silwer. Die lint is oranjekleurig met twee wit strepies. [[Lêer:Ribbon - Honoris Crux (1975).gif|96px|regs]] '''Honoris Crux''' (HC) - 2de Tipe (1975-2003), vir dapperheid terwyl in lewensgevaar. Dieselfde ontwerp as die HCS, maar wit-geëmailleerd. Dit hang aan 'n oranjekleurige lint met wit randstrepe. [[Lêer:PVDlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Pro Virtute-dekorasie''' (PVD) (1987-2003), vir onderskeidende gedrag en uitnemende gevegsleierskap deur offisiere te velde. 'n Vyfarmige goue malteserkruis, wit geëmailleerd, wat die landswapen op 'n rooi skyf in die middel vertoon. Die lint is oranjekleurig met blou randstrepe. [[Lêer:SDlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Suiderkruis-dekorasie''' (SD) (1975-2003), vir uitnemende diens van die hoogste gehalte deur offisiere. 'n Goue dubbele malteserkruis, wit geëmailleerd, met 'n donkerblou skyf wat die sterre van die Suiderkruis uitbeeld. Die lint is donkerblou met twee wit strepies. [[Lêer:PMDlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Pro Merito-dekorasie''' (PMD) (1975-2003), vir uitnemende diens van die hoogste gehalte deur onderoffisiere en manskappe: ekwivalent aan die SD. 'n Goue malteserkruis, wit geëmailleerd, met 'n donkerblou skyf wat 'n rooi disa uitbeeld. Die lint is donkerblou met 'n wit middelbaan. [[Lêer:Ribbon - Pro Virtute Medal.png|96px|regs]] '''Pro Virtute-medalje''' (PVM) (1987-2003), vir onderskeidende gedrag en uitnemende gevegsleierskap deur onderoffisiere en manskappe te velde: ekwivalent aan die PVD. 'n Silwer medalje wat 'n vyfarmige malteserkruis uitbeeld. Dit hang aan 'n oranjekleurige lint met twee blou middelstrepe. [[Lêer:Ribbon - Ad Astra Decoration.jpg|96px|regs]] '''Ad Astra-dekorasie''' (AAD) (1987-2003), vir uitnemende vliegkuns of voortreflike vernuf of vindingrykheid deur lugbemanningslede tydens nood of ongewone situasies. 'n Goue vyfpuntige ster met die lugmagembleem in die middel. Die lint is verdeel in ligblou en wit skuinsstrepe. [[Lêer:CMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Leërkruis''' (CM) (1991-2003), vir buitengewone moed, leierskap, vernuf, vindingrykheid or deursettingsvermoë deur [[Suid-Afrikaanse Leër]]-personeel in die hantering van personeel, wapentuig or ander uitrusting. 'n Silwerkruis wat die Leërembleem op 'n rooi skyf vertoon. Dit hang aan 'n wit lint met 'n rooi middelbaan. [[Lêer:CAlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Lugmagkruis''' (CA) (1991-2003), die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag]]-ekwivalent van die CM. Dieselfde ontwerp, maar met die SALM-embleem op 'n staalblou skyf. Die lint is wit met 'n staalblou middelbaan verdeel deur 'n goue strepie. [[Lêer:CNlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Vlootkruis''' (CN) (1991-2003), die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot]]-ekwivalent van die CM en CA. Dieselfde ontwerp, maar met die SAV-embleem op 'n vlootblou skyf. Die lint is wit met 'n vlootblou middelbaan. [[Lêer:CClint.gif|96px|regs]] '''SA Geneeskundige Diens-kruis''' (CC) (1991-2003), die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Geneeskundige Diens]]-ekwivalent van die CM, CA en CN. Dieselfde ontwerp, maar met die SAGD-embleem op 'n donkerrooi skyf. Die lint is wit met 'n donkerrooi middelbaan. [[Lêer:SM2lint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Suiderkruismedalje''' (SM) - 2de Tipe (1975-2003), vir buitengewone voortreflike diens deur offisiere. 'n Silwer medalje wat die sterre van die Suiderkruis op 'n donkerblou skyf omring deur strale uitbeeld. Dit hang aan 'n donkerblou lint met wit randstrepe en middelstrepies. [[Lêer:PMM2lint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Pro Merito-medalje''' (PMM) - 2de Tipe (1975-2003), vir buitengewone voortreflike diens deur onderoffisiere en manskappe: ekwivalent aan die SM. Dieselfde ontwerp as die SM, maar met 'n rooi disa pleks van die sterre op die blou skyf. Die lint is donkerblou met wit randstrepe en middelbaan. [[Lêer:DTMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Danie Theron-medalje''' (DTM) (1970-2003), vir buitengewoon ywerige en voortreflike diens deur alle range in die Kommando's. 'n Silwer medalje wat 'n arend op 'n bergpiek uitbeeld. Die lint is groen met drie geel bane. [[Lêer:Ribbon - Military Merit Medal (South Africa).png|96px|regs]] '''Militêre Merietemedalje''' (MMM) ([[1974]]-2003), vir diens van hoë gehalte. 'n [[Brons]] medalje met 'n uitgeskulpte rand wat die SAW-embleem uitbeeld. Die lint is [[vlootblou]], [[hemelblou]], [[Oranje (kleur)|oranje]], hemelblou, en vlootblou. Tot 1993 het die MMM as die "Hoof van die SAW se Aanprysingsmedalje" bekend gestaan. == Veldtogmedaljes == [[Lêer:PPMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''[[Pro Patria-medalje (1975)|Pro Patria-medalje]]''' (1974), vir diens ter verdediging van die Republiek of ter voorkoming of onderdrukking van terrorisme. Dit is gebruik as veldtogmedalje vir die [[1966]]-[[1989]] [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grensoorlog|Grensoorlog]]. 'n Agthoekige goudkleurige bronsmedalje wat 'n goue proteablom op 'n blou skyf uitbeeld. Die lint is oranjekleurig, met 'n wit streep naby elke rand en twee blou bane in die middel. 'n Gespe met die naam "Kunene" daarop is uitgereik aan diegene wat in [[1976]]-[[1977]] in [[Angola]] diens verrig het. [[Lêer:SAMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Suider-Afrika-medalje''' (1989), vir deelname aan militêre operasies buite die grense van Suid-Afrika en [[Suidwes-Afrika]] tussen 1976 en 1989, insluitend die [[1987]]-[[1988]] Angola-veldtog. 'n Agthoekige nikkelmedalje wat 'n jagluiperd uitbeeld. Die lint is geel met rooi randbane en 'n swart middelbaan verdeel deur 'n wit streep. Die medalje is gemunt uit die metaal van 'n Sowjettenk wat in Angola buitgemaak is. [[Lêer:ADMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Algemene Diensmedalje''' (1989), vir deelname aan operasies binne Suid-Afrika na [[1983]], bv die [[1985]]-[[1990]] noodtoestande. 'n Silwer medalje wat die SAW-embleem binne 'n lourierkrans uitbeeld. Dit hang aan 'n oranjekleurige lint met blou en wit randstrepe en 'n blou middelstreep. == Herdenkingmedalje == [[Lêer:UNMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Unitas-medalje''' (1994), uitgereik om die samesmelting van die SAW, die bevrydingsleërs, en die tuislandweermagte in 1994 te herdenk. 'n Bronsmedalje wat 'n sewepuntige ster met die Griekse letter ''alpha'' daarop vertoon. Die lint is ligblou met 'n donkergroen middelbaan tussen twee wit strepe. == Medaljes vir troue diens == [[Lêer:Ribbon - Medal for Distinguished Conduct & Loyal Service 1.gif|96px|regs]][[Lêer:Ribbon - Medal for Distinguished Conduct & Loyal Service 3.gif|96px|regs]] '''Medalje vir Uitnemende Gedrag en Toegewyde Diens''' (1987-2003), vir 40 jaar diens. 'n Nege [[karaat]] goue medalje wat die landswapen vertoon. Dit hang aan 'n donkergroen lint met 'n middelbaan in die kleure van die landsvlag: oranje- wit- blou tot 1994, en rooi- wit- swart- geel- blou daarna. [[Lêer:MTDGlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Medalje vir Troue Diens: Goud''' (1975-2003), vir 30 jaar diens. Tot 1993, is die medalje aan alle SAW-lede beskikbaar, maar daarna is dit tot Staande Maglede beperk. 'n Vergulde silwer medalje met 'n uitgeskulpte rand, wat die landswapen vertoon. Die lint is donkergroen met twee geel bane. [[Lêer:MTDSlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Medalje vir Troue Diens: Silwer''' (1975-2003), vir 20 jaar diens. Tot 1993, is die medalje aan alle SAW-lede beskikbaar, maar daarna is dit tot Staande Maglede beperk. Dieselfde ontwerp as die goue medalje maar in silwer. Die lint is wit met twee donkergroen bane. [[Lêer:Ribbon - John Chard Decoration.png|96px|regs]] '''John Chard-dekorasie''' (JCD) (1952-2003), vir 20 jaar diens in die Burgermag. 'n Gespe kon na 30 jaar diens bygevoeg word. 'n Ovaalvormige silwer medalje wat die sendingstasie by [[Rorke's Drift]] uitbeeld. Die lint is rooi met blou en wit randstrepe. [[Lêer:DWDlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''De Wet-dekorasie''' (DWD) (1965-2003), vir 20 jaar diens in die Kommando's. Tot [[1986]] is die DWD slegs aan offisiere toegeken. 'n Gespe kon na 30 jaar diens bygevoeg word. 'n Silwer medalje wat genl [[Christiaan de Wet]] op sy perd uitbeeld. Dit hang aan 'n geel lint met groen en wit randstrepe en 'n blou middelbaan. [[Lêer:JCMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''John Chard-medalje''' (1952-2003), vir 12 jaar (tot [[1986]]) or 10 jaar diens in die Burgermag. Na 20 jaar diens het 'n ontvanger hiervan vir die John Chard-dekorasie gekwalifiseer. Dieselfde ontwerp as die JCD, maar in brons. [[Lêer:MTDBlint2.gif|96px|regs]] '''Medalje vir Troue Diens: Brons''' (1975-2003), vir 10 jaar diens. Tot 1993, is die medalje aan alle SAW-lede beskikbaar, maar daarna is dit tot Staande Maglede beperk. Dieselfde ontwerp as die goud- en silwerklasse, maar in brons. Die lint is bronskleurig met 'n donkergroen middelbaan. [[Lêer:DWMlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''De Wet-medalje''' (1987-2003), vir 10 jaar diens in die Kommando's. Na 20 jaar diens het 'n ontvanger hiervan vir die De Wet-dekorasie gekwalifiseer. Dieselfde ontwerp as die DWD, maar in brons. Die lint is blou, met groen en wit randstrepe en 'n geel middelbaan. == Medaljes vir skietbedrewenheid == [[Lêer:Ribbon - SADF Champion Shot Medal.png|x29px|regs]] '''SAW-kampioenskutmedalje''' (1975-2003), vir die wenners in vier kategorieë van die jaarlikse SAW-skietkampioenskap. 'n Silwer medalje wat 'n skietbaan in die middel van 'n vyfpuntige ster uitbeeld. Die lint is hemelsblou, oranje, vlootblou, oranje, en hemelsblou. [[Lêer:KKKlint.gif|96px|regs]] '''Kadetkorps-kampioenskutmedalje''' (1987-2003), vir die wenners van die jaarlikse skietkampioenskappe vir skoolkadette, is 'n nikkelsilwer medalje wat 'n pronkende [[springbok]] uitbeeld. Die lint is goudkleurig met groen randstrepe. == Embleem == [[Lêer:Ribbon - Pro Patria Medal & Mentioned in Dispatches.png|x29px|regs]] '''Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte''' (1967-2003), vir dapperheid te velde wat nie vir 'n dekorasie kwalifiseer nie. 'n Miniatuur brons landswapen wat aan die lint van die relevante veldtogmedalje vasgemaak is. Die voorbeeld toon dit op die lint van die Pro Patria-medalje. == Verwysings == * Alexander, E. G. M., Barron G. K. B. and Bateman, A. J. (1986). ''South African Orders, Decorations and Medals''. Human and Rousseau. * Monick, S, (1988). ''South African Military Awards 1912-1987''. South African National Museum of Military History. * Uys, Ian. (1992). ''Cross of Honour''. Uys Publishers. == Kyk ook == * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse ordes, dekorasies en medaljes]] * [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies en medaljes]] * [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 1952-1975]] * [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre dekorasies: 2003- ]] * [[Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag]] == Eksterne skakels == * [http://samw.hwmw.net46.net South African Medals Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506044954/http://samw.hwmw.net46.net/ |date= 6 Mei 2013 }} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse ordes en dekorasies|1975-2003]] ivw12iu07me64af1hzx8yit3xg0knhl 0 21346 2517322 2508738 2022-08-04T06:58:45Z Puvircho 6492 /* Pryse */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Akedamieberig.jpg|duimnael|regs|300px|Dié berig oor die Akademie se stigting het in die koerant ''Het Westen'' verskyn]] [[File:Jaarvergadering van die SA Akademie vir Taal, Lettere en Kuns, 20 Oktober 1934.jpg|thumb|300px|Jaarvergadering van die SA Akademie vir Taal, Lettere en Kuns, 1934]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns''' is 'n multidissiplinêre organisasie wat hom beywer vir die bevordering van wetenskap, tegnologie en kunste in Afrikaans, asook die bevordering van die gebruik en gehalte van Afrikaans. Die [[Hertzogprys]] word jaarliks vir 'n hoogstaande letterkundige werk toegeken. == Ontstaan == Die inisiatief vir die stigting van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns het gekom van genl. [[J.B.M. Hertzog]]. Hertzog was 'n besonder groot kampvegter vir die Nederlands-Afrikaanse taal. Hy het voorgestel "''dat een lichaam in 't leven worde geroepen ter bevordering van de Hollandse taal en letteren in Zuid-Afrika''". Op 2 Julie [[1909]], terwyl die [[Nasionale Konvensie]] in [[Bloemfontein]] onderweg was, kom die eerste 30 lede van die liggaam byeen om die Zuid-Afrikaanse Akademie voor Taal, Letteren en Kunst te stig. Die doel van die akademie was: "''De handhaving en bevordering van de Hollandse Taal en Letteren, en van de Zuid-Afrikaanse Geschiedenis, Oudheidkunde en Kunst''", met 'n byvoeging: "''Onder 't Hollands wordt verstaan: beide taalvormen gebruiklijk in Zuid-Afrika''". Die primêre doel van die Akademie was aanvanklik om [[Nederlands]], maar ook [[Afrikaans]] te bevorder. Die naam van die Akademie is in [[1942]] gewysig na die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns toe 'n nuwe fakulteit 'natuurwetenskap en tegniek' geskep is. == Werksaamhede == Sedertdien was dit verantwoordelik vir die totstandkoming van onder meer die [[Stigting Simon van der Stel]] en die [[Afrika-instituut]]. Voorts beywer die Akademie hom daarvoor om belangstelling in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis, oudhede, kuns en Afrikaanse taal en letterkunde te bevorder. Die Akademie het deur die jare bekend geword weens die gereelde toekenning van literêre pryse (waarvan die [[Hertzogprys]] die bekendste is), en ander prestigepryse soos die [[N.P. van Wyk Louw]]-medalje. Die [[Taalkommissie]] van die S.A. Akademie is belas met die taak om gesaghebbende uitsprake oor Afrikaans te lewer. In die begin het die vaslegging van 'n uniforme spelling vir Afrikaans byna al die kommissie se tyd in beslag geneem, maar mettertyd het hy al hoe meer terreine van die taalgebruik betree. Die kommissie se werkswyse deur die jare het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat sy spelreëls allerweë as gesaghebbend aanvaar word. Sy besluite word van tyd tot tyd in die ''[[Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls]]'' gepubliseer. Die agtste uitgawe was in [[1991]], die negende in [[2002]] en die tiende in [[2009]]. Vanaf 2019 is Prof. [[Anne-Marie Beukes]] die [[Hoof- uitvoerende beampte]]. == Voorsitters == [[Lêer:Ds A Moorrees.jpg|duimnael|regs|200px|Ds. [[Adriaan Moorrees]], tweede voorsitter.]] [[Lêer:Mev EG Jansen.jpg|duimnael|regs|200px|[[Mabel Jansen]] (gebore Pellissier), die Akademie se eerste vroulike lid.]] {{div col|colwidth=26em}} * Pres. [[M.T. Steyn]] (1909-1916) * Prof. [[Adriaan Moorrees]] (1917-1922) * Dr. [[Frans Engelenburg|F.V. Engelenburg]] (1923-1925) * Prof. [[D.F. Malherbe]] (1925-1927) * Sen. [[F.S. Malan]] (1927-1930) * Dr. F.V. Engelenburg (1930-1932) * Prof. D.F. Malherbe (1932-1934) * Sen. F.S. Malan (1936-1936) * Dr. [[E.G. Jansen]] (1937-1938) * Dr. [[Samuel Henri Pellissier|S.H. Pellissier]] (1939-1946) * Dr. J.K. Marais (1946-1949) * Prof. [[S.P.E. Boshoff]] (1949-1950) * Prof. T.H. le Roux (1950-1952) * Dr. T.E.W. Schumann (1952-1955) * Prof. F.E.J. Malherbe (1955-1958) * Dr. F.J. de Villiers (1958-1961) * Prof. [[Paul Weiss|P.F.D. Weiss]] (1961-1963) * Dr. A.J.A. Roux (1963-1965) * Prof. [[P.J. Nienaber]] (1965-1967) * Dr. [[Stefan Meiring Naudé|S. Meiring Naudé]] (1967-1969) * Prof. G. Cronjé (1969-1971) * Prof. H.L. de Waal (1971-1973) * Prof. Gerhard J. Beukes (1973-1975) * Dr. C van der Merwe Brink (1975-1977) * Prof. [[A.P. Grové]] (1977-1979) * Prof. H.W. Snyman (1979-1981) * Prof. F.C. Fensham (1981-1983) * Dr. C.F. Garbers (1983-1985) * Prof. [[Johan Heyns|J.A. Heyns]] (1985-1987) * Dr. R.R. Arndt (1987-1989) * Prof. [[Elize Botha]] (1989-1991) (Eerste vroulike voorsitter) * Dr. L. Alberts (1991-1993) * Prof. W.T. Claassen (1993-1995) * Prof. F.P. Retief (1995-1997) * Prof. L.M. Brümmer (1997-1999) * Prof. P.H. Kapp (1999-2001) * Prof. T. Erasmus (2001-2005) * Prof. [[H.P. van Coller]] (2005-2009) * Dr. W. van Zyl de Villiers (2009-2011) * Prof. [[Wannie Carstens|W.A.M. Carstens]] (2011-2014) * Prof. W.J. Pienaar (2014-2017) * Prof. Irma Eloff (2017-2020) * Prof. Oppel Greeff (2020- ) {{div col end}} == Hoof- Uitvoerende Beamptes (HUB) == Die HUB is aanvanklik eers Sekretaris, later Hoofsekretaris genoem en tans Hoof- Uitvoerende Beampte. * Prof. G. Knothe (1910-1916) * Dr. W.M.R. Malherbe (1916-1922) * Dr. [[Gustav Preller|G.S. Preller]] (1923-1927) * Dr. [[Daniël Bosman|D.B. Bosman]] (1927-1929) * Prof. [[S.P. Engelbrecht]] (1930-1932) * Mnr. [[Johannes Rabie|J.S.M. Rabie]] (1932-1934) * Mnr. I.M. Lombard (1934-1947) * Dr. [[Frederik Bosman|F.C.L. Bosman]] (1948-1958) * Dr. M.S. du Buisson (1958-1962) * Mnr. D.P. Goosen (1962-1967) * Mnr. D.J. van Niekerk (1968-1974) * Dr. D.J.C. Geldenhuys (1975-1997) * Dr. J.B.Z. Louw (1997-2000) * Prof. Lawrey McFarlane (2001-2005) * Prof. J. van der Elst (2005-2012) * Dr. D. Prinsloo (2012-2019) * Prof. [[Anne-Marie Beukes]] (2019- ) == Erelede == [[Beeld:TJ Haarhoff.jpg|duimnael|regs|180px|Prof. [[T.J. Haarhoff]] is in 1969 as erelid van die Akademie benoem.]] Erelidmaatskap van die Akademie word as ’n besonder hoë eer beskou, alhoewel dit met geen prys of penning gepaardgaan nie. ’n Persoon word tot erelid van die Akademie benoem ter erkenning van buitengewone dienste aan Suid-Afrika, aan die Afrikaanse taal, of aan die Akademie in die besonder. {{div col|colwidth=26em}} * [[1909]] – Pres. [[Francis William Reitz|F.W. Reitz]] * [[1912]] – Prof. J.I. Marais * [[1917]] – Prof. [[P.J.G. de Vos]]; [[C.P. Hoogenhout]] * [[1918]] – [[D.F. du Toit]] * [[1919]] – [[Jan Volschenk|J.E.A. Volschenk]] * [[1921]] – G.J. Malherbe * [[1922]] – [[Marinus Stucki|M.J. Stucki]]; [[G.R. von Wielligh]] * [[1927]] – Dr. [[John Daniel Kestell|J.D. Kestell]]; prof. [[Adriaan Moorrees]] * [[1930]] – [[Jan F.E. Celliers]] * [[1931]] – Dr. [[Willem Johannes Leyds|W.J. Leyds]] * [[1935]] – Prof. D.C. Hesseling; J.S.M. Rabie * [[1938]] – Prof. J.W. Pont * [[1941]] – Prof. [[Totius|J.D. du Toit]]; prof. [[Adriaan Francken|A. Francken]]; genl. [[Barry Hertzog|J.B.M. Hertzog]]; sen. [[F. S. Malan|F.S. Malan]]; [[Anton van Wouw]] * [[1942]] – [[Gustav Preller|G.S. Preller]] * [[1947]] – Prof. [[G. Besselaar]]; mnr. [[Nicolaas Havenga|N.C. Havenga]]; dr. [[Fritz Krause|F.E.T. Krause]] * [[1951]] – [[Jochem van Bruggen]] * [[1953]] – Dr. [[E.G. Jansen]]; dr. [[Daniël François Malan|D.F. Malan]]; dr. [[M.E.R.|M.E. Rothmann]] * [[1955]] – Adv. [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] * [[1956]] – Dr. Hans Vedder * [[1957]] – [[Gerard Moerdyk]], [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef|J.H. Pierneef]] * [[1959]] – [[Bosman di Ravelli|J.G.H. Bosman]]; prof. [[Bennie Keet|B.B. Keet]]; [[Maggie Laubser]]; dr. [[Hendrik Verwoerd|H.F. Verwoerd]] * [[1960]] – Staatspres. [[Charles Robberts Swart|C.R. Swart]] * [[1961]] – Prof. T.H. le Roux; sen. [[Chris van Niekerk (politikus)|C.A. van Niekerk]] * [[1962]] – Prof. M.R. Breyne; sen. [[Jan de Klerk]]; dr. [[Eben Dönges|T.E. Dönges]] * [[1963]] – Prof. [[S.P.E. Boshoff]]; mnr. I.M. Lombard; [[N.P. van Wyk Louw]]; prof. [[D.F. Malherbe]]; prof. D.F. du T. Malherbe; dr. T.E.W. Schumann * [[1965]] – Dr. F.J. de Villiers; F.H. Odendaal; dr. [[Samuel Henri Pellissier|S. Henri Pellissier]] * [[1966]] – Dr. [[F.C.L. Bosman]]; adv. [[John Vorster|B.J. Vorster]] * [[1968]] – Staatspres. [[Jim Fouché|J.J. Fouché]]; dr. Jan van den Berg * [[1969]] – Prof. [[Gerrit Dekker|G. Dekker]]; prof. C.G.S. de Villiers; dr. A.L. Geyser; prof. [[T.J. Haarhoff]]; dr. [[L.W. Hiemstra]]; dr. J.E. Holloway; mev. [[Mabel Jansen|M.M. Jansen]]; dr. [[Albertus Daniel Keet|A.D. Keet]]; prof. F.E.J. Malherbe; dr. H.O. Mönnig; dr. H.J. van Eck * [[1970]] – [[Dr. S.J. du Toit]] * [[1971]] – Prof. G.S. Nienaber; prof. [[Hendrik Gerhardus Stoker|H.G. Stoker]] * [[1972]] – [[Johannes du Plessis Scholtz|Prof. J. du P. Scholtz]] * [[1973]] – Prof. [[M.S.B. Kritzinger]]; dr. [[Theo Wassenaar]] * [[1974]] – Dr. C.F. Krige * [[1975]] – Dr. [[Nic Diederichs|N. Diederichs]] * [[1977]] – Dr. [[Stefan Meiring Naudé|S. Meiring Naudé]] * [[1978]] – Dr. A.J.A. Roux; dr. R.L. Straszacker * [[1980]] – Dr. P.J. Meyer * [[1981]] – Prof. G. Cronjé; prof. C.H. Rautenbach; prof. [[Hendrik Bernardus Thom|H.B. Thom]] * [[1983]] – Prof. [[Willem Kempen|W. Kempen]]; prof. [[D.J. Opperman]]; prof. M. Versfeld * [[1984]] – Prof. Gerhard J. Beukes; prof. [[P.J. Nienaber]]; staatspres. [[Marais Viljoen]] * [[1987]] – Staatspres. [[P. W. Botha|P.W. Botha]]; regter V.G. Hiemstra; prof. H.W. Snyman * [[1988]] – Dr. W.L. Grant * [[1989]] – Hoofregter P.J. Rabie * [[1991]] – Prof. [[P.J. Cillié]]; [[Elisabeth Eybers]]; prof. [[Ernst van Heerden]] * [[1993]] – Prof. H.P. van der Schijff * [[1994]] – Mev. [[Audrey Blignault|Audrey (Blignault) de Villiers]] * [[1995]] – Prof. P.W. Hoek; mev. [[Alba Bouwer|A.M. Hofmeyr]] * [[1996]] – Prof. E.P. Groenewald; prof. A.P. Grové; dr. D.G. Roos * [[2001]] – Dr. Louw Alberts; dr. [[Anton Rupert|A.E. Rupert]] * [[2002]] – Mev. [[Mimi Coertse]] * [[2003]] – Dr. C.F. Garbers; prof. Réna Pretorius * [[2004]] – Prof. [[Elize Botha]] * [[2006]] – Prof. A.J. Brink; prof. A.H. van Wyk * [[2007]] – Dr. [[Bettie Cilliers-Barnard]]; prof. [[Jakes Gerwel|G.J. Gerwel]]; prof. P.H. Kapp; dr. Franklin Sonn * [[2008]] – Dr. R.R. Arndt; prof. [[T.T. Cloete]]; prof. [[Stefans Grové|S. Grové]]; prof. P. Smit * [[2009]] – Oudpres. [[F.W. de Klerk]]; oudpres. [[Nelson Mandela|N.R. Mandela]]; hoogeerwaarde [[Desmond Tutu]] * [[2014]] – Prof. Theuns Erasmus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.litnet.co.za/suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2014/ |title=Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns: Bekronings 2014 |format=html |date=28 Maart 2014 |access-date=1 Julie 2016 |publisher=Litnet |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009120408/https://www.litnet.co.za/suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2014/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[2015]] – Prof. [[Jaap Steyn|J.C. Steyn]] * [[2016]] – Prof. [[Adam Small]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.litnet.co.za/die-raad-van-die-suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2016/ |title=Die Raad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns: Bekronings 2016 |format=html |date=31 Maart 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Litnet |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111846/https://www.litnet.co.za/die-raad-van-die-suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2016/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[2020]] – Prof. Jacques van der Elst<ref>{{cite web |title=SA Akademie-pryse vir 2020 toegeken |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/afrikaans/sa-akademie-pryse-vir-2020-toegeken/ |publisher=Maroela Media |access-date=22 Mei 2020 |date=21 Mei 2020 |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527014241/https://maroelamedia.co.za/afrikaans/sa-akademie-pryse-vir-2020-toegeken/ |archive-date=27 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{div col end}} == Toekennings == Pryse, erepennings, medaljes en beurse wat deur die Akademie toegeken word/is word hier onder genoem. === Pryse === * [[Hertzogprys]] * [[Eugène Maraisprys]] * [[Scheepersprys vir Jeugliteratuur]] * [[SA Akademieprys vir Vertaalde Werk]] * [[Alba Bouwerprys vir Kinderliteratuur]] * [[Elsabe Steenbergprys vir Vertaalde Kinder- en Jeugliteratuur in Afrikaans]] * [[C.J. Langenhovenprys vir Taalwetenskap]] * [[Gustav Prellerprys vir Literatuurwetenskap en Letterkundige Kritiek]] * [[Toon van den Heeverprys vir Regswetenskap]] * [[D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys vir Genealogiese Navorsing]] * [[Stalsprys]]e * [[Totiusprys vir Teologie en die studie van die grondtale van die Bybel]] * [[Jacques van der Elstprys vir beste artikel in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe]] * [[Samuel Edward Mqhayiprys]] * [[Olive Schreinerprys vir Engelse Letterkunde]] * Poortkompetisie (PUK-Kanselierstrustprys) * [[Havengaprys]]e * [[Albert Stratingprys vir Voorkomende Geneeskunde]] * [[FARMOVS-prys vir Farmakologie en Geneesmiddelontwikkeling]] * [[Douw Greeffprys]] * [[Esther Greeffprys]] * [[Louis Hiemstraprys vir Niefiksie]] * [[Huberte Rupertprys vir Klassieke Musiek]] * [[C.L. Engelbrechtprys]] * [[Protea Boekhuisprys]] * [[Poortprys]] === Medaljes === * [[Tienie Hollowaymedalje vir Kleuterliteratuur]] * [[Markus Viljoenmedalje vir Joernalistieke Prestasie]] * [[D.F. Malanmedalje]] * [[Ds. Pieter van Drimmelenmedalje]] * [[N.P. van Wyk Louw-medalje]] * [[Elizabeth C. Steijnmedalje]] * [[Frans du Toitmedalje vir Bedryfsleiding]] * [[Transnetmedalje]] * [[Goue Akademiemedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie]] * [[M.T. Steynmedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie]] * [[Senior Kaptein Scottmedalje]] * [[Junior Kaptein Scottmedalje]] * [[Christo Wiese-medalje vir Bedryfsleiding]] === Erepennings === * Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorspele en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorbeelde * Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Televisiedramas en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Dokumentêre Televisieprogramme * Erepenning van die Akademie * Erepenning vir Wetenskaplike Vakbevordering * Erepenning van die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie === Ander === * [[Elisabeth Eybersbeurs]] * Spesiale Oorkondes == Bronne == * Combrink, Johan en Spies, Johan. ''Sakboek van regte Afrikaans'', Tafelberg, Kaapstad, 1994 * Schirmer, Peter. ''Die beknopte geïllustreerde ensiklopedie van Suid-Afrika'', Sentrale Nuusagentskap (Edms.) Bpk., Johannesburg, 1981 * Kapp, Pieter (P.H.). ''Draer van 'n droom: Die geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns 1909–2009'', Hemel & See Boeke, Hermanus, 2009 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.akademie.co.za/ Die Akademie se webwerf] * [http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/rapport/2001/11/25/8/14.html ''Akademie skrik nie meer vir storms'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Rapport]]'', [[25 November]] [[2001]] {{SA Akademie}} [[Kategorie:Akademie]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaans]] [[Kategorie:SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns|SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] j3gszoaqnc18rv1zt7airrxcr39l59d 2517328 2517322 2022-08-04T07:08:34Z Puvircho 6492 /* Pryse */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Akedamieberig.jpg|duimnael|regs|300px|Dié berig oor die Akademie se stigting het in die koerant ''Het Westen'' verskyn]] [[File:Jaarvergadering van die SA Akademie vir Taal, Lettere en Kuns, 20 Oktober 1934.jpg|thumb|300px|Jaarvergadering van die SA Akademie vir Taal, Lettere en Kuns, 1934]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns''' is 'n multidissiplinêre organisasie wat hom beywer vir die bevordering van wetenskap, tegnologie en kunste in Afrikaans, asook die bevordering van die gebruik en gehalte van Afrikaans. Die [[Hertzogprys]] word jaarliks vir 'n hoogstaande letterkundige werk toegeken. == Ontstaan == Die inisiatief vir die stigting van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns het gekom van genl. [[J.B.M. Hertzog]]. Hertzog was 'n besonder groot kampvegter vir die Nederlands-Afrikaanse taal. Hy het voorgestel "''dat een lichaam in 't leven worde geroepen ter bevordering van de Hollandse taal en letteren in Zuid-Afrika''". Op 2 Julie [[1909]], terwyl die [[Nasionale Konvensie]] in [[Bloemfontein]] onderweg was, kom die eerste 30 lede van die liggaam byeen om die Zuid-Afrikaanse Akademie voor Taal, Letteren en Kunst te stig. Die doel van die akademie was: "''De handhaving en bevordering van de Hollandse Taal en Letteren, en van de Zuid-Afrikaanse Geschiedenis, Oudheidkunde en Kunst''", met 'n byvoeging: "''Onder 't Hollands wordt verstaan: beide taalvormen gebruiklijk in Zuid-Afrika''". Die primêre doel van die Akademie was aanvanklik om [[Nederlands]], maar ook [[Afrikaans]] te bevorder. Die naam van die Akademie is in [[1942]] gewysig na die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns toe 'n nuwe fakulteit 'natuurwetenskap en tegniek' geskep is. == Werksaamhede == Sedertdien was dit verantwoordelik vir die totstandkoming van onder meer die [[Stigting Simon van der Stel]] en die [[Afrika-instituut]]. Voorts beywer die Akademie hom daarvoor om belangstelling in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis, oudhede, kuns en Afrikaanse taal en letterkunde te bevorder. Die Akademie het deur die jare bekend geword weens die gereelde toekenning van literêre pryse (waarvan die [[Hertzogprys]] die bekendste is), en ander prestigepryse soos die [[N.P. van Wyk Louw]]-medalje. Die [[Taalkommissie]] van die S.A. Akademie is belas met die taak om gesaghebbende uitsprake oor Afrikaans te lewer. In die begin het die vaslegging van 'n uniforme spelling vir Afrikaans byna al die kommissie se tyd in beslag geneem, maar mettertyd het hy al hoe meer terreine van die taalgebruik betree. Die kommissie se werkswyse deur die jare het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat sy spelreëls allerweë as gesaghebbend aanvaar word. Sy besluite word van tyd tot tyd in die ''[[Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls]]'' gepubliseer. Die agtste uitgawe was in [[1991]], die negende in [[2002]] en die tiende in [[2009]]. Vanaf 2019 is Prof. [[Anne-Marie Beukes]] die [[Hoof- uitvoerende beampte]]. == Voorsitters == [[Lêer:Ds A Moorrees.jpg|duimnael|regs|200px|Ds. [[Adriaan Moorrees]], tweede voorsitter.]] [[Lêer:Mev EG Jansen.jpg|duimnael|regs|200px|[[Mabel Jansen]] (gebore Pellissier), die Akademie se eerste vroulike lid.]] {{div col|colwidth=26em}} * Pres. [[M.T. Steyn]] (1909-1916) * Prof. [[Adriaan Moorrees]] (1917-1922) * Dr. [[Frans Engelenburg|F.V. Engelenburg]] (1923-1925) * Prof. [[D.F. Malherbe]] (1925-1927) * Sen. [[F.S. Malan]] (1927-1930) * Dr. F.V. Engelenburg (1930-1932) * Prof. D.F. Malherbe (1932-1934) * Sen. F.S. Malan (1936-1936) * Dr. [[E.G. Jansen]] (1937-1938) * Dr. [[Samuel Henri Pellissier|S.H. Pellissier]] (1939-1946) * Dr. J.K. Marais (1946-1949) * Prof. [[S.P.E. Boshoff]] (1949-1950) * Prof. T.H. le Roux (1950-1952) * Dr. T.E.W. Schumann (1952-1955) * Prof. F.E.J. Malherbe (1955-1958) * Dr. F.J. de Villiers (1958-1961) * Prof. [[Paul Weiss|P.F.D. Weiss]] (1961-1963) * Dr. A.J.A. Roux (1963-1965) * Prof. [[P.J. Nienaber]] (1965-1967) * Dr. [[Stefan Meiring Naudé|S. Meiring Naudé]] (1967-1969) * Prof. G. Cronjé (1969-1971) * Prof. H.L. de Waal (1971-1973) * Prof. Gerhard J. Beukes (1973-1975) * Dr. C van der Merwe Brink (1975-1977) * Prof. [[A.P. Grové]] (1977-1979) * Prof. H.W. Snyman (1979-1981) * Prof. F.C. Fensham (1981-1983) * Dr. C.F. Garbers (1983-1985) * Prof. [[Johan Heyns|J.A. Heyns]] (1985-1987) * Dr. R.R. Arndt (1987-1989) * Prof. [[Elize Botha]] (1989-1991) (Eerste vroulike voorsitter) * Dr. L. Alberts (1991-1993) * Prof. W.T. Claassen (1993-1995) * Prof. F.P. Retief (1995-1997) * Prof. L.M. Brümmer (1997-1999) * Prof. P.H. Kapp (1999-2001) * Prof. T. Erasmus (2001-2005) * Prof. [[H.P. van Coller]] (2005-2009) * Dr. W. van Zyl de Villiers (2009-2011) * Prof. [[Wannie Carstens|W.A.M. Carstens]] (2011-2014) * Prof. W.J. Pienaar (2014-2017) * Prof. Irma Eloff (2017-2020) * Prof. Oppel Greeff (2020- ) {{div col end}} == Hoof- Uitvoerende Beamptes (HUB) == Die HUB is aanvanklik eers Sekretaris, later Hoofsekretaris genoem en tans Hoof- Uitvoerende Beampte. * Prof. G. Knothe (1910-1916) * Dr. W.M.R. Malherbe (1916-1922) * Dr. [[Gustav Preller|G.S. Preller]] (1923-1927) * Dr. [[Daniël Bosman|D.B. Bosman]] (1927-1929) * Prof. [[S.P. Engelbrecht]] (1930-1932) * Mnr. [[Johannes Rabie|J.S.M. Rabie]] (1932-1934) * Mnr. I.M. Lombard (1934-1947) * Dr. [[Frederik Bosman|F.C.L. Bosman]] (1948-1958) * Dr. M.S. du Buisson (1958-1962) * Mnr. D.P. Goosen (1962-1967) * Mnr. D.J. van Niekerk (1968-1974) * Dr. D.J.C. Geldenhuys (1975-1997) * Dr. J.B.Z. Louw (1997-2000) * Prof. Lawrey McFarlane (2001-2005) * Prof. J. van der Elst (2005-2012) * Dr. D. Prinsloo (2012-2019) * Prof. [[Anne-Marie Beukes]] (2019- ) == Erelede == [[Beeld:TJ Haarhoff.jpg|duimnael|regs|180px|Prof. [[T.J. Haarhoff]] is in 1969 as erelid van die Akademie benoem.]] Erelidmaatskap van die Akademie word as ’n besonder hoë eer beskou, alhoewel dit met geen prys of penning gepaardgaan nie. ’n Persoon word tot erelid van die Akademie benoem ter erkenning van buitengewone dienste aan Suid-Afrika, aan die Afrikaanse taal, of aan die Akademie in die besonder. {{div col|colwidth=26em}} * [[1909]] – Pres. [[Francis William Reitz|F.W. Reitz]] * [[1912]] – Prof. J.I. Marais * [[1917]] – Prof. [[P.J.G. de Vos]]; [[C.P. Hoogenhout]] * [[1918]] – [[D.F. du Toit]] * [[1919]] – [[Jan Volschenk|J.E.A. Volschenk]] * [[1921]] – G.J. Malherbe * [[1922]] – [[Marinus Stucki|M.J. Stucki]]; [[G.R. von Wielligh]] * [[1927]] – Dr. [[John Daniel Kestell|J.D. Kestell]]; prof. [[Adriaan Moorrees]] * [[1930]] – [[Jan F.E. Celliers]] * [[1931]] – Dr. [[Willem Johannes Leyds|W.J. Leyds]] * [[1935]] – Prof. D.C. Hesseling; J.S.M. Rabie * [[1938]] – Prof. J.W. Pont * [[1941]] – Prof. [[Totius|J.D. du Toit]]; prof. [[Adriaan Francken|A. Francken]]; genl. [[Barry Hertzog|J.B.M. Hertzog]]; sen. [[F. S. Malan|F.S. Malan]]; [[Anton van Wouw]] * [[1942]] – [[Gustav Preller|G.S. Preller]] * [[1947]] – Prof. [[G. Besselaar]]; mnr. [[Nicolaas Havenga|N.C. Havenga]]; dr. [[Fritz Krause|F.E.T. Krause]] * [[1951]] – [[Jochem van Bruggen]] * [[1953]] – Dr. [[E.G. Jansen]]; dr. [[Daniël François Malan|D.F. Malan]]; dr. [[M.E.R.|M.E. Rothmann]] * [[1955]] – Adv. [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J.G. Strijdom]] * [[1956]] – Dr. Hans Vedder * [[1957]] – [[Gerard Moerdyk]], [[Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef|J.H. Pierneef]] * [[1959]] – [[Bosman di Ravelli|J.G.H. Bosman]]; prof. [[Bennie Keet|B.B. Keet]]; [[Maggie Laubser]]; dr. [[Hendrik Verwoerd|H.F. Verwoerd]] * [[1960]] – Staatspres. [[Charles Robberts Swart|C.R. Swart]] * [[1961]] – Prof. T.H. le Roux; sen. [[Chris van Niekerk (politikus)|C.A. van Niekerk]] * [[1962]] – Prof. M.R. Breyne; sen. [[Jan de Klerk]]; dr. [[Eben Dönges|T.E. Dönges]] * [[1963]] – Prof. [[S.P.E. Boshoff]]; mnr. I.M. Lombard; [[N.P. van Wyk Louw]]; prof. [[D.F. Malherbe]]; prof. D.F. du T. Malherbe; dr. T.E.W. Schumann * [[1965]] – Dr. F.J. de Villiers; F.H. Odendaal; dr. [[Samuel Henri Pellissier|S. Henri Pellissier]] * [[1966]] – Dr. [[F.C.L. Bosman]]; adv. [[John Vorster|B.J. Vorster]] * [[1968]] – Staatspres. [[Jim Fouché|J.J. Fouché]]; dr. Jan van den Berg * [[1969]] – Prof. [[Gerrit Dekker|G. Dekker]]; prof. C.G.S. de Villiers; dr. A.L. Geyser; prof. [[T.J. Haarhoff]]; dr. [[L.W. Hiemstra]]; dr. J.E. Holloway; mev. [[Mabel Jansen|M.M. Jansen]]; dr. [[Albertus Daniel Keet|A.D. Keet]]; prof. F.E.J. Malherbe; dr. H.O. Mönnig; dr. H.J. van Eck * [[1970]] – [[Dr. S.J. du Toit]] * [[1971]] – Prof. G.S. Nienaber; prof. [[Hendrik Gerhardus Stoker|H.G. Stoker]] * [[1972]] – [[Johannes du Plessis Scholtz|Prof. J. du P. Scholtz]] * [[1973]] – Prof. [[M.S.B. Kritzinger]]; dr. [[Theo Wassenaar]] * [[1974]] – Dr. C.F. Krige * [[1975]] – Dr. [[Nic Diederichs|N. Diederichs]] * [[1977]] – Dr. [[Stefan Meiring Naudé|S. Meiring Naudé]] * [[1978]] – Dr. A.J.A. Roux; dr. R.L. Straszacker * [[1980]] – Dr. P.J. Meyer * [[1981]] – Prof. G. Cronjé; prof. C.H. Rautenbach; prof. [[Hendrik Bernardus Thom|H.B. Thom]] * [[1983]] – Prof. [[Willem Kempen|W. Kempen]]; prof. [[D.J. Opperman]]; prof. M. Versfeld * [[1984]] – Prof. Gerhard J. Beukes; prof. [[P.J. Nienaber]]; staatspres. [[Marais Viljoen]] * [[1987]] – Staatspres. [[P. W. Botha|P.W. Botha]]; regter V.G. Hiemstra; prof. H.W. Snyman * [[1988]] – Dr. W.L. Grant * [[1989]] – Hoofregter P.J. Rabie * [[1991]] – Prof. [[P.J. Cillié]]; [[Elisabeth Eybers]]; prof. [[Ernst van Heerden]] * [[1993]] – Prof. H.P. van der Schijff * [[1994]] – Mev. [[Audrey Blignault|Audrey (Blignault) de Villiers]] * [[1995]] – Prof. P.W. Hoek; mev. [[Alba Bouwer|A.M. Hofmeyr]] * [[1996]] – Prof. E.P. Groenewald; prof. A.P. Grové; dr. D.G. Roos * [[2001]] – Dr. Louw Alberts; dr. [[Anton Rupert|A.E. Rupert]] * [[2002]] – Mev. [[Mimi Coertse]] * [[2003]] – Dr. C.F. Garbers; prof. Réna Pretorius * [[2004]] – Prof. [[Elize Botha]] * [[2006]] – Prof. A.J. Brink; prof. A.H. van Wyk * [[2007]] – Dr. [[Bettie Cilliers-Barnard]]; prof. [[Jakes Gerwel|G.J. Gerwel]]; prof. P.H. Kapp; dr. Franklin Sonn * [[2008]] – Dr. R.R. Arndt; prof. [[T.T. Cloete]]; prof. [[Stefans Grové|S. Grové]]; prof. P. Smit * [[2009]] – Oudpres. [[F.W. de Klerk]]; oudpres. [[Nelson Mandela|N.R. Mandela]]; hoogeerwaarde [[Desmond Tutu]] * [[2014]] – Prof. Theuns Erasmus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.litnet.co.za/suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2014/ |title=Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns: Bekronings 2014 |format=html |date=28 Maart 2014 |access-date=1 Julie 2016 |publisher=Litnet |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009120408/https://www.litnet.co.za/suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2014/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[2015]] – Prof. [[Jaap Steyn|J.C. Steyn]] * [[2016]] – Prof. [[Adam Small]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.litnet.co.za/die-raad-van-die-suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2016/ |title=Die Raad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns: Bekronings 2016 |format=html |date=31 Maart 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Litnet |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111846/https://www.litnet.co.za/die-raad-van-die-suid-afrikaanse-akademie-vir-wetenskap-en-kuns-bekronings-2016/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[2020]] – Prof. Jacques van der Elst<ref>{{cite web |title=SA Akademie-pryse vir 2020 toegeken |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/afrikaans/sa-akademie-pryse-vir-2020-toegeken/ |publisher=Maroela Media |access-date=22 Mei 2020 |date=21 Mei 2020 |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527014241/https://maroelamedia.co.za/afrikaans/sa-akademie-pryse-vir-2020-toegeken/ |archive-date=27 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{div col end}} == Toekennings == Pryse, erepennings, medaljes en beurse wat deur die Akademie toegeken word/is word hier onder genoem. === Pryse === * [[Hertzogprys]] * [[Eugène Maraisprys]] * [[Scheepersprys vir Jeugliteratuur]] * [[SA Akademieprys vir Vertaalde Werk]] * [[Alba Bouwerprys vir Kinderliteratuur]] * [[Elsabe Steenbergprys vir Vertaalde Kinder- en Jeugliteratuur in Afrikaans]] * [[C.J. Langenhovenprys vir Taalwetenskap]] * [[Gustav Prellerprys vir Literatuurwetenskap en Letterkundige Kritiek]] * [[Toon van den Heeverprys vir Regswetenskap]] * [[D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys vir Genealogiese Navorsing]] * [[Stalsprys]]e * [[Totiusprys vir Teologie en die studie van die grondtale van die Bybel]] * [[Jacques van der Elstprys vir beste artikel in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe]] * [[Daleen Bekkerprys vir vir beste rolprentdraaiboek in Afrikaans]] * [[Samuel Edward Mqhayiprys]] * [[Olive Schreinerprys vir Engelse Letterkunde]] * Poortkompetisie (PUK-Kanselierstrustprys) * [[Havengaprys]]e * [[Albert Stratingprys vir Voorkomende Geneeskunde]] * [[FARMOVS-prys vir Farmakologie en Geneesmiddelontwikkeling]] * [[Douw Greeffprys]] * [[Esther Greeffprys]] * [[Louis Hiemstraprys vir Niefiksie]] * [[Huberte Rupertprys vir Klassieke Musiek]] * [[C.L. Engelbrechtprys]] * [[Protea Boekhuisprys]] * [[Poortprys]] === Medaljes === * [[Tienie Hollowaymedalje vir Kleuterliteratuur]] * [[Markus Viljoenmedalje vir Joernalistieke Prestasie]] * [[D.F. Malanmedalje]] * [[Ds. Pieter van Drimmelenmedalje]] * [[N.P. van Wyk Louw-medalje]] * [[Elizabeth C. Steijnmedalje]] * [[Frans du Toitmedalje vir Bedryfsleiding]] * [[Transnetmedalje]] * [[Goue Akademiemedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie]] * [[M.T. Steynmedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie]] * [[Senior Kaptein Scottmedalje]] * [[Junior Kaptein Scottmedalje]] * [[Christo Wiese-medalje vir Bedryfsleiding]] === Erepennings === * Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorspele en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorbeelde * Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Televisiedramas en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Dokumentêre Televisieprogramme * Erepenning van die Akademie * Erepenning vir Wetenskaplike Vakbevordering * Erepenning van die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie === Ander === * [[Elisabeth Eybersbeurs]] * Spesiale Oorkondes == Bronne == * Combrink, Johan en Spies, Johan. ''Sakboek van regte Afrikaans'', Tafelberg, Kaapstad, 1994 * Schirmer, Peter. ''Die beknopte geïllustreerde ensiklopedie van Suid-Afrika'', Sentrale Nuusagentskap (Edms.) Bpk., Johannesburg, 1981 * Kapp, Pieter (P.H.). ''Draer van 'n droom: Die geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns 1909–2009'', Hemel & See Boeke, Hermanus, 2009 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.akademie.co.za/ Die Akademie se webwerf] * [http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/rapport/2001/11/25/8/14.html ''Akademie skrik nie meer vir storms'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Rapport]]'', [[25 November]] [[2001]] {{SA Akademie}} [[Kategorie:Akademie]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaans]] [[Kategorie:SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns|SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] jmzp7lb0sspz896ghfxwkc872ndhgb8 0 25227 2517239 2470218 2022-08-03T15:08:59Z Aliwal2012 39067 maak beeld groter wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;" | '''Cardiff'''<br /> [[Lêer:Cardiffmontage3.jpg|280px]] |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Kaart''' |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wapen''' |- style="background:white" |rowspan=6| [[Lêer:WalesCardiff.png|180px|senter]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Lêer:Coat of Arms of Cradiff.jpg|75px|senter]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Vlag''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Lêer:Flag of Cardiff.svg|90px|senter|border]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''[[Land]]''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''[[Lande van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Land (VK)]]''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{vlagland|Wallis}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Distrik''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | City of Cardiff |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Graafskap''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | County Suid-Glamorgan |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Koördinate''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{Koördinate|51|29|N|3|11|W}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Stigting''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[1003]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Stadstatus''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[28 Oktober]] [[1905]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Oppervlakte:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 140,3 [[vierkante kilometer|km²]] |- | &nbsp;'''Hoogte bo seevlak''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 307 m |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- |&nbsp;'''Bevolking:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal (City of Cardiff in 2011) | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 346&nbsp;100 |- | &nbsp;- Bevolkingsdigtheid | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 2&nbsp;466,9/vk km |- | &nbsp;- ''Urban Area'' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 327&nbsp;706 |- | &nbsp;- Metropolitaanse gebied | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 846&nbsp;100 |- |&nbsp;'''Tydsone''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC]] ±0 (GMT) |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" | &nbsp;- [[Somertyd]] | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC]] +1 (BST) |- |&nbsp;'''Klimaat''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Tipe | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | Gematigde klimaat |- | &nbsp;- Gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 14&nbsp;°C |- | &nbsp;- Gem. temp. Januarie/Julie | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 2 / 12&nbsp;°C |- | &nbsp;- Gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslae | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 1112&nbsp;mm |- |&nbsp;'''Voorsitter van stadsraad''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | Matt Edwards |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Amptelike Webwerf''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ ''Cardiff''] |} '''Cardiff''' ([[Engels]]: [ˈkɑːrdɪf], {{Audio|En-uk-Cardiff.ogg|luister}}; [[Wallies]]: ''Caerdydd'', [kairˈdiːð] of [kaˑɨrˈdɨːð], {{Audio|Caerdydd.ogg|luister}}) is die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad van [[Wallis]]. Cardiff lê aan die Walliese suidkus aan die [[Kanaal van Bristol]] in die geskiedkundige graafskap Glamorgan en word in administratiewe opsig as 'n eenheidsstad bestuur. Nog tot in die vroeë 19de eeu was Cardiff 'n taamlik klein [[nedersetting]] wat eers met die industrialisering van die gebied bekendheid verwerf het as 'n belangrike uitvoerhawe vir [[steenkool]]. Uiteindelik het dit tot die grootste Walliese stad gegroei en is vandag 'n belangrike kulturele, geskiedkundige en sportsentrum in die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] en sy 14de grootste nedersetting. Cardiff het in 1905 stadstatus gekry en het in 1955 die hoofstad van Wallis geword. Die stad spog met ’n kasteel, katedraal en universiteit, en die [[Millennium-stadion]], waar belangrike rugbywedstryde gespeel word.<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids">HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, Desember 2013, ISBN 978-1-77578-243-8</ref> == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Cardiff Castle (Roman wall).jpg|duimnael|links|Die Romeinse muur in die kasteel van Cardiff]] [[Lêer:Cardiff Castle keep.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Normandiese weertoring in die kasteel van Cardiff]] Die naam Cardiff is 'n verengelsing van die Walliese naam ''Caerdydd''. Die oorsprong van hierdie naam bly onduidelik; ''Caer'' beteken "fort" of "[[kasteel]]", maar die presiese betekenis van ''Dydd'' in hierdie konteks is nie bekend nie. In moderne Wallies beteken die woord "dag". Sommige deskundiges neem aan dat ''Dydd'' of ''Diff'' 'n vervorming van ''Taff'' was – die rivier waaraan die kasteel van Cardiff lê. Cardiff sou dus "die fort aan die Taff-rivier" beteken (die T muteer in Wallies tot D). Ander navorsers voer die naam eerder terug op Aulus Didius Gallus – dit is bekend dat die Romeine 'n fort in Cardiff opgerig het toe hy as goewerneur van die nabygeleë provinsie gedien het. Cardiff sou dus ook as "die fort van Didius" vertaal kan word. Op die Romeinse fort se vroeëre terrein is later 'n Normandiese kasteel opgerig wat egter in die [[Victoriaanse tydperk]] deur John Crichton-Stuart, die 3de Marquess van Bute, en die argitek William Burges grootliks verander en uitgebou is. Oorspronklike Romeinse gedeeltes kan nog in die muurbedekking besigtig word. Daar is 'n tweede kasteel noord van die stad – ''Castell Coch'' (die "Rooi Kasteel"). Die huidige kasteel is – tenminste in argitektoniese en geskiedkundige opsig – 'n ryk versierde Victoriaanse dwaasheid wat deur Burges vir die Marquess ontwerp en in die 1870's gebou is. Die Victoriaanse kasteel het op die terrein van 'n baie ouer Middeleeuse kasteel ontstaan wat moontlik deur Ifor Bach opgerig is – 'n plaaslike baron wat ook met die kasteel van Cardiff verbind word. Die buitekant van die gebou het 'n gewilde toneel vir rolprent- en televisieproduksies geword. Vanweë sy ligging in die nouste gedeelte van die Suid-Walliese kusvlakte was Cardiff 'n stad van groot strategiese gedurende die oorloë tussen die Normandiërs (wat die laer geleë gebiede van Wallis beset het) en die [[Walliesers]] wat die hoër geleë streke oorheers het. As gevolg van hierdie konflikte pronk Cardiff met die grootste digtheid kastele van alle stede ter wêreld. Net soos die kasteel van Cardiff en Castell Coch kan ook die oorblyfsels van die Castell Morgraig, die biskoplike kasteel, Y Twmpath, die kasteel Ruperra en die Sint-Fagans-kasteel nog steeds besigtig word, terwyl die koninklike en die Whitchurch-kasteel onder nuwer geboue begrawe lê. == Sport == [[Lêer:Principality Stadium May 3, 2016.jpg|duimnael|links|300px|Buiteaansig van die [[Millennium-stadion]] in Cardiff]] Cardiff was een van die gasheerstede tydens die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1991]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1999]], [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1999]], [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2007]], [[Kampioentrofee 2013]], [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2015]], [[Kampioentrofee 2017]] en [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2019]]. === Krieket === Cardiff beskik oor Wallis se enigste [[toetskrieket]]veld, [[Sophia Gardens (krieketveld)|Sophia Gardens]]. Tydens die 2009-As-reeks is hier op 8–12 Julie die eerste toetswedstryd in Wallis gespeel, toe [[Australiese nasionale krieketspan|Australië]] en [[Engelse nasionale krieketspan|Engeland]] gelykop geëindig het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cardiff-to-host-ashes-test-in-2009-244931 |title=Cardiff to host Ashes Test in 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=2 Mei 2021}}</ref> === Rugby === Die [[Walliese nasionale rugbyspan]] speel sy tuiswedstryde tydens die jaarlikse [[Sesnasies-toernooi]] op die [[Millennium-stadion]] wat deur die [[Walliese Rugbyunie]] besit word. Cardiff se professionele rugbyspan [[Cardiff Blues]] speel hier in die [[Pro14]]. Die Millennium-stadion het die ou [[Cardiff Arms Park]] vervang. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Cardiff}} * {{cy}} {{en}} [http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ Amptelike webwerf] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Cardiff| ]] [[Kategorie:Kusstede]] 9ojsz54ryy4um9l9wdeqzxbv1b5gkyq 0 33736 2517370 2517164 2022-08-04T09:20:56Z Rooiratel 90342 Rol weergawe 2517164 deur [[Special:Contributions/172.58.176.70|172.58.176.70]] ([[User talk:172.58.176.70|bespreek]]) terug. wikitext text/x-wiki ’n '''Bronadres''' (afgekort '''BA''' maar die Engelse '''URL''' word algemeen gebruik) ({{en}} '''Uniform Resource Locator''') is ’n etiket wat na ’n inligtingsbron, soos byvoorbeeld ’n [[webbladsy]] of ’n ander lêer, verwys. == Opbou == ’n URL bestaan uit die volgende onderdele: * die '''[[Internetprotokol|protokol]]'''. * die '''magtiging''', soos ’n gebruikersnaam en [[wagwoord]]. * die '''domeinnaam'''. * die '''poortnommer'''. * die '''padnaam'''. * ’n '''navraagstring'''. * ’n '''fragmentidentifiseerder'''. Die opbou van ’n URL is vir die meeste protokolle as volg: <!-- het @-simbool werk momenteel nie, maar wel as/wanneer blahtex geïnstalleer word --> <math> \underbrace{\mathrm{http\! :\!}}_{\mathrm{protokol}} \underbrace{\mathrm{//user\! :\! pass\partial voorbeeld.com\! :\! 992}}_{\mathrm{outoriteit}} \underbrace{\mathrm{/dier/voels}}_{\mathrm{padnaam}} \underbrace{\mathrm{?soort\! =\! seemeeu}}_{\mathrm{navraag}} \underbrace{\mathrm{\# vlerke}}_{\mathrm{fragment}} </math> === Protokol === Die protokol word meestal genoteerd in die vorm <code>''protokolnaam'':</code> (let op die dubbelpunt aan die einde). URL’s kan hierdeur vir verskillende protokolle (en dus verskillende doele) gebruik word: {| class="wikitable" | <code>file</code> || ‘gewone’ lêersisteem |- | <code>http</code> || [[Hiperteksoordragprotokol]] |- | <code>https</code> || [[HTTPS]] (HTTP oor ’n beveiligde verbinding) |- | <code>ftp</code> || [[File Transfer Protocol]] |- | <code>irc</code> || Internetaflosklets |- | <code>mailto</code> || [[e-pos]] |- | <code>gopher</code> || Gopher |} === Outoriteit === Die ''outoriteit'' is die bron van die inligting, byvoorbeeld die bedienernaam van ’n webwerf. Hierdie word genoteer in die vorm <code>//''gebruikersnaam'':''wagwoord''@''domein'':''poort''</code> In die meeste gevalle is die gebruikersnaam, wagwoord en poortnommer nie nodig nie, waardeur die @-teken en die dubbelpunt meestal nie in die URL voorkom nie, soos in byvoorbeeld <code>//af.wikipedia.org</code> of <code>//proxy.voorbeeld.com:8080</code>. === Padnaam === Die presiese betekenis van die padnaam hang van die protokol af; vir [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] en [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] verwys die meestal na ’n fisiese lêer, terwyl dit met [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] na ’n kanaal verwys. Paaie word genoteer in die vorm <code>/''padnaam''</code>. Hulle word meestal in die vorm <code>/''dirnaam''/''dirnaam''/.../''dirnaam''/''lêernaam''</code> gebruik. === Navraagstring === ’n Navraagstring word meestal gebruik om bepaalde parameters deur te gee, soos die soekterme van ’n soekaksie. Hoewel die navraagstring genoteerd word as <code>?''navraagstring''</code>, is dit gebruiklik om dit te formatteer in die vorm <code>?''parameter''=''waarde''&''parameter''=''waarde''&...</code>. === Fragmentidentifiseerder === Die ''fragmentidentifiseerder'' word gebruik om na ’n spesifieke afdeling in die inligtingsbron te verwys en word genoteerd in die vorm <code>#''fragment''</code>. In [[HyperText Markup Language|HTML]]-bladsye word die identifiseerders gebruik om na teks-ankers (gewoonlik opskrifte) te verwys. == Beperkinge == * Slegs ’n beperkte versameling karakters mag gebruik word om URL’s mee te skryf. So mag daar byvoorbeeld geen spesiale karakters (wat die onderdele van mekaar onderskei) of witruimtes gebruik word nie. Hierdie karakters moet dan genoteerd word as <code>%''kode''</code>, waarby ''kode'' die twee-syfer heksadesimale voorstelling van die karakterkode is. * Baie [[kliënt]]e (en soms ook [[kliënt-bediener|bedienertoepassings]]) het beperkinge wat die lengte van URL’s betref. So kan URL’s van 5000 karakters probleme oplewer (afhanklik van die implementasie kan dit al by 1024 karakters gebeur). Daarom is dit nie verstandig om te veel gegewens in byvoorbeeld die navraagstring op te neem nie. == Eksterne skakels == * Die RFC vir URL’s: [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1738.html RFC 1738] [[Kategorie:Internet]] 0765n9atinv803vzqbngj4j49mhfdsf 0 37156 2517231 2289356 2022-08-03T14:49:10Z Aliwal2012 39067 UTC+01:00=GMT+1 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;" | Preston<br /> [[Beeld:Preston Lancashire City Centre Skyline.jpg|380px]] <br /> |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Ligging van Lancashire in Engeland''' |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wapen''' |- style="background:white" |rowspan=6| [[Beeld:EnglandLancashire.svg|190px|center]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Beeld:Preston City Council - coat of arms.png|90px|center]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Preston in Lancashire''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Beeld:LancashirePreston.png|80px|center]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Land''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{vlag|Verenigde Koninkryk}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Graafskap''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[Lancashire]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Koördinate''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" |{{Koördinate|53|45|N|2|42|W|display=inline,title}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Oppervlakte:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 142.22 [[vierkante kilometer|vk km]] |- | &nbsp;'''Hoogte bo seevlak''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | ? m |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- |&nbsp;'''Bevolking:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal (2007) | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 131&nbsp;900 |- | &nbsp;- Bevolkingsdigtheid | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 982/vk km |- |&nbsp;'''Tydsone''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC|GMT]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" | &nbsp;- [[Somertyd]] | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC+01:00|GMT+1]] |- |&nbsp;'''Bynaam''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | '''Proud Preston''' |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Amptelike Webwerf''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [http://www.preston.gov.uk www.preston.gov.uk] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |} '''Preston''' is 'n stad in die noordweste van [[Engeland]] (in die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]]), tussen [[Bolton]] en [[Blackpool]]. Die stad het 'n bevolking van 131&nbsp;900 in [[2007]]. Daar is ook 16 plekke in die [[Verenigde State van Amerika]], twee plekke in [[Kanada]], twee in [[Australië]] en 3 in [[Skotland]] wat na Preston genoem is. == Geskiedenis == In die [[Domesday Book]] van 1086 is Preston as ''Prestune'' gelys. == Demografie == Preston was die 50ste stad in die Verenigde Koninkryk. In 2006 was 84,6% van sy bevolking Blankes, 11,6% Indiërs, 1,1% Swartes, 0,8% Chinese. == Susterstede == *[[Beeld:Flag of Germany.svg|21px]] [[Recklinghausen]], [[Duitsland]] *[[Beeld:Flag of France.svg|21px]] [[Nîmes]], [[Frankryk]] *[[Beeld:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|21px]] [[Almelo]], [[Nederland]] *[[Beeld:Flag of Poland.svg|21px]] [[Kalisz]], [[Pole]] {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Lancashire]] 4etgfoc01abmpawbf4wdebncy1gzy11 2517233 2517231 2022-08-03T14:52:18Z Aliwal2012 39067 opd bevolkingstats wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;" | Preston<br /> [[Beeld:Preston Lancashire City Centre Skyline.jpg|380px]] <br /> |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Ligging van Lancashire in Engeland''' |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Wapen''' |- style="background:white" |rowspan=6| [[Beeld:EnglandLancashire.svg|190px|center]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Beeld:Preston City Council - coat of arms.png|90px|center]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Preston in Lancashire''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Beeld:LancashirePreston.png|80px|center]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Land''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{vlag|Verenigde Koninkryk}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Graafskap''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[Lancashire]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Koördinate''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" |{{Koördinate|53|45|N|2|42|W|display=inline,title}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Oppervlakte:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 142.22 [[vierkante kilometer|vk km]] |- | &nbsp;'''Hoogte bo seevlak''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | ? m |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- |&nbsp;'''Bevolking:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal (2011) | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 97&nbsp;886 |- | &nbsp;- Bevolkingsdigtheid | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 982/vk km |- |&nbsp;'''Tydsone''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC|GMT]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" | &nbsp;- [[Somertyd]] | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC+01:00|GMT+1]] |- |&nbsp;'''Bynaam''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | '''Proud Preston''' |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Amptelike Webwerf''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [http://www.preston.gov.uk www.preston.gov.uk] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |} '''Preston''' is 'n stad in die noordweste van [[Engeland]] (in die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]]), tussen [[Bolton]] en [[Blackpool]]. Die stad het 'n bevolking van 97&nbsp;886 in [[2011]]. Daar is ook 16 plekke in die [[Verenigde State van Amerika]], twee plekke in [[Kanada]], twee in [[Australië]] en 3 in [[Skotland]] wat na Preston genoem is. == Geskiedenis == In die [[Domesday Book]] van 1086 is Preston as ''Prestune'' gelys. == Demografie == Preston was die 50ste stad in die Verenigde Koninkryk. In 2006 was 84,6% van sy bevolking Blankes, 11,6% Indiërs, 1,1% Swartes, 0,8% Chinese. == Susterstede == *[[Beeld:Flag of Germany.svg|21px]] [[Recklinghausen]], [[Duitsland]] *[[Beeld:Flag of France.svg|21px]] [[Nîmes]], [[Frankryk]] *[[Beeld:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|21px]] [[Almelo]], [[Nederland]] *[[Beeld:Flag of Poland.svg|21px]] [[Kalisz]], [[Pole]] {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Lancashire]] dy3xp9wdvisnngymimh3lsmf7rkbrv6 2 39044 2517273 2516465 2022-08-03T18:05:12Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|af|en-4|de-1|}} {{Gebruiker Gebruikersboksies omraam| {{Gebruikersbydraes|10000}} {{Sjabloon:Gebruikersnederigheid|10087}} [[Lêer:Editor_-_lapis_philosophorum_superstar.jpg|centre|duimnael|[[:en:Wikipedia:Service_awards#Grandmaster Editor (or Grand High Togneme Vicarus)|Grootmeesterredakteur]]<br />(13 jaar, 170&nbsp;000+)<br /><small>Toegeken deur Aliwal2012</small>]] {{Tienjaargemeenskap}} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Belgium |land=België |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Botswana |land=Botswana |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Brazil |land=Brasilië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Denmark |land=Denemarke |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Germany |land=Duitsland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Egypt |land=Egipte |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=England |land=Engeland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Ethiopia |land=Ethiopië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Finland |land=Finland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=France |land=Frankryk |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Ghana |land=Ghana |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Italy |land=Italië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Ivory Coast |land=Ivoorkus |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Kenya |land=Kenia |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Lesotho |land=Lesotho |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Mauritania |land=Mauritanië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Mauritius |land=Mauritius |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Mexico |land=Mexico |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Morocco |land=Morocco |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Mozambique |land=Mosambiek |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Namibia |land=Namibië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Netherlands |land=Nederland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Norway |land=Noorweë |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Senegal |land=Senegal |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Scotland |land=Skotland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Spain |land=Spanje |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Swaziland |land=Swaziland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Sweden |land=Swede |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Switzerland |land=Switserland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Tanzania |land=Tanzanië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Togo |land=Togo |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Zambia |land=Zambië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} }} Ons het tans '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' artikels. In my eerste 10 jaar (bereik op 6/1/2019) betrokke hier het ek reeds 5264 artikels geskep! Die 10 jaar was ongelooflik; wat 'n avontuur! Ek is vanaf 2014 'n raadslid by [http://wikimedia.org.za/wiki/Board WikimediaZA]. * Ek het op 12/01/2019 die 100,000 wysiging mylpaal op globale Wiki bereik! * Op 28/04/2019 het ek my 100,000ste wysiging op die Afrikaanse Wiki aangebring! * Op 18/11/2019 het ek my 110,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring. * Op 22/12/2020 skep ek my 6,000ste artikel, 'n baie nederige ''[[Aloe bussei]]''. * Op 6/1/2021 verwerf ek '''Grootmeesterredakteur''' status met my twaalfde jaar hier! * Op 11/1/2021 het ek my 135,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring. * Op 29/1/2021 het ek my 130,000ste wysiging op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 3/3/2021 het ek my 140,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring. * Op 14/5/2021 het ek my 135,000ste wysiging op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 12/6/2021 skep ek my 7,000ste artikel. * Op 15/7/2021 het ek my 150,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 30/7/2021 het ek my 140,000ste wysiging op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 17/9/2021 skep ek my 8,000ste artikel, 'n baie nederige ''[[Pauridia curculigoides]]'' * Op 16/10/2021 het ek my 160,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 21/1/2022 skep ek my 9,000ste artikel, 'n baie nederige ''[[Aspalathus spiculata]]'' * Op 30/1/2022 het ek my 150,000ste wysiging op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 1/3/2022 het ek my 170,000ste wysiging op globale Wikipedia aangebring! * Op 9/7/2022 het ek my 10,000ste artikel geskep: [[Lunar Orbiter 2]]! == Voorbladartikels == My doelwit van 'n voorbladartikel is bereik toe die [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] op 4 November 2019 op die voorblad gepryk het! * Op 1 Januarie 2020 verskyn my tweede voorbladartikel: [[Turboskroef]]! * In week 8 van 2020 het my derde voorbladartikel verskyn: [[Sherman Firefly]]. * In week 48 van 2020 het my vierde voorbladartikel verskyn: [[Tiger I-tenk]]. * In week 2 van 2021 het my vyfde voorbladartikel verskyn: [[Mariner 4]]. * In week 14 van 2021 het my sesde voorbladartikel verskyn: [[Pioneer 11]]. * In week 35 van 2021 het my sewende voorbladartikel verskyn: [[USS Maryland (BB-46)]]. * In week 29 van 2022 het my agste voorbladartikel verskyn: [[Centurion (tenk)]]. Groete! Ek het begin [[bergfiets]]ry omrede my perd verdrink het tydens [[waterpolo]]! == Notas == * [[Erica aggregata]] * [[Erica altevirens]] * [[Erica barbigeroides]] * [[Erica blancheana]] * [[Erica blandfordia]] * [[Erica blesbergensis]] * [[Erica broadleyana]] * [[Erica cerviciflora]] * [[Erica consobrina]] * [[Erica crassifolia]] * [[Erica crucistigmatica]] * [[Erica debilis]] * [[Erica dilatata]] * [[Erica erinus]] vs Erica erina * [[Erica ethelae]] vs Erica etheliae * [[Erica forsteri]] * [[Erica gibbosa]] * [[Erica inaequalis]] - probleemkind * [[Erica lachnaeoides]] - probleemkind * [[Erica lanata]] - probleemkind * [[Erica nivalis]] - unplaced * [[Erica nivea]] * [[Erica patersonia]] - spelling * Erica sparrmanni - bestaan nie op enige wiki of op wikidata. Ek sal dit later self skep. * Erica triphylla - bestaan nie op enige wiki of op wikidata. Ek sal dit later self skep * [[Erica schmidtii]] - ai! * [[Erica shannonea]] - Redlist naam. * [[Erica situshiemalis]] * [[Erica solandra]] vs Erica solandri * Erica aristifolia moet geskep word. * Erica sonora - bestaan dit? * [[Erica straminea]] - kyk nie amptelik nie. * [[Erica subimbricata]] - Nog 'n probleemkind * [[Erica subterminalis]] - nog een. * [[Erica symonsii]] - Ai! * [[Erica trachysantha]], volg op bestaan. * [[Erica trivialis]] - nie op SANBI * [[Erica turbiniflora]] - nie op SANBI * [[Erica umbonata]] - nie op SANBI nie. * [[Erica villosa]] - Volgens Kew 'n sinoniem. * [[Erica viscidiflora]] - volg op. * [[Gladiolus merianellus]] * [[Gladiolus jonquilliodorus]] * [[Mafingo-suikerbos]] vs [[Mafinga-suikerbos‎]] * [[Protea venusta]] Hibried? * [[Moraea loubseri]] Boodskap: Somebody changed something in the Afrikaans Geselshoekie. When a Nuwe Onderwerp is clicked the format of the program currently is English only. The previous version was perfect in Afrikaans. Why it was changed I do noy know. Who chnaged it, I do not know. Please roll it back to the way it was. bjkev4b393t2s2lcb7hva0botcx358p 0 40404 2517371 2515686 2022-08-04T09:27:37Z Historio19 152167 Skakel ingevoeg wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Changuion.png|regs|duimnael|250px|Antoine Changuion]] '''Antoine Nicolas Ernest Changuion''', ook wel ''A.N.E. Changuion'', ([[Den Haag]], [[15 Desember]] [[1803]] – [[Lörrach]], [[14 Oktober]] [[1881]])<ref name=":0">Geni: http://www.geni.com/people/Anthoine-Nicolas-Ernest-Changuion/6000000016347345835</ref> was 'n opvoedkundige, taal- en letterkundige, politikus, redenaar, joernalis, taalstryder en belangrikste voorloper van die [[Nederlandse Beweging]] in [[Suid-Afrika]].<ref name=":1">Esaach: http://www.esaach.org.za/index.php?title=Changuion,_Antoine_Nicolaas_Ernst</ref> Die stamvader, Pierre Changuion, [[Hugenoot]] en boer, het tydens die bloedbad van Vassey ([[1562]]) op lg. dorpie gewoon, selfs nadat sy huis verniel is. Sommige van sy nasate het ook daar bly woon; die meeste was predikante. Die [[Changuion|Changuions]] is 'n ou familie wat na [[1685]] na [[Nederland]] verhuis het. == Vroeë lewe == Antoine Nicolaas Ernest Changuion is op 15 Desember 1803 in [['s-Gravenhage]] in [[Nederland]] gebore. Hy is afkomstig uit ’n [[Protestantisme|Protestantse]] familie uit die Franse distrikte [[Champagne-Ardenne|Champagne]] en Barrois wat tydens die geloofsvervolginge, wat die herroeping van die [[Edik van Nantes]] voorafgaan, vanaf 1685 hul te [[Amsterdam]], [[Utrecht (provinsie)|Utrecht]] en [[Leiden]] vestig. Sy vader was Francois Daniel Changuion, ’n politikus en diplomaat wat onder andere die eerste Nederlandse gesant in die [[Verenigde State van Amerika]] was, en sy moeder was Henrietta Wilhelmina Har-tingh, die dogter van ’n gesiene Leidenaar. Hy het twee broers, Francois Daniel en Laurent Jonathan, en ’n suster, Louise Anna.<ref name=":0" /> Weens geldelike moeilikhede moet sy vader vanaf [[1820]] verhuis na [[Offenbach am Main|Offenbach]] aan die Main in [[Duitsland]] onderwyl daar ’n geregtelike proses teen hom aan die gang is. Hier sal hy uiteindelik vir dertig jare vertoef. Die jong Antoine leer hier die [[Duits]]e taal en letterkunde ken en hy leer ook [[Frans]] en [[Engels]]. Hy en sy enigste suster vestig hulle later in [[Frankfort]]. Terwyl hy [[Grieks]] en [[Latyn]] bestudeer, verdien hy as tuisonderwyser in Engels en Frans genoeg geld om in hul onderhoud te voorsien. Hy berei hom sover vir die universiteit voor dat hy op [[6 Junie]] [[1828]] te Leiden as student in die lettere en godgeleerdheid ingeskryf word. == Na Suid-Afrika == In ’n brief van [[21 Mei]] [[1830]] skryf die direkteure van die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kollege|Zuid-Afrikaansche Athenaeum]], wat in [[1829]] in [[Kaapstad]] opgerig is, aan die letterkundige fakulteit van Leiden om ’n professor in die klassieke en moderne tale, veral Nederlandse lettere, aan te beveel. Die Athenaeum word later die [[South African College]] en is vandag die [[Universiteit van Kaapstad]] en [[SACS]]. Nadat verskillende ander persone vergeefs gevra is, besluit Changuion om sy teologiese studie te laat vaar en die aanbod aan te neem. Deur tussenkoms van die Leidse fakulteit kry hy sy ontslag uit die verpligte militêre diens. Hy lê sy kandidaatseksamen in die klassieke lettere af en ontvang dan honoris causa sy doktorstitel (''Philosophiae Theoreticae Magister et Litirarum Humaniorum Doctor'') waarop hy teen die einde van [[1831]] na Kaapstad vertrek. Hier aanvaar hy sy betrekking as hoogleraar met ’n redevoering ''Over den heilzamen invloed eener doelmatige studie der oude talen''. In Kaapstad trou hy op [[25 September]] [[1832]] met Magdalena Elizabeth Faure en uit hierdie huwelik word ses seuns en drie dogters gebore. Een van die dogters, Susanna Magdalena, is later met J.W.G. van Oordt getroud en is die moeder van die bekende skrywer [[D'Arbez|D’Arbez]]. == Die Taalstryder == Van [[1833]] af is hy verbonde aan die redaksie van ''[[Het Nederduitsch Zuid-Afrikaansch Tydschrift]]'' en hy speel ook ’n hoofrol by die stigting van ’n Maatschappij tot verbreding van Beschaving en Letterkunde in [[1834]]. Hy is veral bekommerd oor die toenemende verengelsing aan die Kaap. Op verskeie geleenthede hou hy openbare lesings, soos die ''Vorlesung über Spracstudium überhaupt und zunachst über das Studium der Deutschen Sprache'' in [[1837]]. In [[1840]] hou hy sy ''Voorlezing tot aanprijzing van de beoefening der Nederduitsche Taal en Letterkunde in Zuid-Afrika'' voor die Maatschappij tot verbreding van Beschaving en Letterkunde, waardeur hy poog om die Nederlandse taal te promoveer. Sy hele belangstelling is teen 1840 toegespits op die taal en letterkundige toestand in die land en uit daardie jaar is ook sy voordrag ''Uit ware belangstelling in de Nederduitsche Taal en Letterkunde''” en sy “''Voorlezing over Niets'', laasgenoemde ’n uiteensetting van die werk van verskeie Nederlandse taalgeleerdes. Die Athenaeum gaan gebuk onder gebrek aan fondse en onderlinge geskille in die raad en veral die seggenskap van die regering wat op algehele verengelsing van die inrigting afstuur. Hy bedank dus in [[1842]] en rig sy eie Instituut op,<ref name=":1" /> wat in Strandstraat geleë is en ook ’n kosskool het wat daaraan verbind is. Kort hierna gee hy die voorlesing ''European Education adapted to the Wants of the Youths of this Colony''. Hy word gou ’n sterk konkurrent vir die Athenaeum en die latere presidente [[Jan Brand|Brand]] en Burgers, die predikante Naudé en Kotzé, die argivaris van die Kaapkolonie Leibbrandt, die staatsman H.J. Hofmeyr en dié se oom, die teoloog N.J. Hofmeyr, is van sy studente. Hier bied Changuion sterk weerstand teen die verengelsing onder sy beleid van Europeesche Opvoeding gewijzigd naar de behoefte van deze Kolonie, soos sy advertensie lui by die oprigting daarvan. Die Athenaeum egter wil uitsluitend Engels wees en skaf onmiddellik die dubbel-medium Engels en Hollands af na sy vertrek. Changuion besef die noodsaaklikheid om tweetalig te wees, en maak ook voorsiening vir Frans en Duits, maar dit is met die Hollandse taal waarmee hy hom die ywerigste bemoei. Hy skryf dan ook verskeie taalkundige werke as hulpmiddels vir sy onderrig, insluitende ''Geslachtwijzer der Nederduitsche Taal'' van 1842, ''First Book of Exercises for the use of the Dutch classes in the Government Schools and in the mission and other schools receiving aid from the Colonial Treasury'' in [[1843]] en in [[1844]] verskyn die werk waarmee hy bekendheid verwerf in [[Europa]], naamlik ''De Nederduitsche Taal in Zuid-Afrika hersteld, zijnde een handleiding tot de kennis dier taal, naar de plaatselijke behoefte van het land gewijzigd''. Agterin die grammatika plaas hy ’n ''Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen'' maar ook dwarsdeur die boek vestig hy die aandag op ’n groot aantal eienaardighede van die Kaapse spraak. Dit was naamlik Changuion se oortuiging dat Nederlands se ondergang aan die Kaap slegs uitgestel kon word, maar nie verhoed kon word nie. Die ''Proeve'' was dus ’n poging om algemeen gebruikte taaleienaardighede binne Nederlands te aanvaar en die taal sodoende te sterk deur dit nader te bring aan die spreektaal. Hierdie poging word egter grootliks misverstaan en [[J. Suasso de Lima]] beskuldig hom daarvan dat hy Nederlands wil verengels, terwyl hy ook sterk teenstand van ander oorde kry. Hierna wy Changuion hom aan die skryf van sy eerste reeks ''Elements of Translation in easy lessons'' wat in [[1846]] verskyn en sy ''Wijsgeerig en Godsdienstig Leesboek''. In [[1848]] verskyn sy ''Ontwerp van een Groot Nederlandsch Woordenboek''. Changuion was as taalkundige en as kerkman sy tyd vooruit en was te modern en te liberaal in sy sienswyse vir die smaak van die ortodokse metodistiese predikante aan die Kaap. Hy help in 1842 vir [[C.W. Stegmann]] met die vertaling van ''’s Christens Reize naar de eeuwigheid'' en vertaal in [[1845]] ’n ''Handleiding voor Christenen'' deur Andrew Reed. Toe hy meen dat die kerk die vrye ondersoek van die [[Bybel]] aan bande wil lê, wat niks anders was as hul vrees vir die opkomende Hollandse liberalisme nie, skryf hy in ''De Kerkbode'' van [[1849]] tot [[1851]] ’n reeks artikels onder die titel ''Een is uw meester, namelijk Christus''. Hierdie toetrede tot die teologie plaas hom in botsing met diegene aan die Kaap wat die liberalisme in die godsdiens probeer teenwerk en wat in [[1847]] voorstel om ’n [[Teologiese Kweekskool (Stellenbosch)|Teologiese Kweekskool]] op [[Stellenbosch]] op te rig. Changuion verset hom teen die oprigting in agt briewe aan ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'', later in [[1853]] afsonderlik uitgegee onder die titel ''Bezwaren tegen het oprigten eener Theologische Kweekschool in deze volkplanting''. Ook by die Sinode van [[1857]], wat hy as ouderling afgevaardigde van die Kaapse gemeente bywoon, kry hy nie veel ondersteuning vir sy standpunte nie. Twee van sy oud-leerlinge (N.J. Hofmeyr, toe predikant te [[Calvinia]], en J.H. Neethling, predikant te [[Prins Albert]]) publiseer ''Bezwaar tegen bezwaren of dr. A.N.E. Changuion weerlegd''. Die kweekskool word in [[1859]] geopen en daarmee is sy invloed binne die Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afrika tot ’n einde. Niemand kon hom egter oortuig dat sy rigting verkeerd is nie en in [[1860]] publiseer hy nog ’n reeks van sewe briewe in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan, Over de aard en de strekking der bewegingen in de Nederduitsche Gereformeerde Kerk in Zuid-Afrika'', waarin hy die liberalisme verdedig. In sy begrip behoort die wetenskaplike ondersoek van die Bybel nie aan bande gelê te word deur ’n ortodoksie nie en kan die resultate van so ’n ondersoek geen nadelige gevolge hê nie. == Politikus == Op die gebied van die politiek, nog ’n glibberige pad, hou Changuion hom vanaf 1849 ook druk besig. Hy is instrumenteel daarin dat die planne om van die Kaap ’n strafkolonie vir misdadigers te maak, in 1849 misluk. Die Britse regering stuur naamlik in 1849 die skip Neptune met ’n aantal veroordeeldes aan boord na Kaapstad, met die voorneme om die veroordeeldes in ’n strafkolonie te vestig. Die inwoners weier egter om enige samewerking aan die regering te gee terwyl die skip in die hawe vasgemeer is en in Februarie [[1850]] gee die regering die stryd gewonne en verlaat die Neptune [[Tafelbaai]]. In 1853 skryf hy ’n tweetalige pamflet van aktuele belang destyds, wat in druk uitkom enige maande na die Ordonnansie vir die nuwe Konstitusie in die Staatskoerant gepubliseer is. Dit is getiteld ''A cathechism of the constitution ordinance, followed by hints on the most essential requisites of our future members of Parliament. Kort begrip van de Constitutie Ordonnanti''e, waarin hy in die populêre vorm van vraag en antwoord die nodige inligting en voorligting aan stemgeregtigdes gee. Sy hoofartikels in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' dateer van ongeveer [[1854]] en sy medewerking hou hy vir sowat elf jaar vol. Hierin bekamp hy onder andere die Britse naturelle-politiek en die wetsontwerp om die Romeins-Hollandse reg met die Engelse erfreg te vervang. == Wetenskaplike skryfwerk == Hy sit bo en behalwe bogenoemde bedrywighede nog steeds sy wetenskaplike werk ook voort. Uit die Frans vertaal hy ’n ''Geschiedenis der Fransche Protestantsche Vlugtelingen'' in 1854 en uit die [[Hollands]] ''The Pastor of Vliethuizen'' in [[1861]]. Naas hierdie vertaalwerk skryf hy oorspronklike taalkundige werke soos die ''Beginselen der Cijferkunst'' in 1857 en die bekende ''Elements of Dutch Grammar'' in 1860, wat lang jare op skole in gebruik was. Dit gaan egter al hoe slegter met sy Instituut. Die ouers betaal sleg, maar die groot rede is dat hy nie meer die volle vertroue van die gemeenskap geniet nie vanweë sy godsdienstige liberalisme en uitgesproke Hollandse geestesinhoud. Die Instituut sluit in 1860 en hierna wy hy hom nog ’n tyd lank aan die voorbereiding van kandidate in sekere openbare eksamens van die Raad van Eksaminators en hy hou nog in 1862 ’n ''Voorlezing ter aanprijzing van een bazaar ten behoeve der dagscholen in verband met de Nederduitsch Gereformeerde Kerk in de Kaapstad''. Hy gee ook steeds privaat lesse. In September 1861 is hy betrokke by die inwyding van die [[Graaff-Reinet Athenaeum]] wat onderrig in Hollands sou bevorder. == Terug na Europa == In [[1864]] besluit hy om met sy familie vir goed na [[Europa]] terug te keer. Voor sy vertrek in [[1865]] onderneem hy ’n reis deur die Kaapkolonie waar hy orals toesprake hou om afskeid te neem en die redes vir sy vertrek uiteen te sit, wat hy nogmaals herhaal in sy ''Introductory Discourse'' in [[1868]] in [[Lausanne]] in [[Switserland]]. Hy vestig hom eers in Duitsland, waar hy weer onderwys gee in [[Bonn]] en later [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt-am-Main]] en Aarau. Met die uitbreek van die oorlog tussen [[Pruise]] en [[Oostenryk]] gaan hy in [[1866]] na Switserland en bly eers in Lausanne en later in [[Lörrach]]. Hy is op 14 Oktober 1881 in Lörrach in Switserland oorlede en sy vrou is op 15 Maart 1890 oorlede. == Kritiek van De Lima == 'n Heftige reaksie op die ''Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen'' het gekom van [[J.S. de Lima]]. De Lima was ook ’n bekende taalstryder vir Nederlands aan die Kaap. In ’n brosjure met die titel ''De Taal der Kapernaren, verdedigd tegen de schandelijke aanranding derzelve van Professor Changuion (1844)'' het De Lima beswaar gemaak teen Changuion se voorbeelde van die taalgebruik aan die Kaap. De Lima was hoogs verontwaardig en skryf: ''Wie spreekt zoo professor''? Volgens De Lima was die voorbeelde wat Changuion gebruik het, kenmerkend van die 'gepeupel' aan die Kaap en was dit beslis nie die taalgebruik van die opgevoede klasse aan die Kaap nie.<ref>A. de Villiers: Die Hollandse Taalbeweging in Suid-Afrika. Kaapstad: Nasionale Pers, 1936, bl. 54</ref> Later sou Afrikaanse taalkundiges juis hierdie ''Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen'' van Changuion gebruik om aan te dui dat ''Afrikaans'' aan die ontwikkel was. == Skryfwerk == Hy raak aanvanklik veral bekend vir sy groot aantal werke van taalkundige aard. Met ''Geslachtwijzer der Nederduitsche Taal'' van 1842 poog hy om die geslag in die Nederlandse taal op meer interessante wyse aan te bied. Hy skryf sy ''First Book of Exercises for the use of the Dutch classes in the Government Schools and in the mission and other schools receiving aid from the Colonial Treasury'' in 1843 en in 1844 verskyn die werk waarmee hy bekendheid verwerf in Europa, naamlik ''De Nederduitsche Taal in Zuid-Afrika hersteld, zijnde een handleiding tot de kennis dier taal, naar de plaatselijke behoefte van het land gewijzigd''. Agterin die grammatika plaas hy ’n ''Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen'' maar ook dwarsdeur die boek vestig hy die aandag op ’n groot aantal eienaardighede van die Kaapse spraak. Hierdie aanhangsel is ’n besonder waardevolle aanduiding van die stand van Afrikaans aan die Kaap in hierdie tyd. Hierna wy hy hom aan die skryf van sy eerste reeks ''Elements of Translation in easy lessons'' wat in 1846 verskyn en sy ''Wijsgeerig en Godsdienstig Leesboek''. Hy stuur sy ''Ontwerp van een Groot Nederlandsch Woordenboek'' in 1848 aan die Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde in [[Leiden]], waarin hy poog om struktuur te gee aan die gebruik van Nederlands in Suid-Afrika, waar bestaande Nederlandse woordeboeke nie kan help met die groot aantal vreemde woorde wat algemeen in die spraaktaal gebruik word nie. Sommige van sy wenke soos die alfabetiese rangskikking in plaas van die etimologiese en die opname van uitvoerige proeven van gewestelijk taaleigen is later deur professor M. de Vries in die ''Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal'' opgeneem. In 1857 verskyn ''Beginselen der Cijferkunst'' en die bekende ''Elements of Dutch Grammar'', wat lang jare op skole in gebruik was, volg in 1860. Op teologiese gebied publiseer hy ''Bezwaren tegen het oprigten eener Theologische Kweekschool in deze volkplanting'', wat ’n saambundel is van sy briewe in hierdie verband wat aanvanklik in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' verskyn het. Ook op die gebied van die digkuns lewer hy werk. Hy vertaal gedigte van die Franse digter [[Lamartine]] en in 1840 verskyn in ''[[Het Nederduitsch Zuid-Afrikaansch Tydschrift]]'' ''Vertalingen uit de Reis van Lamartine naar het Oosten''. Sy ''Rouwklagt van Lamartine over den dood van zijn dochtertje'' word in 1849 in die bekende Hollandse tydskrif ''Het Algemeen Letterlievend Maandschrift'' gepubliseer en later ook in sy eie digbundel opgeneem. Kort voor sy vertrek uit Suid-Afrika verskyn die bundel gedigte ''Nagalmen'', waarin hy gedigte uit verskillende tye van sy lewe opneem, sodat dit ’n digterlike beeld van sy lewe vorm. Daar is gedigte uit sy jeug (''Nieuwjaarswensch'' is byvoorbeeld as sestienjarige geskryf) en uit sy studentetyd (bv. ''De noodlottige Zaturdag''). Gewild was sy humoristies verhalende verse soos ''Gedenkwaardige Maaltijd'', ''Teeder Liefdeklacht van een Apotheker'' en ''De Luidruchtige jasparty''. Vir ons van meer belang is die gedigte wat uit sy Kaapse tydperk kom. Uit sy persoonlike liefdeslewe met sy vrou is ''Aan eene vriendin ten geleide van een geschenk'', ''In de vriendenrol van een jonge dame'' en ''Verloving''. In 1846 dig hy ’n drietal skoolliedere op versoek van die skool Tot Nut van’t Algemeen, naamlik ''Bij een examen'', ''Na de prijsuitdeling'' en ''Na eene vacantie''. Benewens verskeie geleentheidsgedigte skryf hy ook ''De Kaffer Oorlog'' wat uit 1846 dateer en sy sentimente ten gunste van die grensboere in een van die vele grensoorloë uitspreek. Van sy gedigte word opgeneem in Gerrit Komrij se bloemlesing ''Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigt''e. Hy skryf ook die toneelstuk “''De luidrichtige jaspartij''”, wat onder andere op 8 April 1873 deur die [[Rederykerskamer Aurora]] in Kaapstad opgevoer word. Dit is hoofsaaklik ’n tweespraak, waarin twee kaartspelers erg met mekaar aan die baklei gaan, met ’n derde wat dan ongesiens met die geld wegkom.<ref>Koch, Ingmar in scribd.com: http://www.scribd.com/doc/79681349/Het-ochtengloren-boven-Kaapstad-Nederlandse-rederijkers-in-Kaapstad#scribd</ref> == Publikasies<ref>Digitale bibliotheek voor Nederlandse letteren: http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=chan001</ref> == {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasie |- |1842 |Geslachtswijzer der Nederlandsche taal |- |1843 |First Book of Exercises for the use of the Dutch classes in the Government Schools and in the mission and other schools receiving aid from the Colonial Treasury |- |1844 |De Nederduitsche taal in Zuid-Afrika hersteld, zijnde eene handleiding tot de kennis dier taal, naar de plaatselijke behoefte van het land gewijzigd |- |1846 |Elements of Translation in easy lessons |- |1854 |Bezwaren tegen het oprigten eener theologische kweekschool in deze volksplanting, eene reeks van brieven, oorspronkelijk geplaatst in de‘Zuid-Afrikaan’ |- |1863 |Nagalmen |} == Eksterne skakels == * {{nl}} [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu04_01/molh003nieu04_01_0659.php Changuion, Antoine Nicolas Ernest], Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren == Verwysings == === Boeke === * Antonissen, Rob. Die Afrikaanse letterkunde van aanvang tot hede. Nasou Beperk. Derde hersiene uitgawe. Tweede druk, 1964. * Conradie, Elizabeth. Hollandse skrywers in Suid-Afrika (Deel I) (1652–1875). J.H. de Bussy. Pretoria, 1934. * Grové, A.P. Letterkundige sakwoordeboek vir Afrikaans. Nasou Beperk. Vyfde uitgawe. Eerste druk, 1988. * Kannemeyer, J.C. Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur 1. Academica. Pretoria en Kaapstad. Tweede druk, 1984. * Kannemeyer, J.C. Die Afrikaanse literatuur 1652-2004. Human & Rousseau. Kaapstad en Pretoria. Eerste uitgawe, 2005. * Scholtz, J. du P. Die Afrikaner en sy taal 1806-1875. Nasou Beperk. Kaapstad. Derde druk, 1967. * Van Coller, H.P. (red.) Perspektief en Profiel Deel 3. Van Schaik-Uitgewers Pretoria. Eerste uitgawe, 2006. * {{nl}} [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/merw002vroe01_01/merw002vroe01_01_0002.htm Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen], Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren === Ander verwysings === {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Changuion, Antoine}} [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante uit Nederland]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse joernaliste]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse politici]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse taalkundiges]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1803]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1881]] [[Kategorie:Nederlandse skrywers]] qofmfp46o71o7nxhtyl40ppii16i4d3 0 40501 2517295 2290599 2022-08-03T21:00:03Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Drienasiesreeks | jaar = 2005 | beeld = | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | begin = 30 Julie | eindig = 3 September | wenners = Nieu-Seeland | aantal = 6 | wedstryde = 6 | drieë = 26 | bywoning = 303056 | meeste punte = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Percy Montgomery]] (52) | meeste drieë = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Bryan Habana]]<br />{{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Doug Howlett]] (3)<br />{{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Joe Rokocoko]] (3 elk) | vorige = [[2004-Drienasiesreeks|2004]] | volgende = [[2006-Drienasiesreeks|2006]] }} [[Lêer:2005 Tri Nations Series - All Blacks vs Wallabies.jpg|duimnael|Eindstryd tussen die All Blacks en Wallabies op Edenpark]] Die '''2005-[[Drienasiesreeks]]''' was die tiende keer wat die kompetisie tussen [[Wallabies|Australië]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Springbokke|Suid-Afrika]] plaasgevind het. Dit is vanaf 30 Julie tot 3 September oor ses wedstryde beslis met elke span wat vier wedstryde gespeel het. Nieu-Seeland het die toernooi vir die sesde keer gewen. Buitendien het hulle die [[Bledisloebeker]] ingepalm. == Uitslae == {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 width="8%"| !rowspan=2|Nasie !colspan=4|Wedstryde !colspan=3|Punte !rowspan=2|Bonuspunte !rowspan=2|Ligapunte |- !Speel !Wen !Gelyk !Verloor !Vir !Teen !Verskil |- |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #000000; color: #FFFFFF"|1 |align=left|{{NZLru}}||4||3||0||1||111||86||+25||3||'''15''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #336600; color: #FFFF00"|2 |align=left|{{RSAru}}||4||3||0||1||93||82||+11||1||'''13''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #FFFF00; color: #336600"|3 |align=left|{{AUSru}}||4||0||0||4||72||108||-36||3||'''3''' |} === Rondte een === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 30 Julie 2005 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 22–16 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11411&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5092&awayid=5093&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Breyton Paulse]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Percy Montgomery]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (3)<br />'''Skepdoele:''' [[Percy Montgomery]], [[André Pretorius]] | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[George Smith]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Matt Giteau]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Giteau]] (3) | stadion = [[Loftus Versfeld]], [[Pretoria]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 53&nbsp;056 | skeidsregter = [[Paul Honiss]] ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) }} === Rondte twee === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 6 Augustus 2005 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 22–16 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11412&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5092&awayid=5094&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Jean de Villiers]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Percy Montgomery]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (4)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' [[André Pretorius]] | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[Rico Gear]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Dan Carter]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Dan Carter]] (3) | stadion = [[Nuwelandstadion|Nuweland]], [[Kaapstad]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 49&nbsp;118 | skeidsregter = [[Andrew Cole]] ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) }} === Rondte drie === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 13 Augustus 2005 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 13–30 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11464&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5093&awayid=5094&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Drew Mitchell]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Matt Giteau]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Giteau]] (2) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Piri Weepu]], [[Richie McCaw]], [[Joe Rokocoko]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Dan Carter]] (2), [[Luke McAlister]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Dan Carter]] (3) | stadion = [[ANZ-stadion]], [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 83&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = [[Tony Spreadbury]] ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) }} === Rondte vier === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 20 Augustus 2005 | tyd = 18:00 (AWST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 19–22 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11465&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5093&awayid=5092&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Clyde Rathbone]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Mat Rogers]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Mat Rogers]], [[Matt Giteau]] (2) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Bryan Habana]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (3)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] | stadion = [[Subiaco Ovaal]], [[Perth]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 43&nbsp;278 | skeidsregter = [[Alain Rolland]] ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) }} === Rondte vyf === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 27 Augustus 2005 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 31–27 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11466&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5094&awayid=5092&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Joe Rokocoko]] (2), [[Leon MacDonald]], [[Keven Mealamu]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Leon MacDonalc]] (3), [[Luke McAlister]]<br />'''Strafdoel:''' [[Leon MacDonald]] | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Bryan Habana]], [[Ricky Januarie]], [[Jaque Fourie]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (3)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (2) | stadion = [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 29&nbsp;500 | skeidsregter = [[Joël Jutge]] ([[Franse Rugbyfederasie|FRA]]) }} === Rondte ses === {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 3 September 2005 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 34–24 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.co.za/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11467&category=sarugby/springboks&leagueid=376&homeid=5094&awayid=5093&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Richie McCaw]], [[Doug Howlett]] (3)<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Leon MacDonald]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Leon MacDonald]], [[Luke McAlister]] (3) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Mark Chisholm]], [[Mark Gerrard]], [[Lote Tuqiri]], [[Lloyd Johansson]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Mat Rogers]] (2) | stadion = [[Edenparkstadion|Edenpark]], [[Auckland]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 45&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = [[Chris White]] ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Drienasiesreekskampioen 2005 |- |align=center|'''{{NZLru}}''' |} == Statistiek == === Meeste punte en drieë === {| class="toptextcells" | Meeste punte aangeteken: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ! Naam ! Punte |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Percy Montgomery]] | 52 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Dan Carter]] | 24 |- | 3 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Matt Giteau]] | 21 |} | Meeste drieë gedruk: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Naam ! Drieë |- |rowspan="3"| 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Bryan Habana]] |rowspan="3"| 3 |- |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Doug Howlett]] |- |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Joe Rokocoko]] |} |} {{Drienasiesreeks}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Drienasies]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2005]] 8vmdtxmmkgifcodmxvfw2io9aiwedie 0 40502 2517292 1969108 2022-08-03T20:30:06Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Drienasiesreeks | jaar = 2004 | beeld = | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | begin = 17 Julie | eindig = 21 Augustus | wenners = Suid-Afrika | aantal = 2 | wedstryde = 6 | drieë = 32 | bywoning = 313029 | meeste punte = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Percy Montgomery]] (45) | meeste drieë = {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Lote Tuqiri]]<br />{{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Jean de Villiers]]<br />{{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Marius Joubert]] (3 elk) | vorige = [[2003-Drienasiesreeks|2003]] | volgende = [[2005-Drienasiesreeks|2005]] }} Die '''2004''' [[Drienasiesreeks]] was die negende keer wat die kompetisie tussen [[Wallabies|Australië]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Springbokke|Suid-Afrika]] plaasgevind het. Dit is vanaf 17 Julie tot 21 Augustus oor ses wedstryde beslis met elke span wat vier wedstryde gespeel het. Suid-Afrika het die toernooi vir die tweede keer gewen. Buitendien het hulle die eerste [[Vryheidsbeker]] ingepalm, terwyl Nieu-Seeland die [[Bledisloebeker]] verdedig het. == Uitslae == {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 width="8%"| !rowspan=2|Nasie !colspan=4|Wedstryde !colspan=3|Punte !rowspan=2|Bonuspunte !rowspan=2|Ligapunte |- !Speel !Wen !Gelyk !Verloor !Vir !Teen !Verskil |- |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #336600; color: #FFFF00"|1 |align=left|{{RSAru}}||4||2||0||2||110||98||+12||3||'''11''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #FFFF00; color: #336600"|2 |align=left|{{AUSru}}||4||2||0||2||79||83||-4||2||'''10''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #000000; color: #FFFFFF"|3 |align=left|{{NZLru}}||4||2||0||2||83||91||-8||1||'''9''' |} == Wedstryde == {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 17 Julie 2004 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 16–7 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=10357&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4695&awayid=4693&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Doug Howlett]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Dan Carter]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Dan Carter (3) | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[Stirling Mortlock]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Matt Giteau]] | stadion = [[Westpacstadion]], [[Wellington, Nieu-Seeland|Wellington]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 38&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Alain Rolland ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 24 Julie 2004 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 23–21 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=10358&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4695&awayid=4694&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Doug Howlett]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Dan Carter]] (5), [[Carlos Spencer]] | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Jean de Villiers]], [[Jacques Cronjé]], [[Fourie du Preez]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (3) | stadion = [[Lancasterpark]], [[Christchurch]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 34&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Alain Rolland ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 31 Julie 2004 | tyd = 18:00 (AWST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 30–26 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=10359&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4693&awayid=4694&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Lote Tuqiri]], [[Stephen Larkham]], [[Chris Latham]], [[Clyde Rathbone]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Giteau]], [[Matt Burke]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Giteau (2) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Jaco van der Westhuyzen]], [[Jean de Villiers]], [[Gaffie du Toit]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Percy Montgomery]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Percy Montgomery (3) | stadion = [[Subiaco Ovaal]], [[Perth]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 42&nbsp;507 | skeidsregter = Chris White ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 7 Augustus 2004 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 23–18 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=10360&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4693&awayid=4695&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Lote Tuqiri]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Burke]] (2), [[Matt Giteau]] (4) | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Dan Carter]] (4), [[Carlos Spencer]], [[Andrew Mehrtens]] | stadion = [[ANZ-stadion]], [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 83&nbsp;418 | skeidsregter = [[Jonathan Kaplan]] ([[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 14 Augustus 2004 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 40–26 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=10361&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4694&awayid=4695&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Marius Joubert]] (3), [[Breyton Paulse]], [[Jean de Villiers]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (3)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Percy Montgomery (3) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Mils Muliaina]], [[Joe Rokocoko]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Andrew Mehrtens (4) | stadion = [[Ellispark-stadion]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 62&nbsp;857 | skeidsregter = Nigel Williams ([[Walliese Rugbyunie|WAL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 21 Augustus 2004 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 23–19 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=11062&category=&leagueid=344&homeid=4694&awayid=4693&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Victor Matfield]], [[Joe van Niekerk]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Percy Montgomery (3) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Lote Tuqiri]], [[Stirling Mortlock]], [[George Smith]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Giteau]] (2) | stadion = [[Kings Park-stadion]], [[Durban]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 52&nbsp;247 | skeidsregter = Paddy O’Brien ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Drienasiesreekskampioen 2004 |- |align=center|'''{{RSAru}}''' |} == Statistiek == === Meeste punte en drieë === {| class="toptextcells" | Meeste punte aangeteken: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ! Naam ! Punte |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Percy Montgomery]] | 45 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Dan Carter]] | 38 |- | 3 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Matt Giteau]] | 26 |} | Meeste drieë gedruk: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Naam ! Drieë |- |rowspan="3"| 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Jean de Villiers]] |rowspan="3"| 3 |- |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Marius Joubert]] |- |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Lote Tuqiri]] |} |} {{Drienasiesreeks}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Drienasies]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2004]] aemrgaoqby6ch032qiysxd993ub3x91 0 40503 2517286 1969107 2022-08-03T19:30:03Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Drienasiesreeks | jaar = 2003 | beeld = | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | begin = 12 Julie | eindig = 16 Augustus | wenners = Nieu-Seeland | aantal = 5 | wedstryde = 6 | drieë = 33 | bywoning = 318970 | meeste punte = {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Carlos Spencer]] (60) | meeste drieë = {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Joe Rokocoko]] (6) | vorige = [[2002-Drienasiesreeks|2002]] | volgende = [[2004-Drienasiesreeks|2004]] }} Die '''2003-[[Drienasiesreeks]]''' was die agtste keer wat die kompetisie tussen [[Wallabies|Australië]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Springbokke|Suid-Afrika]] plaasgevind het. Dit is vanaf 12 Julie tot 16 Augustus oor ses wedstryde beslis met elke span wat vier wedstryde gespeel het. Nieu-Seeland het die toernooi vir die vyfde keer gewen. Buitendien het hulle die [[Bledisloebeker]] ingepalm. == Uitslae == {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 width="8%"| !rowspan=2|Nasie !colspan=4|Wedstryde !colspan=3|Punte !rowspan=2|Bonuspunte !rowspan=2|Ligapunte |- !Speel !Wen !Gelyk !Verloor !Vir !Teen !Verskil |- |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #000000; color: #FFFFFF"|1 |align=left|{{NZLru}}||4||4||0||0||142||65||+77||2||'''18''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #FFFF00; color: #336600"|2 |align=left|{{AUSru}}||4||1||0||3||89||106||-17||2||'''6''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #336600; color: #FFFF00"|3 |align=left|{{RSAru}}||4||1||0||3||62||122||-60||0||'''4''' |} == Wedstryde == {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 12 Julie 2003 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 26–22 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8768&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=4034&awayid=2893&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Victor Matfield]], [[Brent Russell]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Louis Koen]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Louis Koen (4) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Wendell Sailor]], [[Joe Roff]], [[Phil Waugh]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Burke]] (2)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' Matt Burke | stadion = [[Nuwelandstadion]], [[Kaapstad]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 48&nbsp;678 | skeidsregter = Steve Walsh ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 19 Julie 2003 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 16–52 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8769&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=4034&awayid=3771&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Ashwin Willemse]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Louis Koen]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Louis Koen]] (2)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' Louis Koen | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Doug Howlett]] (2), [[Aaron Mauger]], [[Kees Meeuws]], [[Joe Rokocoko]] (2), [[Carlos Spencer]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' Carlos Spencer (4)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Carlos Spencer (3) | stadion = [[Loftus Versfeld]], [[Pretoria]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 50&nbsp;008 | skeidsregter = Alain Rolland ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 26 Julie 2003 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 21–50 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8770&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=2893&awayid=3771&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Matt Burke]], [[Mat Rogers]], [[Wendell Sailor]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Burke (2) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Dan Carter]], [[Doug Howlett]], [[Aaron Mauger]], [[Joe Rokocoko]] (3), [[Tana Umaga]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' Dan Carter, [[Carlos Spencer]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Carlos Spencer]] (3) | stadion = [[ANZ-stadion]], [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 82&nbsp;096 | skeidsregter = Tony Spreadbury ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 2 Augustus 2003 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 29–9 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8771&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=2893&awayid=4034&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Mat Rogers]], [[Phil Waugh]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Elton Flatley]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Elton Flatley (5) | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Louis Koen]] (3) | stadion = [[Suncorpstadion]], [[Brisbane]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 51&nbsp;188 | skeidsregter = Paddy O’Brien ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 9 Augustus 2003 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 19–11 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8772&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=3771&awayid=4034&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Joe Rokocoko]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Carlos Spencer]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Carlos Spencer (4) | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[Richard Bands]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Louis Koen]] (2) | stadion = [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 37&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Peter Marshall ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 16 Augustus 2003 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 21–17 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8773&category=&leagueid=183&homeid=3771&awayid=2893&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Doug Howlett]] (2)<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Carlos Spencer]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Carlos Spencer]] (3) | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[George Smith]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Elton Flatley]] (4) | stadion = [[Edenparkstadion]], [[Auckland]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 50&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Peter Marshall ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Drienasiesreekskampioen 2003 |- |align=center|'''{{NZLru}}''' |} == Statistiek == === Meeste punte en drieë === {| class="toptextcells" | Meeste punte aangeteken: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ! Naam ! Punte |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Carlos Spencer]] | 60 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Louis Koen]] | 31 |- | 3 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Elton Flatley]] | 30 |} | Meeste drieë gedruk: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Naam ! Drieë |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Joe Rokocoko]] | 6 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Doug Howlett]] | 5 |} |} {{Drienasiesreeks}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Drienasies]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2003]] taty4ghlipmco7jzadc0dxgg2ktxki3 0 40504 2517284 1969106 2022-08-03T19:00:36Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Drienasiesreeks | jaar = 2002 | beeld = | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | begin = 13 Julie | eindig = 17 Augustus | wenners = Nieu-Seeland | aantal = 4 | wedstryde = 6 | drieë = 32 | bywoning = 309321 | meeste punte = {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (47) | meeste drieë = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Marius Joubert]] (3) | vorige = [[2001-Drienasiesreeks|2001]] | volgende = [[2003-Drienasiesreeks|2003]] }} Die '''2002-[[Drienasiesreeks]]''' was die sewende keer wat die kompetisie tussen [[Wallabies|Australië]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Springbokke|Suid-Afrika]] plaasgevind het. Dit is vanaf 13 Julie tot 17 Augustus oor ses wedstryde beslis met elke span wat vier wedstryde gespeel het. Nieu-Seeland het die toernooi vir die vierde keer gewen. Nietemin het Australië die [[Bledisloebeker]] vir die vierde agtereenvolgende keer behou, nadat die All Blacks en die Wallabies elkeen een wedstryd gewen het. == Uitslae == {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 width="8%"| !rowspan=2|Nasie !colspan=4|Wedstryde !colspan=3|Punte !rowspan=2|Bonuspunte !rowspan=2|Ligapunte |- !Speel !Wen !Gelyk !Verloor !Vir !Teen !Verskil |- |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #000000; color: #FFFFFF"|1 |align=left|{{NZLru}}||4||3||0||1||97||65||+32||3||'''15''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #FFFF00; color: #336600"|2 |align=left|{{AUSru}}||4||2||0||2||91||86||+5||3||'''11''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #336600; color: #FFFF00"|3 |align=left|{{RSAru}}||4||1||0||3||103||140||-37||3||'''7''' |} == Wedstryde == {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 13 Julie 2002 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 12–6 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8288&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=3772&awayid=2894&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (4) | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Burke]] (2) | stadion = [[Lancasterpark]], [[Christchurch]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 40&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = [[Jonathan Kaplan]] ([[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 20 Julie 2002 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 41–20 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8289&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=3772&awayid=4035&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Mark Hammett]], [[Doug Howlett]], [[Justin Marshall]], [[Scott Robertson]], [[Reuben Thorne]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Andrew Mehrtens (3)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' Andrew Mehrtens | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Werner Greeff]], [[Marius Joubert]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[André Pretorius]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoel:''' André Pretorius<br />'''Skepdoel:''' Werner Greeff | stadion = [[Westpacstadion]], [[Wellington, Nieu-Seeland|Wellington]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 38&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Stuart Dickinson ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 27 Julie 2002 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 38–27 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8290&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=2894&awayid=4035&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Chris Latham]] (2), [[Ben Tune]], [[Stirling Mortlock]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Burke]] (3)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Burke (3), Stirling Mortlock | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Marius Joubert]] (2), [[Bobby Skinstad]], [[Brent Russell]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[André Pretorius]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoel:''' André Pretorius | stadion = [[Brisbane-krieketveld]], [[Brisbane]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 37&nbsp;278 | skeidsregter = Steve Lander ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 3 Augustus 2002 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 16–14 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=14819&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=2894&awayid=3772&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Mat Rogers]], [[Nathan Sharpe]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Burke]] (2) | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[Richie McCaw]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (3) | stadion = [[ANZ-stadion]], [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 79&nbsp;543 | skeidsregter = André Watson ([[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 10 Augustus 2002 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 23–30 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8292&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=4035&awayid=3772&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Neil de Kock]], [[André Pretorius]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[André Pretorius]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' André Pretorius (2)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' André Pretorius | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Doug Howlett]], [[Leon MacDonald]], [[Aaron Mauger]], [[Drie (sport)#Strafdrie|Strafdrie]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Andrew Mehrtens (2) | stadion = [[Kings Park-stadion]], [[Durban]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 52&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Dave McHugh ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 17 Augustus 2002 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 33–31 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=8293&category=&leagueid=182&homeid=4035&awayid=2894&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Breyton Paulse]] (2), [[Werner Greeff]], [[Brent Russell]], [[Joe van Niekerk]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' Werner Greeff (4) | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Toutai Kefu]], [[Brendan Cannon]], [[Mat Rogers]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Burke]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Burke (3)<br />'''Skepdoel:''' [[George Gregan]] | stadion = [[Ellispark-stadion]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 62&nbsp;500 | skeidsregter = Paddy O’Brien ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Drienasiesreekskampioen 2002 |- |align=center|'''{{NZLru}}''' |} == Statistiek == === Meeste punte en drieë === {| class="toptextcells" | Meeste punte aangeteken: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ! Naam ! Punte |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Andrew Mehrtens]] | 47 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Matt Burke]] | 40 |- | 3 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[André Pretorius]] | 27 |} | Meeste drieë gedruk: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Naam ! Drieë |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Marius Joubert]] | 3 |} |} {{Drienasiesreeks}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Drienasies]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2002]] lsit5nirnk1dbv3bgcoodwdgd3iieut 0 40505 2517270 1969104 2022-08-03T18:00:05Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Drienasiesreeks | jaar = 2001 | beeld = | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | begin = 21 Julie | eindig = 1 September | wenners = Australië | aantal = 2 | wedstryde = 6 | drieë = 13 | bywoning = 303628 | meeste punte = {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Matt Burke]] (53) | meeste drieë = {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Pita Alatini]] (2) | vorige = [[2000-Drienasiesreeks|2000]] | volgende = [[2002-Drienasiesreeks|2002]] }} Die '''2001-[[Drienasiesreeks]]''' was die sesde keer wat die kompetisie tussen [[Wallabies|Australië]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Springbokke|Suid-Afrika]] plaasgevind het. Dit is vanaf 21 Julie tot 1 September oor ses wedstryde beslis met elke span wat vier wedstryde gespeel het. Australië het die toernooi vir die tweede keer gewen en sodoende hul titel suksesvol verdedig. Buitendien het Australië die [[Bledisloebeker]] vir die vierde agtereenvolgende keer behou, nadat hulle die All Blacks in albei wedstryde geklop het. == Uitslae == {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 width="8%"| !rowspan=2|Nasie !colspan=4|Wedstryde !colspan=3|Punte !rowspan=2|Bonuspunte !rowspan=2|Ligapunte |- !Speel !Wen !Gelyk !Verloor !Vir !Teen !Verskil |- |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #FFFF00; color: #336600"|1 |align=left|{{AUSru}}||4||2||1||1||81||75||+6||1||'''11''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #000000; color: #FFFFFF"|2 |align=left|{{NZLru}}||4||2||0||2||79||70||+9||1||'''9''' |- bgcolor=#ffffff align=center |- |style="background: #336600; color: #FFFF00"|3 |align=left|{{RSAru}}||4||1||1||2||52||67||-15||0||'''6''' |} == Wedstryde == {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 21 Julie 2001 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 3–12 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7343&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=4033&awayid=3770&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Strafdoel:''' [[Percy Montgomery]] | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Tony Brown]] (4) | stadion = [[Nuwelandstadion]], [[Kaapstad]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 50&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Scott Young ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 28 Julie 2001 | tyd = 15:00 (SAST) | tuis = {{RSAru-r}} | telling = 20–15 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7344&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=4033&awayid=2892&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Bobby Skinstad]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Braam van Straaten]] (5) | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Burke]] (4), [[Manny Edmonds]] | stadion = [[Loftus Versfeld]], [[Pretoria]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | bywoning = 37&nbsp;500 | skeidsregter = Dave McHugh ([[Ierse Rugbyvoetbalunie|IRL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 11 Augustus 2001 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 15–23 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7345&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=3770&awayid=2892&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{AUSru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Jonah Lomu]], [[Jeff Wilson]]<br />'''Doelskop:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]]<br />'''Strafdoel:''' [[Tony Brown]] | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Matt Burke]], [[Drie (sport)#Strafdrie|Strafdrie]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' Matt Burke (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Burke (3) | stadion = [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 37&nbsp;500 | skeidsregter = Steve Lander ([[Engelse Rugbyvoetbalunie|ENG]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 18 Augustus 2001 | tyd = 18:00 (AWST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 14–14 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7346&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=2892&awayid=4033&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drie:''' [[Nathan Grey]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Matt Burke]] (3) | wegpunte = '''Drie:''' [[Mark Andrews]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' [[Braam van Straaten]] (3) | stadion = [[Subiaco Ovaal]], [[Perth]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 42&nbsp;650 | skeidsregter = Steve Walsh ([[Nieu-Seeland Rugby|NZL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 25 Augustus 2001 | tyd = 19:35 (NZST) | tuis = {{NZLru-r}} | telling = 26–15 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7347&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=3770&awayid=4033&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{RSAru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Pita Alatini]], [[Drie (sport)#Strafdrie|Strafdrie]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Andrew Mehrtens (4) | wegpunte = '''Strafdoele:''' [[Braam van Straaten]] (5) | stadion = [[Edenparkstadion]], [[Auckland]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | bywoning = 45&nbsp;000 | skeidsregter = Peter Marshall ([[Rugby Australia|AUS]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} {{rugbywedstryd | datum = 1 September 2001 | tyd = 20:00 (AEST) | tuis = {{AUSru-r}} | telling = 29–26 | rapport = [http://www.sarugby.net/matchbreakdown.aspx?id=7348&category=&leagueid=181&homeid=2892&awayid=3770&fullview=true Verslag] | weg = {{NZLru}} | tuispunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Toutai Kefu]], [[Chris Latham]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Matt Burke]], [[Elton Flatley]]<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Matt Burke (4), [[Andrew Walker]] | wegpunte = '''Drieë:''' [[Pita Alatini]], [[Doug Howlett]]<br />'''Doelskoppe:''' [[Andrew Mehrtens]] (2)<br />'''Strafdoele:''' Andrew Mehrtens (4) | stadion = [[ANZ-stadion]], [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | bywoning = 90&nbsp;978 | skeidsregter = Tappe Henning ([[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = | notas = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Drienasiesreekskampioen 2001 |- |align=center|'''{{AUSru}}''' |} == Statistiek == === Meeste punte en drieë === {| class="toptextcells" | Meeste punte aangeteken: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ! Naam ! Punte |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Australië}} [[Matt Burke]] | 53 |- | 2 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Braam van Straaten]] | 39 |- | 3 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Andrew Mehrtens]] | 30 |} | Meeste drieë gedruk: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Naam ! Drieë |- | 1 |style="text-align:left;"| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} [[Pita Alatini]] | 2 |} |} {{Drienasiesreeks}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Drienasies]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2001]] h0gvhjxd79twu8pwuyjo2db9ti31tlk 0 44978 2517283 1991368 2022-08-03T18:44:02Z 102.220.210.108 /* Simboliek */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Vlag | Naam = Zambië | Artikel = | Beeld = Flag of Zambia.svg | Beeldgrootte = 210px | Geen_grens = | Bynaam = | Ander_byname = | Gebruik = 111000 | Simbool = | Verhouding = 2:3 | Goedgekeur_op = [[24 Oktober]] [[1964]] <small>gewysig in 1996</small> | Ontwerp = ’n Groen baan met ’n goue adelaar en drie vertikale bane in rooi, swart en oranje aan die wapperkant. | Ontwerper = Gabrielle Ellison | Beeld2 = Air Force Ensign of Zambia.svg | Beeldgrootte2 = 210px | Geen_grens2 = | Bynaam2 = Lugmagvaandel | Ander_byname2 = | Gebruik2 = | Simbool2 = | Verhouding2 = 2:3 | Goedgekeur_op2= | Ontwerp2 = ’n ''Lugmagblou'' vlag met die rondeau van die Zambiese Lugmag in die middel. | Ontwerper2 = }} Die '''nasionale vlag van [[Zambië]]''' is op [[24 Oktober]] [[1959]] amptelik in gebruik geneem. Die vlag vertoon ’n groen baan met ’n gou adelaar bo-aan die wapperkant en drie vertikale bane in (van die vlagpaalkant) rooi, swart en oranje aan die wapperkant van die vlag. == Simboliek == Die groen kleur op die vlag stel die land se vrugbare grond voor, die rooi stel die bloed voor wat gevloei het in die stryd om vryheid, swart stel die bevolking van Zambië voor en oranje stel die land se koperhulpbronne voor, wat ’n belangrike deel van die Zambiese ekonomie is. Die adelaar bo die drie vertikale bane simboliseer die hoop van die Zambiese volk.<ref name="Greig">{{en}} Greig, Charlotte. The Dictionary of Flags. Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-758-4</ref> == Ontwerp == Die vlag het ’n ongewone ontwerp met die onderskeidende tekens wat aan die wapperkant van die vlag is (waar so te sê elke ander nasionale vlag s’n aan die vlagpaalkant of in die skildhoek is). Die vlag is deur die Zambiër, Gabrielle Ellison ontwerp. <center>[[Lêer:Flag of Zambia (construction).svg|350px|senter|Konstruksietekening]]</center> === Kleure === [[Lêer:Flag of Zambia (Pantone).svg|duimnael|Die vlag van Zambië volgens die korrekte Pantonekleure]] Die kleurskema word hieronder gelys: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! [[Lêer:Flag of Zambia.svg|30px]] !! style="background-color:#198a00ff"|<span style="color:white;">Groen !! style="background-color:#de2010ff"|<span style="color:white;">Rooi !! style="background-color:#000000ff"|<span style="color:white;">Swart !! style="background-color:#ef7d00ff"|Oranje/Arend |- | '''[[RGB-kleurmodel|RGB]]''' || 25-138-0 || 222-32-16 || 0-0-0 || 239-125-0 |- | '''[[Heksadesimale stelsel|Heksadesimaal]]''' || #198a00ff || #de2010ff || #000000ff || #ef7d00ff |- | '''CMYK''' || 82, 0, 100, 46 || 0, 86, 93, 13 || 0, 0, 0, 100 || 0, 48, 100, 6 |} == Geskiedenis == Tot 1939 is die [[vlag van die Verenigde Koninkryk]] ook gebruik as die vlag vir Zambië. In 1939 is daar egter begin om van ’n [[Britse vaandels|blou Britse vaandel]] gebruik te maak waarop die Britse vlag in die skildhoek was en die wapenskild van Zambië op die wapperkant. In 1953 is die vaandel gewysig met ’n ander wapenskild op die wapperkant omdat Noord-Rhodesië saam met Njassaland in ’n Federasie getree het. Met die verkryging van onafhanklikheid in 1964 het Zambië ’n nuwe naam en vlag gekry en in 1996 is klein wysigings (die skakering van groen) aangebring. <center><gallery align="center" widths="150"> Lêer:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg| {{FIAV|historical}} Britse vlag, 1923 tot 1939 Lêer:Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939–1964).svg| {{FIAV|historical}} [[Noord-Rhodesië]], 1939 tot 1953 Lêer:Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).svg| {{FIAV|historical}} [[Sentraal-Afrikaanse Federasie|Federasie van Rhodesië en Njassaland]], 1953 tot 1964 Lêer:Old Flag of Zambia.svg| {{FIAV|historical}} Zambië, 1964 tot 1996 </gallery></center> == Ander vlae == <center><gallery align="center" withs="150"> Lêer:Flag of Zambia Police.png| Vlag van die Zambiese polisie Lêer:Flag of the President of Zambia.svg| Vlag van die Zambiese President Lêer:Civil Air Ensign of Zambia.svg| Vaandel van die Zambiese Burgerlugvaart </gallery></center> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Flags of Zambia|Vlae van Zambië}} * {{en}} [https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/zm.html Zambië] by ''Flags of the World''. * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Flag-of-Zambia|title=Flag of Zambia|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=15 Mei 2019}} {{Afrikavlae}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Kultuur in Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Nasionale vlae|Zambie]] 4xvfgswisp0tc901e6bf2z3896kmbo9 0 46441 2517330 2516765 2022-08-04T07:09:51Z 158.181.45.244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Voormalige land |inheemse_naam =الخلافة الأموية<br />''Al-Ḫilāfa al-ʾumawiyya'' |gewone_lang_naam =Omajjadiese Kalifaat |gewone_naam =Omajjadiese Kalifaat |kontinent =Afroeurasië |gebied =Midde-Ooste en Noord-Afrika |land = |era =[[Middeleeue]] |status = |status_teks = |ryk = |bestaanstydperk =661-750 |jaar_begin =661 |jaar_einde =750 |datum_begin =[[661]] |datum_einde =[[750]] |gebeurtenis_begin =Muawiyah I word Kalief |gebeurtenis_einde =Nederlaag en dood van Marwan II deur die [[Abbasidiese Kalifaat|Abbasiede]] |gebeurtenis1 = |datum_gebeurtenis1 = |gebeurtenis2 = |datum_gebeurtenis2 = |gebeurtenis3 = |datum_gebeurtenis3 = |gebeurtenis4 = |datum_gebeurtenis4 = |gebeurtenis_voor = |datum_voor = |gebeurtenis_na = |datum_na = |v1 =Rasjidoen-kalifaat |vlag_v1 =Rashidun Flag.svg |v2 =Bisantynse Ryk |vlag_v2 =Simple Labarum.svg |v3 =Visigotiese Ryk |vlag_v3 = |v4 = |vlag_v4 = |v5 = |vlag_v5 = |n1 =Abbasidiese Kalifaat |vlag_n1 =Abbasid banner.svg |n2 =Emiraat van Córdoba |vlag_n2 =Coras del Emirato de Córdoba.png |n3 = |vlag_n3 = |n4 = |vlag_n4 = |n5 = |vlag_n5 = |beeld_vlag = |vlag = |beeld_wapen = |wapen = |beeld_kaart =Umayyad750ADloc.png |beeld_kaart_byskrif =Die Omajjadiese Kalifaat in sy grootste uitbreiding in 750 |nasionale_leuse = |nasionale_volkslied = |wetgewer= |godsdiens=[[Islam]] |hoofstad =[[Damaskus]] (661–744)<br />[[Harran]] (744–750)<br />[[Córdoba, Spanje|Córdoba]] (in ballingskap, 756–1031) |breedtegraad_grade = |breedtegraad_minute = |breedtegraad_NS = |lengtegraad_grade = |lengtegraad_minute = |lengtegraad_OW = |algemene_tale =[[Arabies]], [[Aramees]], [[Armeens]], [[Berbers]], [[Georgies]], [[Grieks]], [[Hebreeus]], [[Koerdies]], [[Kopties]], [[Persies]], [[Turks]] |regeringstipe =Monargie |titel_leier =Kalief |leier1 =Muawiyah I |jaar_leier1 =661–680 |leier2 =Marwan II |jaar_leier2 =744–750 |stat_jaar1 =750 |stat_bev1 =62000000 |stat_opp1 =15000000 |bev_digtheid1 = |geldeenheid =Goue dinar en dirham }} Die '''Omajjadiese Kalifaat''' ([[Arabies]]: بنو أمية, ''Banoe Omajja'') was die tweede van vier [[Islam]]itiese [[kalifaat|kalifate]] wat ná die dood van [[Mohammed]] gestig is. Dit is geregeer deur die Omajjadiese dinastie, wie se naam kom van Omajja ibn Abd Sjams, die oupagrootjie van die eerste Omajjadiese [[kalief]]. Hoewel die Omajjad-familie oorspronklik van die stad [[Mekka]] gekom het, was [[Damaskus]] die kalifaat se hoofstad. Die Omajjadiese Kalifaat het die Moslem-verowerings voortgesit deur die Transoxiana, Sindh, [[Maghreb]] en die [[Iberiese Skiereiland]] (Al-Andalus) in die Moslemwêreld op te neem. Dit was eindelik 11 miljoen km2<ref name="Taagepera496">{{cite journal|author=Rein Taagepera|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807}}</ref> groot met 'n bevolking van 33 miljoen mense – een van die grootste ryke wat nog bestaan het beide in grongebied en bevolking .<ref name=Blankinship>{{citation|title=The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads|first=Khalid Yahya|last=Blankinship|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=0-7914-1827-8|page=37}}</ref> Nadat die Omajjade deur die [[Abbasidiese Kalifaat]] omvergewerp is, het hulle na Al-Andalus getrek waar hulle die Kalifaat van Córdoba gestig het wat 'n wêreldsentrum<ref name="Barton2009">{{cite book|author=Simon Barton|title=A History of Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-137-01347-7|pages=44–5}}</ref><ref name="Venable1894">{{cite book|author=Francis Preston Venable|title=A Short History of Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN9YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21|year=1894|publisher=Heath|page=21}}</ref> geword het van [[wetenskap]], [[geneeskunde]], [[filosofie]] en [[uitvinding]] en die tydperk van die Goue Eeu van Islam ingelui het. Die Omajjadiese Kalifaat het oor 'n groot multi-etniese en multikulturele bevolking geheers. [[Christene]], wat steeds 'n meerderheid van die bevolking van die Kalifaat uitmaak, en [[Jode]] mag hul eie [[godsdiens]] beoefen het, maar hulle moes 'n hoof[[belasting]] betaal (die ''jizya'') waarvan Moslems vrygestel is.<ref name="ReferenceA">H.U. Rahman , ''A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE'' (1999), bl. 128.</ref> Daar was egter die ''[[Zakat]]''-belasting op slegs Moslem, wat eksplisiet vir verskillende welsynsprogramme geoormerk is.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic Economics |url=http://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/islamic.htm |website=www.hetwebsite.net |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105085422/http://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/islamic.htm |archive-date= 5 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date= 3 Januarie 2020 }}</ref> Prominente posisies word deur Christene beklee, waarvan sommige behoort het aan gesinne wat in die [[Bisantynse]] regerings gedien het. Die indiensneming van Christene was deel van 'n breër beleid van godsdienstige akkommodasie wat noodsaaklik was deur die teenwoordigheid van groot Christelike bevolkings in die verowerde provinsies, soos in [[Sirië]]. Hierdie beleid het ook Muawiya se gewildheid versterk en Sirië as sy magsbasis versterk.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA185&dq=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase#v=onepage&q=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase&f=false|title=World and Its Peoples|first=Marshall|last=Cavendish|date=1 September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|via=Google Books|isbn=9780761475712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hTPC09XoKs0C&pg=PT20&dq=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase|title=The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States|first=Michael|last=Haag|date=1 November 2012|publisher=Profile Books|via=Google Books|isbn=9781847658548}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Umayyads}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|20px|links]]<small>Hierdie artikel is vertaal vanuit [[:en:Umayyad Caliphate|die Engelse Wikipedia]]</small> {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Kalifate]] 1etilfzctjik9302cpdk82wa0czjoof 0 46745 2517311 1812313 2022-08-04T05:04:38Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] r6lwskae2htzmel5b48w7a64535sj8s 0 46746 2517310 1812314 2022-08-04T05:04:28Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] r6lwskae2htzmel5b48w7a64535sj8s 0 46747 2517309 1812315 2022-08-04T05:04:18Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] r6lwskae2htzmel5b48w7a64535sj8s 0 47870 2517313 624356 2022-08-04T05:04:58Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Ronaldo Luiz Nazário de Lima]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Ronaldo Luiz Nazário de Lima]] qg0czeaakyg998w6ff0cnsd8y6rtjyk 0 52135 2517403 2449673 2022-08-04T10:38:21Z Groesbekos 152479 /* Genealogie in Suid-Afrika */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:900-158 Ahnentafel Herzog Ludwig.jpg|duimnael|Kwartierstaat van Herzog Ludwig I van Württemberg (regeer 1568–1593).]] '''Genealogie''' (vanuit [[Grieks]]: γενεά, Genea, "afkoms", en λόγος, logos, "kennis") is die studie van die verwantskappe van individue binne gesins- & familieverband/[[Gesin|gesinne]] en die nasporing van hul afstammelinge en of voorsate. Genealoë gebruik mondelinge tradisies, historiese rekords, genetiese analise, en ander bronne om inligting oor [[Familie (verwantskap)|families]] te bekom. Verwantskappe word dikwels met behulp van stambome, kwartierstate en geslagregisters in [[Databasis|databasisse]] aangedui. Hiervoor word doelgerigte genealogiese programme normaalweg gebruik, waarvan daar 'n verskeidenheid beskikbaar is.<ref>Genealogiese programme: [[:en:Comparison of genealogy software#General features|Comparison of genealogy software]] {{en}}</ref> 'n Tipiese genealogiese databasis sal die volledige name van individu binne 'n verwantskap, asook datum en plek van persone se geboortes, troues en sterftes aanteken. Stambome word gewoonlik in teks of grafies weergegee met lyne wat aandui hoe mense binne dieselfde familienaam aan mekaar verwant is. Kwartierstate: 'n individu se voorouerstaat in alle bloedlyne/stamlyne kan grafies in verskillende formate en/of in teks uiteengesit word. Genealogie word meestal as 'n stokperdjie beoefen en is een van die gewildste stokperdjies vir mense ouer as 60 jaar. Die [[Genealogiese Genootskap van Suid-Afrika]]<ref>Genealogiese Genootskap van Suid-Afrika: https://www.eggsa.org/index.php/af/lidmaatskap/lidmaatskap-vrae-en-antwoorde/292-wat-is-die-genealogiese-genootskap-van-suid-afrika{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.genza.org Genealogiese Genootskap van Suid-Afrika]</ref> (GGSA) is ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse genealogiese lede-organisasie van persone wat hulle besig hou met die studie van genealogie, familiebome en familiegeskiedenis wat ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse verbintenis het. == Genealogie in Suid-Afrika == Die de Villiers/Pama genealogiese nommeringstelsel is ontwikkel deur [[Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers|Christoffel C de Villiers]], wat dit gebruik het in sy 3-volume publikasie “Geslacht-register der Oude Kaapsche Familiën”<ref> Geslacht-register der oude Kaapsche Familiën: https://archive.org/details/geslachtregister01devi</ref> uitgegee in 1893-4. Die genealogie het as't ware 'n oorsig gegee van die totale bevolking van die [[Kaap van Goeie Hoop]] vanaf die stigting in 1652 tot aan die einde van die Hollandse bewind in 1806, en in baie gevalle selfs veel later. Hierdie baanbrekerwerk is hersien deur dr. [[Cornelis Pama]] en in 1966 gepubliseer as die drie-volume “Geslagsregisters van die Ou Kaapse Families” en weer in 1991 hersien. Die [[Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing|RGN]] Instituut vir Historiese Navorsing se afdeling vir genealogiese navorsing is in 1971 op aanbeveling van die regering geskep met dr. [[Roelof Theunis Johannes Lombard]] as die eerste afdelingshoof.<ref>Lombard RTJ (1986): Handleiding vir Genealogiese Navorsing in Suid-Afrika (Pretoria, RGN)</ref> Verskeidenheid spesifieke familiepublikasies is uitgegee, asook nuwe naslaanreeks [[Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagregisters]] ter verbetering en uitbou van die '[[Geslagsregisters van die Ou Kaapse Families]]' is onder redaksie van RTJ Lombard en JA Heese sedert 1986 gepubliseer. Die RGN het vier dele, deel 1 (A-C) )(1986), 2 (D-G) (1989), 3 (H-I) (1992), 4 (J-K) (1992) gepubliseer. Na sluiting van die afdeling Genealogie-Inligting in 1998 (toe olv die tweede afdelingshoof, Isabel Groesbeek) is die naslaanreeks deur die nuutgestigte [[Genealogiese Instituut van SA (GISA)]] voortgesit. Die FAK het in 2020 'n Genealogielessenaar gevestig om FAK-vriende en lede van die algemene publiek bewus te maak en op te lei in die wetenskaplike genealogiese navorsingsmetodiek, asook om ondersteuning te bied vir die bewaring van persoonlike kultuur- en familie-erfenis.<ref name="gl">{{af}} https://www.genealogielessenaar.com/</ref> == De Villiers/Pama nommeringstelsel == Die nommeringstelsel is oorspronklik deur Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers (1850-1887) gebruik en toe ook na sy dood in die publikasie 'Geschlacht-Register der oude Kaapsche Familien' ingevoer en ook in die opvolgpublikasies, soos geredigeer deur dr. Cor Pama in die 'Geslagsregisters van die ou Kaapse families' gebruik. Die nommering word sedertdien as standaard in die RSA gebruik waarvolgens die oorspronklike stamvader (eerste person wat van in land gedra het) as die a-geslag vermeld word. (In die geval van meer as een stamvader, staan hulle agtereenvolgens bekend as a1, a2, a3 ens.) Die kinders van die stamvader is die b-geslag, sy kleinkinders die c-geslag, ens. Elke kind van ‘n gesin kry 'n nommer - die eersgeborene is nommer 1, die tweede 2, ensovoorts. Die kinders van die stamouers is dus b1, b2, b3, ens. Hul kleinkinders en die volgende geslag c1, c2, c3 ens in elke gesin. Dus die vierde kind van die tweede kind van die stamouers is b2, c4. Die ou De Villiers/Pama-genealogieë is deur die RGN se afdeling vir genealogiese navorsing (1971-1998 gesluit) en later GISA<ref>Genealogiese Instituut van SA: http://www.gisa.org.za/site/content/tuis {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618192533/http://www.gisa.org.za/site/content/tuis |date=18 Junie 2018 }},</ref> (1998-2018 gesluit) gebruik om die naslaanreeks Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagregisters/South African Genealogies (populêr na verwys as die SAG-volumes) wat die jare 1652 tot 1830 e.v. uitmaak, saam te stel. Hierdie reeks van 17 dele is in 2011 vir die familiename van A tot Z deur GISA voltooi. Daarna het GISA begin om die SAG-reeks aan te vul sodat dit die jare 1652 tot 1930 weergee. Dit word as SAF (SA Familieregisters) genoem. Die naslaanreeks se opdatering berus nou by GGSA. Verskeie familiebonde het volledige genealogieë vir die betrokke familie uitgegee. ‘n Omvattende reeks genealogieë van die Hugenote-vanne word uitgegee deur die Hugenote-Vereniging van SA<ref>Genealogiese Publikasies, Hugenote-Vereniging van SA: http://www.hugenoot.org.za/publikasies.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601013157/http://www.hugenoot.org.za/publikasies.htm |date= 1 Junie 2019 }}</ref>. == Tradisionele naampatrone vir voorname == In Afrikaanse gesinne is kinders dikwels volgens Europese tradisie vernoem. Hierdie tradisie was ook sterk gevolg in Ierland en Skotland (minder so in Engeland) en Wes-Europa, waaronder Nederland en Duitsland. Dit blyk die algemeenste te wees van ongeveer die middel van die 1700's tot die eerste deel van die 20ste eeu. Die eerste Seun is vernoem na die Vader se vader Die tweede Seun is vernoem na die Moeder se vader Die derde Seun is vernoem na die Vader Die vierde Seun is vernoem na die Vader se oudste broer Die vyfde Seun is vernoem na die Moeder se oudste broer Die eerste Dogter is vernoem na die Moeder se ma Die tweede dogter is vernoem na die Vader se ma Die derde Dogter is vernoem na die Moeder Die vierde Dogter is vernoem na die Moeder se oudste suster Die vyfde dogter is vernoem na die Vader se oudste suster Daaropvolgende kinders is aangewys as gevolg van dieselfde patroon, wat vernoem is na die volgende oudste broer of suster van die pa en ma. Hierdie stelsel kan baie genealogies wees. As daar 'n jonderbreking is in die patroon, is dit dikwels ‘n geval dat 'n kind jonk gesterf het. Die name word nie meer as een keer gebruik nie (sien nota hieronder), maar die stelsel kan lei tot kinders met dieselfde naam, bv. as die kind die derde kind is, en die vader is die eerste kind van 'n vader wat die eerste kind was! Let wel - as 'n kind jonk oorlede is, word dieselfde naam dikwels weer gebruik, veral in Afrikaanse gesinne en soms in Engelse families. Dit was nie die naam van die oorlede kind wat hergebruik word nie, maar die naam van die oupa of ouma, ens., wat weer hernoem is. == Afkortings en simbole wat in die Suid-Afrikaanse genealogie gebruik word == '''*''' gebore / geboortedatum ≈ gedoop of doopdatum † oorlede, sterfdatum Ω begrawe / begraafplek ω veras x huwelik / huweliksdatum xx tweede huwelik / tweede huweliksdatum [x] buite-egtelike verbintenis ÷ geskei / egskeidingsdatum s.v. seun van d.v. dogter van wed weduwee wew wewenaar ca (''circa'') / ongeveer / benaderde datum ? geskatte datum ≡ berekende datum < voor (datum) X > na (datum) nn (''nomen nescio'') familienaam onbekend pn (''pronomen nescio'') voornaam onbekend sp (''sinus prole'') sonder nasate a. aankomsdatum in Suid-Afrika ==Lees ook== *[[Adolf-kurwe]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Genealogie| ]] [[Kategorie:Verwantskap]] szhdz4ks9i8z5khofk3vdo6slcnx6xl 0 65548 2517384 2514703 2022-08-04T09:59:44Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Eksterne skakels */ Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = Gewone protea |taxon = Protea caffra |image = Protea caffra07.jpg |image2 =Protea caffra06.jpg |authority = [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] 1856 |synonyms = * ''Protea baurii'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Protea bolusii'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Protea caffra subsp. falcata'' <small>(Beard) Lötter</small> * ''Protea multibracteata'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Protea natalensis'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Protea peglerae'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Protea rhodantha'' <small>Hook.f.</small> * ''Protea stipitata'' <small>E.Phillips</small> * ''Scolymocephalus caffer'' <small>(Meisn.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''Gewone protea''' (''Protea caffra'') is 'n [[Blom|blomdraende]] [[struik]] wat aan die bekende [[Protea (genus)|Protea]] [[genus]] behoort en is die wydverspreidste protea in die land. Dit groei in somerreënvalstreke en kom voor in die [[Vrystaat]], [[Gauteng]] en [[Limpopo]]. Dit kom ook voor langs die noordelike kus van die [[Oos-Kaap]] tot in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Lesotho]] en [[Eswatini]]-eskarp. Die blomhofies het gladde pienk of rooierige binneste [[Skutblaar|skutblare]] wat altyd effens korter is die blomme. Die boom se nasionale nommer is 87<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref>. In Engels staan dit bekend as die ''Common sugarbush''. ==Subspesies== *''P. caffra caffra'' *''[[Protea caffra gazensis|P. caffra gazensis]]'' *''[[Protea caffra killimandscharic|P. caffra kilimandscharic]]'' *''[[Mafinga-suikerbos|P. caffra mafingensis]]'' *''[[Protea caffra nyasae|P. caffra nyasea]]'' == Galery == <gallery> Lêer:Suikerbosrand-Protea caffra-002.jpg|Bos in die veld. Lêer:Suikerbosrand-Protea caffra-001.jpg|Tak met blomme. Lêer:Protea caffra00.jpg|'n Blom. </gallery> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] * [[Lys van proteaspesies]] == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * http://biodiversityexplorer.info/plants/proteaceae/protea_caffra.htm * http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=799-18 * http://pza.sanbi.org/protea-caffra * https://www.proteaatlas.org.za/sugar11.htm * http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705664-1 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Protea caffra}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Protea]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] q8355onllnb6pr2lvss7yp058nd9c5e 0 66579 2517279 2514585 2022-08-03T18:30:58Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks |name = Abiekwasgeelhout |national_number = 487 <ref name="iSpot_trees">{{cite web |url=http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA?nav=search |title=iSpot: South African Tree Common Names |accessdate=19 Mei 2017 }}{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |image = Tamarix usneoides IMG 8432.JPG |image_caption = |image2= Tamarix usneoides IMG 8580.JPG |status = LC |status_system = iucn3.1 |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = Basiese eudicots |ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] |familia = [[Tamaricaceae]] |genus = ''[[Tamarix]]'' |species = '''''T. usneoides''''' |binomial = ''Tamarix usneoides'' |binomial_authority = E.Mey. ex Bunge | synonyms = * ''Tamarix angolensis'' <small>Nied. ex Engl.</small> * ''Tamarix angolensis'' <small>Nied.</small> * ''Tamarix austroafricana'' <small>Schinz</small> |}} Die '''Abiekwasgeelhout''' of '''Dabbie''' (''Tamarix usneoides'') is nie 'n ware [[Podocarpus|Geelhout]] nie, maar 'n struikerige Tamarisk[[boom]] wat in die [[Wes-Kaap|Wes-]], [[Noord-Kaap]], [[Angola]] en [[Namibië]] aangetref word. Dit groei veral langs die kuslyn, brakkerige rivieroewers en langs droë rivierbeddings. Dit het fyn, skubagtige loof, en die blomme word laatwinter in digte bloeiwyses gedra. Elke blom kan duisende sade voortbring wat elk deur kapsule omvat word met 'n haartossel aan die apeks. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 487<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref>. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tamarixusneoides.htm Tamarix usneoides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006041705/http://plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tamarixusneoides.htm |date= 6 Oktober 2012 }}, Plantzafrica {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] ez1dti9aoqhqznlfltomy3ha526wxwn 2517430 2517279 2022-08-04T11:43:04Z Rooiratel 90342 Verander na spesieboks wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Abiekwasgeelhout | image = Tamarix usneoides IMG 8432.JPG | image_caption = | image2= Tamarix usneoides IMG 8580.JPG | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Tamarix usneoides | authority = E.Mey. ex Bunge | synonyms = * ''Tamarix angolensis'' <small>Nied. ex Engl.</small> * ''Tamarix angolensis'' <small>Nied.</small> * ''Tamarix austroafricana'' <small>Schinz</small> }} Die '''Abiekwasgeelhout''' of '''Dabbie''' (''Tamarix usneoides'') is nie 'n ware [[Podocarpus|Geelhout]] nie, maar 'n struikerige Tamarisk[[boom]] wat in die [[Wes-Kaap|Wes-]], [[Noord-Kaap]], [[Angola]] en [[Namibië]] aangetref word. Dit groei veral langs die kuslyn, brakkerige rivieroewers en langs droë rivierbeddings. Dit het fyn, skubagtige loof, en die blomme word laatwinter in digte bloeiwyses gedra. Elke blom kan duisende sade voortbring wat elk deur kapsule omvat word met 'n haartossel aan die apeks. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 487.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref><ref name="iSpot_trees">{{cite web |url=http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA?nav=search |title=iSpot: South African Tree Common Names |accessdate=19 Mei 2017 }}{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tamarixusneoides.htm Tamarix usneoides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006041705/http://plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tamarixusneoides.htm |date= 6 Oktober 2012 }}, Plantzafrica {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] squnkchks18utyd19t3x28ythi88uys 0 66658 2517281 2514892 2022-08-03T18:39:02Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks |name = Swartbas |image = Diospyros whyteana IMG 2651.JPG |image_caption = Blaasagtige kapsules wat die [[vrugte]] omsluit. |regnum = [[Plantae]] |divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Ericales]] |familia = [[Ebenaceae]] |genus = ''[[Diospyros]]'' |species = '''''D. whyteana''''' |binomial = ''Diospyros whyteana'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = * ''Royena goetzei'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena lucida'' <small>L.</small> * ''Royena nyassae'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena whyteana'' <small>Hiern</small> * ''Royena wilmsii'' <small>Gürke</small> |}} Die '''Swartbas''' (''Diospyros whyteana'') is 'n klein [[boom]] of [[struik]] wat voorkom in al provinsies van [[Suid-Afrika]] behalwe die [[Noord-Kaap]]. Dit is ook [[inheems]] in [[Eswatini]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. == Fotogalery == <gallery> Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - flowers.JPG|Klein wit blommetjies met 'n aangename geur. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - Kirstenbosch - Cape Town.JPG|'n Medium-groot boom in [[Kirstenbosch]]. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - bush - Cape Town.jpg|Swartbas kan in verskeie vorme gesnoei word. </gallery> == Sien ook == {{commonskat|Diospyros whyteana}} * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323194-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] h7xjcrouxw6lhnc4c2lo4kg2py63rhc 2517282 2517281 2022-08-03T18:39:29Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Bronne */ Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks |name = Swartbas |image = Diospyros whyteana IMG 2651.JPG |image_caption = Blaasagtige kapsules wat die [[vrugte]] omsluit. |regnum = [[Plantae]] |divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Ericales]] |familia = [[Ebenaceae]] |genus = ''[[Diospyros]]'' |species = '''''D. whyteana''''' |binomial = ''Diospyros whyteana'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = * ''Royena goetzei'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena lucida'' <small>L.</small> * ''Royena nyassae'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena whyteana'' <small>Hiern</small> * ''Royena wilmsii'' <small>Gürke</small> |}} Die '''Swartbas''' (''Diospyros whyteana'') is 'n klein [[boom]] of [[struik]] wat voorkom in al provinsies van [[Suid-Afrika]] behalwe die [[Noord-Kaap]]. Dit is ook [[inheems]] in [[Eswatini]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. == Fotogalery == <gallery> Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - flowers.JPG|Klein wit blommetjies met 'n aangename geur. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - Kirstenbosch - Cape Town.JPG|'n Medium-groot boom in [[Kirstenbosch]]. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - bush - Cape Town.jpg|Swartbas kan in verskeie vorme gesnoei word. </gallery> == Sien ook == {{commonskat|Diospyros whyteana}} * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323194-1 Plants of the World Online] * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3697-30 REDLIST Sanbi] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] 0by71gy95sz3we07upnp5lg3can4l56 2517419 2517282 2022-08-04T11:23:59Z Rooiratel 90342 Verander na spesieboks wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Swartbas | image = Diospyros whyteana IMG 2651.JPG | image_caption = Blaasagtige kapsules wat die [[vrugte]] omsluit. | taxon = Diospyros whyteana | authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = * ''Royena goetzei'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena lucida'' <small>L.</small> * ''Royena nyassae'' <small>Gürke</small> * ''Royena whyteana'' <small>Hiern</small> * ''Royena wilmsii'' <small>Gürke</small> }} Die '''Swartbas''' (''Diospyros whyteana'') is 'n klein [[boom]] of [[struik]] wat voorkom in al provinsies van [[Suid-Afrika]] behalwe die [[Noord-Kaap]]. Dit is ook [[inheems]] in [[Eswatini]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. == Fotogalery == <gallery> Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - flowers.JPG|Klein wit blommetjies met 'n aangename geur. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - Kirstenbosch - Cape Town.JPG|'n Medium-groot boom in [[Kirstenbosch]]. Lêer:Diospyros whyteana - bush - Cape Town.jpg|Swartbas kan in verskeie vorme gesnoei word. </gallery> == Sien ook == {{commonskat|Diospyros whyteana}} * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronne == * Algemene gids tot BOME. Keith, Paul & Meg Coates Palgrave. 2000. ISBN 1-86872-527-8 * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323194-1 Plants of the World Online] * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3697-30 REDLIST Sanbi] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] qln2imj5aal1apjuuvr6t2vouvgnttk 0 79611 2517280 2502409 2022-08-03T18:36:13Z Orijentolog 9276 not an official flag wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Vlag | Naam = Azerbeidjan | Artikel = | Beeld = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | Beeldgrootte = 210px | Geen_grens = | Bynaam = | Ander_byname = | Gebruik = 111110 | Simbool = | Verhouding = 1:2 | Goedgekeur_op = [[9 November]] [[1918]]<ref name="FOTW">{{cite web |publisher=Flags of the World |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/az.html |title=Azerbeidjan |access-date=27 Mei 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122204634/https://www.fotw.info/flags/az.html |archive-date=22 Januarie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | Ontwerp = ’n Horisontale driekleur in rooi, blou en groen met ’n wit sekelmaan en agtpuntige ster in die rooi baan. | Ontwerper = [[Ali bey Huseynzade]] }} Die '''nasionale vlag van [[Azerbeidjan]]''' is op [[9 November]] [[1918]] amptelik in gebruik geneem. Die vlag vertoon ’n horisontale driekleur in rooi, blou en groen met ’n wit sekelmaan en agtpuntige ster in die middel van die rooi baan. Tussen 1920 en 1991 het Azerbeidjan ’n ander vlag gebruik omdat die land toe deel uitgemaak het van die Sowjetunie. In die Azerbeidjanse Grondwet word na die vlag verwys en die vlag word ook twee keer genoem in die Azerbeidjanse volkslied. Op land word die vlag as burgerlike, staats- en oorlogsvlag; op see word dit gebruik as die burgerlike, staats- en vlootvaandel asook as die vlootgeus.<ref name="FOTW"/> Die vlag geniet ook amptelike status in die [[Nachitsjewan|Nachitsjewanse Outonome Republiek]]. ’n Presidensiële bevel het 9 November, die datum waarop die vlag in 1918 aanvaar is as die nasionale vlag van die Azerbeidjanse Demokratiese Republiek, as die nasionale vlagdag vasgestel.<ref name="today.az">{{en}} {{cite news |title=Azerbeidjan vier nasionale vlagdag |publisher=Today.az |date=9 November 2012 |url=http://en.trend.az/news/society/2085725.html |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111123333/http://en.trend.az/news/society/2085725.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Pre-Sowjet === In 1828, na die laaste [[Russies-Persiese oorlog]], is verskeie van die Khanate van die Kaukasus deur die Russiese Ryk geannekseer. Toe die Russiese Ryk tot ’n val gekom het, het Russies-Azerbeidjan sy onafhanklikheid verklaar en by die kortstondige [[Transkaukasiese Demokraties-Federatiewe Republiek]] aangesluit, saam met [[Georgië]] en [[Armenië]]. Hierdie verenigde staat het skaars ’n jaar bestaan voordat dit ontbind is. Omdat die Republiek so ’n kort bestaan gehad het, het dit geen vlae of simbole gebruik nie. Sommige historici beskou ’n horisontale goud, swart en rooi driekleur, soortgelyk aan die [[vlag van Duitsland]] met die kleure wat anders gerangskik is, egter as ’n vlag van vir Transkaukasië gebruik is.<ref>{{ru}} {{cite web |url=http://hrono.rspu.ryazan.ru/heraldicum/flagi/gruzia/federat.htm |title=Закавказская Федерация (Transkaukasiese Demokraties-Federatiewe Republiek) |accessdate=27 Desember 2006 |date=30 Mei 2003 |publisher=Russiese Sentrum vir Vlagkunde en Heraldiek |archive-date=22 Junie 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622103602/http://hrono.rspu.ryazan.ru/heraldicum/flagi/gruzia/federat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federasie is op 26 Mei 1918 ontbind toe Georgië sy onafhanklikheid verklaar het as die [[Demokratiese Republiek van Georgië]]. Armenië en Azerbeidjan het twee dae later, op 28 Mei 1918, ook hul onafhanklikheid verklaar as die [[Demokratiese Republiek van Armenië]] en die [[Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan]] onderskeidelik. [[Lêer:Azerbaijan Parlament.jpg|duimnael|Die eerste vergadering van die Parlement van die Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan wat die nasionale vlag vir die eerste keer op 7 Desember 1918 gehys het.]] Nadat onafhanklikheid verkry is, is die blou-rooi-groen driekleur op 9 November 1918 deur die regering van die Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan aanvaar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artikel 23. Azerbeidjaanse Staatsimbole |publisher=President van Azerbeidjan |url=http://en.president.az/azerbaijan/symbols/ |access-date=14 November 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428113852/https://en.president.az/azerbaijan/symbols |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Azerbeidjan was die eerste modernde demokratiese staat in die Moslemwêreld.<ref>{{en}} Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3, ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3 en Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9, ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9.</ref> Die Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan het slegs 23 maande bestaan totdat die [[Bolsjevis]]tiese 11de Leër die land ingeval het en op 28 April 1920 die [[Azerbeidjanse SSR]] tot stand gebring het. Hoewel die meerderheid van die nuutgevormde Azerbeidjanse leër aangewend is om die Armeense opstand wat in [[Karabach]] uitgebreek het, te onderdruk, het die [[Azerbeidjanners]] nie hul kortstondige onafhanklikheid tussen 1918 en 1920 vinnig of gemaklik prysgegee nie. Soveel as 20&nbsp;000 Azerbeidjanse soldate het gesterf in die stryd wat effektief ’n Russiese herowering was.<ref name="Hugh Pope">{{en}} Hugh Pope, "Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world", New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 116, ISBN 978-1-58567-804-4</ref> === Transkaukasiese Demokraties-Federatiewe Republiek === Op 29 November 1920 het die [[Bolsjewis]]te die [[Armeense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek|Armeense SSR]] gestig. ’n Nuwe vlag is aanvaar en in die grondwet vasgelê wat op 22 Februarie 1922 goedgekeur is deur die Eerste Sowjetkongres van die Armeense SSR.<ref name="ArmSSR">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrono.ru/heraldicum/flagi/armenia/assr.htm |title=Советская Армения (Sowjet Armenië) |access-date=20 Januarie 2007 |date=14 November 2004 |publisher=Russiese Sentrum vir Vlagkunde en Heraldiek |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022231049/http://www.hrono.ru/heraldicum/flagi/armenia/assr.htm |archive-date=22 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Daardie vlag het slegs vir ’n maand bestaan want op 12 Maart het die Armeense SSR met die [[Georgiese SSR]] en die [[Azerbeidjanse SSR]] saamgesmelt om die [[Transkaukasiese SFSR]] tot stand te bring. Op 30 Desember 1922 het die Transkaukasiese SFSR een van die vier Sowjetrepublieke geword wat saamgesmelt het om die [[USSR]] te vorm. Die vlag van die republiek het ’n [[hamer en sekel]] in ’n ster gehad met die letters “ЗСФСР” (ZSFSR) in Russies daarop. Hierdie letters staan vir ''Закавказская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика'' (''Zakavkazskaja Sovjetskaja Federativnaja Sotsalistitsjeskaja Respoeblika'', "Transkaukasiese Sowjet Federatiewe Sosialistiese Republiek").<ref name="ArmSSR"/> In 1936 het die TSFSR ontbind in sy drie samestellende gebiede, onderskeidelik die Georgiese, Armeense en Azerbeidjanse SSR’e. === Azerbeidjanse SSR === {{hoofartikel|Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR}} Gedurende die Sowjetregering het die Azerbeidjanse SSR agt verskillende vlae gehad, elk met klein verskille van die vorige. Die aanpassings was die gevolg van die rampspoedige eerste jare van die Sowjetunie in die Caucasus. Die eerste nie-amptelike Azerbeidjanse vlag is gebruik toe Baku op 28 April 1920 deur die Russen oorgeneem is.<ref name="Hugh Pope"/> Die eerste amptelike vlag is in artikel 104 van die eerste grondwet van die Azerbeidjanse SSR op 19 Mei 1920 aanvaar. Gedurende hierdie tyd was die ampstaal van die Azerbeidjanse SSR [[Azerbeidjans|Azerbeisjanse Turks]] met die alfabet wat op Arabiese skrif gebaseer is. Daarom was die letters ''A.S.R.'' in Arabies geskryf.<ref name="vexillographia">{{cite web |last=Джангировичем Салахлы |first=Чингизом |title=Ассамблея уставов и распоряжений рабоче-крестьянское правительство Азербайджанской ССР, № 5, Май 1921 |publisher=рабоче-крестьянского правительства АзССР, №5, |url=http://www.vexillographia.ru/azerbaij/texts/1921_const.jpg |access-date=6 Oktober 2013 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316050424/http://www.vexillographia.ru/azerbaij/texts/1921_const.jpg |archive-date=16 Maart 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die agtste en laaste vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR is op 7 Oktober 1952 uitgevaardig. Die ontwerp was soortgelyk aan dié van die Sowjetvlag met ’n horisontale blou baan wat een kwart van die hoogte van die vlag was, onderaan toegevoeg. <blockquote>''“Die nasionale vlag van die Azerbeidjanse Sowjetsosialitsiese Republiek is ’n paneel bestaande uit twee horisontale bane met die boonste in rooi, driekwart van die hoogte van die vlag en die onderste in blou, eenkwart van die hoogte van die vlag met die beeld van ’n goue hamer en sekel en ’n vyfpuntige ster daarbo, omring deur ’n goue fraiing in die skildhoek. Die verhouding van die hoogte tot lengte is 1:2.”''<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote> === Vorige vlae === <center><gallery align="center" widths="150"> Lêer:Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Transkaukasiese Demokraties-Federatiewe Republiek, April tot Mei 1918 | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Bakoe-Sowjetkommune, Mei 1918 Lêer:Flag of the Centrocaspian Dictatorship.svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Sentraal-Kaspiese diktatorskap, Augustus tot September 1918 Lêer:Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan, 21 Junie tot 9 November 1918 Lêer:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR, 1920 tot 1921 Lêer:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR, 1921 tot 1922 Lêer:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR.svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Transkaukasiese SFSR, 1922 tot 1936 Lêer:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1937-1940).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR, 1937 tot 1940 Lêer:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1940-1952).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR, 1940 tot 1952 Lêer:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse SSR, 1952 tot 1990 Lêer:Flag of Nakhichevan ASSR (1937-1940).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die Nachitsjewaanse ASSR, 1937 tot 1940 Lêer:Unofficial flag of Nakhchivan (1991-1993).svg | {{FIAV|historical}} Nie-amptelike vlag van Nachitsjewan, 1991 tot 1993 </gallery></center> == Simboliek == Die vaalblou stel die Turkse erfenis voor,<ref>{{cite web |title=Azerbeidjaanse Staatsimbole |publisher=Azerbeidjaanse Ambassade in Kanada |url=http://www.azembassy.ca/azerbaijan_profile.php |access-date=6 Junie 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324161810/http://azembassy.ca/azerbaijan_profile.php |archive-date=24 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> die rooi stel die vooruitgang vir die oprigting van ’n moderne staat en die ontwikkeling van demokrasie voor<ref>{{en}} Complete Flags of The World, 1997, page 172, Dorling Kindersley</ref> en die groen dui die volk se verhouding tot die Islamitiese beskawing aan.<ref name="Geraldika">{{cite web |title=Флаг Азербайджана |publisher=Geraldika.ru |url=http://geraldika.ru/symbols/2997 |access-date=6 Junie 2011 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009120523/https://geraldika.ru/symbols/2997 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In die middel van die rooi baan, aan albei kante van die vlag, is ’n wit agtpuntige ster en sekelmaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.az/?/en/content/7 |title=Azerbeidjaanse Staatsimbole |access-date=9 Junie 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=Regering van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025529/https://www.gov.az/?%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F7 |archive-date=16 Augustus 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Die eerste president van die Azerbeidjanse Nasionale Raad, [[Mammad Amin Rasulzade]] het in ’n toespraak tydens ’n parlementsitting van die [[Demokratiese Republiek van Azerbeidjan]] gesê dat die betekenis van verband hou met die Turkse vryheid, moderniteit en Islamitiese kultuur. Die komponis van die volkslied [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]] het die kleure ook vasgevang: Blou is die kleur van Turkisme, rooi is die kleur van vooruitgang en kultuur en groen is die kleur van Islam.<ref name="Chaumont">{{az}} {{Cite book |last=Hajibeyov |first= Y. |chapter=getal van28 Mei |title=Een Jaar |volume=Azerbaijan |year=1919 |chapter-url= }}</ref> Die menings van historici en navorsers verskil oor die betekenis van die sekelmaan en die ster op die vlag. Volgens Nasab Nasibil, ’n historikus, het Alibay Huseynzadeh, een van die ideoloë van Azerbeidjan se onafhanklikheid, die kombinasie ontwikkel wat gebaseer was op die kleure wat in 1895 gebruik is.<ref name="APA">{{en}} {{cite web |title=Waarvoor staan die sekelmaan en ster op die vlag van Azerbeidjan? | publisher=Azerbeidjanse Persagentskap |url=http://en.apa.az/print.php?id=91612 |accessdate=7 November 2008 }}</ref> Die sekelmaan op die vlag stel Islam voor en die agtpuntige ster simboliseer [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] en die agt punte van die ster dui op die naam “Azerbeidjan” in Arabiese skrif.<ref name="ahmedov" >{{ru}} Сабухи Ахмедов, [http://www.irs-az.com/pdf/1277199894570253595.pdf Государственный флаг Азербайджанской Республики], citing Мярданов М., Гулийев Я., Азярбайъан Республикасынын дювлят рямзляри. Б., 2001, bl. 74–75.</ref> Sommige navorsers het opgemerk dat dit in die tyd van die Kipchaks na die [[Kasakke]] en die [[Kirgisiërs]]. Die klassifikasie van die Turkse mense was ook anders in die vroeë 20ste eeu.<ref name="FOTW"/> == Ontwerp == Die nasionale vlag van Azerbeidjan bestaan uit drie ewe hoë horisontale bane. Die boonste baan is blou, die middelste is rooi en die onderste groen. In die middel van die vlag, op die rooi baan, is daar ’n wit sekelmaan en ’n agtpuntige ster. Die basiese beskrywing van die vlag en die verhouding van die vlag, kan in die grondwet van Azerbeidjan gevind word wat op 12 November 1995 goedgekeur is: {{aanhaling|Staatsvlag van Azerbeidjan bestaan uit drie horisontale bane in dieselfde hoogte. Boonste baan is blou, middelste baan is rooi en onderste baan is groen; in die middel van die rooi baan op beide kante van die vlag is ’n wit sekelmaan en ’n agtpuntige ster uitgebeeld. Breedte van die vlag is die helfte van die lengte.|Artikel 23.II van die Grondwet<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.president.gov.az/azerbaijan/constitution/?locale=en |title=Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan |access-date=28 Mei 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=Amptelike webblad van die President van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713231032/http://www.president.gov.az/azerbaijan/constitution/?locale=en |archive-date=13 Julie 2015 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} Verdere spesifikasies van die nasionale vlag is uiteengesit in die Presidensiële Dekreet “Oor die Nasionale vlag van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan” wat op 5 Februarie 1991 uitgevaardig is.<ref name="Geraldika" /> Die verhouding van 1:2, wat in die Sowjetera gebruik is, is gehou.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{ru}} Конституция (Основной Закон) Азербайджанской Советской Социалистической Республики, принятая 21 апреля 1978 года внеочередной сессией Верховного Совета Азербайджанской ССР. — Баку, изд-во Верховного Совета Азербайджанской ССР, 1978, С.19</ref> Elke baan is een derde van die totale hoogte van die vlag en strek die volle lengte van die vlag. Die ster en sekelmaan is in ’n denkbeeldige boksie wat ’nverhouding van 3:4 het; die sekelmaan is 1/60ste van die middel van die vlag af. Aan die oop kant van die sekelmaan sny dit deur die deursnee van die wit agtpuntige ster. Die deursnee van die ster is 1/6de van die hoogte van die vlag; die ingeskrewe sirkel in die ster is 1/12de van die hoogte van die vlag.<ref>{{ru}} 5 февраля 1991 года Верховный Совет Азербайджанской Республики Законом №14-XII утвердил изменение названия государства и Законом №17-XII утвердил изображение Государственного флага и Положение о Государственном флаге Азербайджанской Республики.</ref> Die vlag word ook in die tegniese spesifikasie “AZS 001-2006. Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Bayrağı. Texniki şərtlər.” beskryf wat in 2006 deur die Staatskomitee vir Standaardisasie, Metrologie en Patente van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan uitgegee is.<ref>{{az}} {{cite web |title=AZS 001-2006. Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Bayrağı. Texniki şərtlər. |publisher=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Standartlaşdırma |url=http://www.azstand.gov.az/index.php?id=29&sub_id=47&stid=1&lang=3 }}</ref> <center>[[Lêer:Azerbaijan Flag Construction Sheet.svg|350px|center|Konstruksietekening]]</center> === Kleure === Die kleure van die nasionale vlag is blour, rooi, groen en wit. Presiese spesifikasies vir die kleure is in 2004 uitgevaardig in die dekreet “Oor die Reëls van die Nasionale Vlag van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan”. Die kleure wat in [[pantone]] gespesifiseer word, is soos volg:<ref name="Meclis">{{az}} {{cite web| title=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət bayrağı haqqında |publisher=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Milli Məclisi| url=http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 }}</ref> {| style="align:center;" class="wikitable" |- ! width=100|Kleurskema ! colspan=2 width=100|Blou ! colspan=2 width=100|Rooi ! colspan=2 width=100|Groen |- align=center | [[RGB-kleursisteem]] | style="background-color:#00B5E2"| | 0, 181, 226 | style="background-color:#Ef3340"| | 239, 51, 64 | style="background-color:#509E2F"| | 80, 158, 47 |- align=center | Heksadesimaal | style="background-color:#00B5E2"| | 00B5E2 | style="background-color:#Ef3340"| | Ef3340 | style="background-color:#509E2F"| | 509E2F |- align=center | Pantone | style="background-color:#00B5E2"| | 306 C | style="background-color:#Ef3340"| | Red 032 C | style="background-color:#509E2F"| | 362 C |} == Gebruik == [[Lêer:Азербайджан флаг.jpg|duimnael|Nasionale vlag van Azerbeidjan]] Volgens Wet 683 van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan wat dateer uit 8 Junie 2004 en gewysig is op 1 September 2005, moet die nasionale vlag deur die volgende vertoon/gehys word:<ref name="CRW">{{cite web |title=Nasionale vlag van Azerbeidjan |publisher=CRW Flags |date=17 Junie 1999 |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/az.html |access-date=17 Junie 1999 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009120509/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/az.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Constitution" /> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Instelling/Kantoor !! Geboue !! Voertuie |- |align=left|President van Azerbeidjan || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Eerste Minister van Azerbeidjan || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Kabinet van Ministers || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Grondwetlike Hof van Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Hooggeregshof van Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Geregtelik-wetlike Raad van Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Sentrale Uitvoerende Owerhede || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Vervolger van die Sentrale Bank van Azerbeidjan || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Sentrale Verkiesingskommissie van Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Kamer van die Azerbeidjan|| Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Hoogste Vergadering van Nachitjevan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Kabinet van Nachitjevan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Hooggeregshof van Nachitjevan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Plaaslike uitvoerende owerhede van Nachitjevan || Ja || Ja |- |align=left|Kommissaris vir Menseregte || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Adjunkspeaker van die Nasionale Vergadering || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Ambassades in Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Konsulate in Azerbeidjan || Ja ||&nbsp; |- |align=left|Vaartuie wat in die Kommersiële Seekode geregistreer is || &nbsp;|| Ja |- |align=left|Buitelandse vaartuie in Azerbeidjaanse water || &nbsp;|| Ja |- |align=left|Grensposte van Azerbeidjan || Ja || &nbsp; |} Die nasionale vlag moet ook in die volgende gevalle oor die geboue, militêre howe en hoofkwartiere van militêre eenhede van vlootvaartuie van die Strydmagte van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan vertoon word:<ref name="CRW" /><ref name="Constitution" /> #Gedurende openbare vakansiedae #Gedurende die militêre eed #In die geval van toekenning van militêre eenhede of militêre howe #Wanneer ’n militêre eenheid of vaartuig in die gebied van ’n ander land is == Ander vlae == <center><gallery align="center" widths="150"> Lêer:Standard of the President of Azerbaijan.svg | Standaard van die Azerbeidjanse President Lêer:Naval Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | Azerbeidjanse Vlootvlag Lêer:Army Flag of Azerbaijan.png | Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse weermag Lêer:AzAF Flag of Azerbaijan.png | Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse lugmaag Lêer:Coast Guard Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse kuswag Lêer:Standard of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan.svg | Vlag van die Azerbeidjanse Opperbevelvoerder van die gewapende magte Lêer:Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh.svg | Vlag van die [[Republiek Artsach]] </gallery></center> === Soortgelyke vlae === <center><gallery align="center" widths="150"> Lêer:Flag of Algeria.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Algerië]] Lêer:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van die Arabiese Demokratiese Republiek Sahara]] Lêer:Flag of the Comoros.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van die Comore-eilande]] Lêer:Flag of Hatay.svg| {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van Hatay (1938–1939) Lêer:Flag of Libya.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Libië]] Lêer:Flag of Malaysia.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Maleisië]] Lêer:Flag of Mauritania.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Mauritanië]] Lêer:Kokbayraq flag.svg| {{FIAV|proposal}} [[Vlag van Oos-Turkestan]] Lêer:Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg| {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van die [[Ottomaanse Ryk]] (1844–1923) Lêer:Flag of Pakistan.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Pakistan]] Lêer:Flag of Cyrenaica.svg| {{FIAV|historical}} Vlag van Sirenaïka (1949–1951) Lêer:Flag of Tunisia.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Tunisië]] Lêer:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van die Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus]] Lêer:Flag of Turkey.svg| {{FIAV|normal}} [[Vlag van Turkye]] </gallery></center> == Invloed en afgeleide vlae == Die uitdrukking deur [[Mammed Amin Rasulzade]] ({{az}} "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!"; “As die vlag eers gehys is sal dit nooit faal nie!") was die strydkreet van Azerbeidjaanse onafhanklikheid in die vroeë 20ste eeu.<ref name="Medeniyyet">{{az}} {{cite web | title=Dalğalanan bayraqlar | publisher=Medeniyyet | url=http://www.medeniyyet.az/new/?name=content&content=2120 | accessdate=30 Mei 2009 | archive-date=27 Junie 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627211154/http://medeniyyet.az/new/?name=content&content=2120 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die nasionale vlag word ook in die Azerbeidjaanse volkslied, ''[[Mars van Azerbeidjan]]'', in die vyfde en vyftiende versreëls, genoem..<ref>{{az}} {{cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Himni |publisher=Kütləvi İnformasiya Vasitələrinin İnkişafına Dövlət Dəstəyi Konsepsiyası |url=http://kivdf.gov.az/menu2.php?menuID=14 }}{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Die nie-amptelike Afrikaanse vertalings van die versreëls lui soos volg “Leef gelukkig met die driekleurige banier!” en “Om jou geëerde vlag hoog te hou.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Volkslied van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan |publisher=Ambassade van die Republiek van Azerbeidjan in die Volksrepubliek Sjina |url=http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/anthem.html |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929121511/http://www.azerbembassy.org.cn/eng/anthem.html |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |access-date=28 Desember 2013 }}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Volkslied van Azerbeidjan]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Flags of Azerbaijan|Vlae van Azerbeidjan}} * {{en}} [https://www.fotw.info/flags/az.html Azerbeidjan] by ''Flags of the World''. * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Azerbaijan|title=Flag of Azerbaijan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=27 Mei 2019}} {{Asiëvlae}} {{Europavlae}} {{en-vertaal|Flag of Azerbaijan}} {{Voorbladster}} [[Kategorie:Nasionale vlae|Azerbeidjan]] [[Kategorie:Vlae van Azerbeidjan]] [[Kategorie:Nasionale simbole van Azerbeidjan]] 3iizf8wl7q5xv19gv3zhg7xv1f5fbos 0 83370 2517417 2516996 2022-08-04T11:16:15Z JMK 649 byskr detail wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Meerstamvalsdoring | image = Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii 1DS-II 6601.jpg | image_caption = Loof en bloeiwyses in die [[Pretoria Nasionale Botaniese Tuin]] | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Albizia petersiana | authority = (Bolle) Oliv. | synonyms =* ''Acacia petersiana'' <small>Bolle</small> * ''Feuilleea petersiana'' <small>(Bolle) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''meerstamvalsdoring''' (''Albizia petersiana'') is 'n meerstammige, middelgroot [[boom]] met 'n tregtervormige kroon. Die boom groei in die Suid-Afrikaanse [[Laeveld]]. In die suide van die [[Krugerwildtuin]] vorm dit 'n belangrike element van die Delagoa-ruigtes.<ref name="gra1">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Rina |last2=Van Gogh |first2=Joan |title=Sappi Tree Spotting: Lowveld, Including Kruger National Park |date=2006 |publisher=Jacana Media |isbn=1770092374 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=4YhqnA60jUEC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=2 Augustus 2022}}</ref> Dit is ook [[inheems]] in [[Kenia]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Somalië]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Uganda]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 153.<ref>{{cite book |last = Van Wyk |first = Piet |title = Field guide to the TREES of the Kruger National Park|publisher = Struik |location = Kaapstad |date = 2008 |page = 54 |isbn = 978-1-77007-759-1}}</ref><ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * ''Watter Boom is dit?'' Eugene Moll 2013 ISBN 978 1 77007 832 1 * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=278-21 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:473353-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kenia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Somalië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Uganda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] ipapm9c5kswt9oc2fuf4w1ng9b20iit 0 83764 2517228 2435217 2022-08-03T14:39:39Z 41.150.244.96 /* Verwysings */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Ds Gerjo van der Merwe en gesin.jpg|duimnael|regs|320px|Ds. Gerjo en mev. Helmine van der Merwe en hul kroos: (van links) Carel, Somine, Elna (agter), Carien, Gerjo Ben en Johann. Dié foto is omstreeks 1969 geneem.]] Ds. '''Gert Johannes (Gerjo) van der Merwe''' (Boplaas, distrik Ceres, [[15 November]] [[1920]] – [[Somerset-Wes]], [[28 Augustus]] [[1979]]) was 'n onderwyser, en later 'n predikant in die [[Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] asook die herdigter van 27 liedere in die ''Liedboek van die Kerk'' (2001). == Afkoms == Gerjo van der Merwe was die tiende van die twaalf kinders uit die twee huwelike van die geagte ouderling Callie van der Merwe van Boplaas in die [[Koue Bokkeveld]]. 'n Halfbroer, Izak (1897-1967), het bekendheid verwerf as die digter [[Boerneef]]. In sy eie woorde, het Gerjo die plaasskool "met groot smart" verlaat en na die hoërskool op [[Ceres]] gegaan waar hy in 1939 gematrikuleer het, 26 jaar ná sy halfbroer Izak. Dr. C.P. van der Merwe, in lewe rektor van die [[Hugenote-kollege]], was ook een van die 12 kinders. Hy was die vader van onder andere die skrywer [[Winnie Rust]]. == Onderwyser == Op [[Stellenbosch]] het Gerjo in 1942 die graad B.A. verwerf en in 1943 die S.O.D. Hy het sy onderwysloopbaan aan die [[Hoërskool Swartland]] op [[Malmesbury]] begin en dit voortgesit in die NG Kerk se [[Masjonaland]]se sendingveld. Deur verdere studie het hy in 1946 sy honneursgraad behaal in Afrikaans-Nederlands en toe van 1947 af gaan onderwys gee aan die destydse [[Hoërskool J.J. du Preez]] (wat begin 1992 met die Hoër Handelskool Tygerberg saamgesmelt het as die Hoërskool Parow<ref>{{en}} [http://www.parowhighschool.co.za/?page_id=2 Die geskiedenis van die Hoërskool Parow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324155057/http://www.parowhighschool.co.za/?page_id=2 |date=24 Maart 2012 }}. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014.</ref>) in [[Parow]]. Net die volgende jaar is hy terug na [[Rhodesië]] as 'n onderwyser aan die Andrew Louwskool op Fort Victoria (die teenswoordige [[Masvingo]]), waar hy vertoef het van 1948 tot 1953. == Na Masjonaland == [[Beeld:Helmine Lutz Van der Merwe.jpg|duimnael|links|170px|Helmine Lutz, die latere mev. Van der Merwe, omstreeks 1952 toe sy 'n kindertuinonderwyseres was op Gutu in die Masjonalandse sendingveld. Sy en Gerjo van der Merwe is in 1955 getroud toe hy 'n teologiese student aan die [[Kweekskool]] op [[Stellenbosch]] was.]] In daardie dae was daar nog twee Van der Merwes van Boplaas werksaam in die Masjonalandse sendingveld: Izak Wilhelmus (gebore [[30 Augustus]] [[1912]]) het in Oktober 1936 tot bekering gekom terwyl hy geboer het saam met sy vader op Weltevrede, 'n deel van Boplaas, en het daarna na die Hoër Jongenskool ('n voorloper van die [[Hugenote Hoërskool]]) op [[Wellington]] gegaan waar hy in Desember 1938 sy matrikulasie-eksamen geslaag het. Hy kon net een jaar op Stellenbosch vir Admissie-B.A. studeer toe hy in Maart 1940 om geldelike redes sy studie moes staak en in die sendingveld gaan werk het. Willa (geboortedatum onbekend) se vader het hom op skool help sekerheid kry dat hy na die sendingveld moes gaan en so het hy aan die [[Sendinginstituut]] op [[Wellington, Wes-Kaap|Wellington]] gaan studeer. Daarna het hy in die sendinghospitaal in Masjonaland gaan werk. Dit was hier in [[Rhodesië]] dat Gerjo sy toekomstige vrou ontmoet het. Sophié Wilhelmine (Helmine) Lutz is op [[17 April]] [[1928]] op [[Lutzville]] gebore. Haar oupa [[Johann Jakob Lutz|Japie Lutz]] was die vader van die [[Kakamas]]-skema en haar vader, Johann, het dié werk op die nedersettings aan die Olifantsrivier voortgesit. Die dorp [[Lutzville]] is na laasgenoemde genoem. Nadat sy aan die hoërskool op [[Vredendal]] gematrikuleer het, het Helmine van 1946 tot 1948 aan die Opleidingskollege op [[Wellington]] gaan studeer. Gedurende haar finale jaar, so het sy in ds. [[Phil Olivier]] se ''Wie is wie in ons sendingveld'' (1952) vertel, het sy 'n kindertuinkursus gevolg en daarna drie jaar op [[Albertinia]] gaan onderwys gee. "Altyd het ek baie belanggestel in sendingwerk," het sy vertel, "maar nooit juis daaraan gedink om self te gaan nie. In 1950 het ek besef dat die Here my wil gebruik vir sy werk. Altyd maar nog half onwillig, het ek die onvermydelike omstandighede wat tussenbei gekom het, gebruik as 'n rede om nie te kom nie, totdat ek in 1951 besef dat ek nie tevrede en gelukkig sal wees alvorens ek aan sy roepstem gehoorsaam is nie. Daarna het ek bedank en my werk hier aanvaar – dié werk waarin ek so gelukkig is." Sy het altesaam drie jaar kindertuinonderwys gegee op Gutu, 'n sendingstasie sowat 100&nbsp;km noordoos van die Masjonalandse hoofstasie, Morgenster. (Gutu is in 1892 deur Berlynse sendelinge aangelê en was een van drie stasies wat die NG Kerk in 1907 by die Duitsers oorgeneem het. Die eerste arbeider van die NG Kerk daar was ds. [[Henry Lindo Webb|H.L. Webb]].) == Verdere studie == [[Lêer:NG kerk Somerset-Wes.jpg|duimnael|270px|regs|Van die [[NG gemeente Somerset-Wes]] was ds. Van der Merwe 'n medeleraar van 1964 tot hy in Januarie 1977 die eerste leraar van die dogtergemeente Hottentots-Holland geword het.]] In hierdie tyd in Fort Victoria het die jong onderwyser die roeping gekry tot die evangeliebediening. Hy is in 1954 [[Stellenbosch]] toe waar hy aan die [[Kweekskool]] studeer het, en ná sy legitimasie in 1958, is hy in 1959 georden en bevestig as leraar van die [[NG gemeente Victoria-Wes]] in die [[Karoo]]. Intussen is hy en Helmine in 1955 in die [[Paarl]] getroud. Die egpaar se eerste kind, Elna, (in later jare boekeredakteur van ''[[Huisgenoot]]'') is in 1956 gebore. Daarna het gevolg Carel, Johann, Carien, Somine en Gerjo Ben ([[8 Desember]] [[1965]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/gerjo.vdmerwe/info Gerjo Ben van der Merwe se Facebook-profiel]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014.</ref>). == Gemeentebediening == Die Van der Merwes het net tot 1961 op [[NG gemeente Victoria-Wes|Victoria-Wes]] in die [[Karoo]] gewoon, toe ds. Gerjo 'n beroep aanneem na die [[NG gemeente Maclear]] in die Noordoos-Kaap. Ook daar sou hulle nie lank vertoef nie, want op [[2 Oktober]] [[1964]] is ds. Van der Merwe in die [[NG gemeente Somerset-Wes]] bevestig. Hier het hy gebly totdat hy op [[16 Januarie]] [[1977]] bevestig is as die eerste leraar van die ou moedergemeente se jongste dogtergemeente, Hottentots-Holland. Daar het hy hom beywer vir die bou van die jong gemeente se kerkgebou, waaruit hy begrawe is ’n week voor dit ingewy sou word. Volgens dr. [[Frits Gaum]] het ds. Van der Merwe ’n "besonderse aanvoeling vir Afrikaans" gehad. Hy was die omdigter en herdigter van ’n groot getal gesange in die ''Psalm- en Gesangeboek'' van 1978. In die ''Liedboek van die Kerk'' van 2001, wat die boek van 1978 vervang het in die [[Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] en die [[Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk]], is 27 van sy omdigtings opgeneem, onder meer die bekende Lied 275: "O God van Jakob": 1. O God van Jakob, deur u hand<br /> word steeds u volk gevoed;<br /> U het weleer op see en land<br /> ons vadere behoed.<br /> 2. Ons dank- en smeekgebede gaan<br /> tot u genadetroon;<br /> wil ons en ook ons kroos voortaan<br /> u guns en trou betoon!<br /> 3. Berei vir ons die lewenspad<br /> - wil deur u Gees ons lei;<br /> en as ons val, o Vader, vat<br /> ons hand en staan ons by.<br /> 4. Bewaar ons, Heer, in alle nood;<br /> hou oor ons lewe wag.<br /> Wil kleding skenk, gee daagliks brood<br /> - ons deel vir elke dag.<br /> 5. Beskikker van ons deel en lot<br /> in voor- en teëspoed,<br /> U is ons Vader en ons God<br /> - net U is waarlik goed.<br /> Ds. Van der Merwe het sy bonsai-versameling aan die [[Universiteit van Stellenbosch Botaniese Tuin]] nagelaat. == Bronne == * {{af}} [[Frits Gaum|Gaum, Frits]] (hoofred.) 2008. ''Christelike Kernensiklopedie''. Wellington: Lux Verbi.BM. * {{af}} [[Henry Charles Hopkins|Hopkins, ds. H.C.]] 1969. ''Die Ned. Geref. Gemeente Somerset-Wes 1819-1969''. Somerset-Wes: NG Kerkraad. * {{af}} Jonas, G. 1972. ''Jaarboek van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerke (Moeder-, Sending- en Bantoekerke) 1972''. Kaapstad en Pretoria: N.G. Kerk-Uitgewers en&nbsp;-Boekhandel. * {{af}} [[Phil Olivier|Olivier, ds. P.L.]] 1952. ''Wie is wie in ons sendingvelde''. Kaapstad: N.G. Kerk-Uitgewers. * {{af}} [[Phil Olivier|Olivier, ds. P.L.]] (samesteller). 1952. ''[[Ons gemeentelike feesalbum]]''. Kaapstad en Pretoria: N.G. Kerk-uitgewers. * {{af}} Olivier, S.P. 1945. ''Ons Kerk in Rhodesië. 'n Historiese oorsig van die Ned. Geref. Kerk, Sending en Onderwys. 1895 - 1945. Bulawayo: Ring van Bulawayo. * {{en}} Potgieter, D.J. 1973. ''[[Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa]]''. Cape Town: Nasionale Opvoedkundige Uitgewery Ltd. * {{af}} Swart, prof. dr. M.J. (voorsitter redaksiekomitee). 1980. ''Afrikaanse kultuuralmanak''. Aucklandpark: Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} you == Eksterne skakels == * {{af}} [http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2001/12/08/10/3.html '' 'n Woord onderweg: O, God van Jakob'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Beeld]]'', [[8 Desember]] [[2001]]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. * [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3652230711284&set=t.100001229742836&type=3&theater Al vyf ds. Van der Merwe se kinders op 'n foto op Facebook, geneem in 2012]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. * {{af}} [http://www.eikestadnuus.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=41232 ''Nuwe Christelike boek bekendgestel'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Eikestadnuus]]'', [[25 Julie]] [[2013]]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. [[Kategorie:Predikante van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse predikante]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1920]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1979]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Van der Merwe, Gerjo}} 2m5pgwhjjeeguhrass1c5meu3xeu9p0 2517229 2517228 2022-08-03T14:39:59Z Quinlan83 135977 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/41.150.244.96|41.150.244.96]] ([[User talk:41.150.244.96|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Ds Gerjo van der Merwe en gesin.jpg|duimnael|regs|320px|Ds. Gerjo en mev. Helmine van der Merwe en hul kroos: (van links) Carel, Somine, Elna (agter), Carien, Gerjo Ben en Johann. Dié foto is omstreeks 1969 geneem.]] Ds. '''Gert Johannes (Gerjo) van der Merwe''' (Boplaas, distrik Ceres, [[15 November]] [[1920]] – [[Somerset-Wes]], [[28 Augustus]] [[1979]]) was 'n onderwyser, en later 'n predikant in die [[Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] asook die herdigter van 27 liedere in die ''Liedboek van die Kerk'' (2001). == Afkoms == Gerjo van der Merwe was die tiende van die twaalf kinders uit die twee huwelike van die geagte ouderling Callie van der Merwe van Boplaas in die [[Koue Bokkeveld]]. 'n Halfbroer, Izak (1897-1967), het bekendheid verwerf as die digter [[Boerneef]]. In sy eie woorde, het Gerjo die plaasskool "met groot smart" verlaat en na die hoërskool op [[Ceres]] gegaan waar hy in 1939 gematrikuleer het, 26 jaar ná sy halfbroer Izak. Dr. C.P. van der Merwe, in lewe rektor van die [[Hugenote-kollege]], was ook een van die 12 kinders. Hy was die vader van onder andere die skrywer [[Winnie Rust]]. == Onderwyser == Op [[Stellenbosch]] het Gerjo in 1942 die graad B.A. verwerf en in 1943 die S.O.D. Hy het sy onderwysloopbaan aan die [[Hoërskool Swartland]] op [[Malmesbury]] begin en dit voortgesit in die NG Kerk se [[Masjonaland]]se sendingveld. Deur verdere studie het hy in 1946 sy honneursgraad behaal in Afrikaans-Nederlands en toe van 1947 af gaan onderwys gee aan die destydse [[Hoërskool J.J. du Preez]] (wat begin 1992 met die Hoër Handelskool Tygerberg saamgesmelt het as die Hoërskool Parow<ref>{{en}} [http://www.parowhighschool.co.za/?page_id=2 Die geskiedenis van die Hoërskool Parow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324155057/http://www.parowhighschool.co.za/?page_id=2 |date=24 Maart 2012 }}. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014.</ref>) in [[Parow]]. Net die volgende jaar is hy terug na [[Rhodesië]] as 'n onderwyser aan die Andrew Louwskool op Fort Victoria (die teenswoordige [[Masvingo]]), waar hy vertoef het van 1948 tot 1953. == Na Masjonaland == [[Beeld:Helmine Lutz Van der Merwe.jpg|duimnael|links|170px|Helmine Lutz, die latere mev. Van der Merwe, omstreeks 1952 toe sy 'n kindertuinonderwyseres was op Gutu in die Masjonalandse sendingveld. Sy en Gerjo van der Merwe is in 1955 getroud toe hy 'n teologiese student aan die [[Kweekskool]] op [[Stellenbosch]] was.]] In daardie dae was daar nog twee Van der Merwes van Boplaas werksaam in die Masjonalandse sendingveld: Izak Wilhelmus (gebore [[30 Augustus]] [[1912]]) het in Oktober 1936 tot bekering gekom terwyl hy geboer het saam met sy vader op Weltevrede, 'n deel van Boplaas, en het daarna na die Hoër Jongenskool ('n voorloper van die [[Hugenote Hoërskool]]) op [[Wellington]] gegaan waar hy in Desember 1938 sy matrikulasie-eksamen geslaag het. Hy kon net een jaar op Stellenbosch vir Admissie-B.A. studeer toe hy in Maart 1940 om geldelike redes sy studie moes staak en in die sendingveld gaan werk het. Willa (geboortedatum onbekend) se vader het hom op skool help sekerheid kry dat hy na die sendingveld moes gaan en so het hy aan die [[Sendinginstituut]] op [[Wellington, Wes-Kaap|Wellington]] gaan studeer. Daarna het hy in die sendinghospitaal in Masjonaland gaan werk. Dit was hier in [[Rhodesië]] dat Gerjo sy toekomstige vrou ontmoet het. Sophié Wilhelmine (Helmine) Lutz is op [[17 April]] [[1928]] op [[Lutzville]] gebore. Haar oupa [[Johann Jakob Lutz|Japie Lutz]] was die vader van die [[Kakamas]]-skema en haar vader, Johann, het dié werk op die nedersettings aan die Olifantsrivier voortgesit. Die dorp [[Lutzville]] is na laasgenoemde genoem. Nadat sy aan die hoërskool op [[Vredendal]] gematrikuleer het, het Helmine van 1946 tot 1948 aan die Opleidingskollege op [[Wellington]] gaan studeer. Gedurende haar finale jaar, so het sy in ds. [[Phil Olivier]] se ''Wie is wie in ons sendingveld'' (1952) vertel, het sy 'n kindertuinkursus gevolg en daarna drie jaar op [[Albertinia]] gaan onderwys gee. "Altyd het ek baie belanggestel in sendingwerk," het sy vertel, "maar nooit juis daaraan gedink om self te gaan nie. In 1950 het ek besef dat die Here my wil gebruik vir sy werk. Altyd maar nog half onwillig, het ek die onvermydelike omstandighede wat tussenbei gekom het, gebruik as 'n rede om nie te kom nie, totdat ek in 1951 besef dat ek nie tevrede en gelukkig sal wees alvorens ek aan sy roepstem gehoorsaam is nie. Daarna het ek bedank en my werk hier aanvaar – dié werk waarin ek so gelukkig is." Sy het altesaam drie jaar kindertuinonderwys gegee op Gutu, 'n sendingstasie sowat 100&nbsp;km noordoos van die Masjonalandse hoofstasie, Morgenster. (Gutu is in 1892 deur Berlynse sendelinge aangelê en was een van drie stasies wat die NG Kerk in 1907 by die Duitsers oorgeneem het. Die eerste arbeider van die NG Kerk daar was ds. [[Henry Lindo Webb|H.L. Webb]].) == Verdere studie == [[Lêer:NG kerk Somerset-Wes.jpg|duimnael|270px|regs|Van die [[NG gemeente Somerset-Wes]] was ds. Van der Merwe 'n medeleraar van 1964 tot hy in Januarie 1977 die eerste leraar van die dogtergemeente Hottentots-Holland geword het.]] In hierdie tyd in Fort Victoria het die jong onderwyser die roeping gekry tot die evangeliebediening. Hy is in 1954 [[Stellenbosch]] toe waar hy aan die [[Kweekskool]] studeer het, en ná sy legitimasie in 1958, is hy in 1959 georden en bevestig as leraar van die [[NG gemeente Victoria-Wes]] in die [[Karoo]]. Intussen is hy en Helmine in 1955 in die [[Paarl]] getroud. Die egpaar se eerste kind, Elna, (in later jare boekeredakteur van ''[[Huisgenoot]]'') is in 1956 gebore. Daarna het gevolg Carel, Johann, Carien, Somine en Gerjo Ben ([[8 Desember]] [[1965]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/gerjo.vdmerwe/info Gerjo Ben van der Merwe se Facebook-profiel]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014.</ref>). == Gemeentebediening == Die Van der Merwes het net tot 1961 op [[NG gemeente Victoria-Wes|Victoria-Wes]] in die [[Karoo]] gewoon, toe ds. Gerjo 'n beroep aanneem na die [[NG gemeente Maclear]] in die Noordoos-Kaap. Ook daar sou hulle nie lank vertoef nie, want op [[2 Oktober]] [[1964]] is ds. Van der Merwe in die [[NG gemeente Somerset-Wes]] bevestig. Hier het hy gebly totdat hy op [[16 Januarie]] [[1977]] bevestig is as die eerste leraar van die ou moedergemeente se jongste dogtergemeente, Hottentots-Holland. Daar het hy hom beywer vir die bou van die jong gemeente se kerkgebou, waaruit hy begrawe is ’n week voor dit ingewy sou word. Volgens dr. [[Frits Gaum]] het ds. Van der Merwe ’n "besonderse aanvoeling vir Afrikaans" gehad. Hy was die omdigter en herdigter van ’n groot getal gesange in die ''Psalm- en Gesangeboek'' van 1978. In die ''Liedboek van die Kerk'' van 2001, wat die boek van 1978 vervang het in die [[Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] en die [[Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk]], is 27 van sy omdigtings opgeneem, onder meer die bekende Lied 275: "O God van Jakob": 1. O God van Jakob, deur u hand<br /> word steeds u volk gevoed;<br /> U het weleer op see en land<br /> ons vadere behoed.<br /> 2. Ons dank- en smeekgebede gaan<br /> tot u genadetroon;<br /> wil ons en ook ons kroos voortaan<br /> u guns en trou betoon!<br /> 3. Berei vir ons die lewenspad<br /> - wil deur u Gees ons lei;<br /> en as ons val, o Vader, vat<br /> ons hand en staan ons by.<br /> 4. Bewaar ons, Heer, in alle nood;<br /> hou oor ons lewe wag.<br /> Wil kleding skenk, gee daagliks brood<br /> - ons deel vir elke dag.<br /> 5. Beskikker van ons deel en lot<br /> in voor- en teëspoed,<br /> U is ons Vader en ons God<br /> - net U is waarlik goed.<br /> Ds. Van der Merwe het sy bonsai-versameling aan die [[Universiteit van Stellenbosch Botaniese Tuin]] nagelaat. == Bronne == * {{af}} [[Frits Gaum|Gaum, Frits]] (hoofred.) 2008. ''Christelike Kernensiklopedie''. Wellington: Lux Verbi.BM. * {{af}} [[Henry Charles Hopkins|Hopkins, ds. H.C.]] 1969. ''Die Ned. Geref. Gemeente Somerset-Wes 1819-1969''. Somerset-Wes: NG Kerkraad. * {{af}} Jonas, G. 1972. ''Jaarboek van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerke (Moeder-, Sending- en Bantoekerke) 1972''. Kaapstad en Pretoria: N.G. Kerk-Uitgewers en&nbsp;-Boekhandel. * {{af}} [[Phil Olivier|Olivier, ds. P.L.]] 1952. ''Wie is wie in ons sendingvelde''. Kaapstad: N.G. Kerk-Uitgewers. * {{af}} [[Phil Olivier|Olivier, ds. P.L.]] (samesteller). 1952. ''[[Ons gemeentelike feesalbum]]''. Kaapstad en Pretoria: N.G. Kerk-uitgewers. * {{af}} Olivier, S.P. 1945. ''Ons Kerk in Rhodesië. 'n Historiese oorsig van die Ned. Geref. Kerk, Sending en Onderwys. 1895 - 1945. Bulawayo: Ring van Bulawayo. * {{en}} Potgieter, D.J. 1973. ''[[Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa]]''. Cape Town: Nasionale Opvoedkundige Uitgewery Ltd. * {{af}} Swart, prof. dr. M.J. (voorsitter redaksiekomitee). 1980. ''Afrikaanse kultuuralmanak''. Aucklandpark: Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{af}} [http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2001/12/08/10/3.html '' 'n Woord onderweg: O, God van Jakob'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Beeld]]'', [[8 Desember]] [[2001]]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. * [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3652230711284&set=t.100001229742836&type=3&theater Al vyf ds. Van der Merwe se kinders op 'n foto op Facebook, geneem in 2012]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. * {{af}} [http://www.eikestadnuus.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=41232 ''Nuwe Christelike boek bekendgestel'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Eikestadnuus]]'', [[25 Julie]] [[2013]]. URL besoek op 21 Januarie 2014. [[Kategorie:Predikante van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse predikante]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1920]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1979]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Van der Merwe, Gerjo}} m7kdbllxg2wnu8txwuiub264z8kxnxx 0 88017 2517212 2517203 2022-08-03T12:53:03Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 220px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië | horus = {{small|<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>}} | nebty = | goldenhorus = | praenomen = | nomen = {{small|<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>}} }} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosetta-steen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] dmb8zxo3qyx49cjsr7nwdsy8zl4x9pe 2517251 2517212 2022-08-03T15:42:37Z Burgert Behr 2401 Kassie wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosetta-steen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 6zns78iixkjcwluwa4u88icqmj26csy 2517258 2517251 2022-08-03T16:44:49Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 2h4c7bj1nuyiq4e6fowb7asxscq9h0j 2517262 2517258 2022-08-03T17:15:24Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 91yetn1lju8soe26xsl232jisgm1kih 2517269 2517262 2022-08-03T17:56:59Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] tupc3xzeie8djq0emooielk7dr9sisx 2517285 2517269 2022-08-03T19:07:36Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] dnktdm1jiggv543cymp1bj07ah878bg 2517287 2517285 2022-08-03T19:30:06Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as triumvir het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] atzxbl58pm5dyuvngacdp24vcch9q78 2517288 2517287 2022-08-03T19:32:34Z Burgert Behr 2401 /* Verhouding met Marcus Antonius */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n burgeroorlog gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 55vz5fq19x3a12dv3o0lu4g8nxjspy2 2517289 2517288 2022-08-03T19:51:35Z Oesjaar 7467 Skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 4ep1p1bt9khpubzmak0j3p5rtehhs9a 2517319 2517289 2022-08-04T06:44:36Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} [[Beeld:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|250px|links|''Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra'' (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.]] Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40&nbsp;v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40&nbsp;v.C.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die [[Ioniese See]] behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}} Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39&nbsp;v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36&nbsp;v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na [[Antiogië]], waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}} Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} maar ook nuwe heerserdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die [[Levant]] teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele [[Fenisië]] ([[Libanon]]) minus [[Tirus]] en [[Sidon]], wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} In die lig van haar familiebande met die [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukiede]] het sy 'n deel van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]] aan die Bo-[[Orontes]]rivier gekry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook [[Jerigo]] in Palestina.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] a4u17it4m9sf2d4ebocrjopi9iolz4e 2517335 2517319 2022-08-04T07:31:24Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Donatio van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40&nbsp;v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} [[Beeld:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|250px|links|''Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra'' (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.]] Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40&nbsp;v.C.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die [[Ioniese See]] behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}} Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39&nbsp;v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36&nbsp;v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na [[Antiogië]], waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}} Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} maar ook nuwe heerserdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|220px|Romeinse muntstukke met afbeedlings van Marcus Antonius (links) en Octavianus wat in 41&nbsp;v.C. uitgereik is om die skepping van die Tweede Triumviraat in 43&nbsp;v.C. te vier.]] Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die [[Levant]] teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele [[Fenisië]] ([[Libanon]]) minus [[Tirus]] en [[Sidon]], wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} In die lig van haar familiebande met die [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukiede]] het sy 'n deel van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]] aan die Bo-[[Orontes]]rivier gekry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook [[Jerigo]] in Palestina.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} Antonius se uitbreiding van die Ptolemeïese Ryk deur grondgebied af te staan wat onder direkte Romeinse beheer was, is deur sy teenstander Octavianus uitgebuit. Dié het op die gevoel van die Romeinse burgers gespeel deur die aandag te vestig op die bemagtiging van 'n buitelandse koningin ten koste van hulle republiek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Octavianus het ook vertel Antonius verwaarloos sy vrou, Octavia. Hy het aan haar en sy eie vrou, Livia, die buitengewone voorreg van hoogheiligheid gegee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Die eerste standbeeld is 50 jaar tevore aan 'n lewende Romeinse vrou opgedra,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} en Octavia en Livia het nou in haar voetspore gevolg. Hulle standbeelde is waarskynlik in Caesar se Forum opgerig om mee te ding met dié van Cleopatra wat deur Caesar opgerig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} In 36&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra Antonius na die [[Eufraat]] vergesel op pad om die Partiese Ryk in te val.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=95–96}} Sy het daarna na Egipte teruggekeer, moontlik omdat sy hoog swanger was.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}} Teen die somer van 36&nbsp;v.C. het sy die lewe geskenk aan Ptolemeus Filadelfus, haar tweede seun by Antonius.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Antonius se Partiese veldtog in 36&nbsp;v.C. het om verskeie redes klaaglik misluk. Een rede was die verraad van Artavasdes II van Armenië, wat na die Partiese kant oorgeloop het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Nadat hy sowat 30&nbsp;000 soldate verloor het, het Antonius eindelik in Desember by Leukokome naby die hedendaagse [[Beiroet]] aangekom en kwaai begin drink voordat Cleopatara opgedaag het met geld en klere vir sy manne.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=27}} Hy wou nie teruggaan huis toe nie en is saam met Cleopatra terug na Alexandrië om sy pasgebore seun te sien.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] btkluim9mgj4glcdwyinf41anl65si8 2517363 2517335 2022-08-04T09:05:01Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Skenkings van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40&nbsp;v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} [[Beeld:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|250px|links|''Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra'' (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.]] Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40&nbsp;v.C.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die [[Ioniese See]] behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}} Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39&nbsp;v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36&nbsp;v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na [[Antiogië]], waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}} Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} maar ook nuwe heerserdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|240px|Romeinse muntstukke met afbeedlings van Marcus Antonius (links) en Octavianus wat in 41&nbsp;v.C. uitgereik is om die skepping van die Tweede Triumviraat in 43&nbsp;v.C. te vier.]] Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die [[Levant]] teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele [[Fenisië]] ([[Libanon]]) minus [[Tirus]] en [[Sidon]], wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} In die lig van haar familiebande met die [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukiede]] het sy 'n deel van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]] aan die Bo-[[Orontes]]rivier gekry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook [[Jerigo]] in Palestina.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} Antonius se uitbreiding van die Ptolemeïese Ryk deur grondgebied af te staan wat onder direkte Romeinse beheer was, is deur sy teenstander Octavianus uitgebuit. Dié het op die gevoel van die Romeinse burgers gespeel deur die aandag te vestig op die bemagtiging van 'n buitelandse koningin ten koste van hulle republiek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Octavianus het ook vertel Antonius verwaarloos sy vrou, Octavia. Hy het aan haar en sy eie vrou, Livia, die buitengewone voorreg van hoogheiligheid gegee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Die eerste standbeeld is 50 jaar tevore aan 'n lewende Romeinse vrou opgedra,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} en Octavia en Livia het nou in haar voetspore gevolg. Hulle standbeelde is waarskynlik in Caesar se Forum opgerig om mee te ding met dié van Cleopatra wat deur Caesar opgerig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} In 36&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra Antonius na die [[Eufraat]] vergesel op pad om die Partiese Ryk in te val.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=95–96}} Sy het daarna na Egipte teruggekeer, moontlik omdat sy hoog swanger was.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}} Teen die somer van 36&nbsp;v.C. het sy die lewe geskenk aan Ptolemeus Filadelfus, haar tweede seun by Antonius.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Antonius se Partiese veldtog in 36&nbsp;v.C. het om verskeie redes klaaglik misluk. Een rede was die verraad van Artavasdes II van Armenië, wat na die Partiese kant oorgeloop het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Nadat hy sowat 30&nbsp;000 soldate verloor het, het Antonius eindelik in Desember by Leukokome naby die hedendaagse [[Beiroet]] aangekom en kwaai begin drink voordat Cleopatara opgedaag het met geld en klere vir sy manne.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=27}} Hy wou nie teruggaan huis toe nie en is saam met Cleopatra terug na Alexandrië om sy pasgebore seun te sien.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}} ===Skenkings van Alexandrië=== Terwyl Antonius in 35&nbsp;v.C. vir nog 'n Partiese ekspedisie voorberei het, dié keer teen hulle bondgenoot Armenië, het Octavia met 2&nbsp;000 soldate na Athene gereis om na bewering vir Antonius te help, maar waarskynliker in 'n plan wat deur Octavianus uitgedink is om Antonius in die verleentheid te stel oor sy militêre verliese.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Antonius het die soldate in ontvangs geneem, maar vir Octavia gesê om nie oos van Athene te kom nie omdat hy en Cleopatra saam na Antiogië sou reis. Hy het egter skielik en onverwags die militêre veldtog laat vaar en is terug na Alexandrië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Toe Octavia na Rome terugkeer, het Octavianus haar uitgebeeld as 'n slagoffer wat verkeerd behandel is deur Antonius, hoewel sy geweier het om Antonius se huis te verlaat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Octavianus het al hoe meer selfvertoue gekry namate hy sy teenstanders in die weste uit die weg geruim het: selfs Lepidus, die derde lid van die triumviraat, wat in huisarres geplaas is nadat hy in Sisilië teen Octavianus in opstand gekom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Papyrus document containing signature of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.jpg|thumb|240px|'n Papirusdokument van Februarie 33&nbsp;v.C. wat belastingskwytskelding aan iemand in Egipte verleen. Cleopatra se handtekening is deur 'n amptenaar aangebring, maar die woorde "γινέσθωι" (''ginésthōi'', "laat dit gebeur"){{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=33}} wat in Grieks bygevoeg is, is moontlik in Cleopatra se eie handskrif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=133–134}}]] Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius is in 34&nbsp;v.C. na Artavasdes II gestuur om 'n huwelik te reël tussen die Armeense koning se dogter en Alexander Helios, die seun van Antonius en Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=28}} Toe dit van die hand gewys word, het Antonius en sy leër Armenië binnegeval, hulle magte verslaan en die koning en sy familie gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 28}} Antonius het toe 'n militêre parade in Alexandrië gehou in die vorm van 'n Romeinse oorwinning. Hy was aangetrek soos [[Dionusos]] en het die stad op 'n strydwa binnegery om die koninklike gevangenes aan Cleopatra te wys. Sy het op 'n goue troon gesit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=28–29}} Nuus oor die voorval is kwaai in Rome gekritiseer as 'n verdraaiing van geëerde Romeinse rites en rituele vir 'n Egiptiese koningin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}} Op 'n geleentheid wat kort daarna gehou is, het Cleopatra soos [[Isis]] aangetrek en verklaar sy is die koningin van konings en haar seun Caesarion die koning van konings, terwyl Alexander Helios verklaar is tot koning van Armenië, [[Medië]] en Partië, en die tweejarige Ptolemeus Filadelfos tot koning van Sirië en Silisië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=99–100}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|pp=301–302}} Cleopatra Selene&nbsp;II is die koningin van Kreta en Sirene gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius en Cleopatra kon tydens dié seremonie getrou het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 29}} Antonius het 'n verslag na Rome gestuur vir die bekragtiging van dié grondeise, wat nou bekend is as die Skenkings van Alexandrië. Octavianus wou dit vir propaganda laat publiseer, maar die twee konsuls, albei ondersteuners van Antonius, het dit uit die openbare oog gehou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=100–101}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Laat in 34&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius en Octavianus in 'n hete propagandaoorlog betrokke geraak wat jare geduur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius het beweer sy teenstander het Lepidus onwettig uit hulle triumviraat geskop en hom verhinder om troepe in Italië bymekaar te maak. Octavianus het Antonius weer daarvan beskuldig dat hy die koning van Armenië onwettig aangehou het, met Cleopatra getrou het al was hy nog met sy suster Octavia getroud, en Caesarion in plaas van Octavianus as Caesar se erfgenaam verklaar het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Die beskuldigings en skinderstories van dié propagandaoorlog het baie gewilde persepsies van Cleopatra geskep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=65–66}} Sy sou Marcus Antonius glo gebreinspoel het met heksery en towery en was so gevaarlik soos [[Homeros]] se [[Helena van Troje]] om die beskawing te verwoes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=130–131}} [[Plinius die ouere]] het beweer Cleopatra het eenkeer 'n pêrel wat tienmiljoene [[sestersie]]s werd was, in asyn opgelos net om 'n weddenskap op 'n partytjie te wen.<ref>Plinius die ouere, ''Natural History'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 9.58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620043122/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 |date=20 Junie 2020 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=132}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 60vp3ilmbegv1o8p9w5i7jlunb5t1cz 2517415 2517363 2022-08-04T11:03:31Z Burgert Behr 2401 Besig wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} {{Hiero/3name | naam=Horusnaam: Die groot dame van perfeksie,<br> uitstekende raadgewer<br>Troonnaam: Die godin Cleopatra, wat <br>haar vader liefhet<br>Geboortenaam: Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>| align=right}} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Skenkings van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40&nbsp;v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} [[Beeld:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|250px|links|''Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra'' (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.]] Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40&nbsp;v.C.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die [[Ioniese See]] behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}} Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39&nbsp;v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36&nbsp;v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na [[Antiogië]], waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}} Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} maar ook nuwe heerserdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|240px|Romeinse muntstukke met afbeedlings van Marcus Antonius (links) en Octavianus wat in 41&nbsp;v.C. uitgereik is om die skepping van die Tweede Triumviraat in 43&nbsp;v.C. te vier.]] Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die [[Levant]] teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele [[Fenisië]] ([[Libanon]]) minus [[Tirus]] en [[Sidon]], wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} In die lig van haar familiebande met die [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukiede]] het sy 'n deel van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]] aan die Bo-[[Orontes]]rivier gekry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook [[Jerigo]] in Palestina.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} Antonius se uitbreiding van die Ptolemeïese Ryk deur grondgebied af te staan wat onder direkte Romeinse beheer was, is deur sy teenstander Octavianus uitgebuit. Dié het op die gevoel van die Romeinse burgers gespeel deur die aandag te vestig op die bemagtiging van 'n buitelandse koningin ten koste van hulle republiek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Octavianus het ook vertel Antonius verwaarloos sy vrou, Octavia. Hy het aan haar en sy eie vrou, Livia, die buitengewone voorreg van hoogheiligheid gegee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Die eerste standbeeld is 50 jaar tevore aan 'n lewende Romeinse vrou opgedra,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} en Octavia en Livia het nou in haar voetspore gevolg. Hulle standbeelde is waarskynlik in Caesar se Forum opgerig om mee te ding met dié van Cleopatra wat deur Caesar opgerig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} In 36&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra Antonius na die [[Eufraat]] vergesel op pad om die Partiese Ryk in te val.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=95–96}} Sy het daarna na Egipte teruggekeer, moontlik omdat sy hoog swanger was.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}} Teen die somer van 36&nbsp;v.C. het sy die lewe geskenk aan Ptolemeus Filadelfus, haar tweede seun by Antonius.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Antonius se Partiese veldtog in 36&nbsp;v.C. het om verskeie redes klaaglik misluk. Een rede was die verraad van Artavasdes II van Armenië, wat na die Partiese kant oorgeloop het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Nadat hy sowat 30&nbsp;000 soldate verloor het, het Antonius eindelik in Desember by Leukokome naby die hedendaagse [[Beiroet]] aangekom en kwaai begin drink voordat Cleopatara opgedaag het met geld en klere vir sy manne.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=27}} Hy wou nie teruggaan huis toe nie en is saam met Cleopatra terug na Alexandrië om sy pasgebore seun te sien.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}} ===Skenkings van Alexandrië=== Terwyl Antonius in 35&nbsp;v.C. vir nog 'n Partiese ekspedisie voorberei het, dié keer teen hulle bondgenoot Armenië, het Octavia met 2&nbsp;000 soldate na Athene gereis om na bewering vir Antonius te help, maar waarskynliker in 'n plan wat deur Octavianus uitgedink is om Antonius in die verleentheid te stel oor sy militêre verliese.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Antonius het die soldate in ontvangs geneem, maar vir Octavia gesê om nie oos van Athene te kom nie omdat hy en Cleopatra saam na Antiogië sou reis. Hy het egter skielik en onverwags die militêre veldtog laat vaar en is terug na Alexandrië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Toe Octavia na Rome terugkeer, het Octavianus haar uitgebeeld as 'n slagoffer wat verkeerd behandel is deur Antonius, hoewel sy geweier het om Antonius se huis te verlaat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Octavianus het al hoe meer selfvertoue gekry namate hy sy teenstanders in die weste uit die weg geruim het: selfs Lepidus, die derde lid van die triumviraat, wat in huisarres geplaas is nadat hy in Sisilië teen Octavianus in opstand gekom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Papyrus document containing signature of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.jpg|thumb|240px|'n Papirusdokument van Februarie 33&nbsp;v.C. wat belastingskwytskelding aan iemand in Egipte verleen. Cleopatra se handtekening is deur 'n amptenaar aangebring, maar die woorde "γινέσθωι" (''ginésthōi'', "laat dit gebeur"){{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=33}} wat in Grieks bygevoeg is, is moontlik in Cleopatra se eie handskrif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=133–134}}]] Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius is in 34&nbsp;v.C. na Artavasdes II gestuur om 'n huwelik te reël tussen die Armeense koning se dogter en Alexander Helios, die seun van Antonius en Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=28}} Toe dit van die hand gewys word, het Antonius en sy leër Armenië binnegeval, hulle magte verslaan en die koning en sy familie gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 28}} Antonius het toe 'n militêre parade in Alexandrië gehou in die vorm van 'n Romeinse oorwinning. Hy was aangetrek soos [[Dionusos]] en het die stad op 'n strydwa binnegery om die koninklike gevangenes aan Cleopatra te wys. Sy het op 'n goue troon gesit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=28–29}} Nuus oor die voorval is kwaai in Rome gekritiseer as 'n verdraaiing van geëerde Romeinse rites en rituele vir 'n Egiptiese koningin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}} Op 'n geleentheid wat kort daarna gehou is, het Cleopatra soos [[Isis]] aangetrek en verklaar sy is die koningin van konings en haar seun Caesarion die koning van konings, terwyl Alexander Helios verklaar is tot koning van Armenië, [[Medië]] en Partië, en die tweejarige Ptolemeus Filadelfos tot koning van Sirië en Silisië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=99–100}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|pp=301–302}} Cleopatra Selene&nbsp;II is die koningin van Kreta en Sirene gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius en Cleopatra kon tydens dié seremonie getrou het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 29}} Antonius het 'n verslag na Rome gestuur vir die bekragtiging van dié grondeise, wat nou bekend is as die Skenkings van Alexandrië. Octavianus wou dit vir propaganda laat publiseer, maar die twee konsuls, albei ondersteuners van Antonius, het dit uit die openbare oog gehou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=100–101}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Laat in 34&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius en Octavianus in 'n hete propagandaoorlog betrokke geraak wat jare geduur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius het beweer sy teenstander het Lepidus onwettig uit hulle triumviraat geskop en hom verhinder om troepe in Italië bymekaar te maak. Octavianus het Antonius weer daarvan beskuldig dat hy die koning van Armenië onwettig aangehou het, met Cleopatra getrou het al was hy nog met sy suster Octavia getroud, en Caesarion in plaas van Octavianus as Caesar se erfgenaam verklaar het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Die beskuldigings en skinderstories van dié propagandaoorlog het baie gewilde persepsies van Cleopatra geskep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=65–66}} Sy sou Marcus Antonius glo gebreinspoel het met heksery en towery en was so gevaarlik soos [[Homeros]] se [[Helena van Troje]] om die beskawing te verwoes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=130–131}} [[Plinius die ouere]] het beweer Cleopatra het eenkeer 'n pêrel wat tienmiljoene [[sestersie]]s werd was, in asyn opgelos net om 'n weddenskap op 'n partytjie te wen.<ref>Plinius die ouere, ''Natural History'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 9.58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620043122/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 |date=20 Junie 2020 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=132}} ===Slag van Actium=== [[Beeld:Augustus Statue.JPG|thumb|180px|'n Gerekonstrueerde standbeeld van [[Augustus Octavianus|Augustus]] as 'n jonger Octavianus, 30&nbsp;v.C.]] In 'n toespraak voor die Romeinse Senaat op sy eerste dag as konsul op 1&nbsp;Januarie 33&nbsp;v.C., het Octavianus Antonius daarvan beskuldig dat hy probeer om Romeinse vryhede en territoriale integriteit te ondermyn as 'n slaaf van sy Oosterse koningin.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=302}} Voordat Antonius en Octavianus se gesamentlike ''imperium'' op 31 Desember 33&nbsp;v.C. verval het, het Antonius vir Caesarion tot Caesar se ware erfgenaam verklaar in 'n poging om Octavianus te ondermyn.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=302}} In 32&nbsp;v.C. het twee ondersteuners van Antonius, Gaius Sosius en Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, konsuls geword. Eersgenoemde het 'n vurige toespraak gelewer waarin hy Octavianus, wat nou 'n privaat burger sonder 'n openbare amp was, veroordeel het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|pp=302–303}} Tydens die volgende senaatsessie het Octavianus die Senaatshuis met gewapende wagte binngegaan en sy eie beskuldigings teen die konsuls geopper.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Die konsuls en meer as 200 senatore wat Antonius steeds ondersteun het, was hierdeur geïntimideer en het die volgende dag uit Rome gevlug om by Antonius aan te sluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Antonius en Cleopatra het in 32&nbsp;v.C. na Efese gereis, waar sy 200 van die 800 skepe wat hy bymekaar kon maak, aan hom verskaf het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}} Ahenobarbus, wat bang was dat Octavianus se propaganda aan die publiek sou uitlek, het Antonius probeer oorreed om Cleopatra uit te sluit uit die veldtog teen Octavianus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Publius Canidius Crassus het weer gemeen Cleopatra befonds die oorlog en was 'n bevoegde monarg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Cleopatra het geweier om na Egipte terug te keer en het gedink sy kan Egipte makliker verdedig as sy Octavianus in Griekeland afkeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Haar besluit het daartoe gelei dat prominente Romeine soos Ahenobarbus en Lucius Munatius Plancus die groep verlaat het. In die lente van 32&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius en Cleopatra na Athene gereis, waar sy Antonius oorreed het om 'n amptelike egskeidingsbrief aan Octavia te stuur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 29}} Plancus het Octavianus aangeraai om beslag te lê op Antonius se testament, wat deur die [[Vestaalse maagd]]e gehou is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Hoewel dit 'n verbreking van heilige en wetlike regte was, het Octavianus die dokument met geweld by die Tempel van Vesta gekry, en dit het 'n nuttige wapen geword in die propagandaoorlog teen Antonius en Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Octavianus het dele van die testament uitgelig, soos dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam genoem word, dat die Skenkings van Alexandrië wettig was, dat Antonius langs Cleopatra in Egipte begrawe moet word in plaas van in Rome, en dat Alexandrië die nuwe hoofstad van die Romeinse Republiek sal word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=136}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} As 'n bewys van lojaliteit aan Rome het Octavianus besluit om sy eie [[mausoleum]] by die Marsveld te bou.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Octavianus se regsposisie is ook verbeter deurdat hy in 31&nbsp;v.C. tot konsul verkies is.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Met die inhoud van Antonius se testament wat bekend gemaak is, het Octavianus 'n wetlike rede gehad om oorlog teen Cleopatra te verklaar{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=136}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 30}} (nie teen Antonius nie).<ref name=Oorlog group="nota">Soos Jones {{harvtxt|Jones|2006|p=147}} verduidelik, moes Octavianus twee keer dink voordat hy teen Antonius optree. Hy moes versigtig wees om 'n verbintenis met burgeroorlog te vermy, want die Romeine was moeg vir oorlog en Octavianus kon steun verloor as hy teen 'n mede-Romein oorlog verklaar.</ref> Die wetlike rede vir oorlog was nie soseer Cleopatra se territoriale uitbreiding en voormalige Romeinse gebiede wat deur haar kinders saam met Antonius regeer word nie, maar eerder dat sy militêre steun aan 'n privaat burger verskaf noudat Antonius se mag as triumvir verval het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=136–137}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] 2k3p22git3q98eimdvhwoh0gtzgvqkk 2517418 2517415 2022-08-04T11:17:39Z Burgert Behr 2401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas farao | naam = Cleopatra VII | lewe = Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator | beeld = Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | onderskrif = Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, [[Berlyn]]). | beeldgrootte = 240px | funksie = [[Farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk|Ptolemeïese Dinastie]] | periode = [[51 v.C.]] – [[10 Augustus]] [[30 v.C.]] (21 jaar) | voorganger = [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]] | vader = Ptolemeus XII Auletes | moeder = Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) | gebore = 69&nbsp;v.C. <br />[[Alexandrië]], [[Egipte]] | oorlede = 10 Augustus 30&nbsp;v.C. (op 39) <br />Alexandrië }} '''Cleopatra VII Filopator''' ([[Grieks]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; [[69&nbsp;v.C.]] - 10 Augustus [[30&nbsp;v.C.]]), in die geskiedenis bekend as '''Cleopatra''' of '''Kleopatra''', was van 51 tot 30&nbsp;v.C. [[farao]] van die [[Ptolemeïese Ryk]] van [[Antieke Egipte|Egipte]] en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<ref name=Diplomaat group="nota">Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|p=1}} en {{harvtxt|Bradford|2000|p=13}}.</ref> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, [[Ptolemeus I Soter]], 'n [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedoniese]] generaal en vriend van [[Alexander die Grote]]. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte [[Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)|'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk]] geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste [[Hellenistiese tydperk|Hellenistiese]] staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323&nbsp;v.C.). Haar moedertaal was [[Koine]], en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat [[Egipties]] leer praat het. In 58&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, [[Ptolemeus XII Auletes]], vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse [[vasal]]staat) en dit het sy dogter [[Berenike IV]] in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55&nbsp;v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51&nbsp;v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIII]] begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n [[burgeroorlog]] gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman [[Pompeius]] in 48&nbsp;v.C. 'n veldslag in [[Romeinse Griekeland|Griekeland]] teen sy teenstander [[Julius Caesar]] ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van [[Alexandrië]]. {{Hiero/3name | | align = left | naam = Cleopatra | horus=<hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>| praenomen=<hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>| nomen=<hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>}} Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na [[Efese]] verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer [[Ptolemeus XIV]] tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44&nbsp;v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44&nbsp;v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]], [[Marcus Antonius]] en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die [[Partiese Ryk]] en [[Armenië|Koninkryk Armenië]]. Die Skenkings van Alexandrië het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die [[Romeinse Republiek]]. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32&nbsp;v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31&nbsp;v.C. in die [[Slag van Actium]] verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30&nbsp;v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. ==Etimologie== Die [[Latyn|gelatiniseerde]] vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke [[Grieks]]e Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",{{sfnp|Royster|2003|p=48}} van κλέος (''kléos'', "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).{{sfnp|Muellner|}} Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die [[Griekse mitologie]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16}} Deur die huwelik tussen [[Ptolemeus V Epiphanes]] en Cleopatra I Syra ('n [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukidiese]] prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïse dinastie beland.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=15–16, 39}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=55–57}} Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=15}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84, 215}} ==Biografie== ===Agtergrond=== [[Beeld:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|links|220px|Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.]] Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van [[Ptah]] in [[Memphis (Egipte)|Memphis]] gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad [[Alexandrië]] gewoon wat deur Aleander die Grote van [[Koninkryk Masedonië|Masedonië]] gestig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 3, 11, 129}} Hulle het [[Grieks]] gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om [[Egipties]] te leer praat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=29–33}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106}}<ref name=Egipties group="nota">Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks ([[Koine]]) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die [[Rosettasteen]] gebruik is ({{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live }}).</ref> [[Beeld:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra ([[Louvre]], Parys).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=18}}]] In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|p=35}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} Volgens [[Plutarchus]] kon sy ook onder meer [[Hebreeus]] (of [[Aramees]]), [[Arabies]], [[Siries]], [[Parties]] en dalk selfs [[Latyn]] praat.<ref name=Tale group="nota">Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien {{harvtxt|Roller|2010|pp=46–48}} en {{harvtxt|Burstein|2004|pp=11–12}}.</ref> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die [[Wes-Asië|Wes-Asiatiese]] gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=46–48, 100}} Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=38–42}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xviii, 10}} Toe Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX Lathyros laat in 81&nbsp;v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike&nbsp;III opgevolg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI Alexander&nbsp;II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=10–11}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80&nbsp;v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor [[Lynch|gelynch]].{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=11}} Ptolemus&nbsp;XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy&nbsp;IX of vader, Ptolemy&nbsp;X Alexander&nbsp;I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle [[vasal]]staat, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus&nbsp;XI.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=74}} Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus&nbsp;IX te verdeel. Hulle het [[Siprus]] aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=17}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xix}} ===Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII=== In 65&nbsp;v.C. het die [[Romeinse sensor]] voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=20}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xix, 12–13}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan [[Pompeius]] en eindelik [[Julius Caesar]] nadat hy in 59&nbsp;v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=20–21}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 12–13}} Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=21}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} [[Beeld:Retrato femenino (26771127162).jpg|thumb|links|180px|Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke ([[Italië]], 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C.{{sfnp|Walker|Higgs|2001|pp=314–315}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|loc=p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247}}]] In 58&nbsp;v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se broer, met aantygings van [[seerowery]] daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 75}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=14–15}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na [[Rhodos]], toe na [[Athene]] en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=22}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 13, 75}} Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<ref name=Dogter group="nota">Fletcher {{harvtxt|Fletcher|2008|pp=76–77}} het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58&nbsp;v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike&nbsp;IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het."</ref> Berenike&nbsp;IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=13}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=77–78}} Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57&nbsp;v.C. te verlaat en het hy in [[Efese]] gaan bly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=16}} [[Beeld:Roman Republic in 40bC.svg|thumb|220px|Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40&nbsp;v.C.]] Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}} Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]], omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55&nbsp;v.C. gedoen.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=24}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13, 76}} [[Marcus Antonius]] was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike&nbsp;IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=76}} Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=23, 73}} Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48&nbsp;v.C., herroep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=25}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII het Berenike&nbsp;IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag gelê op hulle eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=25–26}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=13–14, 76}} Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=14}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=80, 85}} Op 31 Mei 52&nbsp;v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=27}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=84–85}} Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=26}}{{sfnp|Grant|1972|p=18}} ===Troonbestyging=== {{Multibeeld | align = right | direction = horizontal | voetskrif = Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin [[Isis]]. Op 'n [[stele]] van kalksteen uit 51&nbsp;v.C. (Louvre, Parys).{{pb}}Regs: Die [[cartouche]]s van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). | beeld1 = Cleopatra Isis Louvre E27113.jpg | width1 = 120 | beeld2 = Limestone stela of a high priest of god Ptah. It bears the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion. From Egypt. Ptolemaic Period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg | width2 = 165 }} Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51&nbsp;v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos [[hongersnood]] wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=53–54}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=53}} Teen 29 Augustus 51&nbsp;v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=16}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=91–92}} Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=xx}} hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}} Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur [[Ptolemeus II Philadelphus|Ptolemeus II]] en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=36–37}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.{{sfnp|Grant|1972|pp=26–27}} Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=5}} Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die [[eunug]] Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=56–57}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=16–17}} Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50&nbsp;v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=231}}{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} ===Sluipmoord op Pompeius=== [[Beeld:Pompey the Great, Augustean copy of a 70-60 BC original, Venice Museo Archeologico Nazionale (22205132751).jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27&nbsp;v.C. - 14&nbsp;n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60&nbsp;v.C.]] In die somer van 49&nbsp;v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=57}} Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49&nbsp;v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na [[Griekeland]] te vlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=94–95}} In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=58}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=95}} Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na [[Thebe, Egipte|Thebe]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=58–59}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=95–96}} Teen die lente van 48&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=59}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike [[Nyldelta]] uitgekamp.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx, 17}} In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48&nbsp;v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na [[Tirus]] gevlug.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 17}} Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=98}} Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48&nbsp;v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=60}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=259}} Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 18}} Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=60–61}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} ===Verhouding met Julius Caesar=== Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}} Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Die historikus [[Dio Cassius]] vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=234–235}} [[Plutarchus]] gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}{{sfnp|Jones|2006|pp=57–58}} [[Beeld:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101).jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.]] Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=61–62}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=112–113}} Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=18}} Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese kroon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58&nbsp;v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20&nbsp;000 Caesar se 4&nbsp;000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=62}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=235}} Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe&nbsp;IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|p=236}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=118–119}} Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat hy by Arsinoe&nbsp;IV se leër kon aansluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=63}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=119}} Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47&nbsp;v.C., geduur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Hölbl|2001|pp=235–236}} In Januarie of Maart 47&nbsp;v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIII en Arsinoe&nbsp;IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=63–64}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}} Arsinoe is na die Tempel van [[Artemis]] in Efese verban.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=172}} Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48&nbsp;v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64, 69}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 19–20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=120}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra and Caesar by Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cleopatra en Caesar'' (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.]] Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48&nbsp;v.C. geëindig.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47&nbsp;v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=64}} Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike&nbsp;IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=64–65}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=19}} Caesar het omstreeks April 47&nbsp;v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in [[Anatolië]] om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=67}} Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=20}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|p=153}} [[Ptolemeus XV Caesarion|Caesarion]], wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47&nbsp;v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n [[stele]] van Memphis staan.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=260}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}} Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=70}}{{sfnp|Fletcher|2008|pp=162–163}} [[Beeld:Ptolemaic Queen (Cleopatra VII?), 50-30 B.C.E., 71.12.jpg|thumb|links|180px|'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30&nbsp;v.C.]] Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46&nbsp;v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=71}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20}} Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (''socius et amicus populi Romani'', eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 20, 64}} Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator [[Cicero]] in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe [[Juliaanse kalender]], wat op 1 Januarie 45&nbsp;v.C. in werking getree het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 126}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46&nbsp;v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu&nbsp;n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin [[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]], moeder van die Romeine.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=72, 175}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=21}} Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin [[Isis]] op 'n subtiele manier met die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse godsdiens]] verbind.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=72}} Caesar is op 15 Maart 44&nbsp;v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21}} In Caesar se testament is sy nefie [[Augustus Octavianus|Octavianus]] egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=74}} 'n Paar maande leter het Cleopatra Ptolemeus&nbsp;XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22}} ===Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog=== Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede [[Triumviraat]] in 43&nbsp;v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 21–22}} Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} [[Beeld:Cleopatra Gate in Tarsus.JPG|thumb|Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, [[Turkye]]), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41&nbsp;v.C. ontmoet het.]] Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}} Dié troepe is egter in [[Palestina]] deur Cassius gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=22}} Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n [[Mediterreense]] storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=22–23}} Teen die herfs van 42&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=75}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 22–23}} Teen einde 42&nbsp;v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=76}} In die somer van 41&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=76–77}} Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=77}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 23}} Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=77–79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=23}} Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe&nbsp;IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxi, 24, 76}} ===Verhouding met Marcus Antonius=== [[Beeld:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en [[triumvir]] [[Marcus Antonius]], laat 1ste eeu&nbsp;n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).]] Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41&nbsp;v.C. besoek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=79}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 24}} Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus&nbsp;XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=79–80}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=81–82}} Met sy mag as [[triumvir]] het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=82–83}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Teen die lente van 40&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=83–84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25}} [[Son|Helios]] (die son) en [[Maan|Selene]] (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}} sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van [[Alexander die Grote]] volg en die [[Partiese Ryk]] verower.{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40&nbsp;v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=84}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=73}} Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=84–85}} [[Beeld:Lawrence Alma-Tadema- Anthony and Cleopatra.JPG|thumb|250px|links|''Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra'' (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.]] Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}} Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40&nbsp;v.C.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=85}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=25}} Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die [[Ioniese See]] behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=85–86}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25, 73}} Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39&nbsp;v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36&nbsp;v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=89}} Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na [[Antiogië]], waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}} Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=90}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=77}} Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} maar ook nuwe heerserdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=91–92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|240px|Romeinse muntstukke met afbeedlings van Marcus Antonius (links) en Octavianus wat in 41&nbsp;v.C. uitgereik is om die skepping van die Tweede Triumviraat in 43&nbsp;v.C. te vier.]] Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die [[Levant]] teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele [[Fenisië]] ([[Libanon]]) minus [[Tirus]] en [[Sidon]], wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=92}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} In die lig van haar familiebande met die [[Seleukidiese Ryk|Seleukiede]] het sy 'n deel van [[Syria (Romeinse provinsie)|Syria]] aan die Bo-[[Orontes]]rivier gekry.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook [[Jerigo]] in Palestina.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94, 142}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=26}} Antonius se uitbreiding van die Ptolemeïese Ryk deur grondgebied af te staan wat onder direkte Romeinse beheer was, is deur sy teenstander Octavianus uitgebuit. Dié het op die gevoel van die Romeinse burgers gespeel deur die aandag te vestig op die bemagtiging van 'n buitelandse koningin ten koste van hulle republiek.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Octavianus het ook vertel Antonius verwaarloos sy vrou, Octavia. Hy het aan haar en sy eie vrou, Livia, die buitengewone voorreg van hoogheiligheid gegee.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=94–95}} Die eerste standbeeld is 50 jaar tevore aan 'n lewende Romeinse vrou opgedra,{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} en Octavia en Livia het nou in haar voetspore gevolg. Hulle standbeelde is waarskynlik in Caesar se Forum opgerig om mee te ding met dié van Cleopatra wat deur Caesar opgerig is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=95}} In 36&nbsp;v.C. het Cleopatra Antonius na die [[Eufraat]] vergesel op pad om die Partiese Ryk in te val.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=95–96}} Sy het daarna na Egipte teruggekeer, moontlik omdat sy hoog swanger was.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}} Teen die somer van 36&nbsp;v.C. het sy die lewe geskenk aan Ptolemeus Filadelfus, haar tweede seun by Antonius.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=96}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 25–26}} Antonius se Partiese veldtog in 36&nbsp;v.C. het om verskeie redes klaaglik misluk. Een rede was die verraad van Artavasdes II van Armenië, wat na die Partiese kant oorgeloop het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Nadat hy sowat 30&nbsp;000 soldate verloor het, het Antonius eindelik in Desember by Leukokome naby die hedendaagse [[Beiroet]] aangekom en kwaai begin drink voordat Cleopatara opgedaag het met geld en klere vir sy manne.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=27}} Hy wou nie teruggaan huis toe nie en is saam met Cleopatra terug na Alexandrië om sy pasgebore seun te sien.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=97}} ===Skenkings van Alexandrië=== Terwyl Antonius in 35&nbsp;v.C. vir nog 'n Partiese ekspedisie voorberei het, dié keer teen hulle bondgenoot Armenië, het Octavia met 2&nbsp;000 soldate na Athene gereis om na bewering vir Antonius te help, maar waarskynliker in 'n plan wat deur Octavianus uitgedink is om Antonius in die verleentheid te stel oor sy militêre verliese.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Antonius het die soldate in ontvangs geneem, maar vir Octavia gesê om nie oos van Athene te kom nie omdat hy en Cleopatra saam na Antiogië sou reis. Hy het egter skielik en onverwags die militêre veldtog laat vaar en is terug na Alexandrië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=97–98}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=27–28}} Toe Octavia na Rome terugkeer, het Octavianus haar uitgebeeld as 'n slagoffer wat verkeerd behandel is deur Antonius, hoewel sy geweier het om Antonius se huis te verlaat.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} Octavianus het al hoe meer selfvertoue gekry namate hy sy teenstanders in die weste uit die weg geruim het: selfs Lepidus, die derde lid van die triumviraat, wat in huisarres geplaas is nadat hy in Sisilië teen Octavianus in opstand gekom het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=98}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=301}} [[Beeld:Papyrus document containing signature of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.jpg|thumb|240px|'n Papirusdokument van Februarie 33&nbsp;v.C. wat belastingskwytskelding aan iemand in Egipte verleen. Cleopatra se handtekening is deur 'n amptenaar aangebring, maar die woorde "γινέσθωι" (''ginésthōi'', "laat dit gebeur"){{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=33}} wat in Grieks bygevoeg is, is moontlik in Cleopatra se eie handskrif.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=133–134}}]] Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius is in 34&nbsp;v.C. na Artavasdes II gestuur om 'n huwelik te reël tussen die Armeense koning se dogter en Alexander Helios, die seun van Antonius en Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=28}} Toe dit van die hand gewys word, het Antonius en sy leër Armenië binnegeval, hulle magte verslaan en die koning en sy familie gevange geneem.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 28}} Antonius het toe 'n militêre parade in Alexandrië gehou in die vorm van 'n Romeinse oorwinning. Hy was aangetrek soos [[Dionusos]] en het die stad op 'n strydwa binnegery om die koninklike gevangenes aan Cleopatra te wys. Sy het op 'n goue troon gesit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=28–29}} Nuus oor die voorval is kwaai in Rome gekritiseer as 'n verdraaiing van geëerde Romeinse rites en rituele vir 'n Egiptiese koningin.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=99}} Op 'n geleentheid wat kort daarna gehou is, het Cleopatra soos [[Isis]] aangetrek en verklaar sy is die koningin van konings en haar seun Caesarion die koning van konings, terwyl Alexander Helios verklaar is tot koning van Armenië, [[Medië]] en Partië, en die tweejarige Ptolemeus Filadelfos tot koning van Sirië en Silisië.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=99–100}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|pp=301–302}} Cleopatra Selene&nbsp;II is die koningin van Kreta en Sirene gemaak.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius en Cleopatra kon tydens dié seremonie getrou het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=100}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 29}} Antonius het 'n verslag na Rome gestuur vir die bekragtiging van dié grondeise, wat nou bekend is as die Skenkings van Alexandrië. Octavianus wou dit vir propaganda laat publiseer, maar die twee konsuls, albei ondersteuners van Antonius, het dit uit die openbare oog gehou.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=100–101}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Laat in 34&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius en Octavianus in 'n hete propagandaoorlog betrokke geraak wat jare geduur het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Antonius het beweer sy teenstander het Lepidus onwettig uit hulle triumviraat geskop en hom verhinder om troepe in Italië bymekaar te maak. Octavianus het Antonius weer daarvan beskuldig dat hy die koning van Armenië onwettig aangehou het, met Cleopatra getrou het al was hy nog met sy suster Octavia getroud, en Caesarion in plaas van Octavianus as Caesar se erfgenaam verklaar het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=129–130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Die beskuldigings en skinderstories van dié propagandaoorlog het baie gewilde persepsies van Cleopatra geskep.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=130}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=65–66}} Sy sou Marcus Antonius glo gebreinspoel het met heksery en towery en was so gevaarlik soos [[Homeros]] se [[Helena van Troje]] om die beskawing te verwoes.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=130–131}} [[Plinius die ouere]] het beweer Cleopatra het eenkeer 'n pêrel wat tienmiljoene [[sestersie]]s werd was, in asyn opgelos net om 'n weddenskap op 'n partytjie te wen.<ref>Plinius die ouere, ''Natural History'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 9.58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620043122/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58 |date=20 Junie 2020 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=132}} ===Slag van Actium=== [[Beeld:Augustus Statue.JPG|thumb|180px|'n Gerekonstrueerde standbeeld van [[Augustus Octavianus|Augustus]] as 'n jonger Octavianus, 30&nbsp;v.C.]] In 'n toespraak voor die Romeinse Senaat op sy eerste dag as konsul op 1&nbsp;Januarie 33&nbsp;v.C., het Octavianus Antonius daarvan beskuldig dat hy probeer om Romeinse vryhede en territoriale integriteit te ondermyn as 'n slaaf van sy Oosterse koningin.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=302}} Voordat Antonius en Octavianus se gesamentlike ''imperium'' op 31 Desember 33&nbsp;v.C. verval het, het Antonius vir Caesarion tot Caesar se ware erfgenaam verklaar in 'n poging om Octavianus te ondermyn.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=302}} In 32&nbsp;v.C. het twee ondersteuners van Antonius, Gaius Sosius en Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, konsuls geword. Eersgenoemde het 'n vurige toespraak gelewer waarin hy Octavianus, wat nou 'n privaat burger sonder 'n openbare amp was, veroordeel het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|pp=302–303}} Tydens die volgende senaatsessie het Octavianus die Senaatshuis met gewapende wagte binngegaan en sy eie beskuldigings teen die konsuls geopper.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Die konsuls en meer as 200 senatore wat Antonius steeds ondersteun het, was hierdeur geïntimideer en het die volgende dag uit Rome gevlug om by Antonius aan te sluit.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Antonius en Cleopatra het in 32&nbsp;v.C. na Efese gereis, waar sy 200 van die 800 skepe wat hy bymekaar kon maak, aan hom verskaf het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=134}} Ahenobarbus, wat bang was dat Octavianus se propaganda aan die publiek sou uitlek, het Antonius probeer oorreed om Cleopatra uit te sluit uit die veldtog teen Octavianus.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Publius Canidius Crassus het weer gemeen Cleopatra befonds die oorlog en was 'n bevoegde monarg.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Cleopatra het geweier om na Egipte terug te keer en het gedink sy kan Egipte makliker verdedig as sy Octavianus in Griekeland afkeer.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=30}} Haar besluit het daartoe gelei dat prominente Romeine soos Ahenobarbus en Lucius Munatius Plancus die groep verlaat het. In die lente van 32&nbsp;v.C. het Antonius en Cleopatra na Athene gereis, waar sy Antonius oorreed het om 'n amptelike egskeidingsbrief aan Octavia te stuur.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 29}} Plancus het Octavianus aangeraai om beslag te lê op Antonius se testament, wat deur die [[Vestaalse maagd]]e gehou is.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Hoewel dit 'n verbreking van heilige en wetlike regte was, het Octavianus die dokument met geweld by die Tempel van Vesta gekry, en dit het 'n nuttige wapen geword in die propagandaoorlog teen Antonius en Cleopatra.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=135}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|p=29}} Octavianus het dele van die testament uitgelig, soos dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam genoem word, dat die Skenkings van Alexandrië wettig was, dat Antonius langs Cleopatra in Egipte begrawe moet word in plaas van in Rome, en dat Alexandrië die nuwe hoofstad van die Romeinse Republiek sal word.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=136}}{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} As 'n bewys van lojaliteit aan Rome het Octavianus besluit om sy eie [[mausoleum]] by die Marsveld te bou.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Octavianus se regsposisie is ook verbeter deurdat hy in 31&nbsp;v.C. tot konsul verkies is.{{sfnp|Bringmann|2007|p=303}} Met die inhoud van Antonius se testament wat bekend gemaak is, het Octavianus 'n wetlike rede gehad om oorlog teen Cleopatra te verklaar{{sfnp|Roller|2010|p=136}}{{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xxii, 30}} (nie teen Antonius nie).<ref name=Oorlog group="nota">Soos Jones {{harvtxt|Jones|2006|p=147}} verduidelik, moes Octavianus twee keer dink voordat hy teen Antonius optree. Hy moes versigtig wees om 'n verbintenis met burgeroorlog te vermy, want die Romeine was moeg vir oorlog en Octavianus kon steun verloor as hy teen 'n mede-Romein oorlog verklaar.</ref> Die wetlike rede vir oorlog was nie soseer Cleopatra se territoriale uitbreiding en voormalige Romeinse gebiede wat deur haar kinders saam met Antonius regeer word nie, maar eerder dat sy militêre steun aan 'n privaat burger verskaf noudat Antonius se mag as triumvir verval het.{{sfnp|Roller|2010|pp=136–137}} == Nalatenskap == Cleopatra is vandag steeds ’n gewilde figuur in die Westerse kultuur. Sy leef voort in verskeie kunswerke en baie dramatiserings van haar lewe, onder meer [[William Shakespeare]] se tragedie ''[[Antonius en Cleopatra]]'' (''Antony and Cleopatra'') en die 1963-[[rolprent]] ''Cleopatra''. In die meeste gevalle word sy as ’n groot skoonheid uitgebeeld en haar opeenvolgende verhoudings met van die wêreld se magtigste mans word beskou as ’n teken van haar estetiese en seksuele aantrekkingskrag. ==Notas== {{Reflist|group=nota}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bibliografie == * Swart, Marius J.: Raar leiers. Stellenbosch: U.U.B., 1967. == Eksterne skakels == * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra VII&nbsp;(VI)] by LacusCurtius – Hoofstuk&nbsp;XIII van E.R.&nbsp;Bevan se ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923 * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Cleopatra], ’n kinderboek by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/cleopatra.html James Grout: ''Cleopatra''] deel van Encyclopædia Romana * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Cleopatra VII|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Farao's van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 69 v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Mense in die 1ste eeu v.C.]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 30 v.C.]] jf8rvgd3e9vgv237pmqwa1aftbg422e 0 102628 2517351 1777383 2022-08-04T08:25:03Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Motorenjin | name = [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|100px]]{{spaces|6}}R-enjin | image = [[Lêer:18rg 1974 toyota corona torc 2014.jpg|280px]] | caption = 'n Warmgemaakte 1974 Toyota 18R-G enjin | manufacturer = [[Toyota|Toyota Motormaatskappy]] | production = 1953–1997 | successor = | configuration = [[inlynviersilinder]] | displacement = | bore = | stroke = | block = | head = | valvetrain = Kettinggedrewe DBNA | compression = | fuelsystem = | management = | fueltype = [[Petrol]] | oilsystem = | coolingsystem = [[Water]] | power = | specpower = | torque = | length = | width = | height = | diameter = | weight = }} Die '''Toyota R-reeks''' was 'n familie [[inlynviersilinder]]petrolenjins vervaardig deur [[Toyota]] van 1953 tot 1997. Dit was ontwerp vir longitudinale gebruik in voertuie soos die [[Toyota Celica|Celica]] en [[Toyota Hilux|Hilux]], maar die gebruik het weggekwyn toe baie van Toyota se hoofstroommodelle oorgeskakel is na [[motordryfuitleg|voorwielaandrywing]]. Die R-enjin was bonokasweergawes, gekenmerk deur kettinggedrewe nokaste, wat die gevaar van interne enjinskade uitgeskakel het soos met bandgedrewe enjins ondervind is. Die enjin is in die jare 1953 tot 1997 deur die [[Toyota|Toyota Motorkorporasie]] vervaardig. {{Saadjie}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] j7osubwve31k9g4zauts1j33alx7wpr 0 102970 2517349 2430239 2022-08-04T08:19:05Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|regs|120px]] Die '''Toyota A-reeks''' enjins is 'n familie van [[inlynviersilinder]]binnebrandenjins met verplasing van 1,3 tot 1,8 L vervaardig deur [[Toyota]] Motorkorporasie. Die reeks het [[staal]]enjinblokke en [[aluminium]]silinderkoppe. Die ontwikkeling van die reeks het in die laat 1970's begin, toe Toyota vir die ''Toyota Tercel'' 'n heelnuwe enjin ontwikkel het as 'n opvolger vir die [[Toyota K-enjin|K-enjin]].<ref>"Tekniikan Maailma" Finse tydskrif, 17/82</ref> Die doel was om goeie brandstofdoeltreffendheid en prestasie sowel as lae emissies te bereik in 'n moderne ontwerp.<ref>Finse "Ajovalo" webblad http://www.ajovalo.net/Historia/toyota_tercel.htm</ref><ref>Finse "Ajovalo" webblad http://www.ajovalo.net/Historia/toyota_corolla83.htm</ref> Die A-reeks sluit in die eerste massa-produksie DOHC, vier-kleppe-per-silinder enjin, die 4A-GE, en 'n latere weergawe van dieselfde motor was een van die eerste produksie vyf-kleppe-per-silinder enjins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.co.uk/cgi-bin/toyota/bv/generic_editorial.jsp?navRoot=toyota_1024_root&edname=Heritage_MR2_Gallery&catname=/toyota_1024_root/main_nav/used_cars&menuid=90363&zone=Zone+MR2&id=Heritage_MR2_Galleryn |title=MR2 History |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archive-date=2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703031001/https://www.toyota.co.uk/cgi-bin/toyota/bv/generic_editorial.jsp?navRoot=toyota_1024_root&edname=Heritage_MR2_Gallery&catname=%2Ftoyota_1024_root%2Fmain_nav%2Fused_cars&menuid=90363&zone=Zone+MR2&id=Heritage_MR2_Galleryn |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die enjin is in die jare 1978 tot 2006 deur Toyota vervaardig. Toyota se ondernemingsvennoot Tianjin FAW Xiali vervaardig steeds die 1,3 L 8A en het in 2007 weer produksie hervat van die 5A-enjin. == Fotogalery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Lêer:2nd generation 2A engine.jpg|2de geslag 2A-enjin Lêer:4A-FE 2.JPG|1ste geslag 4A-FE-enjin Lêer:1994 geo prizm lsi.jpg|2de geslag 4A-FE-enjin Lêer:Toyota Corolla Levin 001.JPG|4A-GE met T-VIS Lêer:First Generation 4A-GE.jpg|'n Vroeë 4A-GE-enjin met die vonkpropdrade verwyder. Die nokasdeksels bevat swart-en-blou letters en die 'T-VIS' akroniem op die inlaatspruitstuk. Lêer:4A-GE redtop.jpg|Die kragtigste van die 16-klep 4A-GE-enjins, algemeen bekend as die "red top" (weens die rooi letters) produseer 94 kW teen 6600 [[opm]] </gallery> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] ba2957in8998lwiqdi8tq5cbjd4t9g6 0 102974 2517348 1777534 2022-08-04T08:11:27Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|regs|160px]] [[Lêer:Lexus Diesel Engine.jpg|regs|280px]] Die '''Toyota AD'''-reeks is 'n enjinfamilie van 16-klep-[[Bonokas#Dubbelbonokas|DBNA]] [[inlynviersilinder]] [[turbodiesel]]enjins met elektroniese [[gemenedrukbuisbrandstofinspuiting]]. Die AD-enjin is beskikbaar in 2,0 en 2,2 liter-weergawes. Hierdie enjins word hoofsaaklik vir die Europese mark vervaardig, maar kleiner hoeveelhede word ook uitgevoer na ander lande soos [[Indië]] en [[Nieu-Seeland]]. Die enjin is in die jare 2005 tot 2019 deur die [[Toyota|Toyota Motorkorporasie]] vervaardig. {{Saadjie}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] srkwzh17pa7q81j9uh24yzg2oypitvh 0 102975 2517345 1777531 2022-08-04T08:05:29Z Aliwal2012 39067 jare vervaardig wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|140px|regs]] [[Lêer:Toyota 2AZ-FE engine 001.JPG|regs|300px]] Die '''Toyota AZ'''-reeks is 'n enjinfamilie van gevorderde [[inlynviersilinder]] suierenjins. Die AZ-reeks gebruik 'n aluminium-enjinblok met gietystersilindervoerings en aluminium [[Bonokas#Dubbelbonokas|DBNA]]-silinderkoppe. Die enjinreeks bied vele gevorderde tegnologie, insluitende skuins-inspuiting ontbrandingskamers, afwykende silinder-krukaslyne en die VVT-i voortdurend-veranderlike-inlaatklep-tydstelsel. Die aluminiumenjin se afmetings is 626&nbsp;mm lank, 608&nbsp;mm breed en 681&nbsp;mm hoog. Die silinderblok is 'n oop-dek, midi-romp gietaluminium met ingegote ystervoerings, 'n gegote aluminium lae krukkas en 'n gestempelde oliepan. Die gesmeede staalkrukas word volledig gebalanseer met agt teengewigte en ondersteun deur vyf hooflaers. Die enjin is van die jaar 2000 tot 2018 deur [[Toyota]] vervaardig. {{Saadjie}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] mkzwczklakrt8ddifoc2s1d1n3umn1j 2517346 2517345 2022-08-04T08:06:05Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|140px|regs]] [[Lêer:Toyota 2AZ-FE engine 001.JPG|regs|300px]] Die '''Toyota AZ'''-reeks is 'n enjinfamilie van gevorderde [[inlynviersilinder]] suierenjins. Die AZ-reeks gebruik 'n aluminium-enjinblok met gietystersilindervoerings en aluminium [[Bonokas#Dubbelbonokas|DBNA]]-silinderkoppe. Die enjinreeks bied vele gevorderde tegnologie, insluitende skuins-inspuiting ontbrandingskamers, afwykende silinder-krukaslyne en die VVT-i voortdurend-veranderlike-inlaatklep-tydstelsel. Die aluminiumenjin se afmetings is 626&nbsp;mm lank, 608&nbsp;mm breed en 681&nbsp;mm hoog. Die silinderblok is 'n oop-dek, midi-romp gietaluminium met ingegote ystervoerings, 'n gegote aluminium lae krukkas en 'n gestempelde oliepan. Die gesmeede staalkrukas word volledig gebalanseer met agt teengewigte en ondersteun deur vyf hooflaers. Die enjin is in die jare 2000 tot 2018 deur [[Toyota]] vervaardig. {{Saadjie}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] 7vzvrqjoraq0kzdlynfhqhge1d8ofvc 0 102979 2517350 2018729 2022-08-04T08:22:27Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|regs|120px]] {{clr}} [[Lêer:Toyota 2E engine.jpg|duimnael|300px|'n Toyota 2E-enjin]] Die '''Toyota E-reeks''' is 'n [[inlynviersilinder]]enjinreeks, en gebruik 'n tydreëlband eerder as 'n tydreëlketting. Die E-enjins was die eerste multiklepenjins deur Toyota ontwerp met ekonomie, praktiese en alledaagse gebruik in gedagte (eerder as prestasie). Soos baie ander Toyota-enjins van die era, beskik die E-enjinreeks oor 'n gietysterblok met 'n aluminiumsilinderkop. E-enjins is ligter in vergelyking met vroeëre Toyota-enjins, as gevolg van die hol krukas, uitgedunde gietsel van die silinderblok, en verskeie ander massabesparings. Vergasserweergawes sluit in 'n nuutontwerpte, veranderlike-venturi vergasser. Al hierdie veranderinge verbeter ekonomie en kraglewering. Die E-familie enjins wissel van 1,0 tot 1,5 L in verplasing. Die E-familie vervang die [[Toyota K-enjin|K-enjins]] in die meeste toepassings. Meeste onderdele in die reeks is onderling uitruilbaar. Die enjins is in die jare 1985 tot 1999 deur die [[Toyota|Toyota Motorkorporasie]] vervaardig. {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] 0aysgy9olgg3qy8zu6du775nunwwwnc 0 104751 2517347 1777509 2022-08-04T08:09:02Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Motorenjin |name =[[Lêer:Toyota carlogo.svg|90px]]{{spaces|8}}Toyota GR-enjin |image =[[Lêer:Toyota 1GR-FE engine 001.JPG|280px]] |manufacturer =[[Toyota]] |aka = |production =2002– |configuration =DBNA 60° [[V6-enjin|V6]] |predecessor =Toyota MZ-enjin<br/>Toyota JZ-enjin [[inlynsessilinder|I6]]<br/>Toyota VZ-enjin |successor = |displacement = |power = |valvetrain = }} Die '''GR-familie''' is 'n reeks van [[V6-enjin|V6-suierenjins]] wat deur die [[Toyota|Toyota Motorkorporasie]] gebou word. Die GR-reeksenjin het 'n 60° gegote aluminiumblok en aluminium [[Bonokas#Dubbelbonokas|DBNA]]-silinderkoppe. Hierdie enjinreeks beskik oor 4 kleppe per silinder, getemperde staal suierstange, eenstuk-gegote nokaste en 'n gegote aluminium onderste inlaatspruitstuk. Sommige variante gebruik multipoort-brandstofstofinspuiting, sommige het D4 direkte inspuiting, en nog ander het 'n kombinasie van die twee of D4-S. Die GR-reeks vervang die vorige MZ-V6 en JZ-[[inlynsessilinder]]enjin. {{Saadjie}} {{Toyotamodelle}} [[Kategorie:Toyota-enjins]] hzfsvwocgwvv9ca3dwbbbjqf2t4vcf6 0 106044 2517297 2397164 2022-08-03T23:18:17Z 80.214.127.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Karakter | naam = Donald Duck | beeld = Donald Trump official portrait.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | beeldonderskrif = | verskyning1 = ''The Wise Little Hen'' (1934) | verskyning2 = | geskep = [[Walt Disney]] | uitbeelding = | stem = Clarence Nash (1934–85)<br />Tony Anselmo (1985–''hede'') | name = Donald Fauntleroy Duck | byname = Don | spesie = Eend | geslag = Manlik | beroep = | titel = | getroud = | kinders = | familie = Scrooge McDuck (oom)<br />Ludwig Von Drake (oom)<br />Huey, Dewey en Louie (neefs)<br />Duck-gesin (vaderlike gesin)<br />Clan McDuck (moederlike gesin) | nasionaliteit = }} '''Donald Duck''' is 'n tekenprentkaraktertjie uit die [[strokiesprent]]e van ''[[The Walt Disney Company]]''. Sy nooiensoptrede was op 9 Junie 1934 in Silly Symphony se animasieprent ''The Wise Little Hen''. Hy het reeds in 1940 [[Mickey Mouse]] ingehaal as die mees geliefde karaktertjie van [[Walt Disney]] se strokies. == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Fiktiewe karakters]] [[Kategorie:Strokiesverhale]] mr30t41bf4wxtoh2eld5f6l90kactag 2517299 2517297 2022-08-03T23:31:11Z Mykola7 122180 Wysigings deur [[Special:Contributions/80.214.127.9|80.214.127.9]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:Tommes|Tommes]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Karakter | naam = Donald Duck | beeld = | beeldbeskrywing = | beeldonderskrif = | verskyning1 = ''The Wise Little Hen'' (1934) | verskyning2 = | geskep = [[Walt Disney]] | uitbeelding = | stem = Clarence Nash (1934–85)<br />Tony Anselmo (1985–''hede'') | name = Donald Fauntleroy Duck | byname = Don | spesie = Eend | geslag = Manlik | beroep = | titel = | getroud = | kinders = | familie = Scrooge McDuck (oom)<br />Ludwig Von Drake (oom)<br />Huey, Dewey en Louie (neefs)<br />Duck-gesin (vaderlike gesin)<br />Clan McDuck (moederlike gesin) | nasionaliteit = }} '''Donald Duck''' is 'n tekenprentkaraktertjie uit die [[strokiesprent]]e van ''[[The Walt Disney Company]]''. Sy nooiensoptrede was op 9 Junie 1934 in Silly Symphony se animasieprent ''The Wise Little Hen''. Hy het reeds in 1940 [[Mickey Mouse]] ingehaal as die mees geliefde karaktertjie van [[Walt Disney]] se strokies. == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Fiktiewe karakters]] [[Kategorie:Strokiesverhale]] kweieryxyh1h2zav5sgypvacmclcsg6 3 111255 2517216 2517200 2022-08-03T13:16:24Z Aliwal2012 39067 jaarlikse argief afgetrek wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{argiefboks|3 | argief1 = [[/argief2019|2019]] | argief2 = [[/argief2020|2020]] | argief3 = [[/argief2021|2021]] }} == Stefania Turkewich == Hello K 175, When you have time, could you take a look at this article: [[en: Stefania Turkewich]]? You have an interest in music, and Stefania was the first woman composer of classical music in Ukraine. As part of the Wiki Gap project and now the CEE Spring 2021 project, I've been trying to place articles about her into Wikipediaes other than English. I asked another of your editors a while back to take a look at it, but have had no response. If the article interests you, could you do a version for the Afrikaans Wikipedia? [[Gebruiker:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Nicola Mitchell|kontak]]) 14:43, 2 April 2021 (UTC) == Kabouterbot == Adriaan, kyk asb na jou bot. Lyk dit heet nou elke siel op Wikipedia welkom. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:47, 30 Julie 2021 (UTC) :Hi, K175. Ek het vir Kabouterbot versper omdat dit besig was om vir gebruikers wat nie eers op hierdie Wikipedia aktief is nie, te verwelkom. Maak asseblief jou robot reg sodat dit nie so wanfunksioneer nie en moenie die blokkade lig voordat jy die kode verander het/probleem opgelos het nie. Groete, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 14:53, 30 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Et. al's... == Gaan jy al die Et Al's regmaak? Daar was net onder 100 laas week. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:46, 14 Augustus 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Ja, ek sal. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 10:48, 14 Augustus 2021 (UTC) == Sjabloon:Cite Journal en Cite Book == Hi Adriaan, is dit moontlik om die parameter "month" by hierdie 2 sjablone te voeg? Oesjaar het dit aangevra op die Geselshoekie. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 15:14, 12 Oktober 2021 (UTC) == Teleostei en [[Sjabloon:Taksonomie/Ariidae]] == {{ping|K175}}, jy verwys na Teleoste in jou sjablone. Ek vermoed dit moet [[Teleostei]] wees. Loer asb. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 13:03, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Dieselfde met Sjabloon:Taksonomie/Maja (genus) en Crustacea waarna verwys word na Crustacean. == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:10, 4 Januarie 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(1)&oldid=22532492 --> == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:K175}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/391 here] Regards, [[Gebruiker:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Zuz (WMF)|kontak]]) 12:43, 11 Maart 2022 (UTC) == Hulp nodig met sjabloon/module dinge == Hallo K175, ek hoop dinge gaan goed met jou. Ek weet jy het nou minder tyd om op Wikipedia te spandeer, maar ek hoop jy kan my help met iets. Ek probeer om [[Sjabloon:Skoonmaak]] te verander om meer soos die Engelse wiki te lyk/werk. Ek sien op enwiki gebruik hulle die Ambox sjabloon (saam met 'n klomp verwante sjablone en modules). Ek sien jy het reeds hulle almal oorgedra na afwiki. Ek toets my veranderings hier : [[Sjabloon:Skoonmaak2]] Alles lyk soos ek dit wil hê, behalwe die tweede woord op die sjabloon. Dit sê "article" en nie "artikel" of "bladsy" nie. Dit het oorspronklik ook "This article" gesê, maar ek kon toe die "This" vertaal na "Hierdie". Ek het oorlas gesoek vir die bron van die "article" maar ek vind dit nêrens nie. Ek dog dit was sekerlik op [[Module:Message_box/configuration]], maar dit het toe nie gewerk nie. As jy so bietjie tyd kry, kan jy my asseblief hiermee help! Groete. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:29, 3 Augustus 2022 (UTC) :lol, ek het dit in minder as 'n minuut gevind nadat ek vir jou 'n boodskap gelos het. XD Dit was toe op [[Module:Boodskapraam/konfigurasie]] - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:34, 3 Augustus 2022 (UTC) :: Maar ek sien noudat ek dit verder toets, dat ek nie die "nocat" parameter kan laat werk nie. Kan jy dalk met dit help? - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:25, 3 Augustus 2022 (UTC) g2pytp19i9tgyzncwgud469yf6orzhr 10 111924 2517325 2494836 2022-08-04T06:59:48Z Puvircho 6492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigasieboks |name = {{{name|SA_Akademie}}} |state = {{{state|<includeonly>expanded</includeonly>}}} |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}Afrika{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Toets{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }} |border = {{{border|}}} |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; <!--reduces wide gap between wrapped groupname lines--> |liststyle = font-size:0.95em; |image = |group1 = Akademiepryse |list1 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} [[Hertzogprys]]{{·w}} [[Eugène Maraisprys]]{{·w}} [[Scheepersprys vir Jeugliteratuur|Scheepersprys]]{{·w}} [[SA Akademieprys vir Vertaalde Werk|SA Akademieprys]]{{·w}} [[Alba Bouwerprys vir Kinderliteratuur|Alba Bouwerprys]]{{·w}} [[Elsabe Steenbergprys vir Vertaalde Kinder- en Jeugliteratuur in Afrikaans|Elsabe Steenbergprys]]{{·w}} [[C.J. Langenhovenprys vir Taalwetenskap|C.J. Langenhovenprys]]{{·w}} [[Gustav Prellerprys vir Literatuurwetenskap en Letterkundige Kritiek|Gustav Prellerprys]]{{·w}} [[Toon van den Heeverprys vir Regswetenskap|Toon van den Heeverprys]]{{·w}} [[D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys vir Genealogiese Navorsing|D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys]]{{·w}} [[Stalsprys]]{{·w}} [[Totiusprys vir Teologie en die studie van die grondtale van die Bybel|Totiusprys]]{{·w}} [[Jacques van der Elstprys vir beste artikel in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe|Jacques van der Elstprys]]{{·w}} [[Samuel Edward Mqhayiprys]]{{·w}} [[Olive Schreinerprys vir Engelse Letterkunde|Olive Schreinerprys]]{{·w}} [[PUK-Kanselierstrustprys]]{{·w}} [[Havengaprys]]{{·w}} [[Albert Stratingprys vir Voorkomende Geneeskunde|Albert Stratingprys]]{{·w}} [[FARMOVS-prys vir Farmakologie en Geneesmiddelontwikkeling|FARMOVS-prys]]{{·w}} [[Douw Greeffprys]]{{·w}} [[Esther Greeffprys]]{{·w}} [[Louis Hiemstraprys vir Niefiksie|Louis Hiemstraprys]]{{·w}} [[Huberte Rupertprys vir Klassieke Musiek|Huberte Rupertprys]]{{·w}} [[C.L. Engelbrechtprys]]{{·w}} [[Protea Boekhuisprys]]{{·w}} [[Poortprys]] {{nowrap end}} </div> |group2 = Akademiemedaljes |list2 = <div><!--(reduces gap between wrapped lines)--> {{nowrap begin}} [[Tienie Hollowaymedalje vir Kleuterliteratuur|Tienie Hollowaymedalje]]{{·w}} [[Markus Viljoenmedalje vir Joernalistieke Prestasie|Markus Viljoenmedalje]]{{·w}} [[D.F. Malanmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Ds. Pieter van Drimmelenmedalje]]{{·w}} [[N.P. van Wyk Louw-medalje]]{{·w}} [[Elizabeth C. Steijnmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Frans du Toitmedalje vir Bedryfsleiding|Frans du Toitmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Goue Akademiemedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie|Goue Akademiemedalje]]{{·w}} [[M.T. Steynmedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie|M.T. Steynmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Senior Kaptein Scottmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Junior Kaptein Scottmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Christo Wiese-medalje vir Bedryfsleiding|Christo Wiesemedalje]] {{nowrap end}} </div> |group3 = Erepennings |list3 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorspele en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorbeelde{{·w}} Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Televisiedramas en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Dokumentêre Televisieprogramme{{·w}} Erepenning van die Akademie{{·w}} Erepenning vir Wetenskaplike Vakbevordering{{·w}} Erepenning van die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie</small> {{nowrap end}} </div> |group4 = Ander |list4 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} [[Elisabeth Eybersbeurs]]{{·w}} Spesiale Oorkondes{{·w}} Erelidmaatskap {{nowrap end}} </div> }} 0ciavtrfzwiarro3jigm4xgjth4g5w4 2517329 2517325 2022-08-04T07:09:18Z Puvircho 6492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigasieboks |name = {{{name|SA_Akademie}}} |state = {{{state|<includeonly>expanded</includeonly>}}} |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}Afrika{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Toets{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }} |border = {{{border|}}} |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; <!--reduces wide gap between wrapped groupname lines--> |liststyle = font-size:0.95em; |image = |group1 = Akademiepryse |list1 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} [[Hertzogprys]]{{·w}} [[Eugène Maraisprys]]{{·w}} [[Scheepersprys vir Jeugliteratuur|Scheepersprys]]{{·w}} [[SA Akademieprys vir Vertaalde Werk|SA Akademieprys]]{{·w}} [[Alba Bouwerprys vir Kinderliteratuur|Alba Bouwerprys]]{{·w}} [[Elsabe Steenbergprys vir Vertaalde Kinder- en Jeugliteratuur in Afrikaans|Elsabe Steenbergprys]]{{·w}} [[C.J. Langenhovenprys vir Taalwetenskap|C.J. Langenhovenprys]]{{·w}} [[Gustav Prellerprys vir Literatuurwetenskap en Letterkundige Kritiek|Gustav Prellerprys]]{{·w}} [[Toon van den Heeverprys vir Regswetenskap|Toon van den Heeverprys]]{{·w}} [[D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys vir Genealogiese Navorsing|D.F. du Toit-Malherbeprys]]{{·w}} [[Stalsprys]]{{·w}} [[Totiusprys vir Teologie en die studie van die grondtale van die Bybel|Totiusprys]]{{·w}} [[Jacques van der Elstprys vir beste artikel in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe|Jacques van der Elstprys]]{{·w}} [[Daleen Bekkerprys vir die beste rolprentdraaiboek in Afrikaans|Daleen Bekkerprys]]{{·w}} [[Samuel Edward Mqhayiprys]]{{·w}} [[Olive Schreinerprys vir Engelse Letterkunde|Olive Schreinerprys]]{{·w}} [[PUK-Kanselierstrustprys]]{{·w}} [[Havengaprys]]{{·w}} [[Albert Stratingprys vir Voorkomende Geneeskunde|Albert Stratingprys]]{{·w}} [[FARMOVS-prys vir Farmakologie en Geneesmiddelontwikkeling|FARMOVS-prys]]{{·w}} [[Douw Greeffprys]]{{·w}} [[Esther Greeffprys]]{{·w}} [[Louis Hiemstraprys vir Niefiksie|Louis Hiemstraprys]]{{·w}} [[Huberte Rupertprys vir Klassieke Musiek|Huberte Rupertprys]]{{·w}} [[C.L. Engelbrechtprys]]{{·w}} [[Protea Boekhuisprys]]{{·w}} [[Poortprys]] {{nowrap end}} </div> |group2 = Akademiemedaljes |list2 = <div><!--(reduces gap between wrapped lines)--> {{nowrap begin}} [[Tienie Hollowaymedalje vir Kleuterliteratuur|Tienie Hollowaymedalje]]{{·w}} [[Markus Viljoenmedalje vir Joernalistieke Prestasie|Markus Viljoenmedalje]]{{·w}} [[D.F. Malanmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Ds. Pieter van Drimmelenmedalje]]{{·w}} [[N.P. van Wyk Louw-medalje]]{{·w}} [[Elizabeth C. Steijnmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Frans du Toitmedalje vir Bedryfsleiding|Frans du Toitmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Goue Akademiemedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie|Goue Akademiemedalje]]{{·w}} [[M.T. Steynmedalje vir Natuurwetenskaplike en Tegniese Prestasie|M.T. Steynmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Senior Kaptein Scottmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Junior Kaptein Scottmedalje]]{{·w}} [[Christo Wiese-medalje vir Bedryfsleiding|Christo Wiesemedalje]] {{nowrap end}} </div> |group3 = Erepennings |list3 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorspele en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Radiohoorbeelde{{·w}} Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Televisiedramas en Erepenning vir Afrikaanse Dokumentêre Televisieprogramme{{·w}} Erepenning van die Akademie{{·w}} Erepenning vir Wetenskaplike Vakbevordering{{·w}} Erepenning van die Fakulteit Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie</small> {{nowrap end}} </div> |group4 = Ander |list4 = <div> {{nowrap begin}} [[Elisabeth Eybersbeurs]]{{·w}} Spesiale Oorkondes{{·w}} Erelidmaatskap {{nowrap end}} </div> }} 57hyxymqsxu1pnch41l9ocee215lzc7 0 113672 2517424 2485049 2022-08-04T11:35:01Z 105.243.48.52 /* Publikasies */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Dreyer''' (*1972-) is ’n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[digter]] en [[skrywer]]. Hoewel verskeie van sy poësie in digbundels opgeneem is, is hy beter bekend vir sy prosa. Sy roman “'''''Stinkafrikaners''”''' word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] vir letterkunde bekroon. In 2007 debuteer hy as kortverhaalskrywer met “'''''Polaroid”.''''' == Lewe en werk == Rudolf Johannes (Tom) Dreyer is op 17 November 1972 in [[Kaapstad]] gebore as een van vier kinders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |title=argiefkopie |access-date= 7 September 2016 |archive-date= 3 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003055506/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hy is op Louw Geldenhuys in [[Linden]] in [[Johannesburg]] op laerskool en matrikuleer in 1990 aan die [[Paul Roos Gimnasium]] in [[Stellenbosch]].<ref name=":1">http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/dreyert.html</ref> Gedurende sy skooljare behaal hy verskeie akademiese prestasies. Hy slaag matriek met ’n gemiddelde A-simbool; behaal die vierde plek landwyd in die Afrikaans Olimpiade; die eerste posisie in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Taalbond]] se Senior Tweetaligheidseksamen; en kry akademiese volkleure. Daarna studeer hy verder aan die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch|Universiteit van Stellenbosch]], waar hy eers ’n jaar ingenieurswese en toe ’n jaar B.A. Regte studeer. Weens depressie word sy studies vir twee jaar onderbreek terwyl hy behandeling ontvang. In hierdie tyd bly hy meestal op sy pa se plaas in [[Namibië]]. By sy terugkeer op Stellenbosch behaal hy die B.A.-graad met Engels en Filosofie as hoofvakke met lof. Daarna behaal hy ook die B.A. Honneurs-graad in Engels met lof. In 1998 ontvang hy die M-Net-beurs vir skeppende skryfwerk. Hy voltooi dan sy studies vir sy Meestersgraad in Kreatiewe Skryfwerk met lof aan die Universiteit van Kaapstad onder leiding van Etienne van Heerden, met die roman “''Stinkafrikaners''” geskryf as deel van die vereistes. In hierdie tyd woon hy in Oranjezicht in Kaapstad. Daarna is hy ’n tutor in Engels aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en sluit dan as rekenaarprogrammeerder in Stellenbosch eers by ViSoft aan en later by Generation 5.<ref name=":1" />Hierna aanvaar hy in Kaapstad ’n betrekking as IT-projekbestuurder by die maatskappy MagmaTec.<ref name=":0" /> Vanaf Augustus tot November 2007 woon hy die International Writing Program by die Universiteit van Iowa by en in Desember 2007 is hy vir ’n maand lank ’n inwonende skrywer by die Sitka Island Institute in [[Alaska]] en in 2008 by die Chateau de Lavigny in [[Switserland]]. == Skryfwerk == Sy vryskut joernalistieke werk verskyn in onder andere ''Beeld'', ''[[De Kat]]'' en ''Insig''. As digter debuteer hy in “''Nuwe stemme I''” en van sy gedigte word ook deur [[Gerrit Komrij]] opgeneem in die bloemlesing “''Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte''”.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Tydskrif vir Letterkunde” Jaargang 35 no. 2, Mei 1998</ref> Dit is egter sy prosa wat die belangrikste plek in sy oeuvre inneem en sy romans tref met die sterk filmiese aard daarvan. Hy erken dan ook dat hy aansluiting vind by die taal wat die kamera praat en beïndruk was deur films soos [[Quentin Tarantino]] se “[[Pulp fiction”|''Pulp fiction''”]] en [[“Reservoir Dogs”|“''Reservoir Dogs''”]].<ref>Rautenbach, Elmari “Boere-Tarantino” “De Kat” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Lessing, Carel “Sy debuut is soos ’n fliek, het ‘net gebeur’” “Plus” 17 Desember 1998</ref>Ander invloede is die skrywers [[John Steinbeck]] en [[Roald Dahl]]. Hy debuteer met “'''''Erdvarkfontein'''''”, wat gebaseer is op kortverhale wat hy eers in Engels geskryf het. Dit veroorsaak dat die verhaal ’n episodiese aard het, wat tog vernuftig aaneengevleg word in die laaste hoofstuk. Die aksie vind plaas in die Noord-Kaap naby Upington waar dit woes en leeg is en korrupsie, geweld en misdaad vier hoogty.<ref>Brink, André P. “Insig” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Van der Westhuizen, P.C. “Beeld” 11 Januarie 1999</ref>“'''''Stinkafrikaners'''''” word in dieselfde styl geskryf, met karakters uit die Parow-onderwêreld wie se paaie kruis in pogings om ’n casino-lisensie te bekom.<ref>{{sv}}Coetzee, André “Bleed” Maart 2012: https://starwarscasinos.com/10-saker-du-aldrig-kunnat-tanka-dig-om-ett-casino-utan-svensk-licens/</ref> Die gevolge is voorspelbaar genoeg rampspoedig vir baie van die karakters. “''Stinkafrikaners''” word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] bekroon.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Burger, Willie “Beeld” 18 September 2000</ref> Met “'''''Equatoria'''''” slaan hy ’n nuwe rigting in en skryf ’n roman oor die Britse dierkundige [[Willis Reed]] se soektog in 1912 na ’n [[blou okapi]] in Afrika vir die dieretuin in [[Antwerpen]]. Dit word ’n soektog na veel meer, na betekenis en ook na liefde en aanvaarding. Hierdie roman is in 2007 op die kortlys vir die toekenning van die M-Net-prys.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Insig” Julie 2006: http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2013/02/tom-dreyer-equatoria-2006.html</ref><ref>Marais, Danie “Rapport” 20 Augustus 2006</ref><ref>Venter, L.S. “Beeld” 6 November 2006</ref>Hy maak sy kortverhaaldebuut met die bundel verhale “'''''Polaroid'''''”. Die verhale speel merendeels af op klein, plattelandse dorpies, waar die alledaagse karakters (meestal middeljarige mans) op soek is na dieper betekenis en buitengewone gebeure en prestasies.Telkens raak hulle egter vasgevang in die materialisme en ontnugtering.<ref>Cloete, Eckhard “Boeke-Insig” No. 4 Winter 2008</ref><ref>Pakendorf, Gunther “Rapport” 4 November 2007</ref> Sy kortverhale verskyn in versamelbundels soos “''Die mooiste liefde is verby''”, “''Stroomversnelling''”, “''Donker veld''” en “''Van spoke gepraat''” en in tydskrifte soos ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde''. == Publikasies == * 1998 Erdvarkfontein (roman) * 2000 Stinkafrikaners (roman) * 2006 Equatoria (roman) * 2007 Polaroid (kortverhale) * 2016 Dorado (roman) * 2016 The Long Wave (Engelse roman) * 2022 Kodachrome (rubrieke) == Verwysings == === Internet === * http://www.tomdreyer.info * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmgypOv6FNs Video: bekendstelling van The Long Wave & Dorado] === Boeke === * Kannemeyer, J.C. “Die Afrikaanse literatuur 1652-2004” Human & Rousseau Kaapstad en Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2005 * Van Coller, H.P. (red.) “Perspektief en Profiel Deel 3” Van Schaik-Uitgewers Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2006 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Nieuwoudt, Stephanie “Dreyer flankeer met ‘low art’” “Plus” 20 September 2000 * Wasserman, Herman “Dreyer maak stories soos blokke staan” “Die Burger” 28 Augustus 2000 * Lategan, Leana Volksblad: http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2002/03/11/6/5.html * [http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2016/11/tom-dreyer-dorado-2016.html Joan Hambidge – Resensie van Dorado] === Ander verwysings === {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dreyer, Tom}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse digters]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1972]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] a9o4fb9k637grybx6wscfmhvo6qlsww 2517427 2517424 2022-08-04T11:37:47Z 105.243.48.52 /* Internet */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Dreyer''' (*1972-) is ’n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[digter]] en [[skrywer]]. Hoewel verskeie van sy poësie in digbundels opgeneem is, is hy beter bekend vir sy prosa. Sy roman “'''''Stinkafrikaners''”''' word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] vir letterkunde bekroon. In 2007 debuteer hy as kortverhaalskrywer met “'''''Polaroid”.''''' == Lewe en werk == Rudolf Johannes (Tom) Dreyer is op 17 November 1972 in [[Kaapstad]] gebore as een van vier kinders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |title=argiefkopie |access-date= 7 September 2016 |archive-date= 3 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003055506/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hy is op Louw Geldenhuys in [[Linden]] in [[Johannesburg]] op laerskool en matrikuleer in 1990 aan die [[Paul Roos Gimnasium]] in [[Stellenbosch]].<ref name=":1">http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/dreyert.html</ref> Gedurende sy skooljare behaal hy verskeie akademiese prestasies. Hy slaag matriek met ’n gemiddelde A-simbool; behaal die vierde plek landwyd in die Afrikaans Olimpiade; die eerste posisie in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Taalbond]] se Senior Tweetaligheidseksamen; en kry akademiese volkleure. Daarna studeer hy verder aan die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch|Universiteit van Stellenbosch]], waar hy eers ’n jaar ingenieurswese en toe ’n jaar B.A. Regte studeer. Weens depressie word sy studies vir twee jaar onderbreek terwyl hy behandeling ontvang. In hierdie tyd bly hy meestal op sy pa se plaas in [[Namibië]]. By sy terugkeer op Stellenbosch behaal hy die B.A.-graad met Engels en Filosofie as hoofvakke met lof. Daarna behaal hy ook die B.A. Honneurs-graad in Engels met lof. In 1998 ontvang hy die M-Net-beurs vir skeppende skryfwerk. Hy voltooi dan sy studies vir sy Meestersgraad in Kreatiewe Skryfwerk met lof aan die Universiteit van Kaapstad onder leiding van Etienne van Heerden, met die roman “''Stinkafrikaners''” geskryf as deel van die vereistes. In hierdie tyd woon hy in Oranjezicht in Kaapstad. Daarna is hy ’n tutor in Engels aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en sluit dan as rekenaarprogrammeerder in Stellenbosch eers by ViSoft aan en later by Generation 5.<ref name=":1" />Hierna aanvaar hy in Kaapstad ’n betrekking as IT-projekbestuurder by die maatskappy MagmaTec.<ref name=":0" /> Vanaf Augustus tot November 2007 woon hy die International Writing Program by die Universiteit van Iowa by en in Desember 2007 is hy vir ’n maand lank ’n inwonende skrywer by die Sitka Island Institute in [[Alaska]] en in 2008 by die Chateau de Lavigny in [[Switserland]]. == Skryfwerk == Sy vryskut joernalistieke werk verskyn in onder andere ''Beeld'', ''[[De Kat]]'' en ''Insig''. As digter debuteer hy in “''Nuwe stemme I''” en van sy gedigte word ook deur [[Gerrit Komrij]] opgeneem in die bloemlesing “''Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte''”.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Tydskrif vir Letterkunde” Jaargang 35 no. 2, Mei 1998</ref> Dit is egter sy prosa wat die belangrikste plek in sy oeuvre inneem en sy romans tref met die sterk filmiese aard daarvan. Hy erken dan ook dat hy aansluiting vind by die taal wat die kamera praat en beïndruk was deur films soos [[Quentin Tarantino]] se “[[Pulp fiction”|''Pulp fiction''”]] en [[“Reservoir Dogs”|“''Reservoir Dogs''”]].<ref>Rautenbach, Elmari “Boere-Tarantino” “De Kat” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Lessing, Carel “Sy debuut is soos ’n fliek, het ‘net gebeur’” “Plus” 17 Desember 1998</ref>Ander invloede is die skrywers [[John Steinbeck]] en [[Roald Dahl]]. Hy debuteer met “'''''Erdvarkfontein'''''”, wat gebaseer is op kortverhale wat hy eers in Engels geskryf het. Dit veroorsaak dat die verhaal ’n episodiese aard het, wat tog vernuftig aaneengevleg word in die laaste hoofstuk. Die aksie vind plaas in die Noord-Kaap naby Upington waar dit woes en leeg is en korrupsie, geweld en misdaad vier hoogty.<ref>Brink, André P. “Insig” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Van der Westhuizen, P.C. “Beeld” 11 Januarie 1999</ref>“'''''Stinkafrikaners'''''” word in dieselfde styl geskryf, met karakters uit die Parow-onderwêreld wie se paaie kruis in pogings om ’n casino-lisensie te bekom.<ref>{{sv}}Coetzee, André “Bleed” Maart 2012: https://starwarscasinos.com/10-saker-du-aldrig-kunnat-tanka-dig-om-ett-casino-utan-svensk-licens/</ref> Die gevolge is voorspelbaar genoeg rampspoedig vir baie van die karakters. “''Stinkafrikaners''” word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] bekroon.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Burger, Willie “Beeld” 18 September 2000</ref> Met “'''''Equatoria'''''” slaan hy ’n nuwe rigting in en skryf ’n roman oor die Britse dierkundige [[Willis Reed]] se soektog in 1912 na ’n [[blou okapi]] in Afrika vir die dieretuin in [[Antwerpen]]. Dit word ’n soektog na veel meer, na betekenis en ook na liefde en aanvaarding. Hierdie roman is in 2007 op die kortlys vir die toekenning van die M-Net-prys.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Insig” Julie 2006: http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2013/02/tom-dreyer-equatoria-2006.html</ref><ref>Marais, Danie “Rapport” 20 Augustus 2006</ref><ref>Venter, L.S. “Beeld” 6 November 2006</ref>Hy maak sy kortverhaaldebuut met die bundel verhale “'''''Polaroid'''''”. Die verhale speel merendeels af op klein, plattelandse dorpies, waar die alledaagse karakters (meestal middeljarige mans) op soek is na dieper betekenis en buitengewone gebeure en prestasies.Telkens raak hulle egter vasgevang in die materialisme en ontnugtering.<ref>Cloete, Eckhard “Boeke-Insig” No. 4 Winter 2008</ref><ref>Pakendorf, Gunther “Rapport” 4 November 2007</ref> Sy kortverhale verskyn in versamelbundels soos “''Die mooiste liefde is verby''”, “''Stroomversnelling''”, “''Donker veld''” en “''Van spoke gepraat''” en in tydskrifte soos ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde''. == Publikasies == * 1998 Erdvarkfontein (roman) * 2000 Stinkafrikaners (roman) * 2006 Equatoria (roman) * 2007 Polaroid (kortverhale) * 2016 Dorado (roman) * 2016 The Long Wave (Engelse roman) * 2022 Kodachrome (rubrieke) == Verwysings == === Internet === * http://www.tomdreyer.info * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmgypOv6FNs Video: bekendstelling van The Long Wave & Dorado] * [https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kunste/boeke/die-gooislag-met-woorde-voer-leser-mee-20220731?fbclid=IwAR0i7 Resense: Hierdie gooislag met woorde voer leser mee] === Boeke === * Kannemeyer, J.C. “Die Afrikaanse literatuur 1652-2004” Human & Rousseau Kaapstad en Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2005 * Van Coller, H.P. (red.) “Perspektief en Profiel Deel 3” Van Schaik-Uitgewers Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2006 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Nieuwoudt, Stephanie “Dreyer flankeer met ‘low art’” “Plus” 20 September 2000 * Wasserman, Herman “Dreyer maak stories soos blokke staan” “Die Burger” 28 Augustus 2000 * Lategan, Leana Volksblad: http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2002/03/11/6/5.html * [http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2016/11/tom-dreyer-dorado-2016.html Joan Hambidge – Resensie van Dorado] === Ander verwysings === {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dreyer, Tom}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse digters]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1972]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] 2q8n34tdyrqmev6ca6fikmjzrmfnzoq 2517428 2517427 2022-08-04T11:40:42Z 105.243.48.52 /* Internet */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Dreyer''' (*1972-) is ’n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[digter]] en [[skrywer]]. Hoewel verskeie van sy poësie in digbundels opgeneem is, is hy beter bekend vir sy prosa. Sy roman “'''''Stinkafrikaners''”''' word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] vir letterkunde bekroon. In 2007 debuteer hy as kortverhaalskrywer met “'''''Polaroid”.''''' == Lewe en werk == Rudolf Johannes (Tom) Dreyer is op 17 November 1972 in [[Kaapstad]] gebore as een van vier kinders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |title=argiefkopie |access-date= 7 September 2016 |archive-date= 3 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003055506/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/1672 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hy is op Louw Geldenhuys in [[Linden]] in [[Johannesburg]] op laerskool en matrikuleer in 1990 aan die [[Paul Roos Gimnasium]] in [[Stellenbosch]].<ref name=":1">http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/dreyert.html</ref> Gedurende sy skooljare behaal hy verskeie akademiese prestasies. Hy slaag matriek met ’n gemiddelde A-simbool; behaal die vierde plek landwyd in die Afrikaans Olimpiade; die eerste posisie in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Taalbond]] se Senior Tweetaligheidseksamen; en kry akademiese volkleure. Daarna studeer hy verder aan die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch|Universiteit van Stellenbosch]], waar hy eers ’n jaar ingenieurswese en toe ’n jaar B.A. Regte studeer. Weens depressie word sy studies vir twee jaar onderbreek terwyl hy behandeling ontvang. In hierdie tyd bly hy meestal op sy pa se plaas in [[Namibië]]. By sy terugkeer op Stellenbosch behaal hy die B.A.-graad met Engels en Filosofie as hoofvakke met lof. Daarna behaal hy ook die B.A. Honneurs-graad in Engels met lof. In 1998 ontvang hy die M-Net-beurs vir skeppende skryfwerk. Hy voltooi dan sy studies vir sy Meestersgraad in Kreatiewe Skryfwerk met lof aan die Universiteit van Kaapstad onder leiding van Etienne van Heerden, met die roman “''Stinkafrikaners''” geskryf as deel van die vereistes. In hierdie tyd woon hy in Oranjezicht in Kaapstad. Daarna is hy ’n tutor in Engels aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en sluit dan as rekenaarprogrammeerder in Stellenbosch eers by ViSoft aan en later by Generation 5.<ref name=":1" />Hierna aanvaar hy in Kaapstad ’n betrekking as IT-projekbestuurder by die maatskappy MagmaTec.<ref name=":0" /> Vanaf Augustus tot November 2007 woon hy die International Writing Program by die Universiteit van Iowa by en in Desember 2007 is hy vir ’n maand lank ’n inwonende skrywer by die Sitka Island Institute in [[Alaska]] en in 2008 by die Chateau de Lavigny in [[Switserland]]. == Skryfwerk == Sy vryskut joernalistieke werk verskyn in onder andere ''Beeld'', ''[[De Kat]]'' en ''Insig''. As digter debuteer hy in “''Nuwe stemme I''” en van sy gedigte word ook deur [[Gerrit Komrij]] opgeneem in die bloemlesing “''Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte''”.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Tydskrif vir Letterkunde” Jaargang 35 no. 2, Mei 1998</ref> Dit is egter sy prosa wat die belangrikste plek in sy oeuvre inneem en sy romans tref met die sterk filmiese aard daarvan. Hy erken dan ook dat hy aansluiting vind by die taal wat die kamera praat en beïndruk was deur films soos [[Quentin Tarantino]] se “[[Pulp fiction”|''Pulp fiction''”]] en [[“Reservoir Dogs”|“''Reservoir Dogs''”]].<ref>Rautenbach, Elmari “Boere-Tarantino” “De Kat” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Lessing, Carel “Sy debuut is soos ’n fliek, het ‘net gebeur’” “Plus” 17 Desember 1998</ref>Ander invloede is die skrywers [[John Steinbeck]] en [[Roald Dahl]]. Hy debuteer met “'''''Erdvarkfontein'''''”, wat gebaseer is op kortverhale wat hy eers in Engels geskryf het. Dit veroorsaak dat die verhaal ’n episodiese aard het, wat tog vernuftig aaneengevleg word in die laaste hoofstuk. Die aksie vind plaas in die Noord-Kaap naby Upington waar dit woes en leeg is en korrupsie, geweld en misdaad vier hoogty.<ref>Brink, André P. “Insig” Desember 1998</ref><ref>Van der Westhuizen, P.C. “Beeld” 11 Januarie 1999</ref>“'''''Stinkafrikaners'''''” word in dieselfde styl geskryf, met karakters uit die Parow-onderwêreld wie se paaie kruis in pogings om ’n casino-lisensie te bekom.<ref>{{sv}}Coetzee, André “Bleed” Maart 2012: https://starwarscasinos.com/10-saker-du-aldrig-kunnat-tanka-dig-om-ett-casino-utan-svensk-licens/</ref> Die gevolge is voorspelbaar genoeg rampspoedig vir baie van die karakters. “''Stinkafrikaners''” word in 2001 met die [[Eugène Maraisprys|Eugène Marais-prys]] bekroon.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Burger, Willie “Beeld” 18 September 2000</ref> Met “'''''Equatoria'''''” slaan hy ’n nuwe rigting in en skryf ’n roman oor die Britse dierkundige [[Willis Reed]] se soektog in 1912 na ’n [[blou okapi]] in Afrika vir die dieretuin in [[Antwerpen]]. Dit word ’n soektog na veel meer, na betekenis en ook na liefde en aanvaarding. Hierdie roman is in 2007 op die kortlys vir die toekenning van die M-Net-prys.<ref>Hambidge, Joan “Insig” Julie 2006: http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2013/02/tom-dreyer-equatoria-2006.html</ref><ref>Marais, Danie “Rapport” 20 Augustus 2006</ref><ref>Venter, L.S. “Beeld” 6 November 2006</ref>Hy maak sy kortverhaaldebuut met die bundel verhale “'''''Polaroid'''''”. Die verhale speel merendeels af op klein, plattelandse dorpies, waar die alledaagse karakters (meestal middeljarige mans) op soek is na dieper betekenis en buitengewone gebeure en prestasies.Telkens raak hulle egter vasgevang in die materialisme en ontnugtering.<ref>Cloete, Eckhard “Boeke-Insig” No. 4 Winter 2008</ref><ref>Pakendorf, Gunther “Rapport” 4 November 2007</ref> Sy kortverhale verskyn in versamelbundels soos “''Die mooiste liefde is verby''”, “''Stroomversnelling''”, “''Donker veld''” en “''Van spoke gepraat''” en in tydskrifte soos ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde''. == Publikasies == * 1998 Erdvarkfontein (roman) * 2000 Stinkafrikaners (roman) * 2006 Equatoria (roman) * 2007 Polaroid (kortverhale) * 2016 Dorado (roman) * 2016 The Long Wave (Engelse roman) * 2022 Kodachrome (rubrieke) == Verwysings == === Internet === * http://www.tomdreyer.info * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmgypOv6FNs Video: bekendstelling van The Long Wave & Dorado] * [https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kunste/boeke/die-gooislag-met-woorde-voer-leser-mee-20220731?fbclid=IwAR0i7 Resensie van Kodachrome deur Kerneels Breytenbach: Hierdie gooislag met woorde voer leser mee] * [https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kunste/boeke/boeke-tom-dreyer-se-uitsonderlike-in-die-alledaagse-20220724 Resensie van Kodachrome deur Louise Viljoen: Tom Dreyer se uitsonderlike in die alledaagse] * [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/61653635-kodachrome Resensie van Kodachrome deur Anschen Conradie] === Boeke === * Kannemeyer, J.C. “Die Afrikaanse literatuur 1652-2004” Human & Rousseau Kaapstad en Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2005 * Van Coller, H.P. (red.) “Perspektief en Profiel Deel 3” Van Schaik-Uitgewers Pretoria Eerste uitgawe 2006 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Nieuwoudt, Stephanie “Dreyer flankeer met ‘low art’” “Plus” 20 September 2000 * Wasserman, Herman “Dreyer maak stories soos blokke staan” “Die Burger” 28 Augustus 2000 * Lategan, Leana Volksblad: http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2002/03/11/6/5.html * [http://joanhambidge.blogspot.co.za/2016/11/tom-dreyer-dorado-2016.html Joan Hambidge – Resensie van Dorado] === Ander verwysings === {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dreyer, Tom}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse digters]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1972]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] 9c7gfk79cynyct954zppa5t82951blo 0 115192 2517247 2445055 2022-08-03T15:28:14Z 197.245.165.231 /* Lewe en werk */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franci Greyling''' (*[[26 Junie]] [[1957]], [[Krugersdorp]]–) is professor in Skryfkuns aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit]] en ’n [[skrywer]] van jeugverhale. Sy is die oprigter van die webtuiste Storiewerf, wat op Afrikaanse jeuglektuur fokus.<ref>Bookboek: http://www.bookboek.co.za/fg.html</ref><ref>NB-Uitgewers: http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022065550/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 |date=22 Oktober 2015 }}</ref> == Lewe en [[werk]] == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Susanna Francina Greyling is op 26 Junie 1957 in Krugersdorp gebore as die tweede oudste van sewe kinders, ses dogters en een seun. Haar pa is onderwyser en sy bring haar kleuterjare in [[Brits]], [[Makwassie]] en [[Potchefstroom]] deur. Sy begin haar skoolopleiding aan Laerskool Mooirivier op Potchefstroom, maar in haar eerste skooljaar verhuis die gesin na [[Vereeniging]], waar sy aan die Hoërskool Drie Riviere matrikuleer. Daarna is sy vir ’n jaar verbonde aan die Burgerlike Beskermingskollege in [[George]].<ref name=":0">Storiewerf: http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095602/http://storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm |date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref> === Verdere studie en loopbaan as onderwyser === Sy studeer verder aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] (tans Noordwes-Universiteit) en behaal in [[1979]] die [[B.A.-graad]] met hoofvakke Afrikaans-Nederlands, Psigologie en Bybelkunde en daarna in [[1980]] ook die Hoër Onderwysdiploma. Op universiteit neem sy voluit deel aan die studentelewe en is onder andere betrokke by die Studente Kerkjeugaksie, die Kultuurraad, Fotiek en koshuissport. Hierna is sy vir een en twintig jaar hoërskoolonderwyser, eers vanaf [[1981]] by die Hoërskool Overkruin in [[Sinoville]] in [[Pretoria]] en dan vanaf [[1987]] vir vyftien jaar as Departementshoof Opvoedkundige Leiding by Hoërskool Pretoria-Noord. Intussen studeer sy deeltyds verder en behaal die B.A. Honneurs-graad en B.Ed. Psigologie-graad aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]]. Aan die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys behaal sy in [[1984]] ’n M.A.-graad onder leiding van dr. [[Elsabe Steenberg|Elsabé Steenberg]] met ’n verhandeling oor ''Ruimte in die kinderboek met verwysing na die werk van erkende Afrikaanse kinderboekskrywers'' en in [[2000]] onder leiding van professor [[Hans du Plessis]] ’n Ph.D.-graad met ’n proefskrif oor ''Die keuse, skep en voorstelling van karakters in verhale vir 11-14-jariges''.<ref name=":0" /> === Loopbaan as akademikus === Sedert Julie [[2002]] is sy lektor (en later professor) in [[Skryfkuns]] (Skool vir Tale) aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Noordwes Universiteit]].  Hier fokus sy sedert [[2007]] op  interdissiplinêre kreatiewe projekte soos ''Oor die einders van die bladsy'' (2009–2011) en ''Weerspieëling en weerklank: Gesprekke oor tipografie, topografie en tipologie'' (2012–2014). Hierdie navorsingsprojekte betrek verskeie kreatiewe dissiplines, soos skryfkuns en grafiese ontwerp, asook vakgebiede soos kunsgeskiedenis en Afrikaans en [[Nederlands]]. Sy bied ook kinderboekskryfskole aan, onder andere in 2014 by [[Muldersdrift]]. Die webwerf ''Storiewerf'' ([http://www.storiewerf.co.za/ www.storiewerf.co.za]), ’n tuiste vir kinder- en jeugboeke en bevordering van jong skryftalent, word deur haar gevestig en onderhou.<ref>LitNet: http://www.litnet.co.za/author/franci-greyling/</ref> == Skryfwerk == Op agtjarige ouderdom skryf sy reeds haar eerste versie en op elfjarige ouderdom publiseer ''[[Die Jongspan]]'' van haar werk. As tienderjarige skryf sy gedigte wat in ''Die Transvaler'' se rubriek vir jong digters geplaas word en van haar briewe word in hierdie tyd ook in ''[[Huisgenoot|Die Huisgenoot]]'' se tienerbriewerubriek gepubliseer. In haar vierde studiejaar begin sy om kortverhale te skryf en ''Huisgenoot'' en ''[[Sarie]]'' plaas ’n aantal daarvan. === Jeugboeke === Haar eerste jeugboek is ''Die deurmekaarste herfs,'' waarin ’n jong meisie haar ouers se egskeiding verwerk. ==== Historiese jeugverhale ==== Sy maak egter veral haar merk met die skryf van historiese jeugverhale. ''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' is ’n verhaal uit die [[Anglo-Boereoorlog]], waarin Helena binne tien minute moet besluit watter aardse besittings sy wil red voordat die Engelse die plaashuis afbrand. Daarna ondergaan sy saam met haar ma en die res van haar familie die lyding in die konsentrasiekamp. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' het ook die Anglo-Boereoorlog as agtergrond. Die hoofkarakter sou eerder saam met haar broers op kommando wou gaan, maar bly saam met haar ma en jonger boeties op die plaas agter. Terwyl hulle later voor die Engelse moet vlug, ontwikkel sy van ’n sorgelose kind tot ’n jong volwassene, soos die herhaling van haar naam in die titel ook impliseer. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' ontvang die Sanlamprys (Brons) vir Jeuglektuur in [[1988]]. ==== Ander jeugverhale ==== ''Om te wag op ’n duif'' speel af in die meer onlangse Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Die hoofkarakter se ouer broer sterf in ’n landmynontploffing en hy word ernstig beseer, sodat hy met krukke oor die weg moet kom. Hy vind genesing deur sy broer se duiwe te versorg. ''Kransduif en edelvalk'' het ook voëls as sentrale tema. Die hoofkarakter beseer ’n edelvalk omdat dié sy duiwe bedreig, maar word dan gedwing om medeverantwoordelikheid vir die valk se herstel te neem. In <ref name=":1">Roux, Madeleine. Die Burger, 13 Oktober 1992</ref>“''Kort voor cul de sac''” probeer ’n sestienjarige meisie haar broer wat van die huis weggeloop het en met dwelms betrokke raak, opspoor. Die gebrek aan kommunikasie tussen gesinslede is grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gesinsprobleme en hierdie krisis dwing elkeen om selfondersoek te doen.<ref name=":1" /> In ''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' word die geskiedkundige Melrosehuis deur ’n bomontploffing gedeeltelik in puin gelê. Die hoofkarakter is een van die eerste mense op die toneel, waar sy ’n geheimsinnige meisie ontmoet wat verskyn en verdwyn en haar terugneem in die verlede om die geskiedenis van die huis en sy mense bloot te lê.<ref>Anoniem “Rapport” 30 Julie 1995</ref> ''Vleuels soos arende'' behandel weer gesinsprobleme, waar die hoofkarakter deur haar oupa gemolesteer word. === Medewerker === Franci werk mee aan ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom'', ’n literatuurstudie oor die Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugboek onder redaksie van Gretel Wybenga en Maritha Snyman en is redakteur van ''Die soetsuur lemoen'',<ref>Cilliers, Cecile. Beeld, 25 Julie 2005</ref> opgetekende vertellings deur die mense van die nedersetting Promosa. === Skryfwerk vir jonger kinders === Vir kleiner kinders skryf sy drie boekies in ’n leesreeks van Unibook, naamlik ''Om eendag te vlieg'', ''Meisie sonder naam'' en ''Staptog'', terwyl sy saam met Vian Oelofsen die prenteboek ''Formule drie, twee, een'' uitgee. Laasgenoemde boek word ook in Engels gepubliseer as ''Formula three, two, one''. Van haar versies word in die ''Nuwe Kinderverseboek'' opgeneem. === Radiodrama === Met haar debuut radiodrama, ''Die vye is ryp'', verower sy in 2010 die derde prys in Sanlam en [[Radio Sonder Grense|Radiosondergrense]] se radiodramakompetisie. Hierin ondersoek sy die hartseer en verlange wat gepaardgaan met kinders en naasbestaandes wat emigreer, asook die probleme met aanpas in ’n nuwe omgewing. In die proses verander almal. Sy kontrasteer die huidige eksodus uit Suid-Afrika (die weduwee Louise se kinders en kleinkinders) met dié van die Hollandse onderwyser Jan Hoogeveen wat in [[1898]] na Suid-Afrika kom en vir eers sy naasbestaandes in [[Nederland]] agterlaat terwyl hy homself vestig. Hy raak vasgevang in die Anglo-Boereoorlog en word ’n Transvaalse burger, maar die lang afwesigheid veroorsaak vervreemding tussen hom en sy vrou en kinders. Hy is vroeg in [[1902]] oorlede. Vye word metafoor vir die verskillende belewenisse. In sy briewe huis toe swymel Jan Hoogeveen oor die genot van vye, wat hy nie voorheen geken het nie, terwyl Louise se vye nou ryp is in die tuin, maar daar is niemand wat meer konfyt kook om dit te bewaar nie. Sy kook self konfyt in ’n vergeefse poging om dinge te probeer bewaar soos dit was. === Skryfwerk vir volwassenes === Kortverhale en ander bydraes vir volwassenes van haar verskyn in ''Literator, Sarie, [[Beeld]], Huisgenoot'' en ''Taalgenoot.'' Die kortverhaal ''Die Engelsman se graf'' word deur [[Jeanette Ferreira]] opgeneem in die versamelbundel ''Boereoorlogstories 2''. == Eerbewyse == In [[2015]] vereer die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] haar met ’n prys vir leesbevordering in Afrikaans vir haar webtuiste Storiewerf, wat Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugliteratuur en jong skryftalent bevorder. == Publikasies == Werke wat uit haar pen verskyn sluit in:<ref>Worldcat: http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no95051818/</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasies |- |1984 |''Die deurmekaarste herfs'' |- |1985 |''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' |- |1988 |''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' |- |1990 |''Staptog'' |- |1991 |''Kransduif en Edelvalk'' |- | |''Meisie sonder naam'' |- | |''Om te wag op ’n duif'' |- | |''Om eendag te vlieg'' |- |1992 |''Kort voor cul de sac'' |- |1995 |''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' |- |1997 |''Vleuels soos die arende'' |- |2007 |''Formule Drie, Twee, Een'' (prenteboek saam met Vian Oelofsen) |- | !Redakteur |- |2005 |''Die soetsuur lemoen'' (saam met Anneretha Combrinck en lede van Promosa-gemeenskap) |} == Bronnelys == === Boeke === * Wybenga, Gretel en Snyman, Maritha (reds.) ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom''. Lapa-Uitgewers Eerste uitgawe Tweede druk 2005 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Opperman, A.J. ''Só skryf jy kinderboeke''. Wes-Beeld, 25 Julie 2014 === Ongepubliseerde dokumente === * Greyling, Susanna Francina. ''Biografiese skets.'' Nasionale Afrikaanse Letterkundige Museum en Navorsingsentrum ([[NALN]]) Bloemfontein 24 Julie 1985 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greyling, Franci}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]] 2icgve01u5o5qkaf6otnhqa5zgqg4if 2517334 2517247 2022-08-04T07:25:17Z 154.117.165.126 /* Radiodrama */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franci Greyling''' (*[[26 Junie]] [[1957]], [[Krugersdorp]]–) is professor in Skryfkuns aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit]] en ’n [[skrywer]] van jeugverhale. Sy is die oprigter van die webtuiste Storiewerf, wat op Afrikaanse jeuglektuur fokus.<ref>Bookboek: http://www.bookboek.co.za/fg.html</ref><ref>NB-Uitgewers: http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022065550/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 |date=22 Oktober 2015 }}</ref> == Lewe en [[werk]] == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Susanna Francina Greyling is op 26 Junie 1957 in Krugersdorp gebore as die tweede oudste van sewe kinders, ses dogters en een seun. Haar pa is onderwyser en sy bring haar kleuterjare in [[Brits]], [[Makwassie]] en [[Potchefstroom]] deur. Sy begin haar skoolopleiding aan Laerskool Mooirivier op Potchefstroom, maar in haar eerste skooljaar verhuis die gesin na [[Vereeniging]], waar sy aan die Hoërskool Drie Riviere matrikuleer. Daarna is sy vir ’n jaar verbonde aan die Burgerlike Beskermingskollege in [[George]].<ref name=":0">Storiewerf: http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095602/http://storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm |date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref> === Verdere studie en loopbaan as onderwyser === Sy studeer verder aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] (tans Noordwes-Universiteit) en behaal in [[1979]] die [[B.A.-graad]] met hoofvakke Afrikaans-Nederlands, Psigologie en Bybelkunde en daarna in [[1980]] ook die Hoër Onderwysdiploma. Op universiteit neem sy voluit deel aan die studentelewe en is onder andere betrokke by die Studente Kerkjeugaksie, die Kultuurraad, Fotiek en koshuissport. Hierna is sy vir een en twintig jaar hoërskoolonderwyser, eers vanaf [[1981]] by die Hoërskool Overkruin in [[Sinoville]] in [[Pretoria]] en dan vanaf [[1987]] vir vyftien jaar as Departementshoof Opvoedkundige Leiding by Hoërskool Pretoria-Noord. Intussen studeer sy deeltyds verder en behaal die B.A. Honneurs-graad en B.Ed. Psigologie-graad aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]]. Aan die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys behaal sy in [[1984]] ’n M.A.-graad onder leiding van dr. [[Elsabe Steenberg|Elsabé Steenberg]] met ’n verhandeling oor ''Ruimte in die kinderboek met verwysing na die werk van erkende Afrikaanse kinderboekskrywers'' en in [[2000]] onder leiding van professor [[Hans du Plessis]] ’n Ph.D.-graad met ’n proefskrif oor ''Die keuse, skep en voorstelling van karakters in verhale vir 11-14-jariges''.<ref name=":0" /> === Loopbaan as akademikus === Sedert Julie [[2002]] is sy lektor (en later professor) in [[Skryfkuns]] (Skool vir Tale) aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Noordwes Universiteit]].  Hier fokus sy sedert [[2007]] op  interdissiplinêre kreatiewe projekte soos ''Oor die einders van die bladsy'' (2009–2011) en ''Weerspieëling en weerklank: Gesprekke oor tipografie, topografie en tipologie'' (2012–2014). Hierdie navorsingsprojekte betrek verskeie kreatiewe dissiplines, soos skryfkuns en grafiese ontwerp, asook vakgebiede soos kunsgeskiedenis en Afrikaans en [[Nederlands]]. Sy bied ook kinderboekskryfskole aan, onder andere in 2014 by [[Muldersdrift]]. Die webwerf ''Storiewerf'' ([http://www.storiewerf.co.za/ www.storiewerf.co.za]), ’n tuiste vir kinder- en jeugboeke en bevordering van jong skryftalent, word deur haar gevestig en onderhou.<ref>LitNet: http://www.litnet.co.za/author/franci-greyling/</ref> == Skryfwerk == Op agtjarige ouderdom skryf sy reeds haar eerste versie en op elfjarige ouderdom publiseer ''[[Die Jongspan]]'' van haar werk. As tienderjarige skryf sy gedigte wat in ''Die Transvaler'' se rubriek vir jong digters geplaas word en van haar briewe word in hierdie tyd ook in ''[[Huisgenoot|Die Huisgenoot]]'' se tienerbriewerubriek gepubliseer. In haar vierde studiejaar begin sy om kortverhale te skryf en ''Huisgenoot'' en ''[[Sarie]]'' plaas ’n aantal daarvan. === Jeugboeke === Haar eerste jeugboek is ''Die deurmekaarste herfs,'' waarin ’n jong meisie haar ouers se egskeiding verwerk. ==== Historiese jeugverhale ==== Sy maak egter veral haar merk met die skryf van historiese jeugverhale. ''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' is ’n verhaal uit die [[Anglo-Boereoorlog]], waarin Helena binne tien minute moet besluit watter aardse besittings sy wil red voordat die Engelse die plaashuis afbrand. Daarna ondergaan sy saam met haar ma en die res van haar familie die lyding in die konsentrasiekamp. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' het ook die Anglo-Boereoorlog as agtergrond. Die hoofkarakter sou eerder saam met haar broers op kommando wou gaan, maar bly saam met haar ma en jonger boeties op die plaas agter. Terwyl hulle later voor die Engelse moet vlug, ontwikkel sy van ’n sorgelose kind tot ’n jong volwassene, soos die herhaling van haar naam in die titel ook impliseer. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' ontvang die Sanlamprys (Brons) vir Jeuglektuur in [[1988]]. ==== Ander jeugverhale ==== ''Om te wag op ’n duif'' speel af in die meer onlangse Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Die hoofkarakter se ouer broer sterf in ’n landmynontploffing en hy word ernstig beseer, sodat hy met krukke oor die weg moet kom. Hy vind genesing deur sy broer se duiwe te versorg. ''Kransduif en edelvalk'' het ook voëls as sentrale tema. Die hoofkarakter beseer ’n edelvalk omdat dié sy duiwe bedreig, maar word dan gedwing om medeverantwoordelikheid vir die valk se herstel te neem. In <ref name=":1">Roux, Madeleine. Die Burger, 13 Oktober 1992</ref>“''Kort voor cul de sac''” probeer ’n sestienjarige meisie haar broer wat van die huis weggeloop het en met dwelms betrokke raak, opspoor. Die gebrek aan kommunikasie tussen gesinslede is grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gesinsprobleme en hierdie krisis dwing elkeen om selfondersoek te doen.<ref name=":1" /> In ''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' word die geskiedkundige Melrosehuis deur ’n bomontploffing gedeeltelik in puin gelê. Die hoofkarakter is een van die eerste mense op die toneel, waar sy ’n geheimsinnige meisie ontmoet wat verskyn en verdwyn en haar terugneem in die verlede om die geskiedenis van die huis en sy mense bloot te lê.<ref>Anoniem “Rapport” 30 Julie 1995</ref> ''Vleuels soos arende'' behandel weer gesinsprobleme, waar die hoofkarakter deur haar oupa gemolesteer word. === Medewerker === Franci werk mee aan ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom'', ’n literatuurstudie oor die Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugboek onder redaksie van Gretel Wybenga en Maritha Snyman en is redakteur van ''Die soetsuur lemoen'',<ref>Cilliers, Cecile. Beeld, 25 Julie 2005</ref> opgetekende vertellings deur die mense van die nedersetting Promosa. === Skryfwerk vir jonger kinders === Vir kleiner kinders skryf sy drie boekies in ’n leesreeks van Unibook, naamlik ''Om eendag te vlieg'', ''Meisie sonder naam'' en ''Staptog'', terwyl sy saam met Vian Oelofsen die prenteboek ''Formule drie, twee, een'' uitgee. Laasgenoemde boek word ook in Engels gepubliseer as ''Formula three, two, one''. Van haar versies word in die ''Nuwe Kinderverseboek'' opgeneem. === Radiodrama === Met haar debuut radiodrama, ''Die vye is ryp'', verower sy in 2010 die derde prys in Sanlam en [[Radio Sonder Grense|Radiosondergrense]] se radiodramakompetisie. Hierin ondersoek sy die hartseer en verlange wat gepaardgaan met kinders en naasbestaandes wat emigreer, asook die probleme met aanpas in ’n nuwe omgewing. In die proses verander almal. Sy kontrasteer die huidige eksodus uit Suid-Afrika (die weduwee Louise se kinders en kleinkinders) met dié van die Hollandse onderwyser Jan Hoogeveen wat in [[1898]] na Suid-Afrika kom en vir eers sy naasbestaandes in [[Nederland]] agterlaat terwyl hy homself vestig. Hy raak vasgevang in die Anglo-Boereoorlog en word ’n Transvaalse burger, maar die lang afwesigheid veroorsaak vervreemding tussen hom en sy vrou en kinders. Hy is vroeg in [[1902]] oorlede. Vye word metafoor vir die verskillende belewenisse. In sy briewe huis toe swymel Jan Hoogeveen oor die genot van vye, wat hy nie voorheen geken het nie, terwyl Louise se vye nou ryp is in die tuin, maar daar is niemand wat meer konfyt kook om dit te bewaar nie. Sy kook self konfyt in ’n vergeefse poging om dinge te probeer bewaar soos dit was. === Skryfwerk vir volwassenes === Kortverhale en ander bydraes vir volwassenes van haar verskyn in ''Literator, Sarie, [[Beeld]], Huisgenoot'' en ''Taalgenoot.'' Die kortverhaal ''Die Engelsman se graf'' word deur [[Jeanette Ferreira]] opgeneem in die versamelbundel ''Boereoorlogstories 2''. == Eerbewyse == In [[2015]] vereer die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] haar met ’n prys vir leesbevordering in Afrikaans vir haar webtuiste Storiewerf, wat Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugliteratuur en jong skryftalent bevorder. == Publikasies == Werke wat uit haar pen verskyn sluit in:<ref>Worldcat: http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no95051818/</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasies |- |1984 |''Die deurmekaarste herfs'' |- |1985 |''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' |- |1988 |''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' |- |1990 |''Staptog'' |- |1991 |''Kransduif en Edelvalk'' |- | |''Meisie sonder naam'' |- | |''Om te wag op ’n duif'' |- | |''Om eendag te vlieg'' |- |1992 |''Kort voor cul de sac'' |- |1995 |''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' |- |1997 |''Vleuels soos die arende'' |- |2007 |''Formule Drie, Twee, Een'' (prenteboek saam met Vian Oelofsen) |- | !Redakteur |- |2005 |''Die soetsuur lemoen'' (saam met Anneretha Combrinck en lede van Promosa-gemeenskap) |} == Bronnelys == === Boeke === * Wybenga, Gretel en Snyman, Maritha (reds.) ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom''. Lapa-Uitgewers Eerste uitgawe Tweede druk 2005 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Opperman, A.J. ''Só skryf jy kinderboeke''. Wes-Beeld, 25 Julie 2014 === Ongepubliseerde d === aphiwe ngowam == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greyling, Franci}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]] fvpwtc5dyu4ze19untdon50d41scy4l 2517337 2517334 2022-08-04T07:43:58Z Aliwal2012 39067 Wysigings deur [[Special:Contributions/154.117.165.126|154.117.165.126]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:197.245.165.231|197.245.165.231]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franci Greyling''' (*[[26 Junie]] [[1957]], [[Krugersdorp]]–) is professor in Skryfkuns aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit]] en ’n [[skrywer]] van jeugverhale. Sy is die oprigter van die webtuiste Storiewerf, wat op Afrikaanse jeuglektuur fokus.<ref>Bookboek: http://www.bookboek.co.za/fg.html</ref><ref>NB-Uitgewers: http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022065550/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 |date=22 Oktober 2015 }}</ref> == Lewe en [[werk]] == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Susanna Francina Greyling is op 26 Junie 1957 in Krugersdorp gebore as die tweede oudste van sewe kinders, ses dogters en een seun. Haar pa is onderwyser en sy bring haar kleuterjare in [[Brits]], [[Makwassie]] en [[Potchefstroom]] deur. Sy begin haar skoolopleiding aan Laerskool Mooirivier op Potchefstroom, maar in haar eerste skooljaar verhuis die gesin na [[Vereeniging]], waar sy aan die Hoërskool Drie Riviere matrikuleer. Daarna is sy vir ’n jaar verbonde aan die Burgerlike Beskermingskollege in [[George]].<ref name=":0">Storiewerf: http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095602/http://storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm |date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref> === Verdere studie en loopbaan as onderwyser === Sy studeer verder aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] (tans Noordwes-Universiteit) en behaal in [[1979]] die [[B.A.-graad]] met hoofvakke Afrikaans-Nederlands, Psigologie en Bybelkunde en daarna in [[1980]] ook die Hoër Onderwysdiploma. Op universiteit neem sy voluit deel aan die studentelewe en is onder andere betrokke by die Studente Kerkjeugaksie, die Kultuurraad, Fotiek en koshuissport. Hierna is sy vir een en twintig jaar hoërskoolonderwyser, eers vanaf [[1981]] by die Hoërskool Overkruin in [[Sinoville]] in [[Pretoria]] en dan vanaf [[1987]] vir vyftien jaar as Departementshoof Opvoedkundige Leiding by Hoërskool Pretoria-Noord. Intussen studeer sy deeltyds verder en behaal die B.A. Honneurs-graad en B.Ed. Psigologie-graad aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]]. Aan die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys behaal sy in [[1984]] ’n M.A.-graad onder leiding van dr. [[Elsabe Steenberg|Elsabé Steenberg]] met ’n verhandeling oor ''Ruimte in die kinderboek met verwysing na die werk van erkende Afrikaanse kinderboekskrywers'' en in [[2000]] onder leiding van professor [[Hans du Plessis]] ’n Ph.D.-graad met ’n proefskrif oor ''Die keuse, skep en voorstelling van karakters in verhale vir 11-14-jariges''.<ref name=":0" /> === Loopbaan as akademikus === Sedert Julie [[2002]] is sy lektor (en later professor) in [[Skryfkuns]] (Skool vir Tale) aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Noordwes Universiteit]].  Hier fokus sy sedert [[2007]] op  interdissiplinêre kreatiewe projekte soos ''Oor die einders van die bladsy'' (2009–2011) en ''Weerspieëling en weerklank: Gesprekke oor tipografie, topografie en tipologie'' (2012–2014). Hierdie navorsingsprojekte betrek verskeie kreatiewe dissiplines, soos skryfkuns en grafiese ontwerp, asook vakgebiede soos kunsgeskiedenis en Afrikaans en [[Nederlands]]. Sy bied ook kinderboekskryfskole aan, onder andere in 2014 by [[Muldersdrift]]. Die webwerf ''Storiewerf'' ([http://www.storiewerf.co.za/ www.storiewerf.co.za]), ’n tuiste vir kinder- en jeugboeke en bevordering van jong skryftalent, word deur haar gevestig en onderhou.<ref>LitNet: http://www.litnet.co.za/author/franci-greyling/</ref> == Skryfwerk == Op agtjarige ouderdom skryf sy reeds haar eerste versie en op elfjarige ouderdom publiseer ''[[Die Jongspan]]'' van haar werk. As tienderjarige skryf sy gedigte wat in ''Die Transvaler'' se rubriek vir jong digters geplaas word en van haar briewe word in hierdie tyd ook in ''[[Huisgenoot|Die Huisgenoot]]'' se tienerbriewerubriek gepubliseer. In haar vierde studiejaar begin sy om kortverhale te skryf en ''Huisgenoot'' en ''[[Sarie]]'' plaas ’n aantal daarvan. === Jeugboeke === Haar eerste jeugboek is ''Die deurmekaarste herfs,'' waarin ’n jong meisie haar ouers se egskeiding verwerk. ==== Historiese jeugverhale ==== Sy maak egter veral haar merk met die skryf van historiese jeugverhale. ''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' is ’n verhaal uit die [[Anglo-Boereoorlog]], waarin Helena binne tien minute moet besluit watter aardse besittings sy wil red voordat die Engelse die plaashuis afbrand. Daarna ondergaan sy saam met haar ma en die res van haar familie die lyding in die konsentrasiekamp. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' het ook die Anglo-Boereoorlog as agtergrond. Die hoofkarakter sou eerder saam met haar broers op kommando wou gaan, maar bly saam met haar ma en jonger boeties op die plaas agter. Terwyl hulle later voor die Engelse moet vlug, ontwikkel sy van ’n sorgelose kind tot ’n jong volwassene, soos die herhaling van haar naam in die titel ook impliseer. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' ontvang die Sanlamprys (Brons) vir Jeuglektuur in [[1988]]. ==== Ander jeugverhale ==== ''Om te wag op ’n duif'' speel af in die meer onlangse Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Die hoofkarakter se ouer broer sterf in ’n landmynontploffing en hy word ernstig beseer, sodat hy met krukke oor die weg moet kom. Hy vind genesing deur sy broer se duiwe te versorg. ''Kransduif en edelvalk'' het ook voëls as sentrale tema. Die hoofkarakter beseer ’n edelvalk omdat dié sy duiwe bedreig, maar word dan gedwing om medeverantwoordelikheid vir die valk se herstel te neem. In <ref name=":1">Roux, Madeleine. Die Burger, 13 Oktober 1992</ref>“''Kort voor cul de sac''” probeer ’n sestienjarige meisie haar broer wat van die huis weggeloop het en met dwelms betrokke raak, opspoor. Die gebrek aan kommunikasie tussen gesinslede is grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gesinsprobleme en hierdie krisis dwing elkeen om selfondersoek te doen.<ref name=":1" /> In ''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' word die geskiedkundige Melrosehuis deur ’n bomontploffing gedeeltelik in puin gelê. Die hoofkarakter is een van die eerste mense op die toneel, waar sy ’n geheimsinnige meisie ontmoet wat verskyn en verdwyn en haar terugneem in die verlede om die geskiedenis van die huis en sy mense bloot te lê.<ref>Anoniem “Rapport” 30 Julie 1995</ref> ''Vleuels soos arende'' behandel weer gesinsprobleme, waar die hoofkarakter deur haar oupa gemolesteer word. === Medewerker === Franci werk mee aan ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom'', ’n literatuurstudie oor die Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugboek onder redaksie van Gretel Wybenga en Maritha Snyman en is redakteur van ''Die soetsuur lemoen'',<ref>Cilliers, Cecile. Beeld, 25 Julie 2005</ref> opgetekende vertellings deur die mense van die nedersetting Promosa. === Skryfwerk vir jonger kinders === Vir kleiner kinders skryf sy drie boekies in ’n leesreeks van Unibook, naamlik ''Om eendag te vlieg'', ''Meisie sonder naam'' en ''Staptog'', terwyl sy saam met Vian Oelofsen die prenteboek ''Formule drie, twee, een'' uitgee. Laasgenoemde boek word ook in Engels gepubliseer as ''Formula three, two, one''. Van haar versies word in die ''Nuwe Kinderverseboek'' opgeneem. === Radiodrama === Met haar debuut radiodrama, ''Die vye is ryp'', verower sy in 2010 die derde prys in Sanlam en [[Radio Sonder Grense|Radiosondergrense]] se radiodramakompetisie. Hierin ondersoek sy die hartseer en verlange wat gepaardgaan met kinders en naasbestaandes wat emigreer, asook die probleme met aanpas in ’n nuwe omgewing. In die proses verander almal. Sy kontrasteer die huidige eksodus uit Suid-Afrika (die weduwee Louise se kinders en kleinkinders) met dié van die Hollandse onderwyser Jan Hoogeveen wat in [[1898]] na Suid-Afrika kom en vir eers sy naasbestaandes in [[Nederland]] agterlaat terwyl hy homself vestig. Hy raak vasgevang in die Anglo-Boereoorlog en word ’n Transvaalse burger, maar die lang afwesigheid veroorsaak vervreemding tussen hom en sy vrou en kinders. Hy is vroeg in [[1902]] oorlede. Vye word metafoor vir die verskillende belewenisse. In sy briewe huis toe swymel Jan Hoogeveen oor die genot van vye, wat hy nie voorheen geken het nie, terwyl Louise se vye nou ryp is in die tuin, maar daar is niemand wat meer konfyt kook om dit te bewaar nie. Sy kook self konfyt in ’n vergeefse poging om dinge te probeer bewaar soos dit was. === Skryfwerk vir volwassenes === Kortverhale en ander bydraes vir volwassenes van haar verskyn in ''Literator, Sarie, [[Beeld]], Huisgenoot'' en ''Taalgenoot.'' Die kortverhaal ''Die Engelsman se graf'' word deur [[Jeanette Ferreira]] opgeneem in die versamelbundel ''Boereoorlogstories 2''. == Eerbewyse == In [[2015]] vereer die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] haar met ’n prys vir leesbevordering in Afrikaans vir haar webtuiste Storiewerf, wat Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugliteratuur en jong skryftalent bevorder. == Publikasies == Werke wat uit haar pen verskyn sluit in:<ref>Worldcat: http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no95051818/</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasies |- |1984 |''Die deurmekaarste herfs'' |- |1985 |''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' |- |1988 |''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' |- |1990 |''Staptog'' |- |1991 |''Kransduif en Edelvalk'' |- | |''Meisie sonder naam'' |- | |''Om te wag op ’n duif'' |- | |''Om eendag te vlieg'' |- |1992 |''Kort voor cul de sac'' |- |1995 |''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' |- |1997 |''Vleuels soos die arende'' |- |2007 |''Formule Drie, Twee, Een'' (prenteboek saam met Vian Oelofsen) |- | !Redakteur |- |2005 |''Die soetsuur lemoen'' (saam met Anneretha Combrinck en lede van Promosa-gemeenskap) |} == Bronnelys == === Boeke === * Wybenga, Gretel en Snyman, Maritha (reds.) ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom''. Lapa-Uitgewers Eerste uitgawe Tweede druk 2005 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Opperman, A.J. ''Só skryf jy kinderboeke''. Wes-Beeld, 25 Julie 2014 === Ongepubliseerde dokumente === * Greyling, Susanna Francina. ''Biografiese skets.'' Nasionale Afrikaanse Letterkundige Museum en Navorsingsentrum ([[NALN]]) Bloemfontein 24 Julie 1985 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greyling, Franci}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]] 2icgve01u5o5qkaf6otnhqa5zgqg4if 2517338 2517337 2022-08-04T07:44:34Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franci Greyling''' (*[[26 Junie]] [[1957]], [[Krugersdorp]]–) is 'n professor in Skryfkuns aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit]] en ’n [[skrywer]] van jeugverhale. Sy is die oprigter van die webtuiste Storiewerf, wat op Afrikaanse jeuglektuur fokus.<ref>Bookboek: http://www.bookboek.co.za/fg.html</ref><ref>NB-Uitgewers: http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022065550/http://www.nb.co.za/Authors/363 |date=22 Oktober 2015 }}</ref> == Lewe en [[werk]] == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Susanna Francina Greyling is op 26 Junie 1957 in Krugersdorp gebore as die tweede oudste van sewe kinders, ses dogters en een seun. Haar pa is onderwyser en sy bring haar kleuterjare in [[Brits]], [[Makwassie]] en [[Potchefstroom]] deur. Sy begin haar skoolopleiding aan Laerskool Mooirivier op Potchefstroom, maar in haar eerste skooljaar verhuis die gesin na [[Vereeniging]], waar sy later aan die Hoërskool Drie Riviere matrikuleer. Daarna is sy vir ’n jaar verbonde aan die Burgerlike Beskermingskollege in [[George]].<ref name=":0">Storiewerf: http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095602/http://storiewerf.co.za/cvs/cvfrancigreyling.htm |date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref> === Verdere studie en loopbaan as onderwyser === Sy studeer verder aan die [[Noordwes-Universiteit|Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] (tans Noordwes-Universiteit) en behaal in [[1979]] die [[B.A.-graad]] met hoofvakke Afrikaans-Nederlands, Psigologie en Bybelkunde en daarna in [[1980]] ook die Hoër Onderwysdiploma. Op universiteit neem sy voluit deel aan die studentelewe en is onder andere betrokke by die Studente Kerkjeugaksie, die Kultuurraad, Fotiek en koshuissport. Hierna is sy vir een en twintig jaar hoërskoolonderwyser, eers vanaf [[1981]] by die Hoërskool Overkruin in [[Sinoville]] in [[Pretoria]] en dan vanaf [[1987]] vir vyftien jaar as Departementshoof Opvoedkundige Leiding by Hoërskool Pretoria-Noord. Intussen studeer sy deeltyds verder en behaal die B.A. Honneurs-graad en B.Ed. Psigologie-graad aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]]. Aan die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys behaal sy in [[1984]] ’n M.A.-graad onder leiding van dr. [[Elsabe Steenberg|Elsabé Steenberg]] met ’n verhandeling oor ''Ruimte in die kinderboek met verwysing na die werk van erkende Afrikaanse kinderboekskrywers'' en in [[2000]] onder leiding van professor [[Hans du Plessis]] ’n Ph.D.-graad met ’n proefskrif oor ''Die keuse, skep en voorstelling van karakters in verhale vir 11-14-jariges''.<ref name=":0" /> === Loopbaan as akademikus === Sedert Julie [[2002]] is sy lektor (en later professor) in [[Skryfkuns]] (Skool vir Tale) aan die Noordwes-Universiteit.  Hier fokus sy sedert [[2007]] op  interdissiplinêre kreatiewe projekte soos ''Oor die einders van die bladsy'' (2009–2011) en ''Weerspieëling en weerklank: Gesprekke oor tipografie, topografie en tipologie'' (2012–2014). Hierdie navorsingsprojekte betrek verskeie kreatiewe dissiplines, soos skryfkuns en grafiese ontwerp, asook vakgebiede soos kunsgeskiedenis en Afrikaans en [[Nederlands]]. Sy bied ook kinderboekskryfskole aan, onder andere in 2014 by [[Muldersdrift]]. Die webwerf ''Storiewerf'' ([http://www.storiewerf.co.za/ www.storiewerf.co.za]), ’n tuiste vir kinder- en jeugboeke en bevordering van jong skryftalent, word deur haar gestig en onderhou.<ref>LitNet: http://www.litnet.co.za/author/franci-greyling/</ref> == Skryfwerk == Op agtjarige ouderdom skryf sy reeds haar eerste versie en op elfjarige ouderdom publiseer ''[[Die Jongspan]]'' van haar werk. As tienderjarige skryf sy gedigte wat in ''Die Transvaler'' se rubriek vir jong digters geplaas word en van haar briewe word in hierdie tyd ook in ''[[Huisgenoot|Die Huisgenoot]]'' se tienerbriewerubriek gepubliseer. In haar vierde studiejaar begin sy om kortverhale te skryf en ''Huisgenoot'' en ''[[Sarie]]'' plaas ’n aantal daarvan. === Jeugboeke === Haar eerste jeugboek is ''Die deurmekaarste herfs,'' waarin ’n jong meisie haar ouers se egskeiding verwerk. ==== Historiese jeugverhale ==== Sy maak egter veral haar merk met die skryf van historiese jeugverhale. ''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' is ’n verhaal uit die [[Anglo-Boereoorlog]], waarin Helena binne tien minute moet besluit watter aardse besittings sy wil red voordat die Engelse die plaashuis afbrand. Daarna ondergaan sy saam met haar ma en die res van haar familie die lyding in die konsentrasiekamp. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' het ook die Anglo-Boereoorlog as agtergrond. Die hoofkarakter sou eerder saam met haar broers op kommando wou gaan, maar bly saam met haar ma en jonger boeties op die plaas agter. Terwyl hulle later voor die Engelse moet vlug, ontwikkel sy van ’n sorgelose kind tot ’n jong volwassene, soos die herhaling van haar naam in die titel ook impliseer. ''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' ontvang die Sanlamprys (Brons) vir Jeuglektuur in [[1988]]. ==== Ander jeugverhale ==== ''Om te wag op ’n duif'' speel af in die meer onlangse Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Die hoofkarakter se ouer broer sterf in ’n landmynontploffing en hy word ernstig beseer, sodat hy met krukke oor die weg moet kom. Hy vind genesing deur sy broer se duiwe te versorg. ''Kransduif en edelvalk'' het ook voëls as sentrale tema. Die hoofkarakter beseer ’n edelvalk omdat dié sy duiwe bedreig, maar word dan gedwing om medeverantwoordelikheid vir die valk se herstel te neem. In <ref name=":1">Roux, Madeleine. Die Burger, 13 Oktober 1992</ref>“''Kort voor cul de sac''” probeer ’n sestienjarige meisie haar broer wat van die huis weggeloop het en met dwelms betrokke raak, opspoor. Die gebrek aan kommunikasie tussen gesinslede is grootliks verantwoordelik vir die gesinsprobleme en hierdie krisis dwing elkeen om selfondersoek te doen.<ref name=":1" /> In ''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' word die geskiedkundige Melrosehuis deur ’n bomontploffing gedeeltelik in puin gelê. Die hoofkarakter is een van die eerste mense op die toneel, waar sy ’n geheimsinnige meisie ontmoet wat verskyn en verdwyn en haar terugneem in die verlede om die geskiedenis van die huis en sy mense bloot te lê.<ref>Anoniem “Rapport” 30 Julie 1995</ref> ''Vleuels soos arende'' behandel weer gesinsprobleme, waar die hoofkarakter deur haar oupa gemolesteer word. === Medewerker === Franci werk mee aan ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom'', ’n literatuurstudie oor die Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugboek onder redaksie van Gretel Wybenga en Maritha Snyman en is redakteur van ''Die soetsuur lemoen'',<ref>Cilliers, Cecile. Beeld, 25 Julie 2005</ref> opgetekende vertellings deur die mense van die nedersetting Promosa. === Skryfwerk vir jonger kinders === Vir kleiner kinders skryf sy drie boekies in ’n leesreeks van Unibook, naamlik ''Om eendag te vlieg'', ''Meisie sonder naam'' en ''Staptog'', terwyl sy saam met Vian Oelofsen die prenteboek ''Formule drie, twee, een'' uitgee. Laasgenoemde boek word ook in Engels gepubliseer as ''Formula three, two, one''. Van haar versies word in die ''Nuwe Kinderverseboek'' opgeneem. === Radiodrama === Met haar debuut radiodrama, ''Die vye is ryp'', verower sy in 2010 die derde prys in Sanlam en [[Radio Sonder Grense]] se radiodramakompetisie. Hierin ondersoek sy die hartseer en verlange wat gepaardgaan met kinders en naasbestaandes wat emigreer, asook die probleme met aanpas in ’n nuwe omgewing. In die proses verander almal. Sy kontrasteer die huidige eksodus uit Suid-Afrika (die weduwee Louise se kinders en kleinkinders) met dié van die Hollandse onderwyser Jan Hoogeveen wat in [[1898]] na Suid-Afrika kom en vir eers sy naasbestaandes in [[Nederland]] agterlaat terwyl hy homself vestig. Hy raak vasgevang in die Anglo-Boereoorlog en word ’n Transvaalse burger, maar die lang afwesigheid veroorsaak vervreemding tussen hom en sy vrou en kinders. Hy is vroeg in [[1902]] oorlede. Vye word metafoor vir die verskillende belewenisse. In sy briewe huis toe swymel Jan Hoogeveen oor die genot van vye, wat hy nie voorheen geken het nie, terwyl Louise se vye nou ryp is in die tuin, maar daar is niemand wat meer konfyt kook om dit te bewaar nie. Sy kook self konfyt in ’n vergeefse poging om dinge te probeer bewaar soos dit was. === Skryfwerk vir volwassenes === Kortverhale en ander bydraes vir volwassenes van haar verskyn in ''Literator, Sarie, [[Beeld]], Huisgenoot'' en ''Taalgenoot.'' Die kortverhaal ''Die Engelsman se graf'' word deur [[Jeanette Ferreira]] opgeneem in die versamelbundel ''Boereoorlogstories 2''. == Eerbewyse == In [[2015]] vereer die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] haar met ’n prys vir leesbevordering in Afrikaans vir haar webtuiste Storiewerf, wat Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugliteratuur en jong skryftalent bevorder. == Publikasies == Werke wat uit haar pen verskyn sluit in:<ref>Worldcat: http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no95051818/</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasies |- |1984 |''Die deurmekaarste herfs'' |- |1985 |''Helena in die tyd van die tente'' |- |1988 |''Dirkie, Drieka, Frederika'' |- |1990 |''Staptog'' |- |1991 |''Kransduif en Edelvalk'' |- | |''Meisie sonder naam'' |- | |''Om te wag op ’n duif'' |- | |''Om eendag te vlieg'' |- |1992 |''Kort voor cul de sac'' |- |1995 |''Die meisie van Melrosehuis'' |- |1997 |''Vleuels soos die arende'' |- |2007 |''Formule Drie, Twee, Een'' (prenteboek saam met Vian Oelofsen) |- | !Redakteur |- |2005 |''Die soetsuur lemoen'' (saam met Anneretha Combrinck en lede van Promosa-gemeenskap) |} == Bronnelys == === Boeke === * Wybenga, Gretel en Snyman, Maritha (reds.) ''Van Patrys-hulle tot Hanna Hoekom''. Lapa-Uitgewers Eerste uitgawe Tweede druk 2005 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Opperman, A.J. ''Só skryf jy kinderboeke''. Wes-Beeld, 25 Julie 2014 === Ongepubliseerde d === aphiwe ngowam == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greyling, Franci}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]] bf4ipgsnamg9rd8k2qdo1wo6iujauqm 0 116241 2517405 2367663 2022-08-04T10:41:07Z Groesbekos 152479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karel Prinsloo''' is uitvoerende voorsitter van die Stigting vir Afrikaans en ’n [[Afrikaans]]e [[digter]]. == Lewe en werk == Karel Petrus Prinsloo is in 1943 gebore. Hy studeer aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]], waar hy in 1964 die B.A.-graad en in 1968 die M.A.-graad verwerf met ’n verhandeling oor “''Die beelde in Totius se Psalmberyming''”. Hy behaal die D.Litt. et Phil.-graad in 1972 met ’n proefskrif oor  “''Die tweetaligheid van twee groepe universiteitstudente, en hul ingesteldhede teenoor die tweede taal: ’n sosiolinguistiese ondersoek''”. Vir meer as twintig jaar werk hy by die [[Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing]], onder meer vir sowat elf jaar as hoof van die Instituut vir Taal- en Kunstenavorsing, ’n ruk as hoof van politieke en grondwetlike aangeleenthede en die laaste jaar as hoof van sosiaal-kulturele dinamika. Terwyl hy hier werksaam is, publiseer hy op sy eie en saam met ander verskeie verslae oor taalonderrig in die algemeen en [[Afrikaans]] as taal in die besonder. Hierdie verslae sluit onder andere in “''Language and communication studies in South Africa: current issues and directions in research and inquiry''” (saam met Leonard Walter Lanham, 1978), “''Institutions presently conducting research and inquiry in the field of language in South Africa''” (1978), “''Taalbeplanning vir Suid-Afrika''” (1980), “''Stand van die Afrikaanse taal: tans en die toekoms''” (1981) (later as boek gepubliseer onder die titel “''Afrikaans: Stand, Taak, Toekoms''”), “''Afrikaans: ’n toekomsperspektief''” (1983), “''Gesindhede ten opsigte van taal in die onderwys in Suid-Afrika''” (1984), “''Die status van Afrikaans en die ander hooftale in SWA/Namibië''” (1984), “''Taalbeplanning vir Suid-Afrika''” (1984), “''Die taalsituasie in SWA/Namibië en taal in die onderwys van die land''” (1984). Saam met verskeie ander medewerkers word in twaalf dele gepubliseer “''Aspekte van taal- en kommunikasieaangeleenthede in SWA/Namibië''” (1982), waar elke deel die situasie by ’n spesifieke bevolkingsgroep ontleed. Hy is vanaf 1 Junie 1993 uitvoerende voorsitter van die Stigting vir Afrikaans, wat homself ten doel stel om Afrikaans op alle terreine en onder alle mense te bevorder. Vanaf 2004 is hy ook onder andere projekleier van die Afrikaanse Taaloudit, onder die vaandel van die Nasionale Forum vir Afrikaans (NFA) en gesteun deur die [[Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]]. Hy dien ook op die bestuur van die [[Afrikaanse Taalraad]] en die NFA. In laasgenoemde hoedanigheid publiseer hy in 2006 die verslag “''Op pad na ’n taalstrategie vir Afrikaans''” en onder sy leierskap word taalberade in 2004 en 2007 gehou om te besin oor die pad vorentoe vir Afrikaans en die depolitisering van die taal. In verskeie ander meestal private dokumente sit hy die stand van Afrikaans in Suid-Afrika na demokrasie uiteen, onder andere “''Verslag van ’n taaloudit oor Afrikaanse taalprojekte, verenigings en energieë”'' (2004), “''Opname oor Afrikaanse projekte en aktiwiteite op ’n plaaslike munisipale vlak in Suid-Afrika” (2006), “Die Afrikaanse "ons" en die nodigheid van ’n Afrikaanse Taalraad”'' (2008) en “''Die Afrikaanse Taalraad kom tot stand”'' (2008). Hy skryf ook talle vakkundige publikasies wat in tydskrifte verskyn en werk mee aan boeke soos “''Afrikaans in Afrika''” onder redaksie van Christo van Rensburg. As spreker lewer hy referate by verskeie plaaslike en internasionale taalkonferensies, waaronder in 2000 in [[Puerto Rico]]. In 2005 word hy hoofredakteur van ''Plus 50'', ’n twee maandelikse tydskrif vir seniors en is voorsitter van [[GrysKrag]], ’n welwillendheidsorganisasie wat daarop toegespits is om seniors se lewensgehalte te verbeter. == Persoonlike lewe == Hy is getroud met Dioné, wat ’n doktorsgraad in [[Geskiedenis]] verwerf het en vir lank dosent was aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. Die egpaar het vyf kinders. == Skryfwerk == Van sy gedigte word in ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde'' gepubliseer. Hy debuteer in 1990 met sy digbundel <ref>Grové, A.P. “Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe” Jaargang 31 no. 3, September 1991</ref>“''Tussen grensligte''”.<ref>Hugo, Daniel “Rapport” 20 Januarie 1991</ref> Hierdie bundel betrag die mens en sy plek in die wêreld vanuit verskillende hoeke.<ref>Scholtz, Merwe “Die Burger” 5 Maart 1991</ref>Die titel verwys na die grense, bakens of uithoeke van die mens se bestaan, wat deur ligte probeer deurgrond word. Die bundel word in vier afdelings verdeel, waar “''Landskappe''” gedigte oor die natuur bevat en onder andere die teenstellings tussen wilde en vrye groei teenoor beheer op beplande boerderye uitlig. “''Stadskappe''” het die stadsbestaan as tema, met die onnatuurlike van hierdie lewe wat in sterk teenstelling staan met die natuur. “''Miniature''” bevat kort gedigte waarin die stryd van die natuur teenoor die onnatuurlike opgeneem is. In “''Lugscenario''”, wat die twaalf tekens van die astrologiese Diereriem beteken, probeer die digter deur die kosmos sin vind in die bestaan in Afrika. Sy gebruik van assonansrym in plaas van volrym is ’n aanwins vir die poësie.<ref>Olivier, Fanie “Rapport” 26 Augustus 1984</ref> Hierdie bundel word in 1990 genomineer vir die Rapportprys. Die gedig “''Speelkatte''” word opgeneem in “''Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte''”. == Publikasies == {| class="wikitable" !Jaar !Publikasies |- |1990 |Tussen grensligte |} == Bronnelys == === Boeke === * Kannemeyer, J.C. “Die Afrikaanse literatuur 1652-2004” Human & Rousseau Kaapstad en Pretoria  Eerste uitgawe 2005 === Tydskrifte en koerante === * Stofberg, Andriette “Afrikaans leef dat dit bars, sê Karel” “Beeld” 31 Julie 1993 === Resensies === {{Verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prinsloo, Karel}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse digters]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1943]] 3vj9who5ff96xnqz9ss2q9aqcv0zxkw 0 116366 2517423 1623224 2022-08-04T11:32:58Z Rooiratel 90342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Broodboomtuin, a, Pretoria Nasionale Botaniese Tuin.jpg|duimnael|Broodboomtuin in die Pretoriase Botaniese Tuin.]] [[Lêer:Dr RA Dyer-gedenkplaket, Pretoria NBT.jpg|duimnael|Plaket van die stigter, dr. R.A. Dyer.]] Die '''Pretoria Nasionale Botaniese Tuin''' is bekend om sy inheemse sowel as uitheemse plante. Hierdie “groen long” lê in die area [[Brummeria]] aan die oostekant van [[Pretoria]]. Die tuin is 76&nbsp;ha groot, en in 1984 vir die publiek oopgestel, alhoewel die tuin reeds sedert 1946 ontwikkel word op 'n terrein wat by die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]] oorgeneem is. In die tuin is ook die hoofkantoor van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Botaniese Instituut (beter bekend as [[SANBI]]) en die [[Nasionale Herbarium]] gehuisves. Groot versamelings vygies, broodbome en medisinale plante is hier te besigtig. Onder die unieke en bedreigde plante staan die vetplantversameling uit wat afkomstig van [[Madagaskar]] is. Die park is die tuiste van verskeie spesies reptiele en klein soogdiere, sowel as 200 voëlsoorte. Verskeie geplaveide wandelpaadjies is dwarsdeur die park aangelê. 'n 35&nbsp;m hoë kwartsiet-dagsoom verdeel die tuin van wes na oos in twee dele: 'n koeler suidelike kant en 'n duidelik warmer noordelike deel. Dit skep twee unieke wêrelde vir botanici en belangstellende besoekers. == Bibliografie == * www.gauteng.net * www.sanbi.org == Eksterne skakels == * {{Commonskat-inlyn|Pretoria National Botanical Garden}} {{Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale botaniese tuine}} {{Normdata}} {{Koördinate|25|44|19|S|28|16|24|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|aansig=titel}} [[Kategorie:Parke van Pretoria]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale botaniese tuine]] ojyl0vl9v1cgk607b0cydm8egp0kh1e 0 121780 2517306 2517081 2022-08-04T03:54:21Z Marco Johan Nel 152392 Meer breedvoerige verhaal opgespoor in 'n bron en aangehaal met die doel om die leser 'n meer breedvoerige lewensverhaal te bied. wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Andries du Toit en gesin.jpg|duimnael|regs|280px|Andries du Toit, sy vrou en dogter.]] '''Andries du Toit''' (* [[8 Augustus]] [[1813]] – † [[15 Augustus]] [[1883]], [[Middelburg, Mpumalanga|Middelburg, Tvl.]]) was die eerste landdros van [[Pretoria]] en die man wat die dorpie in 1857 in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit het hom in 1857 op ’n stuk grond gevestig wat aan Pretoria gegrens het. Dié grond het hy vir ’n Basoeto-ponie van pres. [[M.W. Pretorius]] geruil en dit [[Arcadia, Pretoria|Arcadia]] genoem, die teenswoordige [[voorstad]]. Ook in 1857 is hy as eerste landdros van die dorp aangewys, waarna hy dit in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit, Andries (Andreas) Francois (* Eerste Rivier, Stellenbosch, 8.8.1813 - † Middelburg, Transvaal, 15.8.1883), eerste landdros van Pretoria, was die oudste kind van Jacobus Francois du Toit en sy vrou, Gertuida Johanna Buyskes. Du Toit se Calvinistiese ouers dring daarop aan dat hy vir predikant moet studier, maar na voltooiing van die voorbereidende studie in die Kaapkolonie word hy as gevolg van ‘n borskwaal en blykbaar ook deur finansiële oorwegings verhinder om sy studie in Nederland voort te sit. Du Toit vestig hom op die plaas Grootfontein in die distrik Beaufort-Wes en trou daar op 2.11.1839 met Elizabeth Gertruida Jacoba de Villiers. Hulle het tien kinders. Hy word reeds op jeugdige leeftyd in die jare veertig as commandant van Beaufort-Wes aangestel en neem in 1846 deel aan die Sewende Grensoorlog. Du Toit was ‘n veelsydige man met aanleg as timmerman, messelaar, skrywer en landmeter, maar die nering wat hy kies, dié van reisende handelaar, voer hom na die binneland. Tydens een van sy togte word hy byna in die onwettige geweerhandel betrap en daarna sien hy af van hierdie loopbaan. Die groot keerpunt in sy lewe kom toe hy met kommendant-generaal A.W.J. Pretorius* kort na 1852 in die Oranje-Vrystaat kennis maak. Pretorius versoek hom om hom in die Voortrekkergebied te vestig en aldaar plase op te meet. Hy gee nie onmiddelik hieraan gehoor nie, maar by twee geleenthede (15.5.1854 en Junie 1855) laat hy hom verkiesbaar stel as president van die O.V.S.; hy is egter beide gevalle onsuksesvol. Met die vooruitsig van ‘n belangrike pos as raadgewer van M.W. Pretorius,* wys Du Toit die aangebode pos van landdros van Potchefstroom van die hand en trek op 10.9.1856 na Transvaal. Voor die aankoms van sy trek in Pretoria (begin 1857) het hy reeds ‘n stuk grond ontvang wat hy in ruil vir ‘n Basoetoponie van Pretorius gekry het en dit Arcadia (later ‘n voorstad van Pretoria) gedoop. Hoewel die vooruitsig op die amp van raadgewer nooit verwesenlik word nie, trap Du Toit nogtans diep spore in die geskiedenis van Pretoria en die Z.A.R. Kort na sy vestiging in Pretoria word hy as landdros gekies en in Mei 1857 ingesweer, waar na hy uit die aard van sy amp ‘n werklike bydrae lewer tot die welsyn van die burgers, asook met toesig hou oor en die oprigting van openbare geboue. Tydens sy ampstermyn as landdros verbeter hy die sanitasie van die dorp deur watervore en dreineerslote te laat grawe. Hy sorg daarvoor dat posverbindings ingestel en belastings gehef word. Hy onderneem die belangrike taak om met die reeds afgebakende Kerkplein en toegangstrate as uitgangspunte, die dorp op te meet en stel daarvan ‘n plan op. met ‘n ketting en ‘n skeepsverkyker as sy enigste instrumente is sy werk van so ‘n hoogstaande gehalte dat die gekwalifiseerde landmeter A.H. Walker wat in 1873 aangestel is, nie daarop kan verbeter nie, en by meer as een geleentheid vir Du Toit persoonlik raadpleeg. Op 2.6.1857 bevestig Du Toit die eerste huwelik in Pretoria en op 29 Julie stel hy saam met ‘n paar inwoners die eerste dorpsregulasies op. By gebrek aan ‘n kantoor en trunk moet Du Toit sy werk tuis verrig en self die gevangenes oppas terwyl sy vrou hulle van kos moet voorsien. Sy taak as landdros word, soos dié van byna alle ampsgenote destyds, verder bemoeilik deur ‘n gebrek aan duidelik omskrewe wette en ook deur sy eie swak regskennis wat daartoe aanleiding gee dat sy uitsprake dikwels in twyfel getrek word. Dit grief hom so dat hy op 31.12.1859 sy amp neerlê. As ‘n voorstaander van onderwys hou hy by geleentheid self skool vir sy eie en ook vir ander kinders, maar hy pleit vir die benoeming van ‘n onderwyser en die oprigting van ‘n skoolgebou wat wel verwesenlik word. Sy belangstelling in openbare aangeleenthede, sy vaderlandsliefde en sy ywer word alom erken en lei tot sy benoeming as assistant-kommandant-generaal in ‘n waarnemende hoedanigheid, en selfs ook as Staatsekretaris. Daardeur word hy ook lid van ‘n kommisie wat met Cetshwayo* en Mpande* oor grond onderhandel. Hy het ‘n aansienlike aandeel in die owerheidsbesluit om die regeringsetel van Potchefstroom na Pretoria te verskuif. Die feit dat Du Toit hom tydens die burgeronluste van 1861-64 by geleentheid aan generaal S.Schoeman* se kant skaar, kom hom duur te staan. Hy word tot ‘n swaar boete veroordeel en lei ook ander verliese. Sy latere onderwerping aan die wettige gesag verbeter sy lot nie veel nie. Hy kry wel kwytskelding van sommige boetes, maar herstel nooit weer ten volle van die terugslae nie. In 1871 vestig hy hom op Nazareth, die latere Transvaalse dorp Middelburg en daar beywer hy hom vir besproeiing in die dorp en die verkryging van ‘n onderwyser. Hoewel hy ‘n tyd lank as landdros optree, is hy aan die einde van sy lewe sieklik en eensaam. Andriesstraat en Du Toitstraat, albei in Pretoria, is na hom genoem. Sy portret verskyn (''infra'') by Engelenburg ''en'' Preller asook by Engelbrecht. == Bron == * [[S.P. Engelbrecht|Engelbrecht, prof. S.P.]], Agar-Hamilton, J.A.I., Pelzer, prof. A.N. en Behrens, H.P.H. 1952. ''Eeufees-album. Pretoria se eerste eeu in beeld''. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, Beperk. * WikiTree bydraers, "Andreas Francois du Toit (1813-1883)," WikiTree: Die Gratis Stamboom, https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Du_Toit-2245 : gesien 02 Augustus 2022 en bygewerk 02 Augustus 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] * Andries du Toit se lewensverhaal deur Angie Kleijn gepubliseer in https://www.bronberger.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3384:andries-se-waterwiel-in-die-apies-word-meintjes-se-meule:toeka-se-dae - Die Bronberger - 23 Augustus 2016 deur Angie Kleijn (plaaslike Pretoria-Oos tydskrif). Gesien en gelaai 01 Aug 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] met skriftelike goedkeuring vanaf Angie Kleijn. {{Saadjie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Du Toit, Andries}} [[Kategorie:Pretoria]] gq5cabwnndh8k6kezzf66gyr8ts8bf1 2517307 2517306 2022-08-04T03:57:34Z Marco Johan Nel 152392 Bron beskrywing voorsien waaruit verhaal wat geplaas is verkry is. wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Andries du Toit en gesin.jpg|duimnael|regs|280px|Andries du Toit, sy vrou en dogter.]] '''Andries du Toit''' (* [[8 Augustus]] [[1813]] – † [[15 Augustus]] [[1883]], [[Middelburg, Mpumalanga|Middelburg, Tvl.]]) was die eerste landdros van [[Pretoria]] en die man wat die dorpie in 1857 in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit het hom in 1857 op ’n stuk grond gevestig wat aan Pretoria gegrens het. Dié grond het hy vir ’n Basoeto-ponie van pres. [[M.W. Pretorius]] geruil en dit [[Arcadia, Pretoria|Arcadia]] genoem, die teenswoordige [[voorstad]]. Ook in 1857 is hy as eerste landdros van die dorp aangewys, waarna hy dit in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit, Andries (Andreas) Francois (* Eerste Rivier, Stellenbosch, 8.8.1813 - † Middelburg, Transvaal, 15.8.1883), eerste landdros van Pretoria, was die oudste kind van Jacobus Francois du Toit en sy vrou, Gertuida Johanna Buyskes. Du Toit se Calvinistiese ouers dring daarop aan dat hy vir predikant moet studier, maar na voltooiing van die voorbereidende studie in die Kaapkolonie word hy as gevolg van ‘n borskwaal en blykbaar ook deur finansiële oorwegings verhinder om sy studie in Nederland voort te sit. Du Toit vestig hom op die plaas Grootfontein in die distrik Beaufort-Wes en trou daar op 2.11.1839 met Elizabeth Gertruida Jacoba de Villiers. Hulle het tien kinders. Hy word reeds op jeugdige leeftyd in die jare veertig as commandant van Beaufort-Wes aangestel en neem in 1846 deel aan die Sewende Grensoorlog. Du Toit was ‘n veelsydige man met aanleg as timmerman, messelaar, skrywer en landmeter, maar die nering wat hy kies, dié van reisende handelaar, voer hom na die binneland. Tydens een van sy togte word hy byna in die onwettige geweerhandel betrap en daarna sien hy af van hierdie loopbaan. Die groot keerpunt in sy lewe kom toe hy met kommendant-generaal A.W.J. Pretorius* kort na 1852 in die Oranje-Vrystaat kennis maak. Pretorius versoek hom om hom in die Voortrekkergebied te vestig en aldaar plase op te meet. Hy gee nie onmiddelik hieraan gehoor nie, maar by twee geleenthede (15.5.1854 en Junie 1855) laat hy hom verkiesbaar stel as president van die O.V.S.; hy is egter beide gevalle onsuksesvol. Met die vooruitsig van ‘n belangrike pos as raadgewer van M.W. Pretorius,* wys Du Toit die aangebode pos van landdros van Potchefstroom van die hand en trek op 10.9.1856 na Transvaal. Voor die aankoms van sy trek in Pretoria (begin 1857) het hy reeds ‘n stuk grond ontvang wat hy in ruil vir ‘n Basoetoponie van Pretorius gekry het en dit Arcadia (later ‘n voorstad van Pretoria) gedoop. Hoewel die vooruitsig op die amp van raadgewer nooit verwesenlik word nie, trap Du Toit nogtans diep spore in die geskiedenis van Pretoria en die Z.A.R. Kort na sy vestiging in Pretoria word hy as landdros gekies en in Mei 1857 ingesweer, waar na hy uit die aard van sy amp ‘n werklike bydrae lewer tot die welsyn van die burgers, asook met toesig hou oor en die oprigting van openbare geboue. Tydens sy ampstermyn as landdros verbeter hy die sanitasie van die dorp deur watervore en dreineerslote te laat grawe. Hy sorg daarvoor dat posverbindings ingestel en belastings gehef word. Hy onderneem die belangrike taak om met die reeds afgebakende Kerkplein en toegangstrate as uitgangspunte, die dorp op te meet en stel daarvan ‘n plan op. met ‘n ketting en ‘n skeepsverkyker as sy enigste instrumente is sy werk van so ‘n hoogstaande gehalte dat die gekwalifiseerde landmeter A.H. Walker wat in 1873 aangestel is, nie daarop kan verbeter nie, en by meer as een geleentheid vir Du Toit persoonlik raadpleeg. Op 2.6.1857 bevestig Du Toit die eerste huwelik in Pretoria en op 29 Julie stel hy saam met ‘n paar inwoners die eerste dorpsregulasies op. By gebrek aan ‘n kantoor en trunk moet Du Toit sy werk tuis verrig en self die gevangenes oppas terwyl sy vrou hulle van kos moet voorsien. Sy taak as landdros word, soos dié van byna alle ampsgenote destyds, verder bemoeilik deur ‘n gebrek aan duidelik omskrewe wette en ook deur sy eie swak regskennis wat daartoe aanleiding gee dat sy uitsprake dikwels in twyfel getrek word. Dit grief hom so dat hy op 31.12.1859 sy amp neerlê. As ‘n voorstaander van onderwys hou hy by geleentheid self skool vir sy eie en ook vir ander kinders, maar hy pleit vir die benoeming van ‘n onderwyser en die oprigting van ‘n skoolgebou wat wel verwesenlik word. Sy belangstelling in openbare aangeleenthede, sy vaderlandsliefde en sy ywer word alom erken en lei tot sy benoeming as assistant-kommandant-generaal in ‘n waarnemende hoedanigheid, en selfs ook as Staatsekretaris. Daardeur word hy ook lid van ‘n kommisie wat met Cetshwayo* en Mpande* oor grond onderhandel. Hy het ‘n aansienlike aandeel in die owerheidsbesluit om die regeringsetel van Potchefstroom na Pretoria te verskuif. Die feit dat Du Toit hom tydens die burgeronluste van 1861-64 by geleentheid aan generaal S.Schoeman* se kant skaar, kom hom duur te staan. Hy word tot ‘n swaar boete veroordeel en lei ook ander verliese. Sy latere onderwerping aan die wettige gesag verbeter sy lot nie veel nie. Hy kry wel kwytskelding van sommige boetes, maar herstel nooit weer ten volle van die terugslae nie. In 1871 vestig hy hom op Nazareth, die latere Transvaalse dorp Middelburg en daar beywer hy hom vir besproeiing in die dorp en die verkryging van ‘n onderwyser. Hoewel hy ‘n tyd lank as landdros optree, is hy aan die einde van sy lewe sieklik en eensaam. Andriesstraat en Du Toitstraat, albei in Pretoria, is na hom genoem. Sy portret verskyn (''infra'') by Engelenburg ''en'' Preller asook by Engelbrecht. == Bron == * [[S.P. Engelbrecht|Engelbrecht, prof. S.P.]], Agar-Hamilton, J.A.I., Pelzer, prof. A.N. en Behrens, H.P.H. 1952. ''Eeufees-album. Pretoria se eerste eeu in beeld''. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, Beperk. * Inligting/Bron – Vanuit ‘Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek Vol III. Hoofredakteur D.W.Krüger (tot 1972) C.J. Beyers (sedert 1973) Uitgegee vir die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike navorsing deur Tafelberg-Uitgewers bpk. Indeks: Du Toit A.F. (1813 – 1883), III, 258 * WikiTree bydraers, "Andreas Francois du Toit (1813-1883)," WikiTree: Die Gratis Stamboom, https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Du_Toit-2245 : gesien 02 Augustus 2022 en bygewerk 02 Augustus 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] * Andries du Toit se lewensverhaal deur Angie Kleijn gepubliseer in https://www.bronberger.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3384:andries-se-waterwiel-in-die-apies-word-meintjes-se-meule:toeka-se-dae - Die Bronberger - 23 Augustus 2016 deur Angie Kleijn (plaaslike Pretoria-Oos tydskrif). Gesien en gelaai 01 Aug 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] met skriftelike goedkeuring vanaf Angie Kleijn. {{Saadjie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Du Toit, Andries}} [[Kategorie:Pretoria]] 9x2ve1dmhmiocrgkrxhvwp08ixqsak6 2517308 2517307 2022-08-04T04:18:47Z Marco Johan Nel 152392 Verandering van spelling wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Andries du Toit en gesin.jpg|duimnael|regs|280px|Andries du Toit, sy vrou en dogter.]] '''Andries du Toit''' (* [[8 Augustus]] [[1813]] – † [[15 Augustus]] [[1883]], [[Middelburg, Mpumalanga|Middelburg, Tvl.]]) was die eerste landdros van [[Pretoria]] en die man wat die dorpie in 1857 in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit het hom in 1857 op ’n stuk grond gevestig wat aan Pretoria gegrens het. Dié grond het hy vir ’n Basoeto-ponie van pres. [[M.W. Pretorius]] geruil en dit [[Arcadia, Pretoria|Arcadia]] genoem, die teenswoordige [[voorstad]]. Ook in 1857 is hy as eerste landdros van die dorp aangewys, waarna hy dit in erwe uitgemeet het. Du Toit, Andries (Andreas) Francois (* Eerste Rivier, Stellenbosch 8 Augustus 1813 - † Middelburg, Transvaal, 15 Augustus 1883), eerste landdros van Pretoria, was die oudste kind van Jacobus Francois du Toit en sy vrou, Gertuida Johanna Buyskes. Du Toit se Calvinistiese ouers dring daarop aan dat hy vir predikant moet studier, maar na voltooiing van die voorbereidende studie in die Kaapkolonie word hy as gevolg van ‘n borskwaal en blykbaar ook deur finansiële oorwegings verhinder om sy studies in Nederland voort te sit. Du Toit vestig hom op die plaas Grootfontein in die distrik Beaufort-Wes en trou daar op 2 November 1839 met Elizabeth Gertruida Jacoba de Villiers. Hulle het tien kinders. Hy word reeds op jeugdige leeftyd in die jare veertig as kommandant van Beaufort-Wes aangestel en neem in 1846 deel aan die Sewende Grensoorlog. Du Toit was ‘n veelsydige man met aanleg as timmerman, messelaar, skrywer en landmeter, maar die nering wat hy kies, dié van reisende handelaar, voer hom na die binneland. Tydens een van sy togte word hy byna in die onwettige geweerhandel betrap en daarna sien hy af van hierdie loopbaan. Die groot keerpunt in sy lewe kom toe hy met kommandant-generaal A.W.J. Pretorius* kort na 1852 in die Oranje-Vrystaat kennis maak. Pretorius versoek hom om hom in die Voortrekkergebied te vestig en aldaar plase op te meet. Hy gee nie onmiddelik hieraan gehoor nie, maar by twee geleenthede (15 Mei 1854 en Junie 1855) laat hy hom verkiesbaar stel as president van die O.V.S.; hy is egter beide gevalle onsuksesvol. Met die vooruitsig van ‘n belangrike pos as raadgewer van M.W. Pretorius,* wys Du Toit die aangebode pos van landdros van Potchefstroom van die hand en trek op 10 September 1856 na Transvaal. Voor die aankoms van sy trek in Pretoria (begin 1857) het hy reeds ‘n stuk grond ontvang wat hy in ruil vir ‘n Basoetoponie van Pretorius gekry het en dit Arcadia (later ‘n voorstad van Pretoria) gedoop. Hoewel die vooruitsig op die amp van raadgewer nooit verwesenlik word nie, trap Du Toit nogtans diep spore in die geskiedenis van Pretoria en die Z.A.R. Kort na sy vestiging in Pretoria word hy as landdros gekies en in Mei 1857 ingesweer, waarna hy uit die aard van sy amp ‘n werklike bydrae lewer tot die welsyn van die burgers, asook met toesig hou oor en die oprigting van openbare geboue. Tydens sy ampstermyn as landdros verbeter hy die sanitasie van die dorp deur watervore en dreineerslote te laat grawe. Hy sorg daarvoor dat posverbindings ingestel en belastings gehef word. Hy onderneem die belangrike taak om met die reeds afgebakende Kerkplein en toegangstrate as uitgangspunte, die dorp op te meet en stel daarvan ‘n plan op. met ‘n ketting en ‘n skeepsverkyker as sy enigste instrumente is sy werk van so ‘n hoogstaande gehalte dat die gekwalifiseerde landmeter A.H. Walker wat in 1873 aangestel is, nie daarop kan verbeter nie, en Walker by meer as een geleentheid vir Du Toit persoonlik raadpleeg. Op 2 Junie 1857 bevestig Du Toit die eerste huwelik in Pretoria en op 29 Julie stel hy saam met ‘n paar inwoners die eerste dorpsregulasies op. By gebrek aan ‘n kantoor en tronk moet Du Toit sy werk tuis verrig en self die gevangenes oppas terwyl sy vrou hulle van kos moet voorsien. Sy taak as landdros word, soos dié van byna alle ampsgenote destyds, verder bemoeilik deur ‘n gebrek aan duidelik omskrewe wette en ook deur sy eie swak regskennis wat daartoe aanleiding gee dat sy uitsprake dikwels in twyfel getrek word. Dit grief hom so dat hy op 31 Desember 1859 sy amp neerlê. As ‘n voorstaander van onderwys hou hy by geleentheid self skool vir sy eie en ook vir ander kinders, maar hy pleit vir die benoeming van ‘n onderwyser en die oprigting van ‘n skoolgebou wat wel verwesenlik word. Sy belangstelling in openbare aangeleenthede, sy vaderlandsliefde en sy ywer word alom erken en lei tot sy benoeming as assistant-kommandant-generaal in ‘n waarnemende hoedanigheid, en selfs ook as Staatsekretaris. Daardeur word hy ook lid van ‘n kommisie wat met Cetshwayo* en Mpande* oor grond onderhandel. Hy het ‘n aansienlike aandeel in die owerheidsbesluit om die regeringsetel van Potchefstroom na Pretoria te verskuif. Die feit dat Du Toit hom tydens die burgeronluste van 1861-64 by geleentheid aan generaal S.Schoeman* se kant skaar, kom hom duur te staan. Hy word tot ‘n swaar boete veroordeel en lei ook ander verliese. Sy latere onderwerping aan die wettige gesag verbeter sy lot nie veel nie. Hy kry wel kwytskelding van sommige boetes, maar herstel nooit weer ten volle van die terugslae nie. In 1871 vestig hy hom op Nazareth, die latere Transvaalse dorp Middelburg en daar beywer hy hom vir besproeiing in die dorp en die verkryging van ‘n onderwyser. Hoewel hy ‘n tyd lank as landdros optree, is hy aan die einde van sy lewe sieklik en eensaam. Andriesstraat en Du Toitstraat, albei in Pretoria, is na hom vernoem. == Bron == * [[S.P. Engelbrecht|Engelbrecht, prof. S.P.]], Agar-Hamilton, J.A.I., Pelzer, prof. A.N. en Behrens, H.P.H. 1952. ''Eeufees-album. Pretoria se eerste eeu in beeld''. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, Beperk. * Inligting/Bron – Vanuit ‘Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek Vol III. Hoofredakteur D.W.Krüger (tot 1972) C.J. Beyers (sedert 1973) Uitgegee vir die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike navorsing deur Tafelberg-Uitgewers bpk. Indeks: Du Toit A.F. (1813 – 1883), III, 258 * WikiTree bydraers, "Andreas Francois du Toit (1813-1883)," WikiTree: Die Gratis Stamboom, https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Du_Toit-2245 : gesien 02 Augustus 2022 en bygewerk 02 Augustus 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] * Andries du Toit se lewensverhaal deur Angie Kleijn gepubliseer in https://www.bronberger.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3384:andries-se-waterwiel-in-die-apies-word-meintjes-se-meule:toeka-se-dae - Die Bronberger - 23 Augustus 2016 deur Angie Kleijn (plaaslike Pretoria-Oos tydskrif). Gesien en gelaai 01 Aug 2022 deur [[Nel-3227|Marco Nel]] met skriftelike goedkeuring vanaf Angie Kleijn. {{Saadjie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Du Toit, Andries}} [[Kategorie:Pretoria]] ec33pyi1j1e9ila3ez6rdb9uabl3l81 2 125616 2517367 2353308 2022-08-04T09:14:39Z Rooiratel 90342 As ek mag... wikitext text/x-wiki {{neutedop|1= * '''''[S]onder ʼn groot, goeie en groeiende Wikipedia, [is] Afrikaans en ook enige taal tot digitale sterfte gedoem.''''' [http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/tvg/v56n2-1/07.pdf] * '''''Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing.''''' - [[q:en:Jimmy Wales]] * '''''Links to nonexistent articles often precede creation of new articles.''''' [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.144.2564&rep=rep1&type=pdf] }} <div style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center; padding: 0.3em 0.3em 0.3em;"> {{Gebruiker:K175/Gebruikerbokse/Onlangse wysigings}} {{Gebruiker Koppelvlakadministrateur}} {{Gebruiker:K175/Gebruiker Afrikaner}} {{Gebruiker Suid-Afrika}} {{Gebruiker manlik}} {{Ontbreekte artikels|100000}} {{Ontbreekte artikels|1000000}} </div> {{Babel|af|en-4|nl-3|de-2|sv-1}} <div style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center; padding: 0.3em 0.3em 0.3em;"> {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Belgium |land=België |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Brazil |land=Brasilië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Denmark |land=Denemarke |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=France |land=Frankryk |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Germany |land=Duitsland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Qatar |land=Katar |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Malaysia |land=Maleisië |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Netherlands |land=Nederland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Norway |land=Noorweë |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Austria |land=Oostenryk |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Spain |land=Spanje |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=South Africa |land=Suid-Afrika |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Sweden |land=Swede |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Thailand |land=Thailand |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=United Kingdom |land=Verenigde Koninkryk |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=United States |land=Verenigde State |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Iceland |land=Ysland |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} {{Gebruiker_besoekland |id_agtergrond=lavender |id_fontgrootte=12px |id_fontkleur=#000000 |en_land=Zimbabwe |land=Zimbabwe |info_fontgroote=12px |info_fontkleur=#000000 |info_agtergrond=#ffffff }} </div> Ek beheer die robotgebruiker [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]]. Lg. is besig om eenvoudige artikels vanaf die Nederlandse Wikipedia te vertaal en fokus tans op [[sponsdier]]e. Die bronkode van die skrip wat hierdie opdrag uitvoer, kan besigtig word by [https://gitlab.com/ajoub/wikipedia/blob/master/sponse.py]. Enige bydraes tot die kode sal waardeer word. KabouterBot [https://gitlab.com/ajoub/wikipedia/blob/master/welkom.py verwelkom] ook nuwe gebruikers. == Boekmerke == * [[Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Kategorie:Lewende mense]] * [[:Kategorie:Gaan taal na]] * [[Wikipedia:Betroubare bronne]] * [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=500&title=Spesiaal%3ABydraes&contribs=user&target=K175&namespace=0&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end= Bladsye in die hoofnaamruimte wat deur my geskep is] * [[:Kategorie:Kandidate vir spoedige verwydering]] * [[Wikipedia:Bladsyverwydering]] === Instandhoudingskategorieë === * [[:Kategorie:Artikels met taksoboks maar sonder taksonbalk]] * [[:Kategorie:Taksobokse met die foutkleur]] == Nutsgoed == === Webaanhalings === Om 'n webaanhaling te genereer. # Indien jy nog nie het nie, maak 'n boekmerk in jou webblaaier met die kode hieronder in die URL-veld # Besoek die bladsy waarna jy wil verwys # Klik op hierdie boekmerk # Bekyk of verbeter die bronteks [https://gitlab.com/ajoub/wikipedia/blob/master/javascript/webaanhaling.js hier] <syntaxhighlight lang="js"> javascript:!function(){function e(e){return"0"===(e=e.substring(8,10)+" "+t[Number(e.substring(5,7)-1)]+" "+e.substring(0,4))[0]&&(e=e.substring(1,e.legnth)),e}var t=["Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],n=new Date,r=n.getDate(),u=n.getMonth(),a=n.getFullYear();n=r+" "+(o=t[u])+" "+a;var i="{{Webaanhaling|url="+window.location.href;if("https://maroelamedia.co.za/"===window.location.href.substring(0,"https://maroelamedia.co.za/".length)){const t=document.getElementsByClassName("entry-title single-title")[0].innerText,r=document.getElementsByTagName("meta");var l=document.getElementsByClassName("byline vcard");if(l)if(d=l[0].innerHTML.match(/&nbsp;\n<a .*>.*<\/a>/,""))var s=d[0].replace(/&nbsp;\n<a [^>]*>/,"").replace("</a>","");for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++)"article:published_time"===r[e].getAttribute("property")&&(h=r[e].getAttribute("content").substring(0,10));i+="|titel="+t+"|werk=[[Maroela Media]]|outeur="+(s||"")+"|datum="+(h=e(h))+"|toegangsdatum="+n+"}}"}else if("https://www.youtube.com/"===window.location.href.substring(0,"https://www.youtube.com/".length)){const e=document.evaluate('//*[@id="container"]/h1/yt-formatted-string',document,null,XPathResult.FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE,null).singleNodeValue.innerHTML,r=document.evaluate('//*[@id="owner-name"]/a',document,null,XPathResult.FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE,null).singleNodeValue.innerHTML;if("Gepubliseer op "===(h=document.evaluate('//*[@id="upload-info"]/span',document,null,XPathResult.FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE,null).singleNodeValue.innerHTML).substring(0,"Gepubliseer op ".length))"0"===(h=h.replace("Gepubliseer op ",""))[0]&&(h=h.substring(1,h.legnth)),["Jan.","Feb.","Mrt.","Apr.","Mei","Jun.","Jul.","Aug.","Sep.","Okt.","Nov.","Des."].forEach(function(e,n){h=h.replace(e,t[n])});else if("Published on "===h.substring(0,"Published on ".length)){var o=(h=h.replace("Published on ","")).substring(0,3);h=h.replace(o,""),["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"].forEach(function(e,n){o=o.replace(e,t[n])}),"."===h.substring(0,1)&&(h=h.substring(1,h.length));var g=(h=h.substring(1,h.length)).substring(0,h.indexOf(",")),b=h.substring(h.length-4,h.length);h=g+" "+o+" "+b}i+="|titel="+e+"|werk=[[YouTube]]|outeur="+r+"|datum="+h+"|toegangsdatum="+n+"}}"}else{var c,m,p,h,d,f,E,w,y=[];Array.from(document.getElementsByTagName("meta")).forEach(function(n){d=n.getAttribute("name"),f=n.getAttribute("property"),w=n.getAttribute("content"),E=n.getAttribute("itemProp"),"author"===d?c=w:c||"parsely-author"!==d?c||"byl"!=d?"article:author"===f?y.push(w):"og:title"===f?m=w:"og:site_name"===f?p=function(e){e=e.toLowerCase().split(" ");for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++)e[t]=e[t].charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e[t].slice(1);return e.join(" ")}(w):p||"name"!=E?"article:published_time"===f||"article:published"===f?h=e(h=w):h||"pubdate"!==d?h||"parsely-pub-date"!==d||(h=e(h=w)):h=function(e){return"0"===(e=e.substring(6,8)+" "+t[Number(e.substring(4,6)-1)]+" "+e.substring(0,4))[0]&&(e=e.substring(1,e.legnth)),e}(h=w):p=w:"By "===(c=w).substring(0,3)&&(c=c.substring(3,c.length)):c=w}),c||(c=y.join(" en ")),m||(m=document.title),i+="|titel="+m+"|toegangsdatum="+n,p&&(i+="|werk=[["+p+"]]"),c&&(i+="|outeur="+c),h&&(i+="|datum="+h),i+="}}"}alert(i)}(); </syntaxhighlight> === Selekteer van teks is afgeskakel === Om teks te selekteer op 'n webwerf wat seleksie afskakel, maak 'n boekmerk met die volgende bronteks as teiken-URL en klik op die boekmerk wanneer jy op geaffekteerde bladsye is: <syntaxhighlight lang="js"> javascript:(function() { 'use strict'; let style = document.createElement('style'); style.innerHTML = '*{ user-select: auto !important; -webkit-user-select: auto !important;}'; document.body.appendChild(style); })(); </syntaxhighlight> === Kopieer van teks is afgeskakel === Om teks te kopieer op 'n webwerf wat die kopieer van teks afgeskakel het, kan die volgende stappe geneem word om die beperking te omseil. ==== ''Maroela Media'' ==== # Installeer [[:en:uBlock Origin|uBlock Origin]] indien dit nog nie geïnstalleer is nie. ## Gaan na die uBlock Origin-paneelbord ## Klik op die oortjie "My filters" ## Plaas <code><nowiki>https://maroelamedia.co.za/wp-content/themes/bones-maroelamedia/library/js/scripts.js?*</nowiki></code> in die groot boks ## Klik op "Apply changes" # Laai die bladsy op ''Maroela Media'' ('n harde verfris is dalk nodig om enige JavaScript in die cache uit te wis: CTRL + Shift + R op Linux) # Maak 'n boekmerk met die volgende inhoud: <source lang=js> javascript:(function() { 'use strict'; let style = document.createElement('style'); style.innerHTML = '*{ user-select: auto !important; -webkit-user-select: auto !important;}'; document.body.appendChild(style); })(); </source> Wanneer jy op ''Maroela Media'' verkeer en jy teks wil kopieer, klik eenvoudig op bogenoemde boekmerk en kopieer dan jou teks. ==== ''Netwerk24'' ==== # Installeer [[:en:uBlock Origin|uBlock Origin]] indien dit nog nie geïnstalleer is nie. ## Gaan na die uBlock Origin-paneelbord ## Klik op die oortjie "My filters" ## Plaas <br><code><nowiki>https://www.netwerk24.com/Scripts/article-restriction.min.js</nowiki><br><nowiki>https://www.netwerk24.com/Huisgenoot/Scripts/modules/articlerestriction.min.js</nowiki></code><br> in die groot boks ## Klik op "Apply changes" # Laai die bladsy op ''Netwerk24'' ==== ''Rooi Rose'' ==== # Maak 'n boekmerk met die volgende URL indien jy nog nie het nie: <code><nowiki>javascript:document.oncopy = null;</nowiki></code> # Laai die bladsy op ''Rooi Rose'' # Klik op die boekmerk === ''Sarie'' === # Installeer [[:en:uBlock Origin|uBlock Origin]] indien dit nog nie geïnstalleer is nie. ## Gaan na die uBlock Origin-paneelbord ## Klik op die oortjie "My filters" ## Plaas <code><nowiki>https://www.netwerk24.com/SARIE/Scripts/modules/articlerestriction.min.js?v=30</nowiki></code> in die groot boks ## Klik op "Apply changes" # Laai die bladsy op ''Sarie'' === [[Gebruiker:K175/Ruim skakels op|Ruim skakels op]] === {{/Ruim skakels op}} == Lekker musiek om na te luister terwyl jy wysig == === Afrikaans === * {{YouTube|aEiC2Cg4iAw|Skemer & Geraas}} deur [[Die Tuindwergies]] === Bach === * {{YouTube|BOZEj8wyj-I|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 1 in F-majeur}}, [[BWV 1046]] * {{YouTube|3HSRIDtwsfM|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 2 in F-majeur}}, [[BWV 1047]] * {{YouTube|QLj_gMBqHX8|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 3 in G-majeur}}, [[BWV 1048]] * {{YouTube|G6hQvvhqfJo|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 4 in G-majeur}}, [[BWV 1049]] * {{YouTube|_V7oujd9djk|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 5 in D-majeur}}, [[BWV 1050]] * {{YouTube|CexJQ8VWJfY|Brandenburg-concerto nr. 6 in B-mol-majeur}}, [[BWV 1051]] === Haydn === * {{YouTube|JGBZIfaxfrM|Tjelloconcerto nr. 1 in C-majeur}}, [[Hob. VIIb:1]] * {{YouTube|a1ls_NdAEVg|Trompetconcerto in E-mol-majeur}}, [[Hob. VIIe:1]] * {{YouTube|Etb1DfG-w1M|Orrelconcerto in C-majeur}}, [[Hob. VIIIc:1]] === Mozart === * {{YouTube|Ng2uubWSETU|Klavierconcerto nr. 5 in D-majeur}}, [[K. 175]] * {{YouTube|PYOPQuhdoQM|Fagotconcerto in B-mol-majeur}}, [[K. 191]] * {{YouTube|AI-sCX_cLWQ|Vioolconcerto nr. 1 in B-mol-majeur}}, [[K. 207]] * {{YouTube|ETXPKHPPov8|Vioolconcerto nr. 5 in A-majeur}}, [[K. 219]] * {{YouTube|nheif2BuFz0|Concerto vir fluit en harp in C-majeur}}, [[K. 299]] * {{YouTube|1syDCEn_XOw|Fluitconcerto nr. 1 in G-majeur}}, [[K. 313]] * {{YouTube|eDrVtXPpuRI|Hoboconcerto in C-majeur}}, [[K. 314]] * {{YouTube|YT_63UntRJE|Klarinetconcerto in A-majeur}}, [[K. 622]] == Persoonlike biblioteek == * {{cite book |last=Human |first=Koos |authorlink=Koos Human |title=[[Die A tot Z van klassieke musiek]] |date=1 Junie 2005 |publisher=Human & Rousseau |language=Afrikaans |isbn=978-0-7981-4513-8}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Human |first=Koos |title=[[Die A tot Z van klassieke musiek]] |date=1 Junie 2005 |publisher=Human & Rousseau |language=Afrikaans |isbn=978-0-7981-4513-8}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=[[Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls]], negende, verbeterde en omvattend herbewerkte uitgawe |date=2002 |publisher=Pharos Woordeboeke |language=Afrikaans |isbn=1868900347}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=[[Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls]], negende, verbeterde en omvattend herbewerkte uitgawe |date=2002 |publisher=Pharos Woordeboeke |language=Afrikaans |isbn=1868900347}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Rudin |first=Walter |title=Principles of Mathematical Analysis: Third Edition |date=1976 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co. |language=Engels |isbn=0-07-085613-3}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Rudin |first=Walter |title=Principles of Mathematical Analysis: Third Edition |date=1976 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co. |language=Engels |isbn=0-07-085613-3}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=Formulae and Tables for Examinations of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries |date=2002 |publisher=The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries |language=Engels |isbn=0-901066-57-5}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Formulae and Tables for Examinations of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries |date=2002 |publisher=The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries |language=Engels |isbn=0-901066-57-5}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Van der Merwe |first=H.J.J.M. |authorlink=H.J.J.M. van der Merwe |title=Die Korrekte Woord |date=1973 |publisher=J. L. van Schaik, Beperk |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Van der Merwe |first=H.J.J.M. |authorlink=H.J.J.M. van der Merwe |title=Die Korrekte Woord |date=1973 |publisher=J. L. van Schaik, Beperk |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |authors=C. M. David, Mary R. Hardy, Howard R. Waters |title=Actuarial Mathematics for Life Contingent Risks: Second Edition |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-107-04407-4}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |authors=C. M. David, Mary R. Hardy, Howard R. Waters |title=Actuarial Mathematics for Life Contingent Risks: Second Edition |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-107-04407-4}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Savitch |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Savitch |title=Absolute Java, 4th Edition |date=2010 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |language=Engels |isbn=9780131365896}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Savitch |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Savitch |title=Absolute Java, 4th Edition |date=2010 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |language=Engels |isbn=9780131365896}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Sassen |first=Ferdinand |authorlink=Ferdinand Sassen |title=Geschiedenis van de nieuwere wijsbegeerte tot kant, 2de herziene druk |date=1946 |publisher=Uitgeversmij. N.V. Standaard-Boekhandel |language=Nederlands |isbn=}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Sassen |first=Ferdinand |authorlink=Ferdinand Sassen |title=Geschiedenis van de Nieuwere Wijsbegeerte tot Kant: 2de Herziene Druk |date=1946 |publisher=Uitgeversmij. N.V. Standaard-Boekhandel |language=Nederlands |isbn=}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Muller |first=C.F.J. |title=Vyfhonderd Jaar Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis |date=1968 |publisher=Academica |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Muller |first=C.F.J. |title=Vyfhonderd Jaar Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis |date=1968 |publisher=Academica |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |authors=D. B. Bosman, I. W. van der Merwe |title=Tweetalige Skoolwoordeboek |date=1944 |publisher=Nasionale Pers, Beperk |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |authors=D. B. Bosman, I. W. van der Merwe |title=Tweetalige Skoolwoordeboek |date=1944 |publisher=Nasionale Pers, Beperk |language=Afrikaans |isbn=}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Pension Challenge: Risk Transfers and Retirement Income Security |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=Engels |isbn=0-19-9266913}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Pension Challenge: Risk Transfers and Retirement Income Security |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=Engels |isbn=0-19-9266913}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=Discount Rates in Financial Reporting: A Practical Guide |date=2013 |publisher=International Actuarial Association |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-9813968-3-5}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Discount Rates in Financial Reporting: A Practical Guide |date=2013 |publisher=International Actuarial Association |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-9813968-3-5}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Rice |first=John A. |title=Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition |date=2007 |publisher=Duxbury |language=Engels |isbn=0-534-39942-8}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Rice |first=John A. |title=Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition |date=2007 |publisher=Duxbury |language=Engels |isbn=0-534-39942-8}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |authors=Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne |title=Algorithms, Fourth Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-321-57351-3}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |authors=Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne |title=Algorithms, Fourth Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-321-57351-3}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |authors=Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey, Warwick Tarboton, Peter Ryan |title=Birds of Southern Africa, Fourth Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Struik Nature |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-77007-927-4}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |authors=Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey, Warwick Tarboton, Peter Ryan |title=Birds of Southern Africa, Fourth Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Struik Nature |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-77007-927-4}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last= |first= |title=[[Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]], 6de uitgawe |date=2015 |publisher=Pearson |language=Afrikaans |isbn=978-1-77025-700-9}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=[[Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]], 6de uitgawe |date=2015 |publisher=Pearson |language=Afrikaans |isbn=978-1-77025-700-9}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Dummit |first=David |title=Abstract Algebra, Third Edition |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-471-43334-7}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Dummit |first=David |title=Abstract Algebra, Third Edition |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-471-43334-7}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Artin |first=Michael |title=Algebra, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Prentice Hall |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-13-241377-0}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Artin |first=Michael |title=Algebra, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Prentice Hall |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-13-241377-0}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last1=Hockey |first1=PAR |last2=Dean |first2=WRJ |last3=Ryan |first3=PG |title=Roberts - Birds of Southern Africa VIIth ed. |date=2005 |publisher=The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-620-34053-3|place=Kaapstad}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last1=Hockey |first1=PAR |last2=Dean |first2=WRJ |last3=Ryan |first3=PG |title=Roberts - Birds of Southern Africa VIIth ed. |date=2005 |publisher=The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund |language=Engels |isbn=978-0-620-34053-3|place=Kaapstad}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book |last=Karwin |first=Bill |title=SQL Antipatterns: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Database Programming |date=2010 |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-934356-55-5}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last=Karwin |first=Bill |title=SQL Antipatterns: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Database Programming |date=2010 |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |language=Engels |isbn=978-1-934356-55-5}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite book|titel=Geslacht-Register der oude Kaapsche familiën|outeur=[[Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers]]|uitgewer=Kaapstad: Van de Sandt De Villiers & Co., Beperkt, Drukkers|datum=1894}} ** <code><nowiki>{{cite book|titel=Geslacht-Register der oude Kaapsche familiën|outeur=[[Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers]]|uitgewer=Kaapstad: Van de Sandt De Villiers & Co., Beperkt, Drukkers|datum=1894}}</nowiki></code> <!-- * {{cite book |last= |first= |title= |date= |publisher= |language= |isbn=}} ** <code><nowiki></nowiki></code> --> [[en:User:K175]] oqahmfg0ezh4n9kgjusv8j046xr7ysp 0 126139 2517240 2447989 2022-08-03T15:11:59Z Aliwal2012 39067 rooi saadjie wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Uk parishes.png|duimnael|'n Kaart wat gemeenskappe in Wallis en burgerlike parogieë in Engeland wys]] 'n '''Community''' ([[Wallies]]: ''cymuned'') of gemeenskap is die laagste vlak van plaaslike regering in [[Wallis]]. Administratiewe gemeenskappe in Wallis staan gelyk aan ''[[civil parish]]es'' of burgerlike (nie-kerklike) parogieë in [[Engeland]]. Tot so onlangs as 1974 was Wallis nog onderverdeel in ''civil parishes''. Hierdie administratiewe eenhede is afgeskaf volgens seksie 20 (6) van die Wet oor Plaaslike Regering van 1972 (''Local Government Act 1972'') en vervang met ''communities'', volgens seksie 27 van dié wet. Anders as in Engeland, waar gebiede buite burgerlike parogieë geleë kan wees, word Wallis in sy geheel in ''communities'' onderverdeel, insluitende stedelike gebiede. Die meeste ''communities'' word deur gemeenskapsrade (''community councils'') bestuur wat ten opsigte van hul bevoegdhede en administratiewe praktyke met Engelse parogierade vergelyk kan word. Walliese gemeenskapsrade mag hulself eensydig tot dorpsrade (''town councils'') verklaar, terwyl die Kroon stadstatus aan hulle mag verleen. Derhalwe is alle dorpsrade in Wallis gemeenskapsrade. Tans is daar meer as 730 gemeenskaps- en dorpsrade in Wallis met bevolkings wat wissel van minder as 200 tot meer as 45&nbsp;000,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/communitytowncouncils/?lang=en |title=''Llywodraeth Cymru {{!}} Welsh Government: Local government - Community and Town Council. Besoek op 6 Oktober 2017'' |access-date= 6 Oktober 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181025/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/communitytowncouncils/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> terwyl drie gemeenskappe stadstatus het: Bangor, St Asaph en St Davids. Die voorsitter van 'n dorps- of stadsraad dra gewoonlik die titel van [[burgemeester]] of ''mayor'' (Wallies: ''maer''). Nie alle gemeenskappe word noodwendig deur 'n raad bestuur nie. Gemeenskappe met betreklik klein bevolkings mag gemeenskaps-byeenkomste reël vir administratiewe doeleindes. Daar is ook geen rade in die gemeenskappe van Wallis se drie grootste stedelike nedersettings [[Cardiff]], [[Swansea]] en [[Newport, Wallis|Newport]] nie. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} [[Kategorie:Wallis]] 9qqbo8xcrv8lgey3kdxj1fwysot991e 0 130194 2517385 2432517 2022-08-04T10:02:49Z JMK 649 hofies wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; font-size: 90%; clear:right;" cellspacing="5" |- !Die lidlande van die BRICS en hulle verteenwoordigers tydens spitsberade. |- |[[Lêer:BRICS.svg|senter|300px|BRICS-lande]] |- |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | {{vlagland|Brasilië}} (Federale Republiek Brasilië)<br />President: [[Jair Bolsonaro]] |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | {{vlagland|Rusland}} (Russiese Federasie)<br />President: [[Wladimir Poetin]]<br />Eerste minister: [[Dmitri Medwedef]] |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | {{vlagland|Indië}} (Republiek Indië)<br />President: [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />Eerste minister: [[Narendra Modi]] |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}<br />President: [[Xi Jinping]]<br />Eerste Minister: [[Li Keqiang]] |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} (Republiek van Suid-Afrika)<br />President: [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] |- style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |} Die '''BRICS''' is 'n [[akroniem]] vir die saamsluiting van vyf ontluikende markte, hulle is [[Brasilië]], [[Rusland]], [[Indië]], die [[Volksrepubliek China]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Oorspronklik is die vier eersgenoemde lande as '''BRIC''' gegroepeer, met die aansluiting van Suid-Afrika in 2010. Al vyf BRICS-lande behoort tot die voorste nuut geïndustrialiseerde lande en is lidlande van die [[Groep van 20]]. ==Samestelling== Die term "BRIC" is oorspronklik deur die Amerikaanse Beleggingsbank- en sekuriteitsverhandelingsmaatskappy Goldman Sachs omtrent einde 2001 vir die groot opkomende markte met 'n jaarlikse ekonomiese groei tussen vyf en tien persent, naamlik Brasilië, Rusland, Indië en die Volksrepubliek China, gebruik.<ref>{{en}} Jim O' Neill (2001). [http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html "Building Better Global Economic BRICs"]. [[Goldman Sachs]]. Besoek op 30 Desember 2017.</ref> Sedert 2009 vergader die vier lande jaarliks vir ekonomiese en politieke ooreenkomste,<ref>{{cite news |title=First summit for emerging giants |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=16 Junie 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8102216.stm |access-date=30 Desember 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907031659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date= 7 September 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> sedert 2010 is Suid-Afrika 'n volle lid van die BRICS.<ref>{{cite web |last=Graceffo |first=Antonio |url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |publisher=Foreign Policy Journal |date=21 Januarie 2011 |access-date=30 Desember 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430082808/https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die BRICS is weens hul groeiende ekonomie, groot bevolkings, groot oppervlaktes en ryk hulpbronne baie belangrik vir die wêreldekonomie. Rusland is met 'n oppervlakte van 17&nbsp;098&nbsp;242&nbsp;km² by verre die grootste land ter wêreld, die Volksrepubliek China is met 'n bevolking van 1&nbsp;403&nbsp;500&nbsp;365 in 2016 die wêreld se mees bevolkte land, gevolg deur Indië se 1&nbsp;324&nbsp;171&nbsp;354 in 2016. Brasilië is volgens oppervlakte sowel bevolking die wêreld se vyfde grootste land. Die vyf BRICS-lande vorm die leidende lande in hul streke: Brasilië in [[Latyns-Amerika|Latyns-]] en [[Suid-Amerika]], Rusland in [[Oos-Europa]] en [[Noord-Asië]], Indië in [[Suid-Asië]], die Volksrepubliek China in [[Oos-Asië]] en Suid-Afrika in [[Afrika]]. ==Doelwitte en ekonomiese agtergrond== Die doele van die BRICS-lande sluit in die wedersydse ondersteuning in ekonomiese en politiese kwessies asook die oprigting van eie internasionale instellings vir wedersydse beleggings, soos die Nuwe Ontwikkelingsbank. Sedert die middel-2010's word die ekonomieë van die vyf BRICS-lede deur krisisse en dalende groei gekenmerk. As gevolg van die [[Krim]]-anneksasie deur Rusland is die Russiese ekonomie deur die [[Europese Unie]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] aan sanksies onderwerp. Brasilië en Suid-Afrika moet met wydverspreide [[korrupsie]] en min ekonomiese groei veg. Net die Volksrepubliek China en Indië toon sedert baie jare 'n konstante ekonomiese groei van meer as vyf persent per jaar. == Amerikaanse beleggings == Die Amerikaanse Handelskamer in Ierland (''American Chamber of Commerce in Ireland'') wys daarop dat die kumulatiewe uitvloei van [[regstreekse buitelandse belegging]]s (RBB) van Amerikaanse ondernemings tussen 2008 en 2016 'n voorkeur vir Ierland toon van waar markte in die Europese Unie en elders bedien kan word: {| class="wikitable" |+ RBB in miljard $<ref>American Chamber of Commerce Ireland: ''US-Ireland Business 2019'', bl. 21: Figure 3 - Most Favoured Nation: Ireland vs. the BRICs</ref> ! Land !! RBB |- | {{vlagland|Ierland}} || 326,0 |- | {{vlagland|Brasilië}} || 45,3 |- | {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} || 43,6 |- | {{vlagland|Rusland}} || 2,4 |} == Spitsberade == {| class="wikitable" |- ! No. !! Datum(s) !! Gasland !! Gasheer !! Plek !! Notas |- | 1ste || 16 Junie 2009 || {{vlagland|Rusland}} || [[Dmitri Medwedef]] || [[Jekaterinburg]] || |- | 2de || 15 April 2010 || {{vlagland|Brasilië}} || [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] || [[Brasília]] || <small>Gaste: [[Jacob Zuma]] ([[President van Suid-Afrika]]) en [[Riyad al-Maliki]] ([[Staat Palestina|Palestina]] se Minister van Buitelandse Sake)</small> |- | 3de || 14 April 2011 || {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} || [[Hu Jintao]] || [[Sanya]] || <small>Eerste spitsberaad met Suid-Afrika langs die oorspronklike BRIC-lande.</small> |- | 4de || 29 Maart 2012 || {{vlagland|Indië}} || [[Manmohan Singh]] || [[Nieu-Delhi]] || <small>Die BRICS-kabel kondig 'n [[optiese vesel]] ondersese kommunikasiekabel-stelsel vir telekommunikasie tussen die BRICS-lande aan.</small> |- | 5de || 26–27 Maart 2013 || {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} || [[Jacob Zuma]] || [[Durban]] || |- | 6de || 14–17 Julie 2014 || {{vlagland|Brasilië}} || [[Dilma Rousseff]] || [[Fortaleza]]<ref>{{pt}} {{cite web|url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/|title=A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS|publisher=Post-Western World|date=4 Julie 2013|accessdate=30 Desember 2017}}</ref><br />[[Brasília]] || <small>Ooreenkomste vir die Nuwe Ontwikkelingsbank en die Voorwaardelike Reserweraad onderteken.</small><br /><small>Gaste: Leiers van die [[Unie van Suid-Amerikaanse Nasies]] (UNASUR)</small><ref name=UNASUR>{{cite web |title=Los líderes del BRICS, Unasur, Cuba, México y Costa Rica se citan en Brasilia |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20140715/54411930114/los-lideres-del-brics-unasur-cuba-mexico-y-costa-rica-se-citan-en-brasilia.html |website=LaVanguardia.com |publisher=LaVanguardia |date=15 Julie 2014 |access-date=30 Desember 2017 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130819/https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20140715/54411930114/los-lideres-del-brics-unasur-cuba-mexico-y-costa-rica-se-citan-en-brasilia.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=invitation2>{{cite web |title=BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/brics-summit-pm-modi-leaves-for-brazil-also-to-meet-latin-leaders/story-QtmlC29ywDmvlitUJITJsO.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=13 Julie 2014 |access-date=30 Desember 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/brics-summit-pm-modi-leaves-for-brazil-also-to-meet-latin-leaders/story-QtmlC29ywDmvlitUJITJsO.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- | 7de || 8–9 Julie 2015 || {{vlagland|Rusland}} || [[Wladimir Poetin]] || [[Oefa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |title=Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015 |publisher=UfaCity.info |date=9 Augustus 2012 |access-date=30 Desember 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115124/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> || <small>Gemeenskaplike beraad met SCO-EEU</small> |- | 8ste || 15–16 Oktober 2016 || {{vlagland|Indië}} || [[Narendra Modi]] || [[Benaulim]] || <small>Gemeenskaplike beraad met BIMSTEC</small> |- | 9de || 3–5 September 2017 || {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} || [[Xi Jinping]] || [[Xiamen]] || <small>Gemeenskaplike beraad met EMDCD</small> |- | 10de || 3–5 September 2018 || {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} || [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] || [[Johannesburg]] || |- | 11de || 13-14 November 2019 || {{vlagland|Brasilië}} || [[Jair Bolsonaro]] || [[Brasília]] || |} == Hedendaagse BRICS-leiers == <gallery class="center" widths="150px"> Lêer:Jair Bolsonaro pela EC 77 - Médico Militar no SUS (cropped).jpg|'''{{vlagland|Brasilië}}'''<br />[[Jair Bolsonaro]], President<br /><small>(Hoof van staat en regering)</small> Lêer:Putin with flag of Russia.jpg|'''{{vlagland|Rusland}}'''<br />[[Wladimir Poetin]], President<br /><small>(Staatshoof)</small> Lêer:PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|'''{{vlagland|Indië}}'''<br />[[Narendra Modi]], Eerste minister<br /><small>(Regeringshoof)</small> Lêer:Xi Jinping 2016.jpg|'''{{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}'''<br />[[Xi Jinping]], President<br /><small>(Staatshoof)</small><br />(Sekretaris-generaal'' as de facto'' leier sedert 15 November 2012) Lêer:Cyril Ramaphosa in Tehran.jpg|'''{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}'''<br />[[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[President van Suid-Afrika|President]]<br /><small>(Hoof van staat en regering)</small> </gallery> == Sien ook == * [[Groep van Agt]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|BRICS countries}} [[Kategorie:Buitelandse beleid van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Ekonomie van Brasilië]] [[Kategorie:Ekonomie van Indië]] [[Kategorie:Ekonomie van Rusland]] [[Kategorie:Ekonomie van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Ekonomie van die Volksrepubliek China]] [[Kategorie:Internasionale ekonomiese organisasies]] 0wddcv8jd29qxr80tmif1kv1d2rd24d 3 134499 2517323 1793909 2022-08-04T06:59:46Z LuchoCR 30253 LuchoCR het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:LuisZ9]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:SantanaZ]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/LuisZ9|LuisZ9]]" na "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/SantanaZ|SantanaZ]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="font-size:100%; margin-bottom:0.5em;" | {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="font-size:95%; line-height:125%; background-color:#faf6ed; border:1px solid #faecc8;" |- | colspan="4" style="background-color:#faecc8;" |<big>'''{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | Hallo,&nbsp;gebruiker vanaf [[IP-adres]] {{BASEPAGENAME}} | Hallo&nbsp;{{PAGENAME}}}},''' [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge|hartelik welkom]] op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia!</big> |- | colspan="4" | Dankie vir jou belangstelling in [[Wikipedia]]. Ons werk hier aan die ideaal van ’n gratis en vrylik beskikbare, vrylik bewerkbare, neutrale en volledige ensiklopedie. |- | colspan="4" | Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] bestaan al sedert Desember 2001 en bevat reeds ''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'' artikels. Vanaf die begin van die projek het die gebruikers ’n aantal riglyne en uitgangspunte vir artikelbewerking en onderlinge samewerking opgestel. Nuwelinge kan hieruit voordeel trek. Jy mag dit behulpsaam vind om van die skakels in hierdie raampie te volg en met die projek vertroud te raak voordat jy begin bydra. Indien jou vingers jeuk om te eksperimenteer, kan jy gerus ons [[Wikipedia:Sandput|Sandput]] besoek: dit is juis vir die rede daar. Uiteindelik wil ons dat al ons gebruikers [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vry voel om hulle gang te gaan]], maar dit doen natuurlik geen kwaad om ’n bietjie houvas te kry voor 'n mens in die diep kant in spring nie! Besoek gerus ook ons [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|Geselshoekie]], ons gebruikers staan gereed om hand by te sit, of bloot net hand te skud. |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid|'''Verifieerbaarheid''']]<br />Die eerste van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Konversation.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie}} | [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|'''Geselshoekie''']]<br />Die gewilde bymekaarkomplek |- | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=OrgChem Nomen pictograph.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing|'''Geen oorspronklike navorsing''']]<br/>Die tweede van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Bucket in the sand.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Sandput}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Sandput|'''Sandput''']]<br />Eksperimenteer na hartelus |- | align="right" |{{Klik|Afbeelding=Unbalanced scales.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt}} | [[Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt| '''Neutrale standpunt''']]<br />Die derde van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon tools.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies}} | [[Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies|'''Redigeringsinstruksies''']]<br />Hoe maak ek: teks wat skuinsgedruk is? ’n opskrif? tabelle? |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie}} | [[Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie|'''Wat Wikipedia nie is nie''']]<br />Daar is ook ’n paar dinge wat ons nié hier doen nie | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon - upload photo 2.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beelde}} | [[Wikipedia:Beelde|'''Beelde''']]<br />As jy jou kiekies wil oplaai |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beleefdheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Beleefdheid|'''Beleefdheid''']]<br />Ken jou maniere | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app kedit.svg||Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel}} | [[Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel|'''Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel''']]<br />Soms sê die naam alles {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" {{!}}Jou bydrae word nou geregistreer onder jou IP-adres. Daar is verskeie voordele gebonde aan die skep van ’n rekening - sluit gerus by ons aan!| }} |- | colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" | Hierdie bladsy, wat nou op jou skerm staan, is trouens jou persoonlike besprekingsbladsy. Die plek waar ander Wikipediane jou in die toekoms kan kontak en jy hulle dan kan beantwoord. Elke gebruiker het so ’n bladsy. Jy kan dus ook boodskappe op ander gebruikers se besprekingsbladsye los. Sluit boodskappe en besprekings altyd af met <big><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></big> of deur op die handtekeningknop in die wysigingsvenster te kliek: sodoende word jou boodskap onderteken met jou gebruikersnaam en die datum en tyd waarop die boodskap voltooi is. Kliek dan as laaste op "Stoor bladsy" om enige bewerkings te stoor. |} |} --[[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:KabouterBot|kontak]]) 12:19, 15 Maart 2018 (UTC) hfstami0h7xcxw5ga1lmvrswyebl15a 0 134677 2517431 1655704 2022-08-04T11:46:30Z Rooiratel 90342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Wizard of Earthsea''}} {{Boek | titel = ''A Wizard of Earthsea'' | subtitel = | oorspr titel = | vertaler = | beeld = | outeur = [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] | omslagontwerp = Ruth Robbins | land = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | taal = [[Engels]] | reeks = ''Earthsea'' | onderwerp = | genre = Fantasie, Bildungsroman | uitgewer = Parnassus Press | uitgewingsdatum = 1968 | medium = Druk (gebind & sagteband) | bladsye = 205 (eerste uitgawe) | grootte_gewig = | oplage = | isbn = 9780547773742 | isbntoeligting = | issn = | voorafgegaan = The Rule of Names | vervolg = The Tombs of Atuan }} '''''A Wizard of Earthsea''''' is 'n fantasieroman deur die skrywer [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] wat die eerste keer in 1968 gepubliseer is. Dit word wyd erken as 'n klassieke voorbeeld van fantasie en kinderliteratuur. Die storie speel af in die fiktiewe [[argipel]] van Earthsea, en vertel die storie van 'n jong [[Towerkuns|towenaar]] by die naam van Ged, wat gebore is op die eiland van Gont. Terwyl Ged nog 'n seun is, sluit hy aan by 'n skool van toordery, en dryf sy kompeterende geaardheid hom tot konflik met een van sy medestudente; waartydens hy in 'n tweestryd 'n skadu-kreatuur loslaat, waarvan hy deur die res van die roman probeer ontsnap. Hierdie roman word dikwels as 'n ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' beskryf. Verder kommunikeer die roman temas wat vanuit die [[Taoïsme]] geleen is, naamlik dat die balans van Earthsea se wêreld gehandhaaf word deur die idee dat [[Taal|tale]] en name die krag het om materiële dinge te kontroleer. ''A Wizard of Earthsea'' word opgevolg deur vyf ander boeke wat gesamentlik deel uitmaak van die Earthsea-sekwens of -reeks, naamlik ''[[The Tombs of Atuan]]'' ([[1970]]), ''[[The Farthest Shore]]'' ([[1972]]), ''[[Tehanu]]'' ([[1990]]), ''[[Tales from Earthsea]]'' ([[2001]]) en ''[[The Other Wind]]'' ([[2001]]). {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Engelse romans]] d5dsojqxpq4pbfmcgpcarvxsnwp09pd 0 200627 2517312 1812300 2022-08-04T05:04:48Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Koninkryk Masedonië]] r6lwskae2htzmel5b48w7a64535sj8s 1 200628 2517314 1812302 2022-08-04T05:05:08Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Bespreking:Koninkryk Masedonië]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Bespreking:Koninkryk Masedonië]] qv78k3qibxyipomibvj2lsnluya6ep2 0 217576 2517208 2517197 2022-08-03T12:06:04Z Odriskelmac11 115344 sukkel met die Afrikaans vir "body piercings" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Gillian Anderson | Beeld = Gillian Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = Gillian Leigh Anderson | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1968|8|9}} | Geboorteplek = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Verenigde State]] | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaans]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = 3<!-- Please do not add names to infobox, see WP:PRIVACY --> | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Aktrise en vervaardiger | Aktiewe jare = 1986–nou | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0000096 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Gillian Anderson''' (gebore 9 Augustus 1968) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] aktrise en vervaardiger. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprent ''The Last King of Scotland'' (2006) en in die televisiereekse ''The X-Files'' (1993) en ''The Fall'' (2013). == Biografie == Kort ná Anderson se geboorte het die gesin vir 15 maande na [[Puerto Rico]] verhuis en daarna na Londen. Nege jaar later het die Anderson-gesin teruggetrek na die Verenigde State. Anderson was 'n rebelse tiener wat op die punktoneel was, "body piercings" gedra het en haar hare in 'n verskeidenheid kleure gekleur het. Eenkeer is sy gearresteer omdat sy by haar hoërskool ingebreek het. Die ontdekking van teater was 'n keerpunt in haar lewe. Sy het oudisies vir amateurteater in haar tuisdorp (Grand Rapids, [[Michigan]]) afgelê en talentvol voorgekom. Toe sy haar roeping vind, het haar skoolprestasie aansienlik verbeter. Nadat hy in 1986 gegradueer het, het Anderson vier jaar lank die dramaskool by De Paul Universiteit in [[Chicago]] bygewoon. Sy het toe na [[New York]] verhuis om 'n loopbaan te begin. Sy het 'n rol gespeel in die [[Broadway (teater)|Broadway]]-stuk ''Absent Friends (1991)'', waarvoor sy 'n teatertoekenning ontvang het en 'n jaar later speel sy in ''The Philanthropist (1992)''. Daarbenewens het sy bygedra tot 'n lae-begroting film getiteld ''The Turning (1992)''. Sy het toe na Los Angeles verhuis om 'n loopbaan in film te volg. In [[Los Angeles]] was dit moeilik om werk te kry en Anderson het verskeie oudisies deurgemaak wat op niks uitgeloop het nie. Sy het 'n gasrol in die reeks ''Class of 96'' gehad, wat van korte duur was weens 'n gebrek aan sukses. Haar groot deurbraak het gekom met die rol van die FBI-agent Dana Scully in die televisiereeks ''The X-Files (1993-2002)''. Hierdie wetenskapfiksiereeks het aanvanklik 'n kultusaanhang gehad, maar het later gewild geraak by 'n wye, internasionale gehoor. Anderson het talle benoemings ontvang vir haar rol in ''The X-Files'', insluitend Screen Actors Guild Awards, 'n [[Emmy]] en 'n [[Golden Globe]]. == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 1998: ''The X Files'' * 1998: ''Playing by Heart'' * 2000: ''The House of Mirth'' * 2005: ''The Mighty Celt'' * 2006: ''The Last King of Scotland'' * 2007: ''Closure'' * 2008: ''The X Files: I Want to Believe'' * 2009: ''Boogie Woogie'' * 2012: ''Shadow Dancer'' * 2012: ''Sister'' * 2013: ''I'll Follow You Down'' * 2014: ''Robot Overlords'' * 2014: ''National Theatre Live: A Streetcar Named Desire'' * 2015: ''The Widowmaker'' * 2016: ''Sold'' * 2016: ''Heroes Manufactured'' * 2017: ''Viceroy's House'' * 2018: ''UFO'' * 2019: ''The Sunlit Night'' === Televisiereekse === * 1993: ''The X-Files'' * 1996: ''Future Fantastic'' * 1998: ''The Magic Hour'' * 2002: ''V Graham Norton'' * 2013: ''The Fall'' * 2013: ''Hannibal'' * 2014: ''Ronja, the Robber's Daughter'' * 2017: ''American Gods'' * 2019: ''Sex Education'' === Televisierolprente === * 1996: ''Why Planes Go Down'' * 1996: ''Spies Above'' * 1999: ''Hollywood Salutes Jodie Foster: An American Cinematheque Tribute'' * 2000: ''The Ultimate Auction'' * 2003: ''Diva Graham Norton'' * 2005: ''3rd Irish Film and Television Awards'' * 2012: ''Room on the Broom'' === Video's === * 1997: ''Hal: Extremis'' * 1998: ''The Making of 'The X Files: Fight the Future''' * 1998: ''The X Files - Fight the Future: Blooper Reel'' * 1999: ''The Cigarette Smoking Man Revealed'' * 1999: ''The Making of 'The Mighty''' * 2004: ''The X Files: The Making of 'The Truth''' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 1'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 3'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 4'' * 2008: ''The X-Files: I Want to Believe - Gag Reel'' * 2008: ''Undercover Footage Shows Rabbits Screaming During Slaughter'' * 2015: ''Hannibal: Season Three - Getting the Old Scent Again: Re-imagining Red Dragon'' * 2016: ''43:45 - The Makings of a Struggle'' * 2016: ''Season X'' * 2017: ''Behind the Scenes of 'Viceroy's House''' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0000096|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Twitter|GillianA|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Facebook|GillianAnderson|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Instagram|gilliana|Gillian Anderson}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Gillian}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1968]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 20ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]] m32pc3zbjj40d77hxqft6jftmpgz52z 2517211 2517208 2022-08-03T12:51:55Z Aliwal2012 39067 taalversorging wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Gillian Anderson | Beeld = Gillian Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = Gillian Leigh Anderson | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1968|8|9}} | Geboorteplek = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Verenigde State]] | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaner]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = 3 | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Aktrise en vervaardiger | Aktiewe jare = 1986–nou | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0000096 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Gillian Anderson''' (gebore 9 Augustus 1968) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] aktrise en vervaardiger. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprent ''The Last King of Scotland'' (2006) en in die televisiereekse ''The X-Files'' (1993) en ''The Fall'' (2013). == Biografie == Kort ná Anderson se geboorte het die gesin vir 15 maande na [[Puerto Rico]] verhuis en daarna na Londen. Nege jaar later het die Anderson-gesin teruggetrek na die Verenigde State. Anderson was 'n rebelse tiener wat op die punktoneel was, "body piercings" (lyfkuns) gedra het en haar hare in 'n verskeidenheid kleure gekleur het. Sy is eenkeer gearresteer omdat sy by haar hoërskool ingebreek het. Haar ontdekking van teater was 'n keerpunt in haar lewe. Sy het oudisies vir amateurteater in haar tuisdorp (Grand Rapids, [[Michigan]]) afgelê en talentvol voorgekom. Toe sy haar roeping vind, het haar skoolprestasie aansienlik verbeter. Nadat hy in 1986 gematrikuleer het, het Anderson vier jaar lank by die dramaskool van De Paul Universiteit in [[Chicago]] studeer. Sy het toe na [[New York]] verhuis om 'n loopbaan te begin. Sy het 'n rol gespeel in die [[Broadway (teater)|Broadway]]-stuk ''Absent Friends (1991)'', waarvoor sy 'n teatertoekenning ontvang het en 'n jaar later speel sy in ''The Philanthropist (1992)''. Daarbenewens het sy bygedra tot 'n lae-begroting film getiteld ''The Turning (1992)''. Sy het toe na Los Angeles verhuis om 'n rolprentloopbaan te volg. Anderson het dit moeilik gevind om in [[Los Angeles]] werk te kry en sy het verskeie oudisies deurgemaak wat op niks uitgeloop het nie. Sy het 'n gasrol in die reeks ''Class of 96'' gekry, wat van korte duur was weens 'n gebrek aan sukses. Haar groot deurbraak het gekom met die rol van die FBI-agent Dana Scully in die televisiereeks ''The X-Files (1993-2002)''. Hierdie [[Wetenskapsfiksie|wetenskapfiksiereeks]] het aanvanklik 'n kultusaanhang gehad, maar het later ook gewild geraak by 'n wye, internasionale gehoor. Anderson het talle benoemings ontvang vir haar rol in ''The X-Files'', insluitend "Screen Actors Guild Awards", 'n [[Emmy]] en 'n [[Golden Globe]]. == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 1998: ''The X Files'' * 1998: ''Playing by Heart'' * 2000: ''The House of Mirth'' * 2005: ''The Mighty Celt'' * 2006: ''The Last King of Scotland'' * 2007: ''Closure'' * 2008: ''The X Files: I Want to Believe'' * 2009: ''Boogie Woogie'' * 2012: ''Shadow Dancer'' * 2012: ''Sister'' * 2013: ''I'll Follow You Down'' * 2014: ''Robot Overlords'' * 2014: ''National Theatre Live: A Streetcar Named Desire'' * 2015: ''The Widowmaker'' * 2016: ''Sold'' * 2016: ''Heroes Manufactured'' * 2017: ''Viceroy's House'' * 2018: ''UFO'' * 2019: ''The Sunlit Night'' === Televisiereekse === * 1993: ''The X-Files'' * 1996: ''Future Fantastic'' * 1998: ''The Magic Hour'' * 2002: ''V Graham Norton'' * 2013: ''The Fall'' * 2013: ''Hannibal'' * 2014: ''Ronja, the Robber's Daughter'' * 2017: ''American Gods'' * 2019: ''Sex Education'' === Televisierolprente === * 1996: ''Why Planes Go Down'' * 1996: ''Spies Above'' * 1999: ''Hollywood Salutes Jodie Foster: An American Cinematheque Tribute'' * 2000: ''The Ultimate Auction'' * 2003: ''Diva Graham Norton'' * 2005: ''3rd Irish Film and Television Awards'' * 2012: ''Room on the Broom'' === Video's === * 1997: ''Hal: Extremis'' * 1998: ''The Making of 'The X Files: Fight the Future' '' * 1998: ''The X Files - Fight the Future: Blooper Reel'' * 1999: ''The Cigarette Smoking Man Revealed'' * 1999: ''The Making of 'The Mighty' '' * 2004: ''The X Files: The Making of 'The Truth' '' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 1'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 3'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 4'' * 2008: ''The X-Files: I Want to Believe - Gag Reel'' * 2008: ''Undercover Footage Shows Rabbits Screaming During Slaughter'' * 2015: ''Hannibal: Season Three - Getting the Old Scent Again: Re-imagining Red Dragon'' * 2016: ''43:45 - The Makings of a Struggle'' * 2016: ''Season X'' * 2017: ''Behind the Scenes of 'Viceroy's House''' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0000096|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Twitter|GillianA|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Facebook|GillianAnderson|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Instagram|gilliana|Gillian Anderson}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Gillian}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1968]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 20ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]] 8bto09qtgi0mkt7nh7g1ljisicm63on 2517294 2517211 2022-08-03T20:56:48Z 196.250.216.41 /* Televisiereekse */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Gillian Anderson | Beeld = Gillian Anderson Berlinale 2017.jpg | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = Gillian Leigh Anderson | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1968|8|9}} | Geboorteplek = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Verenigde State]] | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaner]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = 3 | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Aktrise en vervaardiger | Aktiewe jare = 1986–nou | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0000096 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Gillian Anderson''' (gebore 9 Augustus 1968) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] aktrise en vervaardiger. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprent ''The Last King of Scotland'' (2006) en in die televisiereekse ''The X-Files'' (1993) en ''The Fall'' (2013). == Biografie == Kort ná Anderson se geboorte het die gesin vir 15 maande na [[Puerto Rico]] verhuis en daarna na Londen. Nege jaar later het die Anderson-gesin teruggetrek na die Verenigde State. Anderson was 'n rebelse tiener wat op die punktoneel was, "body piercings" (lyfkuns) gedra het en haar hare in 'n verskeidenheid kleure gekleur het. Sy is eenkeer gearresteer omdat sy by haar hoërskool ingebreek het. Haar ontdekking van teater was 'n keerpunt in haar lewe. Sy het oudisies vir amateurteater in haar tuisdorp (Grand Rapids, [[Michigan]]) afgelê en talentvol voorgekom. Toe sy haar roeping vind, het haar skoolprestasie aansienlik verbeter. Nadat hy in 1986 gematrikuleer het, het Anderson vier jaar lank by die dramaskool van De Paul Universiteit in [[Chicago]] studeer. Sy het toe na [[New York]] verhuis om 'n loopbaan te begin. Sy het 'n rol gespeel in die [[Broadway (teater)|Broadway]]-stuk ''Absent Friends (1991)'', waarvoor sy 'n teatertoekenning ontvang het en 'n jaar later speel sy in ''The Philanthropist (1992)''. Daarbenewens het sy bygedra tot 'n lae-begroting film getiteld ''The Turning (1992)''. Sy het toe na Los Angeles verhuis om 'n rolprentloopbaan te volg. Anderson het dit moeilik gevind om in [[Los Angeles]] werk te kry en sy het verskeie oudisies deurgemaak wat op niks uitgeloop het nie. Sy het 'n gasrol in die reeks ''Class of 96'' gekry, wat van korte duur was weens 'n gebrek aan sukses. Haar groot deurbraak het gekom met die rol van die FBI-agent Dana Scully in die televisiereeks ''The X-Files (1993-2002)''. Hierdie [[Wetenskapsfiksie|wetenskapfiksiereeks]] het aanvanklik 'n kultusaanhang gehad, maar het later ook gewild geraak by 'n wye, internasionale gehoor. Anderson het talle benoemings ontvang vir haar rol in ''The X-Files'', insluitend "Screen Actors Guild Awards", 'n [[Emmy]] en 'n [[Golden Globe]]. == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 1998: ''The X Files'' * 1998: ''Playing by Heart'' * 2000: ''The House of Mirth'' * 2005: ''The Mighty Celt'' * 2006: ''The Last King of Scotland'' * 2007: ''Closure'' * 2008: ''The X Files: I Want to Believe'' * 2009: ''Boogie Woogie'' * 2012: ''Shadow Dancer'' * 2012: ''Sister'' * 2013: ''I'll Follow You Down'' * 2014: ''Robot Overlords'' * 2014: ''National Theatre Live: A Streetcar Named Desire'' * 2015: ''The Widowmaker'' * 2016: ''Sold'' * 2016: ''Heroes Manufactured'' * 2017: ''Viceroy's House'' * 2018: ''UFO'' * 2019: ''The Sunlit Night'' === Televisiereekse === * 1993: ''The X-Files'' * 1996: ''Future Fantastic'' * 1998: ''The Magic Hour'' * 2002: ''V Graham Norton'' * 2013: ''The Fall'' * 2013: ''[[Hannibal (TV-reeks)|Hannibal]]'' * 2014: ''Ronja, the Robber's Daughter'' * 2017: ''American Gods'' * 2019: ''Sex Education'' === Televisierolprente === * 1996: ''Why Planes Go Down'' * 1996: ''Spies Above'' * 1999: ''Hollywood Salutes Jodie Foster: An American Cinematheque Tribute'' * 2000: ''The Ultimate Auction'' * 2003: ''Diva Graham Norton'' * 2005: ''3rd Irish Film and Television Awards'' * 2012: ''Room on the Broom'' === Video's === * 1997: ''Hal: Extremis'' * 1998: ''The Making of 'The X Files: Fight the Future' '' * 1998: ''The X Files - Fight the Future: Blooper Reel'' * 1999: ''The Cigarette Smoking Man Revealed'' * 1999: ''The Making of 'The Mighty' '' * 2004: ''The X Files: The Making of 'The Truth' '' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 1'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 3'' * 2005: ''Threads of Mythology, Part 4'' * 2008: ''The X-Files: I Want to Believe - Gag Reel'' * 2008: ''Undercover Footage Shows Rabbits Screaming During Slaughter'' * 2015: ''Hannibal: Season Three - Getting the Old Scent Again: Re-imagining Red Dragon'' * 2016: ''43:45 - The Makings of a Struggle'' * 2016: ''Season X'' * 2017: ''Behind the Scenes of 'Viceroy's House''' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0000096|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Twitter|GillianA|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Facebook|GillianAnderson|Gillian Anderson}} * {{Instagram|gilliana|Gillian Anderson}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Gillian}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1968]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 20ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]] fh0y8psovxwyj7m8xh6ecym4ccdq2qm 0 226281 2517432 2481951 2022-08-04T11:48:24Z Rooiratel 90342 Beeld bygevoeg wikitext text/x-wiki {{Weesbladsy}} {{Geen bronnelys}} {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Sara Paxton | Beeld = Sara Paxton 2012.png | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = Sara Paxton in 2012 | Geboortenaam = | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1988|4|25}} | Geboorteplek = | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaans]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Aktrise en skryfster | Aktiewe jare = 1996–nou | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0668139 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Sara Paxton''' (gebore 25 April 1988) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] aktrise en skryfster. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprente ''Aquamarine'' (2006), ''The Last House on the Left'' (2009), en ''The Innkeepers'' (2011). == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2006: ''Aquamarine'' * 2007: ''Sydney White'' * 2008: ''Superhero Movie'' * 2009: ''The Last House on the Left'' * 2011: ''The Innkeepers'' * 2011: ''Enter Nowhere'' * 2011: ''Shark Night 3D'' * 2012: ''Static'' * 2013: ''Liars All'' * 2013: ''Love & Air Sex'' * 2013: ''Cheap Thrills'' * 2014: ''Boys of Abu Ghraib'' * 2014: ''All Relative'' * 2016: ''Happily Ever After'' === Televisiereekse === * 1996: ''Small Talk'' * 2002: ''Greetings from Tucson'' * 2004: ''Darcy's Wild Life'' * 2005: ''Skater Boys'' * 2009: ''The Beautiful Life: TBL'' === Televisierolprente === * 2002: ''Generation Gap'' * 2004: ''Mr. Ed'' * 2006: ''Return to Halloweentown'' * 2006: ''Saving a Species: Sharks at Risk'' * 2007: ''The Party Never Stops: Diary of a Binge Drinker'' * 2012: ''Blue-Eyed Butcher'' * 2013: ''Lovestruck: The Musical'' * 2014: ''Mi$Match'' === Video's === * 1997: ''You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's Christmas Party'' * 2004: ''A Guide to the Perfect Sleepover: Making-of Featurette'' * 2004: ''Ready, Set, Action!: Sleepover Featurette'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Confessions'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Behind-the-Scenes Photo Gallery'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Gag Reel'' * 2012: ''The Carlton Dance'' * 2012: ''The Innkeepers: Behind the Scenes'' * 2013: ''Lovestruck: The Musical - Dance Featurette'' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0668139|Sara Paxton}} * {{Twitter|Sara_Paxton|Sara Paxton}} * {{Instagram|sara_paxton|Sara Paxton}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paxton, Sara}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1988]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 20ste eeu]] 1dduv38n6hhr7uzvjn2ix9y0z434juz 2517434 2517432 2022-08-04T11:58:01Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nie meer wees nie wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Sara Paxton | Beeld = Sara Paxton 2012.png | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = Sara Paxton in 2012 | Geboortenaam = | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1988|4|25}} | Geboorteplek = | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaner]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = [[Aktrise]] en skryfster | Aktiewe jare = 1996–nou | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0668139 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Sara Paxton''' (gebore 25 April 1988) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] [[aktrise]] en skryfster. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprente ''Aquamarine'' (2006), ''The Last House on the Left'' (2009), en ''The Innkeepers'' (2011). == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2006: ''Aquamarine'' * 2007: ''Sydney White'' * 2008: ''Superhero Movie'' * 2009: ''The Last House on the Left'' * 2011: ''The Innkeepers'' * 2011: ''Enter Nowhere'' * 2011: ''Shark Night 3D'' * 2012: ''Static'' * 2013: ''Liars All'' * 2013: ''Love & Air Sex'' * 2013: ''Cheap Thrills'' * 2014: ''Boys of Abu Ghraib'' * 2014: ''All Relative'' * 2016: ''Happily Ever After'' === Televisiereekse === * 1996: ''Small Talk'' * 2002: ''Greetings from Tucson'' * 2004: ''Darcy's Wild Life'' * 2005: ''Skater Boys'' * 2009: ''The Beautiful Life: TBL'' === Televisierolprente === * 2002: ''Generation Gap'' * 2004: ''Mr. Ed'' * 2006: ''Return to Halloweentown'' * 2006: ''Saving a Species: Sharks at Risk'' * 2007: ''The Party Never Stops: Diary of a Binge Drinker'' * 2012: ''Blue-Eyed Butcher'' * 2013: ''Lovestruck: The Musical'' * 2014: ''Mi$Match'' === Video's === * 1997: ''You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's Christmas Party'' * 2004: ''A Guide to the Perfect Sleepover: Making-of Featurette'' * 2004: ''Ready, Set, Action!: Sleepover Featurette'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Confessions'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Behind-the-Scenes Photo Gallery'' * 2004: ''Sleepover: Gag Reel'' * 2012: ''The Carlton Dance'' * 2012: ''The Innkeepers: Behind the Scenes'' * 2013: ''Lovestruck: The Musical - Dance Featurette'' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0668139|Sara Paxton}} * {{Twitter|Sara_Paxton|Sara Paxton}} * {{Instagram|sara_paxton|Sara Paxton}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paxton, Sara}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1988]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 20ste eeu]] mv1qbko0w01keagrfvv6t14ki6j324a 0 231514 2517355 2197656 2022-08-04T08:32:37Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Vroeë lewe */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Jim Jefferies | bynaam = | beeld = Jim Jeffries.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = Jefferies in April 2012 | geboortenaam = Geoff James Nugent | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1977|2|14}} | geboorteplek = [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | sterfdatum = | sterfteplek = | ouers = | familie = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Australië}} | alma_mater = | beroep = Komediant, akteur en skrywer | ander = | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = 1 | kleinkinders = | webblad = {{URL|jimjefferies.com}} | handtekening = }} '''Geoff James Nugent''' (gebore 14 Februarie 1977), meer bekend as '''Jim Jefferies''', is 'n Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. == Vroeë lewe == Jefferies is op 14 Februarie 1977 as Geoff James Nugent in [[Sydney]] gebore.<ref name="swerve">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html |title=Five facts about Jim Jefferies |first=Jon |last=Roe |publisher=Swerve Management via ''Calgary Herald'' |date=23 Oktober 2014 |accessdate=14 Oktober 2016 |archivedate=14 Oktober 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6lFIU4fZ3?url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html |deadurl=no |df=}}</ref> == Diskografie == * 2008: ''Hell Bound'' (CD) * 2008: ''Contraband'' (DVD) * 2009: ''I Swear to God'' * 2010: ''Alcoholocaust'' (DVD) * 2012: ''Fully Functional'' (DVD) * 2014: ''Bare'' * 2016: ''Freedumb'' * 2018: ''This Is Me Now'' ([[Netflix]]) == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2014: ''Me and My Mates vs the Zombie Apocalypse'' * 2016: ''Punching Henry'' * 2017: ''Killing Hasselhoff'' == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.jimjefferies.com/ Amptelike webtuiste] * {{IMDb name|1812944|Jim Jefferies}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferies, Jim}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1977]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Komediante]] [[Kategorie:Australiese manlike akteurs van die 21ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Kultuurkritici]] 9b758dapu5srdwqularh6w4xc3euqxw 2517356 2517355 2022-08-04T08:33:27Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Vroeë lewe */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Jim Jefferies | bynaam = | beeld = Jim Jeffries.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = Jefferies in April 2012 | geboortenaam = Geoff James Nugent | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1977|2|14}} | geboorteplek = [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | sterfdatum = | sterfteplek = | ouers = | familie = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Australië}} | alma_mater = | beroep = Komediant, akteur en skrywer | ander = | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = 1 | kleinkinders = | webblad = {{URL|jimjefferies.com}} | handtekening = }} '''Geoff James Nugent''' (gebore 14 Februarie 1977), meer bekend as '''Jim Jefferies''', is 'n Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. == Vroeë lewe == Jefferies is as Geoff James Nugent op 14 Februarie 1977 in [[Sydney]] gebore.<ref name="swerve">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html |title=Five facts about Jim Jefferies |first=Jon |last=Roe |publisher=Swerve Management via ''Calgary Herald'' |date=23 Oktober 2014 |accessdate=14 Oktober 2016 |archivedate=14 Oktober 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6lFIU4fZ3?url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html |deadurl=no |df=}}</ref> == Diskografie == * 2008: ''Hell Bound'' (CD) * 2008: ''Contraband'' (DVD) * 2009: ''I Swear to God'' * 2010: ''Alcoholocaust'' (DVD) * 2012: ''Fully Functional'' (DVD) * 2014: ''Bare'' * 2016: ''Freedumb'' * 2018: ''This Is Me Now'' ([[Netflix]]) == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2014: ''Me and My Mates vs the Zombie Apocalypse'' * 2016: ''Punching Henry'' * 2017: ''Killing Hasselhoff'' == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.jimjefferies.com/ Amptelike webtuiste] * {{IMDb name|1812944|Jim Jefferies}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferies, Jim}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1977]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Komediante]] [[Kategorie:Australiese manlike akteurs van die 21ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Kultuurkritici]] rq7pjn99fbar4c8yzi0o6eoro9jicwi 2517425 2517356 2022-08-04T11:35:15Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Vroeë lewe */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Jim Jefferies | bynaam = | beeld = Jim Jeffries.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = Jefferies in April 2012 | geboortenaam = Geoff James Nugent | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1977|2|14}} | geboorteplek = [[Sydney]], [[Australië]] | sterfdatum = | sterfteplek = | ouers = | familie = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Australië}} | alma_mater = | beroep = Komediant, akteur en skrywer | ander = | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = 1 | kleinkinders = | webblad = {{URL|jimjefferies.com}} | handtekening = }} '''Geoff James Nugent''' (gebore 14 Februarie 1977), meer bekend as '''Jim Jefferies''', is 'n Australiese komediant, akteur en skrywer. == Vroeë lewe == Jefferies is op 14 Februarie 1977 in [[Sydney]] gebore, met die doopnaam Geoff James Nugent.<ref name="swerve">{{Cite news |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html |title=Five facts about Jim Jefferies |first=Jon |last=Roe |publisher=Swerve Management via Calgary Herald |date=23 Oktober 2014 |accessdate=14 Oktober 2016 |archivedate=14 Oktober 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6lFIU4fZ3?url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Five+facts+about+Jefferies/10317847/story.html }}</ref> == Diskografie == * 2008: ''Hell Bound'' (CD) * 2008: ''Contraband'' (DVD) * 2009: ''I Swear to God'' * 2010: ''Alcoholocaust'' (DVD) * 2012: ''Fully Functional'' (DVD) * 2014: ''Bare'' * 2016: ''Freedumb'' * 2018: ''This Is Me Now'' ([[Netflix]]) == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2014: ''Me and My Mates vs the Zombie Apocalypse'' * 2016: ''Punching Henry'' * 2017: ''Killing Hasselhoff'' == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.jimjefferies.com/ Amptelike webtuiste] * {{IMDb name|1812944|Jim Jefferies}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferies, Jim}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1977]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Komediante]] [[Kategorie:Australiese manlike akteurs van die 21ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Kultuurkritici]] iueypbbske8tj8alnspyjl5w2oinwq5 0 254674 2517359 2137140 2022-08-04T08:46:38Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nie meer wees nie wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Nicholas Gleaves | Beeld = | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1969|1|1}} | Geboorteplek = | Nasionaliteit = [[Engeland|Engels]] | Sterfdatum = | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = 2 | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Akteur en skrywer | Aktiewe jare = | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0322366 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Nicholas Gleaves''' (gebore 1 Januarie 1969) is 'n [[Engeland|Engelse]] akteur en skrywer. Hy is bekend vir sy rolle in die rolprent ''Half Light'' (2006) en in die televisiereekse ''Playing the Field'' (1998), ''Survivors'' (2008), en ''Scott & Bailey'' (2011). == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 2006: ''Half Light'' * 2008: ''Incendiary'' === Televisiereekse === * 1997: ''Wokenwell'' * 1998: ''Playing the Field'' * 2002: ''Being April'' * 2006: ''The Chase'' * 2007: ''City Lights'' * 2008: ''Survivors'' * 2011: ''Scott & Bailey'' * 2018: ''Bodyguard'' === Televisierolprente === * 2001: ''Perfect'' * 2001: ''Now You See Her'' * 2014: ''Marvellous'' * 2018: ''Married to a Paedophile'' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0322366|Nicholas Gleaves}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gleaves, Nicholas}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1969]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Engelse manlike akteurs van die 20ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Engelse dramaturge]] [[Kategorie:Engelse manlike akteurs van die 21ste eeu]] l3m1gvpxj4e52bcivgj4t8x60h53fnx 0 273150 2517342 2050410 2022-08-04T07:59:12Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bronkchorst''' is 'n [[Lys van munisipaliteite in Nederland|munisipaliteit]] in die [[Provinsies van Nederland|provinsie]] [[Gelderland]] in [[Nederland]]. == Galery == <gallery> File:Bronkhorst, kapel RM34548 IMG 3927 2020-03-31 15.59.jpg|Bronkhorst, kapel File:Hengelo, de Remigiuskerk RM21506 in straatzicht foto4 2015-08-20 15.52.jpg|Hengelo, kerk File:Laag Keppel, de Nederlands Hervormde kerk GM1876wiki185 IMG 3436 2020-03-22 14.15.jpg|Laag Keppel, kerk File:Halle, de Hervormde kerk GM1876wikinr68 IMG 1955 2018-04-06 13.59.jpg|Halle, kerk File:Baak, de Sint-Martinuskerk RM34529 IMG 4817 2020-04-19 12.41.jpg|Baak, die Sint-Martinuskerk File:Steenderen, de Bronkhorster Molen RM34543 IMG 5874 2020-06-01 09.33.jpg|Steenderen, windmeul: de Bronkhorster Molen File:Wittebrink, de Wittebrinkse Molen RM40413 IMG 1946 2018-04-06 13.11.jpg|Wittebrink, windmeul: de Wittebrinkse Molen File:Tussen Olburgen en Doesburg, het Zwarte Schaar bij inlaatwerk 4028 IMG 3943 2020-03-31 17.06.jpg|Tussen Olburgen en Doesburg, die Zwarte Schaar </gallery> == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie|Bronkchorst}} * {{Amptelike webwerf|https://www.bronckhorst.nl/}} {{Saadjie}} {{Munisipaliteite in Gelderland}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Bronckhorst| ]] 8b7bfvic3seymci44vk6iczaj0i0jfj 0 282734 2517433 2123341 2022-08-04T11:51:38Z Rooiratel 90342 maak vet wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geen bronnelys}} {{Inligtingskas Webwerf | naam = Plectrum | favicon = | logo = | screenshot = | onderskrif = | url = https://www.plectrummusiek.co.za | kommersieel = | soort = Vermaak | registrasie = | eienaar = | taal = [[Afrikaans]] | skepper = | lanseringsdatum = 15 Mei 2019 | huidige status = Aktief | inkomste = }} '''Plectrum''' is 'n aanlyn vermaaklikheidsblad wat spesifiek verslaggewing doen oor onafhanklike kunstenaars. Dit is op 15 Mei 2019 gestig en het reeds verslag gedoen oor talle kunstenaars in die Afrikaanse sowel as die internasionale mark. Plectrum is op die been gebring deur [[Frikkie van Biljon]] en [[Karin venter|Karin Venter]]. ==Eksterne skakels== *[https://www.plectrummusiek.co.za Amptelike webtuiste] {{saadjie}} qjbu621ukh91l6207jj2cdt86m5yw0z 0 308161 2517223 2239199 2022-08-03T14:10:09Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Embryophyta]] | classis = [[Spermatopsida]] | ordo = ''[[Piperales]]'' | familia = ''[[Piperaceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. capense''''' | binomial = ''Piper capense'' | binomial_authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] 6lvj3y857ivnxyk2qgnpwtx0g6uraq8 2517224 2517223 2022-08-03T14:10:29Z Oesjaar 7467 En... wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Embryophyta]] | classis = [[Spermatopsida]] | ordo = ''[[Piperales]]'' | familia = ''[[Piperaceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. capense''''' | binomial = ''Piper capense'' | binomial_authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] r9vzw4oug0td384kanjy5g59si0qtlk 2517225 2517224 2022-08-03T14:36:25Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Embryophyta]] | classis = [[Spermatopsida]] | ordo = ''[[Piperales]]'' | familia = ''[[Piperaceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. capense''''' | binomial = ''Piper capense'' | binomial_authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. In [[Afrika]] kom dit in [[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Comore-eilande]], [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]], [[Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ethiopië]], [[Gaboen]], [[Ghana]], Golf van Guinee Eilande, [[Guinee]], [[Kameroen]], [[Kenia]], [[Liberië]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Nigerië]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Soedan]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Burundi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Comore-eilande]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ethiopië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Gaboen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ghana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kameroen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kenia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Liberië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Nigerië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Rwanda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sierra Leone]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Soedan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Uganda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] 8n34gsrb0ae5qq8zhzvyrdg5ikcmb54 2517226 2517225 2022-08-03T14:36:55Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Bronne */ Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Embryophyta]] | classis = [[Spermatopsida]] | ordo = ''[[Piperales]]'' | familia = ''[[Piperaceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. capense''''' | binomial = ''Piper capense'' | binomial_authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. In [[Afrika]] kom dit in [[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Comore-eilande]], [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]], [[Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ethiopië]], [[Gaboen]], [[Ghana]], Golf van Guinee Eilande, [[Guinee]], [[Kameroen]], [[Kenia]], [[Liberië]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Nigerië]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Soedan]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Burundi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Comore-eilande]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ethiopië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Gaboen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ghana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kameroen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kenia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Liberië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Nigerië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Rwanda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sierra Leone]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Soedan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Uganda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] t03sjsyzi1bj1ym53ehy10gj7p7z41t 2517227 2517226 2022-08-03T14:37:18Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Bronne */ Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Embryophyta]] | classis = [[Spermatopsida]] | ordo = ''[[Piperales]]'' | familia = ''[[Piperaceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Piper]]'' | species = '''''P. capense''''' | binomial = ''Piper capense'' | binomial_authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. In [[Afrika]] kom dit in [[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Comore-eilande]], [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]], [[Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ethiopië]], [[Gaboen]], [[Ghana]], Golf van Guinee Eilande, [[Guinee]], [[Kameroen]], [[Kenia]], [[Liberië]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Nigerië]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Soedan]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Burundi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Comore-eilande]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ethiopië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Gaboen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ghana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kameroen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kenia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Liberië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Nigerië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Rwanda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sierra Leone]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Soedan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Uganda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] nxfugzx51hgbfk2nxednyisnt9xzeki 2517369 2517227 2022-08-04T09:20:32Z Rooiratel 90342 Verander na spesieboks wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Peperplant | image = Piper capense 1.jpg | image_caption = | image2 = Piper capense 2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Piper capense | authority = L.f. | synonyms =* ''Coccobryon capense'' <small>(L.f.) Klotzsch</small> * ''Cubeba capensis'' <small>(L.f.) Miq.</small> }} Die '''bospeper''' (''Piper capense'') is 'n [[boom]] van die [[genus]] ''piper'' en staan as die ''wild peper'' in Engels bekend. In [[Suid-Afrika]] kom dit in die [[Wes-Kaap]], [[Oos-Kaap]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. In [[Afrika]] kom dit in [[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Comore-eilande]], [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]], [[Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ethiopië]], [[Gaboen]], [[Ghana]], Golf van Guinee Eilande, [[Guinee]], [[Kameroen]], [[Kenia]], [[Liberië]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mosambiek]], [[Nigerië]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Soedan]], [[Tanzanië]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 34.5.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=4109-1 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680780-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Burundi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Comore-eilande]] [[Kategorie:Flora van die Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ethiopië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Gaboen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ghana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Guinee]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kameroen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Kenia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Liberië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Malawi]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Nigerië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Rwanda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sierra Leone]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Soedan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Tanzanië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Uganda]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] 9nnh37lzdh83wpx6v8ybycqs94txjm9 10 373020 2517396 2395533 2022-08-04T10:23:21Z CommonsDelinker 1161 Administrateur [[commons:user:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] vervang "Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma-CoA-Shield.svg" met "1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma_and_2nd_Marquess_of_Milford_Haven-CoA-Shield.svg" omrede: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Cri wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stambome van die families Battenberg, Mountbatten en Mountbatten-Windsor''' {{Tree chart/start| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;}} {{Tree chart| | | | | |BAT| | | |HES| | | |GB| | |RUS | |GRE| |SWE| |SPN| | | | | | | | | | | | HES = Huis van Hesse-Darmstadt |boxstyle_HES =color:blue; background-color: aqua |BAT=Battenberg/<br>Mountbatten |GB=[[Huis van Windsor]] (VK) |boxstyle_GB =color:black; background-color: Crimson |RUS=[[Huis van Romanof]] (Rusland) | boxstyle_RUS =color:blue; background-color: yellow |GRE=Griekse koningsfamilie | boxstyle_GRE =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue |DAN=Deense koningsfamilie | boxstyle_DAN =color:black; background-color: silver |SPN=Spaanse koningsfamilie |boxstyle_SPN =color:blue; background-color: pink | SWE=Sweedse koningsfamilie | boxstyle_SWE =color:white; background-color: DeepSkyBlue}} {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |LOU| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LOU = [[Beeld:T08 Grossherzog.svg|30px]] Louis II<br/><small>(1777–1848)</small><br/>Groothertog van Hesse en by die Ryn,1830<br /><br/> [[Beeld:Arms of the Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806-1918.svg|50px]] | boxstyle_LOU =color:blue; background-color: aqua}} {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}} {{Tree chart|VIC|-|-|v|ALB| | |CHA| | | |LOU| | |ALX |v|JUL| | |MAR|v|AX2| |ALX=Prins Alexander van Hesse en by die Ryn<br>(1823-1888) | boxstyle_ALX =color:blue; background-color: aqua |JUL=Julia v. Hauke [[Beeld:Mainz Arms.svg|30px]]<br/>(1825-1895)<br/><small>'''Gravin, later Prinses van Battenberg'''</small> <br/><br/>[[Beeld:BattenbergArms.svg|50px]] |LOU=[[Beeld:T08 Grossherzog.svg|30px]] Louis III<br>(1806-1877)<br/> Groothertog van Hesse en by die Ryn,1848 | boxstyle_LOU =color:blue; background-color: aqua |CHA=Prins Charles van Hesse en by die Ryn<br/>(1809-1877) | boxstyle_CHA =color:blue; background-color: aqua |MAR=Marie<br/>(1824-1880)<br/>Keiserin Maria Aleksandrowna | boxstyle_MAR =color:blue; background-color: aqua |AX2= [[Beeld:Heraldic Imperial Crown of Russia.svg|30px ]] Keiser [[Aleksander II van Rusland]]<br/>(1818-1881) | boxstyle_AX2 =color:blue; background-color: yellow |VIC=[[Beeld:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|30px]] [[Koningin Victoria]] <br/> <br/>[[Beeld:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |boxstyle_VIC =color:black; background-color: Crimson |ALB=[[Albert, prinsgemaal]]<br/><br/>[[Beeld:Arms of Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.svg|30px]] | boxstyle_ALB =color:black; background-color: Crimson}} {{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|v|-|^|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| |}} {{Tree chart|ED7| | | |ALC|-|v|LUD| | |BEA|v|HEN|!| |ALX| |FRA| |ALX3| | | | | | | | |GEO1| |HEN=Prins Henry van Battenberg<br/> (1858-1896)<br/> <br> [[Beeld:Arms of Battenberg-Mountbatten.svg|50px]] |ALX=[[Beeld:T08 Grossherzog.svg|30px]] Prins Alexander van Battenberg<br>(1857-1893)<br>Prins van [[Bulgarye]]<br>(1879-1886)<br>[[Beeld:Arms of Bulgaria 1880-1887.svg|30px]] |FRA=Prins Francis Joseph van Battenberg<br>(1861-1924) |ED7=[[Beeld:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|30px]] [[Edward VII van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Eduard VII]] <br/> <br/>[[Beeld:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |boxstyle_ED7 =color:black; background-color: Crimson |ALC=[[Prinses Alice van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Prinses Alice]]<br/>(1843-1878)<br/>[[Beeld:Arms of Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_ALC =color:black; background-color: Crimson |BEA=[[Prinses Beatrice van die Verenigde Koninkryk]]<br/>(1857-1944)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_BEA =color:black; background-color: Crimson |LUD=[[Beeld:T08 Grossherzog.svg|30px ]] [[Ludwig IV, Groothertog van Hesse|Ludwig IV]]<br>(1837-1892)<br> Groothertog van Hesse en by die Ryn,1877 | boxstyle_LUD =color:blue; background-color: aqua |ALX3= [[Beeld:Heraldic Imperial Crown of Russia.svg|30px ]] Keiser [[Aleksander III van Rusland]]<br/>(1845-1894) | boxstyle_ALX3 =color:blue; background-color: yellow |GEO1=[[Beeld:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|30px]] Koning [[George I van Griekeland]],1863<br>(1845-1913)<br>[[Beeld:Royal Arms of Greece (1863-1936).svg|40px]] |boxstyle_GEO1 =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue }} {{Tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{Tree chart| |!| | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|.|`|-|-|-|!|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|^|.|}} {{Tree chart|GEO| | |LOU| |ALA|-|NIC| |VIC|v|LOB| |ALX| |LEO| |MAU| |EUG|v|ALF|!|CON1 |GEO= [[Beeld:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|30px]] [[George V van die Verenigde Koninkryk|George V]] <br/> <br/>[[Beeld:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |boxstyle_GEO =color:black; background-color: Crimson |LOU=[[Beeld:T08 Grossherzog.svg|30px]] [[Ernst Ludwig, Groothertog van Hesse|Ernest Louis]]<br>(1868-1937)<br>Groothertog van Hesse en by die Ryn,1892 - abd 1918 | boxstyle_LOU =color:blue; background-color: aqua |ALA=[[Prinses Alix van Hesse-Darmstadt|Alix]]<br>(1872–1918)<br>Keiserin Aleksandra van Rusland | boxstyle_ALA =color:blue; background-color: aqua |VIC=[[Prinses Victoria van Hesse-Darmstadt|Victoria]]<br>(1863-1950) | boxstyle_VIC =color:blue; background-color: aqua |LOB=Prins Louis van Battenberg <br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Battenberg-Mountbatten.svg|50px]]<br/> (1854-1921)<br/><small>vanaf 1917 '''Louis Mountbatten, 1ste Markies van Milford Haven'''</small> |ALX=Alexander<br>(1886-1960)<br>[[Beeld:Arms of Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.svg|50px]]<br/><small>vanaf 1917 Alexander Mountbatten, Markies van Carisbrooke</small> |LEO=Leopold<br>(1889-1922)<br><small>vanaf 1917 lord Leopold Mountbatten</small> |MAU=Prins Maurice van Battenberg<br>(1891-1914) |EUG=[[Victoria Eugénie van Battenberg]]<br>(1887-1969)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1906).svg|50px]]<br><br>Koningin van [[Spanje]],1906 -1931 |NIC=[[Beeld:Heraldic Imperial Crown of Russia.svg|30px ]] Keiser [[Nikolaas II van Rusland]]<br>(1868-1918) |boxstyle_NIC =color:blue; background-color: yellow |ALF=[[Beeld:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain.svg|30px]] Koning Alfonso XIII van Spanje<br>(1886-1941)<br>dep 1931 |boxstyle_ALF =color:blue; background-color: pink |CON1=[[Beeld:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|30px]] Koning [[Konstantyn I van Griekeland]],1913-'17 & 1920-'22<br>(1868-1923) |boxstyle_CON1 =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue }} {{Tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|!|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|!|-|-|-|'| |!}} {{Tree chart| | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | |,|-|-|-|-|!|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | |!}} {{Tree chart|GVI| | |GH| |LUD| |ALC|v|AND| |LSE|-|GUS| |GEO| | |LOU| | |JUAN| | |PAV |GVI= [[Beeld:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|30px]] [[George VI van die Verenigde Koninkryk|George VI]] <br/> <br/>[[Beeld:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |boxstyle_GVI =color:black; background-color: Crimson |LOU=[[Louis Mountbatten, 1ste graaf Mountbatten van Birma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] <br>(1900-1979)<br>[[Beeld:1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven-CoA-Shield.svg|50px]] <br>'''1ste Graaf Mountbatten van Birma''' |GEO=George<br>(1892-1938)<br>[[Beeld:1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven-CoA-Shield.svg|50px]]<br>2de Markies van Milford Haven |ALC=[[Prinses Alice van Battenberg]]<br>(1885-1969)<br/>[[Beeld:Coat of Arms of Princess Alice of Battenberg (Order of Queen Maria Luisa).svg|50px]] |AND=[[Prins Andreas van Griekeland en Denemarke]]<Br>(1882-1944)<br>[[Beeld:Arms of a Prince of Greece.svg|40px]] |boxstyle_AND =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue |GH=Georg Donatus, erfgroothertog van Hesse<br>(1906-1937) |boxstyle_GH =color:blue; background-color: aqua |LUD=Lodewyk, Prins van Hesse en by Ryn<br> (1908-1968) |boxstyle_LUD =color:blue; background-color: aqua |LSE=[[Beeld:Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg|30px]] Louise Mountbatten<br>(1889-1965)<br>Koningin van Swede<br>[[Beeld:Greater coat of arms of Queen Louise (Sweden).svg |40px]] |GUS=[[Beeld:Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg|30px]] Koning Gustaf VI Adolf van Swede<br>(1882-1973)<br>Koning, 1950<br>[[Beeld:Great coat of arms of Sweden (shield and chain).svg|40px]] | boxstyle_GUS =color:white; background-color: DeepSkyBlue |JUAN=Infante Juan, Graaf van Barcelona<br>(1913-1993) | boxstyle_JUAN =color:blue; background-color: pink |PAV=[[Beeld:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|30px]] Koning [[Paul van Griekeland]],1947<br>(1901-1964) |boxstyle_PAV =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue }} {{Tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |! | | | |!| | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | |,|-|^|-|.}} {{Tree chart|LIZ|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|PHIL| | | | | |GA | |DAV| |PAM| |PAT| |JCAR|v|SOP| |CON2 |LIZ=[[Beeld:Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg|30px]] [[Elizabeth II]] <br/> <br/>[[Beeld:Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |boxstyle_LIZ =color:black; background-color: Crimson |PHIL=[[Prins Philip, Hertog van Edinburg|Philip]]<br>(1921-2021)<br>Hertog van Edinburg<br>[[Beeld:Arms of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_PHIL =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue |DAV=David Mountbatten<br>(1919-1970)<br>3rd Markies van Milford Haven |PAT=Patricia Knatchbull<br>(1924-2017)<br>'''Grafin Mountbatten van Birma'''<br><small>m. John Knatchbull, 7de Baron Brabourne</small> |PAM=Lady Pamela Hicks<br>(1929|JCAR=[[Beeld:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain.svg|30px ]] Koning [[Juan Carlos I]]<br>(1938-)<br>Koning van Spanje,1975-2014 |boxstyle_JCAR =color:blue; background-color: pink |GA=Prins Gustaf Adolf, Hertog van Västerbotten<br>(1906-1947) |boxstyle_GA =color:white; background-color: DeepSkyBlue |SOP=[[Beeld:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|30px]] Sophia<br>(1938) |boxstyle_SOP =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue |CON2=[[Beeld:Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg|30px]] Koning [[Konstantyn II van Griekeland]],1964-'73 & 1920-'22<br>(1940) |boxstyle_CON2 =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue }} {{Tree chart|,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |!|}} {{Tree chart|CHA| | |ANN| |AND| |ED| | | | | |CGXVI| |GEO| |IVO| |NOR| |SIX| |FEL| | | |PAV |NOR=Norton Knatchbull<br>(1947-)<br>3de Graaf Mountbatten van Birma<br>[[Beeld:Lord Mountbatten of Burma-CoA-Knatchbull-Shield.svg|50px]] |SIX=6 ander |CHA=[[Charles, Prins van Wallis|Prins Charles]], Prins van Wallis<br>(1948-)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Charles, Prince of Wales.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_CHA =color:black; background-color: Crimson |ANN=[[Anne Mountbatten-Windsor]]<br>(1950-)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Anne, the Princess Royal.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_ANN =color:black; background-color: Crimson |AND=[[Prins Andrew, Hertog van York]]<br>(1960-)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Andrew, Duke of York.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_AND =color:black; background-color: Crimson |ED=[[Prins Edward, Graaf van Wessex]]<br>(1964-)<br><br>[[Beeld:Arms of Edward, Earl of Wessex.svg|50px]] |boxstyle_ED =color:black; background-color: Crimson |CGXVI=[[Beeld:Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg|30px]] Koning [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede]]<br>(1946-)<br>Koning, 1973 | boxstyle_CGXVI =color:white; background-color: DeepSkyBlue |GEO=George Mountbatten<br>(1961-)<br>4de Markies van Milford Haven |IVO=Lord Ivar Mountbatten<br>(1963-) |FEL=[[Beeld:Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain.svg|30px]] [[Felipe VI]]<br>(1968-)<br>Koning van Spanje,2014 | boxstyle_FEL =color:blue; background-color: pink |PAV= Kroonprins Pavlos van Griekeland<br>(1967) |boxstyle_PAV =color:white; background-color: LightSkyBlue }} {{Tree chart/end}} b0ao3dvud2jq8daz00caxyqps9gdnu4 3 380640 2517236 2421715 2022-08-03T14:56:36Z Céréales Killer 62493 Céréales Killer het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:Գեռ Ավագիմյան]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Գոռ Ավագիմյան]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Գեռ Ավագիմյան|Գեռ Ավագիմյան]]" na "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Գոռ Ավագիմյան|Գոռ Ավագիմյան]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="font-size:100%; margin-bottom:0.5em;" | {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="font-size:95%; line-height:125%; background-color:#faf6ed; border:1px solid #faecc8;" |- | colspan="4" style="background-color:#faecc8;" |<big>'''{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | Hallo,&nbsp;gebruiker vanaf [[IP-adres]] {{BASEPAGENAME}} | Hallo&nbsp;{{PAGENAME}}}},''' [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge|hartelik welkom]] op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia!</big> |- | colspan="4" | Dankie vir jou belangstelling in [[Wikipedia]]. Ons werk hier aan die ideaal van ’n gratis en vrylik beskikbare, vrylik bewerkbare, neutrale en volledige ensiklopedie. |- | colspan="4" | Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] bestaan al sedert Desember 2001 en bevat reeds ''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'' artikels. Vanaf die begin van die projek het die gebruikers ’n aantal riglyne en uitgangspunte vir artikelbewerking en onderlinge samewerking opgestel. Nuwelinge kan hieruit voordeel trek. Jy mag dit behulpsaam vind om van die skakels in hierdie raampie te volg en met die projek vertroud te raak voordat jy begin bydra. Indien jou vingers jeuk om te eksperimenteer, kan jy gerus ons [[Wikipedia:Sandput|Sandput]] besoek: dit is juis vir die rede daar. Uiteindelik wil ons dat al ons gebruikers [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vry voel om hulle gang te gaan]], maar dit doen natuurlik geen kwaad om ’n bietjie houvas te kry voor 'n mens in die diep kant in spring nie! Besoek gerus ook ons [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|Geselshoekie]], ons gebruikers staan gereed om hand by te sit, of bloot net hand te skud. |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid|'''Verifieerbaarheid''']]<br />Die eerste van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Konversation.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie}} | [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|'''Geselshoekie''']]<br />Die gewilde bymekaarkomplek |- | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=OrgChem Nomen pictograph.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing|'''Geen oorspronklike navorsing''']]<br />Die tweede van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Bucket in the sand.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Sandput}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Sandput|'''Sandput''']]<br />Eksperimenteer na hartelus |- | align="right" |{{Klik|Afbeelding=Unbalanced scales.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt}} | [[Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt| '''Neutrale standpunt''']]<br />Die derde van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon tools.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies}} | [[Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies|'''Redigeringsinstruksies''']]<br />Hoe maak ek: teks wat skuinsgedruk is? ’n opskrif? tabelle? |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie}} | [[Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie|'''Wat Wikipedia nie is nie''']]<br />Daar is ook ’n paar dinge wat ons nié hier doen nie | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon - upload photo 2.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beelde}} | [[Wikipedia:Beelde|'''Beelde''']]<br />As jy beelde wil oplaai |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beleefdheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Beleefdheid|'''Beleefdheid''']]<br />Ken jou maniere | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app kedit.svg||Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel}} | [[Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel|'''Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel''']]<br />Soms sê die naam alles {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" {{!}}Jou bydrae word nou geregistreer onder jou IP-adres. Daar is verskeie voordele gebonde aan die skep van ’n rekening – sluit gerus by ons aan!| }} |- | colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" | Hierdie bladsy, wat nou op jou skerm staan, is trouens jou persoonlike besprekingsbladsy. Die plek waar ander Wikipediane jou in die toekoms kan kontak en jy hulle dan kan beantwoord. Elke gebruiker het so ’n bladsy. Jy kan dus ook boodskappe op ander gebruikers se besprekingsbladsye los. Sluit boodskappe en besprekings altyd af met <big><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></big> of deur op die handtekeningknop in die wysigingsvenster te kliek: sodoende word jou boodskap onderteken met jou gebruikersnaam en die datum en tyd waarop die boodskap voltooi is. Kliek dan as laaste op "Stoor bladsy" om enige bewerkings te stoor. |} |} — [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:KabouterBot|kontak]]) 02:45, 30 Julie 2021 (UTC) hx6pgl2y4z26l1mr980qgv644ph7bw4 10 386551 2517221 2516960 2022-08-03T14:01:54Z TolBot 141581 [[m:User:TolBot/Task 5|Taak 5]]: dateer COVID-19-pandemiedata op json application/json { "AD": { "cases": 45508, "deaths": 153, "deaths_per_million": 1935.876, "fully_vaccinated": 53456, "name": "Andorra", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 69.11, "percent_vaccinated": 74.83, "population": 79034, "total_vaccinated": 57886, "vaccine_doses": 153383 }, "AE": { "cases": 993684, "deaths": 2335, "deaths_per_million": 249.329, "fully_vaccinated": 9792266, "name": "Verenigde Arabiese Emirate", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 98.01, "percent_vaccinated": 100, "population": 9365144, "total_vaccinated": 9991089, "vaccine_doses": 24922054 }, "AF": { "cases": 186120, "deaths": 7751, "deaths_per_million": 193.294, "fully_vaccinated": 6422705, "name": "Afghanistan", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 16.02, "percent_vaccinated": 17.8, "population": 40099462, "total_vaccinated": 7139453, "vaccine_doses": 7885045 }, "AG": { "cases": 8773, "deaths": 144, "deaths_per_million": 1544.733, "fully_vaccinated": 62031, "name": "Antigua en Barbuda", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 62.83, "percent_vaccinated": 64.92, "population": 93220, "total_vaccinated": 64091, "vaccine_doses": 126122 }, "AI": { "cases": 3580, "deaths": 10, "deaths_per_million": 634.8, "fully_vaccinated": 10273, "name": "Anguilla (eiland)", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 65.21, "percent_vaccinated": 68.79, "population": 15753, "total_vaccinated": 10837, "vaccine_doses": 24060 }, "AL": { "cases": 313582, "deaths": 3550, "deaths_per_million": 1243.559, "fully_vaccinated": 1253962, "name": "Albanië", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 43.93, "percent_vaccinated": 46.61, "population": 2854710, "total_vaccinated": 1330520, "vaccine_doses": 2934116 }, "AM": { "cases": 426799, "deaths": 8635, "deaths_per_million": 3093.902, "fully_vaccinated": 980101, "name": "Armenië", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 33.02, "percent_vaccinated": 38.01, "population": 2790974, "total_vaccinated": 1128072, "vaccine_doses": 2141957 }, "AO": { "cases": 102301, "deaths": 1912, "deaths_per_million": 55.414, "fully_vaccinated": 7393934, "name": "Angola", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 21.43, "percent_vaccinated": 39.15, "population": 34503774, "total_vaccinated": 13507932, "vaccine_doses": 21099865 }, "AQ": { "name": "Antarktika" }, "AR": { "cases": 9560307, "deaths": 129369, "deaths_per_million": 2857.292, "fully_vaccinated": 37675556, "name": "Argentinië", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 83.21, "percent_vaccinated": 91, "population": 45276780, "total_vaccinated": 41203368, "vaccine_doses": 107885656 }, "AS": { "name": "Amerikaans-Samoa" }, "AT": { "cases": 4799326, "deaths": 20366, "deaths_per_million": 2282.651, "fully_vaccinated": 6625237, "name": "Oostenryk", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 74.26, "percent_vaccinated": 76.57, "population": 8922082, "total_vaccinated": 6831552, "vaccine_doses": 18418001 }, "AU": { "cases": 9517224, "deaths": 12026, "deaths_per_million": 463.947, "fully_vaccinated": 21733545, "name": "Australië", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 83.85, "percent_vaccinated": 86.41, "population": 25921089, "total_vaccinated": 22398803, "vaccine_doses": 58242589 }, "AW": { "cases": 42217, "deaths": 226, "deaths_per_million": 2121.349, "fully_vaccinated": 83232, "name": "Aruba", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 78.13, "percent_vaccinated": 84.02, "population": 106536, "total_vaccinated": 89508, "vaccine_doses": 172740 }, "AX": { "name": "Åland" }, "AZ": { "cases": 799471, "deaths": 9752, "deaths_per_million": 945.603, "fully_vaccinated": 4858103, "name": "Azerbeidjan", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 47.11, "percent_vaccinated": 52.04, "population": 10312992, "total_vaccinated": 5367154, "vaccine_doses": 13820206 }, "BA": { "cases": 386012, "deaths": 15868, "deaths_per_million": 4851.2, "fully_vaccinated": 846080, "name": "Bosnië en Herzegowina", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 25.93, "percent_vaccinated": 28.91, "population": 3270943, "total_vaccinated": 943394, "vaccine_doses": 1924950 }, "BB": { "cases": 92516, "deaths": 495, "deaths_per_million": 1760.313, "fully_vaccinated": 154016, "name": "Barbados", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 54.77, "percent_vaccinated": 57.95, "population": 281200, "total_vaccinated": 162960, "vaccine_doses": 316976 }, "BD": { "cases": 2005993, "deaths": 29295, "deaths_per_million": 172.979, "fully_vaccinated": 120556100, "name": "Bangladesj", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 71.18, "percent_vaccinated": 76.8, "population": 169356251, "total_vaccinated": 130065446, "vaccine_doses": 290226701 }, "BE": { "cases": 4425201, "deaths": 32263, "deaths_per_million": 2778.558, "fully_vaccinated": 9154797, "name": "België", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 78.84, "percent_vaccinated": 79.68, "population": 11611420, "total_vaccinated": 9251745, "vaccine_doses": 25729321 }, "BF": { "cases": 21128, "deaths": 387, "deaths_per_million": 17.511, "fully_vaccinated": 1640349, "name": "Burkina Faso", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 7.42, "percent_vaccinated": 11.55, "population": 22100683, "total_vaccinated": 2551596, "vaccine_doses": 3134621 }, "BG": { "cases": 1211728, "deaths": 37414, "deaths_per_million": 5433.447, "fully_vaccinated": 2065027, "name": "Bulgarye", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 29.99, "percent_vaccinated": 30.4, "population": 6885868, "total_vaccinated": 2093417, "vaccine_doses": 4478718 }, "BH": { "cases": 660640, "deaths": 1510, "deaths_per_million": 1031.939, "fully_vaccinated": 1224333, "name": "Bahrein", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 83.67, "percent_vaccinated": 84.7, "population": 1463265, "total_vaccinated": 1239354, "vaccine_doses": 3461412 }, "BI": { "cases": 46151, "deaths": 38, "deaths_per_million": 3.028, "fully_vaccinated": 15862, "name": "Burundi", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 0.13, "percent_vaccinated": 0.13, "population": 12551213, "total_vaccinated": 16444, "vaccine_doses": 18307 }, "BJ": { "cases": 27316, "deaths": 163, "deaths_per_million": 12.541, "fully_vaccinated": 2690085, "name": "Benin", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 20.7, "percent_vaccinated": 24.42, "population": 12996895, "total_vaccinated": 3174135, "vaccine_doses": 3681560 }, "BL": { "name": "Sint Bartholomeus" }, "BM": { "cases": 17193, "deaths": 144, "deaths_per_million": 2243.515, "fully_vaccinated": 47657, "name": "Bermuda", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 74.25, "percent_vaccinated": 75.65, "population": 64185, "total_vaccinated": 48554, "vaccine_doses": 132042 }, "BN": { "cases": 210417, "deaths": 225, "deaths_per_million": 505.195, "fully_vaccinated": 426764, "name": "Broenei", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 96.66, "percent_vaccinated": 100.63, "population": 445373, "total_vaccinated": 444293, "vaccine_doses": 1173118 }, "BO": { "cases": 1047198, "deaths": 22072, "deaths_per_million": 1827.232, 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65.218, "fully_vaccinated": 446120, "name": "Jemen", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 1.46, "percent_vaccinated": 2.29, "population": 32981641, "total_vaccinated": 697956, "vaccine_doses": 864544 }, "YT": { "name": "Mayotte" }, "ZA": { "cases": 4004555, "deaths": 101982, "deaths_per_million": 1717.093, "fully_vaccinated": 19214852, "name": "Suid-Afrika", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 32.35, "percent_vaccinated": 37.31, "population": 59392255, "total_vaccinated": 22161600, "vaccine_doses": 37210790 }, "ZM": { "cases": 330575, "deaths": 4015, "deaths_per_million": 206.182, "fully_vaccinated": 5158680, "name": "Zambië", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 26.49, "percent_vaccinated": 17.13, "population": 19473125, "total_vaccinated": 3240892, "vaccine_doses": 8130436 }, "ZW": { "cases": 256403, "deaths": 5578, "deaths_per_million": 348.766, "fully_vaccinated": 4692440, "name": "Zimbabwe", "percent_fully_vaccinated": 29.34, "percent_vaccinated": 39.87, "population": 15993524, "total_vaccinated": 6376117, "vaccine_doses": 12182698 } } jv2ksdh34zd5gxfmdkl9wx436ctcexp 0 388562 2517320 2494699 2022-08-04T06:52:17Z Puvircho 6492 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''N.P. van Wyk Louw-medalje''' word deur die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] toegeken aan ’n persoon ter erkenning van sy volgehoue bydrae oor lange jare tot ’n vertakking of vertakkings van die geesteswetenskappe en die bevordering van die Afrikaanse taal en kultuur. Ontvangers van die medalje was onder andere prof. [[Hennie Rossouw]] in 1994, prof. [[Elize Botha]] in 1995, prof. [[Jaap Steyn]] in 2000, prof. [[Willie Jonker]] in 2001 en prof. [[H.P. van Coller]] in 2022.<ref>https://maroelamedia.co.za/goeiegoed/goeie-nuus/naude-wen-hertzogprys-met-dol-heuning/</ref> == Verwysing == {{verwysings}} {{SA_Akademie}} [[Kategorie: SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] gkg1lq5olpv2tti0nyj6g4o2ug5tin5 0 389921 2517327 2494680 2022-08-04T07:06:45Z Puvircho 6492 wikitext text/x-wiki Die medalje kan jaarliks toegeken word vir die beste verhandeling wat by ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse universiteit vir die M.Sc.-graad ingedien is (om die beurt in die dierkundige en plantkundige wetenskappe). == Lys van wenners == * [[2021]] – Ruan van der Nest ([[Universiteit Stellenbosch|US]]) vir ''Liming strategies for barley and canola production in no-tillage systems''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Persvrystelling |url=https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/619f2076293b1e4fa2812b78/62026a8fa5b1a9c12b9f539a_SA%20Akademiepryse%202021.pdf |date=16 April 2021 |accessdate=4 Augustus 2022 |format=pdf }}</ref> * [[2022]] – Amoré Malan ([[Universiteit Stellenbosch|US]]) vir ''Marine mammal speciation: the role of oceanic distance and historical climatic change on the evolutionary divergence of brown fur seals''<ref>https://maroelamedia.co.za/goeiegoed/goeie-nuus/naude-wen-hertzogprys-met-dol-heuning/</ref> == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{SA_Akademie}} [[Kategorie:SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] i574kcyoewdgypql1bx3lthw8s8sgzb 0 389923 2517326 2494685 2022-08-04T07:04:47Z Puvircho 6492 wikitext text/x-wiki Die prys word toegeken vir ʼn navorsings- of oorsigartikel van hoogstaande wetenskaplike gehalte wat gedurende die jaar wat die prys voorafgaan, in die SA Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie gepubliseer is. == Lys van wenners == * [[2021]] – N.J.M. Grobler ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]), G.J. Puts ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]), P.L. Crouse ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]) en H. Bissett (SA Kernenergiekorporasie) vir ''Die effek van die skermgassamestelling in ’n induktiefgekoppelde plasma: ʼn Eindige-elementanalise''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Persvrystelling |url=https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/619f2076293b1e4fa2812b78/62026a8fa5b1a9c12b9f539a_SA%20Akademiepryse%202021.pdf |date=16 April 2021 |accessdate=4 Augustus 2022 |format=pdf }}</ref> * [[2022]] – K.T. Mwepu ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]), S.J. Lubbe ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]) en P.L. Crouse ([[Universiteit van Pretoria|UP]]) vir ''Litium-ontginning uit Zimbabwiese petaliet met behulp van ammoniumbifluorie''.<ref>https://maroelamedia.co.za/goeiegoed/goeie-nuus/naude-wen-hertzogprys-met-dol-heuning/</ref> == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{SA_Akademie}} [[Kategorie:SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] ficqi6wcjem1wfs0o7noyuwu72b0h3u 0 389955 2517331 2494735 2022-08-04T07:11:00Z Puvircho 6492 /* Lys van wenners */ wikitext text/x-wiki Die Markus Viljoenmedalje heet na J.M.H. Viljoen. Hy was van 1931 tot sy dood in 1949 hoofredakteur van [[Die Huisgenoot]], een van die bekwaamste joernaliste van ons land. In 'n lewensberig oor Markus Viljoen het [[D.J. Opperman]] onder meer geskryf: "As daar iemand is wat gedurende sy lewe, en veral ná sy dood, nie na waarde geskat word nie, dan is dit die joernalis en die redakteur. Hy het gewoonlik, soos dit ook die geval was met Markus Viljoen, sowel sy liggaam as sy gees veil vir die welvaart van sy koerant of tydskrif; maar so 'n joernalis bly eintlik vir die groot publiek 'n onbekende ..." In 1969 het die Akademieraad besluit om hierdie medalje in te stel "vir langdurige hoogstaande werk in die Afrikaanse joernalistiek". Die medalje word slegs een maal aan 'n persoon toegeken. Vanaf 1976 is die prys elke drie jaar beskikbaar. == Lys van wenners == * [[1969]] – dr. [[L.W. Hiemstra]] * [[1970]] – Willem van Heerden * [[1971]] – dr. P.A. Weber * [[1973]] – mnr. [[Schalk Pienaar (joernalis)|Schalk Pienaar]] * [[1979]] – prof. [[P.J. Cillié]] * [[1982]] – mej. [[Rykie van Reenen]] * [[1985]] – mnr. J.J.J. Scholtz * [[1991]] – mnr. [[Wiets Beukes]] * [[1994]] – mnr. Alf Ries * [[1997]] – mnr. J.P. Smit * [[2000]] – mnr. [[Niel Hammann]] * [[2003]] – mnr. P.A. Joubert * [[2009]] – me. Anne-Marie Mischke * [[2012]] – me. Zelda Jongbloed * [[2021]] – [[Fred Mouton]] {{SA_Akademie}} [[Kategorie:SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] 88b05h6gcr1asal4pk8xk7hwa5xs0i2 3 391149 2517315 2505380 2022-08-04T05:05:18Z EmausBot 18510 Robot: dubbele aanstuur na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Ratekreel]] reggemaak wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Gebruikerbespreking:Ratekreel]] bc2z69o1jlftl0drpn085fsgjurtbig 0 391298 2517207 2506991 2022-08-03T12:05:50Z Aliwal2012 39067 verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas2 |naam = Victoria |kleur = #FFEC8B |titel = ''Kroonprinses van Swede'' <br />''Hertogin van Västergötland'' |beeld = Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden in 2018.jpg |beeld_wydte = 220px |beeld_onderskrif = Kroonprinses Victoria in 2018. |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = |1 = |opskrif2 = |2 = |opskrif3 = |3 = |opskrif4 = Huis |4 = [[Huis van Bernadotte|Bernadotte]] |opskrif5 = Eggenoot |5 = Daniel Westling |opskrif6 = Kinders |6 = Estelle <br/>Oscar |opskrif7 = Vader |7 = [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|Koning Carl XVI Gustaf]] |opskrif8 = Moeder |8 = Silvia Sommerlath |opskrif9 = |9 = |opskrif10 = |10 = |opskrif11 = Geboortenaam |11 = Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée |opskrif12 = Gebore |12 = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1977|07|14|df=yes}}, Solna |opskrif13 = |13 = |opskrif14 = |14 = }} '''Victoria, kroonprinses van Swede, Hertogin van Västergötland''' (Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée; gebore op 14 Julie 1977) is as die oudste kind van koning [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|Carl XVI Gustaf]] die regmatige troonopvolger van [[Swede]]. As sy die troon bestyg, soos verwag word, sal sy Swede se vierde regerende koningin en die eerste sedert 1720 wees. Haar troonopvolging is verseker kragtens die wysiging van 1979 aan Swede se troonopvolgingswet. Dit is die eerste land in Europa wat koninklike [[Eersgeboortereg|absolute eersgeboortereg]] aangeneem het. ==Verandering in status== Victoria het op 1 Januarie 1980 die kroonprinses geword kragtens die 1979-wysiging aan die Troonopvolgingswet van 1810. Dit het koninklike absolute eersgeboortereg ingestel, wat beteken die oudste kind van 'n monarg sal hom of haar opvolg, ongeag die kind se geslag. Koning Carl XVI Gustaf het beswaar teen die wysiging aangeteken – nie omdat hy teen 'n vrou op die troon is nie, maar omdat sy seun se status as kroonprins sedert sy geboorte van hom weggeneem is.<ref>{{cite news |first=Claes |last=Petersson |title=Kungen: Grundlagen är lustig |trans-title=The King: The Constitution is amusing |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article178297.ab |date=24 November 2003 |newspaper=Aftonbladet |language=Sweeds |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> Toe Victoria die kroonprinses word, het sy ook die hertogin van Västergötland geword, een van Swede se historiese provinsies. Voor die wetswysiging was haar jonger broer, [[Carl Philip van Swede|Carl Philip]], die regmatige troonopvolger. Hy is nou die vierde aanspraakmaker, naas Victoria en haar twee kinders. ==Openbare lewe== Victoria se verklaring van meerderjarigheid het op 14 Julie 1995 in die koninklike paleis in [[Stockholm]] plaasgevind. Sy het op dié geleentheid haar eerste openbare toespraak gehou. Sy is sedertdien geregtig daarop om as staatshoof waar te neem wanneer die koning uit die land is. [[Beeld:Nationaldagen EM1B2109 (48018075338).jpg|thumb|links|220px|Prinses Victoria, prins Daniel en prins Oscar op Swede se nasionale dag in 2019.]] As regmatige aanspraakmaker op die troon is Victoria 'n werkende lid van die [[Huis van Bernadotte|Sweedse koningshuis]], met haar eie agenda van amptelike verpligtinge. Sy het Swede al dikwels oorsee verteenwoordig. Haar eerste groot ampsbesoek alleen was in 2001 aan [[Japan]], waar sy Sweedse toerisme, ontwerp, musiek, gastronomie en omgewingsvolhoubaarheid bevorder het. In dieselfde jaar het sy na die [[Amerika]]anse Weskus gereis, waar sy deelgeneem het aan die viering van die honderdjarige bestaan van die [[Nobelprys]]. In 2002-'04 het verskeie ander oorsese besoeke gevolg, onder meer aan [[Spanje]], [[Uganda]], [[Ethiopië]], [[Saoedi-Arabië]] en [[Hongarye]]. Prinses Victoria het in Oktober 2004 haar eie koninklike huishouding gekry<ref>{{cite web |title=Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess's Household |url=http://www.royalcourt.se/royalcourt/royalcourt/theroyalcourt/hrhthecrownprincessshousehold.4.396160511584257f2180001732.html |publisher=Royal Court of Sweden |access-date=19 June 2010}}</ref> om haar amptelike verpligtinge te help koördineer. In Januarie 2005 het sy 'n lang besoek aan [[Australië]] gebring om Sweedse styl en sake te bevorder. Besoeke na [[Turkye]], [[China]], [[Brasilië]] en vele ander lande het gevolg. Victoria is lid van die ereraad van die [[Internasionale Paralimpiese Komitee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.org/TheIPC/HWA/HonoraryBoard |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |title=IPC Honorary Board |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> In 2012 het sy eers kraamverlof geneem die dag voor haar dogter, Estelle, se geboorte.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4977659 |publisher=Sveriges Radio |title=Victoria does last official duty before birth |access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> Haar seun, Oscar, is in 2016 gebore.<ref name="birth">{{cite press release |title=Kronprinsessan och Prins Daniel har fått en son |trans-title=Crown Princess and Prince Daniel have a son |url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/aktuellt/kronprinsessanvictoriaochprinsdanielharfattenson.5.274e83ca152f4410091f5d.html |publisher=Royal Court of Sweden |language=Sweeds |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Sy en haar man, Daniel Westling, is op 19 Junie 2010 getroud. ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|2}} ==Eksterne Skakels== {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden}} {{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Sweedse koninklikes]] k79gll8uf4ytf6cc2nwjcs9sfm8j5qo 0 391520 2517291 2515943 2022-08-03T20:20:18Z 94.73.49.5 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geen bronnelys}} [[Lêer:Matovnikov in Chechnya (2018-07-12) 3.jpg|duimnael|Ramzan Kadirof.]] '''Ramzan Achmatowitsj Kadirof''' (Russies: Рамза́н Ахма́тович Кады́ров) is die seun van die voormalige [[Tsjetsjnië|Tsjetsjniese]] president [[Achmat Kadirof]], wat in Mei 2004 vermoor is. In Februarie 2007 het Kadirof Aloe Alchanof as president vervang, kort nadat hy 30 geword het, wat die minimum ouderdom vir die amp is. Hy was gewikkel in gewelddadige magstryde met die Tsjetsjniese regeringskrygshere Soelim Jamadajef en Said-Magomed Kakijef vir algehele militêre gesag, en met Alchanov vir politieke gesag. Kadirof is 'n erelid van die Russiese Akademie vir Natuurwetenskappe.^{[ ''Verwysing benodig'' ]} Hy het die Achmat-vegklub gestig en 'n internasionale jaarlikse vryslagstoeitoernooi genaamd die Ramzan Kadirof & Adlan Warajef-beker gestig. Sedert November 2015 is hy lid van die Advieskommissie van die Staatsraad van die [[Rusland|Russiese Federasie]]. Oor die jare het hy deur internasionale organisasies gekritiseer vir 'n wye verskeidenheid menseregtevergrype tydens sy bewind, met Human Rights Watch wat die gedwonge verdwynings en martelings so wydverspreid noem dat dit misdade teen die mensdom is. Tydens sy ampstermyn het hy 'n beroep gedoen om die openbare lewens van vroue te beperk en 'n veldtog gelei vir massa-aanhouding van diegene wat vermoedelik [[Homoseksualiteit|homoseksuele gedrag]] beoefen het. == Biografie == === Vroeë lewe en burgermagleier === [[Lêer:Akhmad Kadyrov 8 November 2000 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|links|150px|[[Achmat Kadirof]].]] Hy is gebore in Tsentaroi, [[RSFSR]], [[Sowjetunie]]. Hy was die tweede seun van Achmat en Aimani Kadirof en hul jongste kind. Hy het 'n ouer broer, Zelimchan, en twee ouer susters, Zargan en Zoelai. Kadiror het daarna gestreef om die respek van sy pa, wat 'n imam was, te kry. Hy beweer hy het altyd sy pa nagevolg. Achmad het die oproep vir 'n [[djihad]] teen die Russe tydens die Eerste Tsjetsjniese Oorlog ondersteun, maar het van kant verwissel en in die Tweede Tsjetsjniese Oorlog sy trou aan Rusland verklaar. In die vroeë 1990's, toe die Sowjetunie ontbind, het die Tsjetsjniërs geveg om onafhanklikheid. Tydens die Eerste Tsjetsjniese Oorlog het hy saam met sy pa teen Russiese gewapende magte geveg. Ná die oorlog was Ramzan die persoonlike bestuurder en lyfwag van sy pa, wat die separatistiese moefti van Tsjetsjnië geword het. Die Kadiroftsi-milisie is gevorm tydens die Eerste Tsjetsjniese Oorlog toe Achmad Kadirof die djihad teen Rusland geloods het. Die Kadirofs het aan die begin van die Tweede Tsjetsjniese Oorlog in 1999 na die Moskoukant oorgeloop. Sedertdien het Kadirof sy burgermag gelei met ondersteuning van Rusland se staatsveiligheidsdiens en het hy hoof van die Tsjetsjniese presidensiële veiligheidsdiens geword. Valse gerugte dat Ramzan Kadirof gesterf het nadat sy lyfwag hom op 28 April 2004 geskiet het, het die ronde gedoen. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Russiese politici]] [[Kategorie:Islamitiese geskiedenis]] [[Kategorie:Diktators]] rices1phlvt9uqk9ao2rt84yc1dk3ml 0 392328 2517220 2517077 2022-08-03T13:54:57Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Spesies */ Skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia acutangula'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia barnardii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia festiva'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 0l2qth5rq0lqc3l3dmxjxha0h304x3u 2517361 2517220 2022-08-04T08:58:31Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = } '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia acutangula'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia barnardii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia festiva'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] msy5cnoivads1ub98mx4xjx2b30knfw 2517362 2517361 2022-08-04T08:58:44Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia acutangula'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia barnardii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia festiva'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 0l2qth5rq0lqc3l3dmxjxha0h304x3u 2517387 2517362 2022-08-04T10:03:10Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Spesies */ Skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia acutangula'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia barnardii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia festiva'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 8p64x6n0jj9gdplvg26trj4890m8tpi 2517394 2517387 2022-08-04T10:21:16Z Karooklippie 152478 /* Spesies */ skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia acutangula'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia barnardii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia festiva]]'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] ogpmnadwbiw1pe8g0hnyk0ekddz9qu7 2517395 2517394 2022-08-04T10:23:13Z Pro Patria Museum 152477 /* Spesies */ Skep nuwe bladsy wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acutangula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia barnardii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia festiva]]'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia firma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] jpefmjopnusm34gdu0woi4s6egf0413 2517397 2517395 2022-08-04T10:23:51Z Uitentuis 152480 /* Spesies */ Skakel wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skuinse titel}} {{Outomatiese taksoboks | name = Beesvygies | image = Ruschia maxima, blare, blomme en vrugte, Pretoria NBT, a.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ruschia maxima|R. maxima]]'', een van die grootste spesies in die genus | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia | authority = Schwantes | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia''''', in die volksmond bekend as die '''beesvygies''', is 'n [[vetplant]]-[[genus]] wat tot die [[Aizoaceae]] behoort en in 1926 vir die eerste keer beskryf is. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]], [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die plante is klein, regop struikies maar kan ook in die rankformaat voorkom.<ref>[[John Charles Manning|John Manning.]] 2018. Field Guide to Fynbos, Struik Nature, 2018 ISBN 978-1-77584-590-4</ref> Ongeveer 40 van die [[spesie]]s behoort tot die [[fynbos]]-bioom. Soos by ander vygies lok die helderkleurige blomme [[heuningby|by]]e, [[skoenlapper]]s en [[kewer]]s wat hulle bestuif. Lede van die genus kan maklik met ''[[Lampranthus]]'' en ''[[Drosanthemum]]'' verwar word, wat egter groter blomme met 'n groter verskeidenheid kleure het.<ref>[http://pza.sanbi.org/ruschia-maxima Ruschia maxima (Haw.) L.Bolus], Ricardo Riddles, Karoowoestyn- Nasionale Botaniese Tuin, Januarie 2012</ref> == Spesies == Daar is 208 spesies wat tot die genus hoort:<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16337-1</ref> {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''[[Ruschia abbreviata]]'' <small>[[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]]</small> * ''[[Ruschia acocksii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acuminata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia acutangula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia aggregata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia alata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia albida'' <small>Klak</small> * ''[[Ruschia altigena]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia amicorum]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ampliata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia approximata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia archeri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia aspera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia atrata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia axthelmiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia barnardii]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia beaufortensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bijliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia bipapillata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia bolusiae'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia brakdamensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia breekpoortensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevibracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevicyma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia brevipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia britteniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia burtoniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcarea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia calcicola'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia callifera'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia campestris'' <small>(Burch.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia canonotata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia capornii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia caroli]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia caudata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cedarbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia centrocapsula'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''[[Ruschia ceresiana]]'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cincta'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia clavata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia complanata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia congesta'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia copiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia costata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cradockensis'' <small>(Kuntze) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia crassa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia crassisepala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia cupulata]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia curta'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia cymbifolia'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia cymosa'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia decurrens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia decurvans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dejagerae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia deminuta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia densiflora]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia depressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dichroa'' <small>(Rolfe) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia dielsiana'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen ex H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia dilatata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia divaricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia diversifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia duthieae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia edentula'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia elineata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia erecta'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia esterhuyseniae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia exigua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia extensa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia festiva]]'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia filipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia firma]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia floribunda'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia foliosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia fourcadei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia frederici'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia fugitans'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia geminiflora]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia glauca]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia goodiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilipes'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia gracilis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia griquensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia grisea'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia hamata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia haworthii'' <small>H.Jacobsen & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''Ruschia heteropetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia holensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia imbricata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia impressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inclusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia inconspicua'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia incurvata]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia indecora]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia indurata'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia intermedia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia intricata'' <small>(N.E.Br.) H.E.K.Hartmann & Stüber</small> * ''Ruschia karrachabensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia karrooica]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia kenhardtensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kliphergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia kuboosana'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia langebaanensis]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lapidicola'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lavisii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxa'' <small>(Willd.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia laxiflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia laxipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia leptocalyx]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lerouxiae'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia leucosperma'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia lineolata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia lisabeliae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia macowanii]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia magnifica'' <small>Klak</small> * ''Ruschia mariae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia marianae'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia maxima]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia middlemostii'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia misera'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia mollis'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia montaguensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia muelleri'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muiriana'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia multiflora'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia muricata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia namusmontana'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia nelii'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia neovirens'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia nieuwerustensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia nonimpressa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia obtusa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia odontocalyx'' <small>(Schltr. & Diels) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia orientalis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pallens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia parviflora'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia parvifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia patulifolia'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pauciflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia paucipetala'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia perfoliata'' <small>(Mill.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia phylicoides'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pinguis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia pollardii'' <small>Friedrich</small> * ''Ruschia primosii'' <small>L.Bolul</small> * ''Ruschia pulvinaris'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia punctulata'' <small>(L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia pungens'' <small>(A.Berger) H.Jacobsen</small> * ''Ruschia putterillii'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rariflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia recurva'' <small>(Moench) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia rigens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rigida'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia rigidicaulis'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia robusta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia rubricaulis]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia rupicola'' <small>(Engl.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia ruralis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia ruschiana]]'' <small>(Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia sabulicola]]'' <small>Dinter</small> * ''Ruschia sandbergensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia sarmentosa'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia scabra'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''[[Ruschia schollii]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semidentata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia semiglobosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia senaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia serrulata'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia sessilis'' <small>(Thunb.) H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia singula'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia solitaria'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia spinosa'' <small>(L.) Dehn</small> * ''Ruschia staminodiosa'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia stricta'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia strubeniae]]'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia suaveolens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subpaniculata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subsphaerica'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia subteres'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tardissima'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tecta]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tenella'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia testacea'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia tribracteata'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia triflora'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia truteri'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia tumidula]]'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia turgida'' <small>(L.Bolus) Klak</small> * ''Ruschia uitenhagensis'' <small>(L.Bolus) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia umbellata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia uncinata'' <small>(L.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia unidens'' <small>(Haw.) Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia vaginata'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''Ruschia valida'' <small>Schwantes</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanbredae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vanderbergiae]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanheerdei'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vanniekerkiae'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia versicolor'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia vetovalida'' <small>H.E.K.Hartmann</small> * ''Ruschia victoris'' <small>(L.Bolus) L.Bolus</small> * ''Ruschia virens'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia virgata]]'' <small>(Haw.) L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia viridifolia]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small> * ''[[Ruschia vulvaria]]'' <small>(Dinter) Schwantes</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia| ]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] rgwyo9sy2rmcut8y3h7hd5zd4ylq8ks 0 392484 2517275 2517165 2022-08-03T18:11:26Z CarCrazedAlex586 115108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Cadillac CTS|image=[[Lêer:2008 Cadillac CTS -- NHTSA 1.jpg|275px]]|caption=Tweede generasie Cadillac CTS|manufacturer=[[General Motors]]|production=2002–2019|model_years=2003–2019|class=Middelslag luukse motor|related=Cadillac CTS-V|predecessor=Cadillac Catera<br/>Cadillac Eldorado (CTS Coupe)|successor=Cadillac CT5}} Die '''Cadillac CTS''' (<b>C</b>atera <b>T</b>ouring <b>S</b>edan) is 'n middelslag luukse motor wat van 2003 tot 2019 oor drie generasies deur [[General Motors]] vervaardig en bemark is. Histories was dit soortgelyk aan motors op die kompakte luukse spektrum geprys; maar dit was nog altyd na aan sy middelgrootte mededingers. Die derde generasie ding regstreeks met die middelslag luukse motors mee. Aanvanklik slegs as 'n 4-deur-sedan op die GM Sigma-platform beskikbaar, het GM die tweede generasie CTS in drie bakstyle aangebied: 4-deur-sedan, 2-deur-koepee en 5-deur-sportwa wat ook die Sigma-platform gebruik - en die derde generasie is slegs as 'n sedan aangebied, met 'n gestrekte weergawe van die GM Alpha-platform. Die derde generasie-CTS se indirekte opvolger is die kleiner CT5, wat, soos die eerste- en tweede generasie-CTS, die BMW 3-reeks en Mercedes-Benz C-klas aandurf, terwyl sy 5-reeks/E-klas-grootte behoue bly. Wayne Cherry en Kip Wasenko het die buitekant van die eerste generasie CTS ontwerp, wat die produksiedebuut van 'n ontwerptaal (bemark as "Art and Science") merk wat die eerste keer op die Evoq-konsepmotor gesien is. Bob Boniface en Robin Krieg het die buitekant van die derde generasie CTS ontwerp. {{TOClimit|3}} == CTS-V == Die '''Cadillac CTS-V''' is 'n hoëprestasie-weergawe van die Cadillac CTS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usacarfox.com/2013/02/usa-car-fox-new-york-auto-showredesigned-cadillac-cts.html|title=Redesigned Cadillac|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624165936/http://www.usacarfox.com/2013/02/usa-car-fox-new-york-auto-showredesigned-cadillac-cts.html|archive-date=June 24, 2013|access-date=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Die CTS-V-reeks sluit drie bakstyle in, wat almal 'n stootstang OHK V-8-enjin en 'n sport-ingestelde vering het. Die vierdeur CTS-V-sedan is in 2004 bekendgestel, en die CTS-V-sportwa en koepee is in 2010 vir die 2011-modeljaar bekendgestel. Die sedan ding mee in die Noord-Amerikaanse verbruikersmark teen ander hoëprestasie luukse sedans en "eggo" hul kwaliteit, maar is 'n meer bekostigbare opsie as mededingers soos die Audi RS6, BMW M5 en [[Mercedes-Benz E-klas|Mercedes E63 AMG]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2014-cadillac-cts-vsport-twin-turbo-v-6-test-review-technology-doesnt-come-free-page-2|title=Technology Doesn't Come Free|date=September 16, 2013|website=Car and Driver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVCoupe/2011/competitive-comparison/|title=2011 CTS-V High Performance Luxury Sport Sedan Comparison|publisher=Cadillac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103033/http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVCoupe/2011/competitive-comparison/|archive-date=May 11, 2011|access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVSedan/2011/competitive-comparison/|title=THE ALL-NEW 2011 CTS-V SEDAN|publisher=Cadillac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223120227/http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVSedan/2011/competitive-comparison/|archive-date=December 23, 2010|access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> Die tweede generasie CTS-V sedan, koepee en stasiewa is tot 2014 verkoop, gelyktydig met die derde generasie standaard sedan, totdat die derde generasie CTS-V gereed was.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/05/2014-cadillac-cts-v-sedan-continues-with-color-changes-rpo-central/|title=2014 CTS-V Sedan Updates, Information|last=GM Authority Staff|date=May 26, 2013|publisher=GM Authority|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> Die motor is in 2019 gestaak en deur die CT5–V Blackwing vervang. == Eerste generasie (2003) == {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Eerste generasie|image=[[File:Cadillac-CTS.jpg|275px]]|production=2002–Junie 2007|model_years=2003–2007|assembly={{unbulleted list | Verenigde State: [[Lansing]], [[Michigan]] (Lansing Grand River Assembly) | [[Volksrepubliek China|China]]: [[Sjanghai]] (Shanghai GM)<br/>[[Republiek China|Taiwan]]: Miaoli | Rusland: [[Kaliningrad]] (Avtotor)<ref name="avtotor.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.avtotor.ru/gm/ |title=Группа компаний Автотор :: Автомобили GM |language=ru |publisher=Avtotor.ru |access-date=November 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210120547/http://www.avtotor.ru/gm/ |archive-date=February 10, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=GM2009|url=http://www.avtotor.ru/upload/pictures/gm2009.jpg |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904192557/http://www.avtotor.ru/upload/pictures/gm2009.jpg |archive-date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref> }}|designer={{unbulleted list | Wayne Cherry (1998) | Kip Wasenko (1998) }}|body_style=4-deur [[sedan]]|platform=GM Sigma-platform|layout=Voorenjin, agterwielaandrywing|engine={{unbulleted list | '''[[Petrolenjin|Petrol]]:''' | 2,6 L ''[[General Motors 54° V6 engine#2.6|LY9]]'' [[V6-enjin|V6]] | 2,8 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LP1|LP1]]'' V6 | 3,2 L ''[[General Motors 54° V6 engine#LA3|LA3]]'' V6 | 3,6 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LY7|LY7]]'' V6 | 5,7 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS6|LS6]]'' [[V8-enjin|V8]] | 6,0 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS2|LS2]]'' V8 }}|transmission={{unbulleted list | 5-gang ''5L40-E'' [[outomatiese ratkas|outomaties]] | 5-gang Getrag ''260'' [[handratkas|handrat]] | 6-gang Aisin ''AY-6'' [[handratkas|handrat]] | 6-gang Tremec ''T-56'' [[handratkas|handrat]] }}|length={{convert|190.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="newbury2002">{{cite book |last=Newbury |first=Stephen |title=The Car Design Yearbook 1 |year=2002 |publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited |isbn=1-85894-190-3}}</ref>|width={{convert|70.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|height={{convert|56.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|weight={{convert|3568|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}}} Die CTS-sedan, wat vroeg in 2002 as 'n 2003-model bekendgestel is, is gebou op GM se nuwe agterwielaangedrewe Sigma-platform en het 'n volledig onafhanklike vering gehad. Dit was die eerste Cadillac wat met 'n [[handratkas]] sedert die 1988 Cimarron aangebied is. Die CTS is ontwerp as 'n plaasvervanger vir die [[Opel]]-gebaseerde Catera. Wayne Cherry en Kip Wasenko het die buitekant van die eerste generasie CTS ontwerp en hierdie voertuig was die produksiedebuut van die "Art and Science" -ontwerptaal wat die eerste keer op die Evoq-konsepmotor gesien is.<ref name="edmunds">{{Cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/cadillac/history.html|title=Cadillac History|website=Edmunds.com|publisher=Edmunds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403135013/http://www.edmunds.com/cadillac/history.html|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=April 21, 2007}}</ref> CTS-voertuie word by GM se Lansing Grand River Assembly in Lansing, Michigan, gebou. Oorspronklik aangedryf deur 'n 3,2-L LA3 V6 wat 164 kW lewer, het die CTS in 2004 'n opgedateerde 3,6-L DOHC V6 met veranderlike kleptydreëling as opsie ontvang, wat 190 kW en 342 N⋅m se wringkrag gelewer het. Die 3,2-L-enjin is in 2005 uit produksie geneem, toe 'n nuwe 2,8-L-weergawe van die DOHC V6 in 'n intreevlakweergawe van die CTS verskyn het. In Europa het die 2,8 L die vorige intreevlak-2,6 L-enjin vervang. Die CTS is oorspronklik aangebied met óf GM se interne vyfgang 5L40-E outomatiese ratkas óf 'n vyfgang Getrag 260 handratkas. Vir die 2005-modeljaar is die Getrag met 'n Aisin AY-6 sesgang vervang. In 2004 het GM die CTS-V bekendgestel, 'n hoëverrigting-weergawe van die CTS wat bedoel was om mee te ding met luukse prestasie-sedans soos die BMW M3/M5, Audi S4/S6, en Mercedes-Benz C- en E-klas AMG's. Die 2004 en 2005 CTS-V's was toegerus met die 5,7L LS6 V-8 (298 kW teen 6 000 rpm, 536 N⋅m teen 4 800 rpm), 'n Tremec T56 6-gang ratkas, 14" skywe en Brembo 4-suierremknypers voor en agter, vering-opgraderings (hoër veertempo's, stywer teenrolstawe, ses-lug hubs, en twee beskikbare demperpakkette), en subtiele buitekant veranderinge. Soos die LS6 uitgefaseer is, het die 2006 en 2007 CTS-V's die 6,0L LS2 V-8 ontvang, wat dieselfde krag- en wringkraggraderings gedra het (met 'n piekwringkrag wat 400 rpm gouer inskop). 'n Prototipe eerste generasie CTS-stasiewa is ontwerp, maar is nooit in produksie gebring nie. <div style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"> <gallery> Lêer:Cadillac CTS 002.JPG|alt=Japanese CTS|Japannese CTS Lêer:CTS interior.jpg|Binneruim Lêer:Cadillac CTS China 2016-04-07.jpg|Chinese CTS </gallery> </div> === CTS-V (2004-2007) === ==== Onderstel ==== [[Lêer:1st Cadillac CTS-V -- 12-08-2009.jpg|duimnael|links|Eerste generasie Cadillac CTS-V]] Die eerste generasie CTS-V is gebaseer op dieselfde agterwielaangedrewe GM Sigma-platform as die basismodel CTS. Die gebruik van 'n V8-enjin het 'n unieke enjinwieg vereis wat van die basis CTS V6 verskil. Groter anti-rol stawe en groter skokke is ook bygevoeg. Die veertempo is aansienlik verhoog. Die 2006-2007-opdatering het ook 'n sterker agterewenaar en halfas-ontwerp ingesluit. Unieke behandelings voor en agter het ook gaasroosters oor die voorste openinge, 'n baangereed skorsing, ses-naaf-nawe in plaas van die gewone CTS se vyflug-eenhede, en 18×8.5 duim-wiele binne-in P245/45R18 Z-gegradeerde Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar platloop- (''runflat'') bande. Remme was 355 mm skywe voor, met 365 mm skywe agter - elk met viersuier Brembo-knypers op die voor- en agterwiele. Daarbenewens is GM-kentekens op 2006-modelle bygevoeg. Vir prestasie-entoesiaste was 'n hoëverrigtingveringpakket (RPO FG2) beskikbaar as 'n handelaar-geïnstalleerde opsie. ==== Enjin ==== Die CTS-sedan is verbeter met GM-werkverrigtingonderdele soos 'n GM LS-enjin V8 van die C5-generasie Chevrolet Corvette Z06, sowel as die Corvette Z06 se sesgang Tremec-handratratverhoudings. Vanaf 2004 en 2005 het die CTS-V gekom met die 5,7 L-stootstang OHV LS6-enjin wat 298 kW teen 6 000 rpm en 536 N⋅m wringkrag teen 4 800 rpm gelewer het. Die wringkragvermindering van 7 N⋅m van die CTS-V teenoor die LS6 wat in die C5 Z06 gebruik word, was te danke aan die uitlaatspruitstuk wat op die CTS-V gebruik moes word. Van 2006 tot 2007 is die vorige LS6-enjin vervang deur die nuwe 6.0 L OHV LS2-enjin soos gebruik in die basis 2005 Chevrolet Corvette. Die nuwe LS2-enjin is op dieselfde 298 kW teen 6 000 rpm gegradeer met die hoogste wringkrag van 536 N⋅m teen 4 400 rpm. Terwyl albei enjins dieselfde krag- en wringkragspesifikasies bied, was die LS2 se voordeel 'n wyer wringkragband, as gevolg van die hoër verplasing wat dit gebied het. ==== Ratkas ==== Die enigste beskikbare ratkas was die sesgang-handrat Tremec T56. Die ratkas het die skip-skuif-funksie gebruik om brandstof te bespaar tydens ligte vragte deur te verhoed dat bestuurders die tweede en derde ratte gebruik, en 'n dubbelmassa-vliegwiel om "gerammel" onder geenvragtoestande te verminder. Die agteras was 'n Getrag beperkte glip IRS-eenheid met 'n 3.73:1 verhouding. ==== Verrigting ==== General Motors noem 'n 0-60 mph (97 km/h) tyd van 4,6 sekondes vir die eerste generasie CTS-V, met die kwartmyl tyd op 13,1 sekondes teen 109 mph (175 km/h) geskat, verder na 'n vermelde top spoed van 262 km/h. Die Brembo-remme van 14 duim deursnee kan die voertuig van 60 mph (97 km/h) in 110 voet stop. Die eerste generasie CTS-V het ook 'n rondtetyd van 8 minute 19 sekondes by Duitsland se beroemde Nürburgring Nordschleife behaal, mededingend met die Mercedes-Benz E 55 AMG en BMW M5. == Tweede generasie (2008) == {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Tweede generasie|image=[[File:2010 Cadillac CTS sedan -- 10-30-2009.jpg|275px]]|production=2007–2014|model_years=2008–2013 (sedan, 2014 slegs vir V) <br> 2010–2014 (stasiewa) <br> 2011–2014 (koepee, 2015 slegs vir V)|assembly={{unbulleted list | Verenigde State: Lansing, Michigan (Lansing Grand River Assembly) | Rusland: [[Kaliningrad]], Kaliningrad Oblast ([[Avtotor]])<ref name="avtotor.ru"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> }}|body_style={{unbulleted list | 2-deur [[koepee]] (2011–2014) | 4-deur [[sedan]] (2008–2013) | 5-deur [[stasiewa]] (2010–2014) }}}} GM het die nuwe 2008 CTS tydens die Noord-Amerikaanse Internasionale Auto Show in Januarie 2007 onthul. Die basismodel van 2008–2009 bevat 'n 3,6 L LY7 V6 met 263 pk (196 kW) en 253 lb⋅ft (343 n⋅m) wringkrag van die vorige generasie oorgedra. 'n Tweede enjin, 'n nuwe 3,6 L-direkte-inspuiting V6 VVT-enjin met 304 pk (227 kW) en 273 lbick (370 n⋅m) wringkrag, is ook aangebied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/cadillac/cts/2008/performance|title=2008 Cadillac CTS Performance Review|website=U.S. News & World Report LP|access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> Vir 2010 het die basisenjin na 'n 3,0L-veranderlike kleptyd (VVT) V6 met 270 pk (201 kW) en 224 lb⋅ft (304 N⋅m) wringkrag verander. 'n 6-gang handratkas was standaardtoerusting op die tweede generasie CTS en GM se 6-gang Hydra-Matic 6L50-outomatiese ratkas was as 'n opsie op alle variante beskikbaar. Op aanvraag is die vierwielaandrywing met albei enjins aangebied as dit met 'n outomatiese ratkas toegerus is.<ref name="hellwig2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=119071|title=Detroit Auto Show: 2008 Cadillac CTS|last=Hellwig|first=Ed|date=January 8, 2007|website=Edmunds Inside Line|publisher=Edmunds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318151630/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D119071|archive-date=March 18, 2008|access-date=April 12, 2009|quote=Both transmissions will be offered with the high-output engine, along with another new option for 2008 — all-wheel drive.|url-status=dead}}</ref> Verskuiwing, rem en stuurverbeterings van die vorige generasie CTS-V is in die nuwe standaard CTS ontwerp. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse motorvervaardigers]] ec54enbtzsq6guyc965czj278m7tvx6 2517278 2517275 2022-08-03T18:19:02Z CarCrazedAlex586 115108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Cadillac CTS|image=[[Lêer:2008 Cadillac CTS -- NHTSA 1.jpg|275px]]|caption=Tweede generasie Cadillac CTS|manufacturer=[[General Motors]]|production=2002–2019|model_years=2003–2019|class=Middelslag luukse motor|related=Cadillac CTS-V|predecessor=Cadillac Catera<br/>Cadillac Eldorado (CTS Coupe)|successor=Cadillac CT5}} Die '''Cadillac CTS''' (<b>C</b>atera <b>T</b>ouring <b>S</b>edan) is 'n middelslag luukse motor wat van 2003 tot 2019 oor drie generasies deur [[General Motors]] vervaardig en bemark is. Histories was dit soortgelyk aan motors op die kompakte luukse spektrum geprys; maar dit was nog altyd na aan sy middelgrootte mededingers. Die derde generasie ding regstreeks met die middelslag luukse motors mee. Aanvanklik slegs as 'n 4-deur-sedan op die GM Sigma-platform beskikbaar, het GM die tweede generasie CTS in drie bakstyle aangebied: 4-deur-sedan, 2-deur-koepee en 5-deur-sportwa wat ook die Sigma-platform gebruik - en die derde generasie is slegs as 'n sedan aangebied, met 'n gestrekte weergawe van die GM Alpha-platform. Die derde generasie-CTS se indirekte opvolger is die kleiner CT5, wat, soos die eerste- en tweede generasie-CTS, die BMW 3-reeks en Mercedes-Benz C-klas aandurf, terwyl sy 5-reeks/E-klas-grootte behoue bly. Wayne Cherry en Kip Wasenko het die buitekant van die eerste generasie CTS ontwerp, wat die produksiedebuut van 'n ontwerptaal (bemark as "Art and Science") merk wat die eerste keer op die Evoq-konsepmotor gesien is. Bob Boniface en Robin Krieg het die buitekant van die derde generasie CTS ontwerp. {{TOClimit|3}} == CTS-V == Die '''Cadillac CTS-V''' is 'n hoëprestasie-weergawe van die Cadillac CTS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usacarfox.com/2013/02/usa-car-fox-new-york-auto-showredesigned-cadillac-cts.html|title=Redesigned Cadillac|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624165936/http://www.usacarfox.com/2013/02/usa-car-fox-new-york-auto-showredesigned-cadillac-cts.html|archive-date=June 24, 2013|access-date=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Die CTS-V-reeks sluit drie bakstyle in, wat almal 'n stootstang OHK V-8-enjin en 'n sport-ingestelde vering het. Die vierdeur CTS-V-sedan is in 2004 bekendgestel, en die CTS-V-sportwa en koepee is in 2010 vir die 2011-modeljaar bekendgestel. Die sedan ding mee in die Noord-Amerikaanse verbruikersmark teen ander hoëprestasie luukse sedans en "eggo" hul kwaliteit, maar is 'n meer bekostigbare opsie as mededingers soos die Audi RS6, BMW M5 en [[Mercedes-Benz E-klas|Mercedes E63 AMG]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2014-cadillac-cts-vsport-twin-turbo-v-6-test-review-technology-doesnt-come-free-page-2|title=Technology Doesn't Come Free|date=September 16, 2013|website=Car and Driver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVCoupe/2011/competitive-comparison/|title=2011 CTS-V High Performance Luxury Sport Sedan Comparison|publisher=Cadillac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103033/http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVCoupe/2011/competitive-comparison/|archive-date=May 11, 2011|access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVSedan/2011/competitive-comparison/|title=THE ALL-NEW 2011 CTS-V SEDAN|publisher=Cadillac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223120227/http://www.cadillac.com/ctsVSedan/2011/competitive-comparison/|archive-date=December 23, 2010|access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> Die tweede generasie CTS-V sedan, koepee en stasiewa is tot 2014 verkoop, gelyktydig met die derde generasie standaard sedan, totdat die derde generasie CTS-V gereed was.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/05/2014-cadillac-cts-v-sedan-continues-with-color-changes-rpo-central/|title=2014 CTS-V Sedan Updates, Information|last=GM Authority Staff|date=May 26, 2013|publisher=GM Authority|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> Die motor is in 2019 gestaak en deur die CT5–V Blackwing vervang. == Eerste generasie (2003) == {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Eerste generasie|image=[[File:Cadillac-CTS.jpg|275px]]|production=2002–Junie 2007|model_years=2003–2007|assembly={{unbulleted list | Verenigde State: [[Lansing]], [[Michigan]] (Lansing Grand River Assembly) | [[Volksrepubliek China|China]]: [[Sjanghai]] (Shanghai GM)<br/>[[Republiek China|Taiwan]]: Miaoli | Rusland: [[Kaliningrad]] (Avtotor)<ref name="avtotor.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.avtotor.ru/gm/ |title=Группа компаний Автотор :: Автомобили GM |language=ru |publisher=Avtotor.ru |access-date=November 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210120547/http://www.avtotor.ru/gm/ |archive-date=February 10, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=GM2009|url=http://www.avtotor.ru/upload/pictures/gm2009.jpg |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904192557/http://www.avtotor.ru/upload/pictures/gm2009.jpg |archive-date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref> }}|designer={{unbulleted list | Wayne Cherry (1998) | Kip Wasenko (1998) }}|body_style=4-deur [[sedan]]|platform=GM Sigma-platform|layout=Voorenjin, agterwielaandrywing|engine={{unbulleted list | '''[[Petrolenjin|Petrol]]:''' | 2,6 L ''[[General Motors 54° V6 engine#2.6|LY9]]'' [[V6-enjin|V6]] | 2,8 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LP1|LP1]]'' V6 | 3,2 L ''[[General Motors 54° V6 engine#LA3|LA3]]'' V6 | 3,6 L ''[[GM High Feature engine#LY7|LY7]]'' V6 | 5,7 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS6|LS6]]'' [[V8-enjin|V8]] | 6,0 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LS2|LS2]]'' V8 }}|transmission={{unbulleted list | 5-gang ''5L40-E'' [[outomatiese ratkas|outomaties]] | 5-gang Getrag ''260'' [[handratkas|handrat]] | 6-gang Aisin ''AY-6'' [[handratkas|handrat]] | 6-gang Tremec ''T-56'' [[handratkas|handrat]] }}|length={{convert|190.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="newbury2002">{{cite book |last=Newbury |first=Stephen |title=The Car Design Yearbook 1 |year=2002 |publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited |isbn=1-85894-190-3}}</ref>|width={{convert|70.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|height={{convert|56.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|weight={{convert|3568|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}}} Die CTS-sedan, wat vroeg in 2002 as 'n 2003-model bekendgestel is, is gebou op GM se nuwe agterwielaangedrewe Sigma-platform en het 'n volledig onafhanklike vering gehad. Dit was die eerste Cadillac wat met 'n [[handratkas]] sedert die 1988 Cimarron aangebied is. Die CTS is ontwerp as 'n plaasvervanger vir die [[Opel]]-gebaseerde Catera. Wayne Cherry en Kip Wasenko het die buitekant van die eerste generasie CTS ontwerp en hierdie voertuig was die produksiedebuut van die "Art and Science" -ontwerptaal wat die eerste keer op die Evoq-konsepmotor gesien is.<ref name="edmunds">{{Cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/cadillac/history.html|title=Cadillac History|website=Edmunds.com|publisher=Edmunds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403135013/http://www.edmunds.com/cadillac/history.html|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=April 21, 2007}}</ref> CTS-voertuie word by GM se Lansing Grand River Assembly in Lansing, Michigan, gebou. Oorspronklik aangedryf deur 'n 3,2-L LA3 V6 wat 164 kW lewer, het die CTS in 2004 'n opgedateerde 3,6-L DOHC V6 met veranderlike kleptydreëling as opsie ontvang, wat 190 kW en 342 N⋅m se wringkrag gelewer het. Die 3,2-L-enjin is in 2005 uit produksie geneem, toe 'n nuwe 2,8-L-weergawe van die DOHC V6 in 'n intreevlakweergawe van die CTS verskyn het. In Europa het die 2,8 L die vorige intreevlak-2,6 L-enjin vervang. Die CTS is oorspronklik aangebied met óf GM se interne vyfgang 5L40-E outomatiese ratkas óf 'n vyfgang Getrag 260 handratkas. Vir die 2005-modeljaar is die Getrag met 'n Aisin AY-6 sesgang vervang. In 2004 het GM die CTS-V bekendgestel, 'n hoëverrigting-weergawe van die CTS wat bedoel was om mee te ding met luukse prestasie-sedans soos die BMW M3/M5, Audi S4/S6, en Mercedes-Benz C- en E-klas AMG's. Die 2004 en 2005 CTS-V's was toegerus met die 5,7L LS6 V-8 (298 kW teen 6 000 rpm, 536 N⋅m teen 4 800 rpm), 'n Tremec T56 6-gang ratkas, 14" skywe en Brembo 4-suierremknypers voor en agter, vering-opgraderings (hoër veertempo's, stywer teenrolstawe, ses-lug hubs, en twee beskikbare demperpakkette), en subtiele buitekant veranderinge. Soos die LS6 uitgefaseer is, het die 2006 en 2007 CTS-V's die 6,0L LS2 V-8 ontvang, wat dieselfde krag- en wringkraggraderings gedra het (met 'n piekwringkrag wat 400 rpm gouer inskop). 'n Prototipe eerste generasie CTS-stasiewa is ontwerp, maar is nooit in produksie gebring nie. <div style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"> <gallery> Lêer:Cadillac CTS 002.JPG|alt=Japanese CTS|Japannese CTS Lêer:CTS interior.jpg|Binneruim Lêer:Cadillac CTS China 2016-04-07.jpg|Chinese CTS </gallery> </div> === CTS-V (2004-2007) === ==== Onderstel ==== [[Lêer:1st Cadillac CTS-V -- 12-08-2009.jpg|duimnael|links|Eerste generasie Cadillac CTS-V]] Die eerste generasie CTS-V is gebaseer op dieselfde agterwielaangedrewe GM Sigma-platform as die basismodel CTS. Die gebruik van 'n V8-enjin het 'n unieke enjinwieg vereis wat van die basis CTS V6 verskil. Groter anti-rol stawe en groter skokke is ook bygevoeg. Die veertempo is aansienlik verhoog. Die 2006-2007-opdatering het ook 'n sterker agterewenaar en halfas-ontwerp ingesluit. Unieke behandelings voor en agter het ook gaasroosters oor die voorste openinge, 'n baangereed skorsing, ses-naaf-nawe in plaas van die gewone CTS se vyflug-eenhede, en 18×8.5 duim-wiele binne-in P245/45R18 Z-gegradeerde Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar platloop- (''runflat'') bande. Remme was 355 mm skywe voor, met 365 mm skywe agter - elk met viersuier Brembo-knypers op die voor- en agterwiele. Daarbenewens is GM-kentekens op 2006-modelle bygevoeg. Vir prestasie-entoesiaste was 'n hoëverrigtingveringpakket (RPO FG2) beskikbaar as 'n handelaar-geïnstalleerde opsie. ==== Enjin ==== Die CTS-sedan is verbeter met GM-werkverrigtingonderdele soos 'n GM LS-enjin V8 van die C5-generasie Chevrolet Corvette Z06, sowel as die Corvette Z06 se sesgang Tremec-handratratverhoudings. Vanaf 2004 en 2005 het die CTS-V gekom met die 5,7 L-stootstang OHV LS6-enjin wat 298 kW teen 6 000 rpm en 536 N⋅m wringkrag teen 4 800 rpm gelewer het. Die wringkragvermindering van 7 N⋅m van die CTS-V teenoor die LS6 wat in die C5 Z06 gebruik word, was te danke aan die uitlaatspruitstuk wat op die CTS-V gebruik moes word. Van 2006 tot 2007 is die vorige LS6-enjin vervang deur die nuwe 6.0 L OHV LS2-enjin soos gebruik in die basis 2005 Chevrolet Corvette. Die nuwe LS2-enjin is op dieselfde 298 kW teen 6 000 rpm gegradeer met die hoogste wringkrag van 536 N⋅m teen 4 400 rpm. Terwyl albei enjins dieselfde krag- en wringkragspesifikasies bied, was die LS2 se voordeel 'n wyer wringkragband, as gevolg van die hoër verplasing wat dit gebied het. ==== Ratkas ==== Die enigste beskikbare ratkas was die sesgang-handrat Tremec T56. Die ratkas het die skip-skuif-funksie gebruik om brandstof te bespaar tydens ligte vragte deur te verhoed dat bestuurders die tweede en derde ratte gebruik, en 'n dubbelmassa-vliegwiel om "gerammel" onder geenvragtoestande te verminder. Die agteras was 'n Getrag beperkte glip IRS-eenheid met 'n 3.73:1 verhouding. ==== Verrigting ==== General Motors noem 'n 0-60 mph (97 km/h) tyd van 4,6 sekondes vir die eerste generasie CTS-V, met die kwartmyl tyd op 13,1 sekondes teen 109 mph (175 km/h) geskat, verder na 'n vermelde top spoed van 262 km/h. Die Brembo-remme van 14 duim deursnee kan die voertuig van 60 mph (97 km/h) in 110 voet stop. Die eerste generasie CTS-V het ook 'n rondtetyd van 8 minute 19 sekondes by Duitsland se beroemde Nürburgring Nordschleife behaal, mededingend met die Mercedes-Benz E 55 AMG en BMW M5. == Tweede generasie (2008) == {{Inligtingskas Motorvoertuig|name=Tweede generasie|image=[[File:2010 Cadillac CTS sedan -- 10-30-2009.jpg|275px]]|production=2007–2014|model_years=2008–2013 (sedan, 2014 slegs vir V) <br> 2010–2014 (stasiewa) <br> 2011–2014 (koepee, 2015 slegs vir V)|assembly={{unbulleted list | Verenigde State: Lansing, Michigan (Lansing Grand River Assembly) | Rusland: [[Kaliningrad]], Kaliningrad Oblast ([[Avtotor]])<ref name="avtotor.ru"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> }}|body_style={{unbulleted list | 2-deur [[koepee]] (2011–2014) | 4-deur [[sedan]] (2008–2013) | 5-deur [[stasiewa]] (2010–2014) }}}} GM het die nuwe 2008 CTS tydens die Noord-Amerikaanse Internasionale Auto Show in Januarie 2007 onthul. Die basismodel van 2008–2009 bevat 'n 3,6 L LY7 V6 met 196 kW en 343 n⋅m wringkrag van die vorige generasie oorgedra. 'n Tweede enjin, 'n nuwe 3,6 L-direkte-inspuiting V6 VVT-enjin met 227 kW en 370 n⋅m wringkrag, is ook aangebied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/cadillac/cts/2008/performance|title=2008 Cadillac CTS Performance Review|website=U.S. News & World Report LP|access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> Vir 2010 het die basisenjin na 'n 3,0L-veranderlike kleptyd (VVT) V6 met 201 kW en 304 N⋅m wringkrag verander. 'n 6-gang handratkas was standaardtoerusting op die tweede generasie CTS en GM se 6-gang Hydra-Matic 6L50-outomatiese ratkas was as 'n opsie op alle variante beskikbaar. Op aanvraag is die vierwielaandrywing met albei enjins aangebied as dit met 'n outomatiese ratkas toegerus is.<ref name="hellwig2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=119071|title=Detroit Auto Show: 2008 Cadillac CTS|last=Hellwig|first=Ed|date=January 8, 2007|website=Edmunds Inside Line|publisher=Edmunds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318151630/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D119071|archive-date=March 18, 2008|access-date=April 12, 2009|quote=Both transmissions will be offered with the high-output engine, along with another new option for 2008 — all-wheel drive.|url-status=dead}}</ref> Verskuiwing, rem en stuurverbeterings van die vorige generasie CTS-V is in die nuwe standaard CTS ontwerp. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse motorvervaardigers]] iuqpx9vb3zu5arsla54nxu0tr345hnw 10 392539 2517340 2517198 2022-08-04T07:49:47Z Rooiratel 90342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox | name = Skoonmaak2 | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | class = ambox-Cleanup | small = {{{klein|}}} | sect = {{{1|}}} | issue = vereis '''dalk [[Wikipedia:Skoonmaak|skoonmaak]]''' om aan Wikipedia se [[Wikipedia:Styl|standaarde]] te voldoen. {{#if:{{{2|{{{rede|}}}}}} |Die spesifieke probleem is: ''' {{{2|{{{rede}}}}}}.''' }} | talk = {{{bespreek|{{{besprekings-afdeling|}}}}}} | fix = {{#if:{{{2|{{{rede|}}}}}}| |Geen [[Sjabloon:Skoonmaak/doc|skoonmaakrede]] word gespesifiseer nie. }} Help asseblief [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} om hierdie {{{1|{{SUBJECTSPACE formatted}}}}}] te verbeter as jy kan. | removalnotice = yes | date = {{{datum|}}} | cat = Artikels wat skoonmaak vereis | all = Wikipedia skoonmaak | cat2 = Skoonmaak gemerkte artikels {{#if:{{{2|{{{rede|}}}}}}|met|sonder}} 'n rede }} {{Category handler |page = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} |category = {{DMC|Artikels wat skoonmaak vereis|sedert|{{{datum|}}}}} |other = {{DMCA|Artikels wat skoonmaak vereis|sedert|{{{datum|}}}}} }} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> g5mqnipgyz2folrsp846ejwv52vznt0 0 392541 2517209 2517205 2022-08-03T12:06:44Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Sweedse koninklikes]] bygevoeg ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër | naam = Prinses Madeleine van Swede | beeld = Princess Madeleine EM1B1626 (34342166723).jpg | beeldonderskrif = Prinses Madeleine in 2017 | geboortenaam = Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine | geboortedatum = | geboortejaar = 1982 | geboortemaand = 6 | geboortedag = 10 | geboorteplek = Drottningholm, [[Swede]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | party = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Swede}} | orde = | termynaanvang = | termyneinde = | vise = | president = | eersteminister = | voorganger = | opvolger = | orde2 = | termynaanvang2 = | termyneinde2 = | vise2 = | president2 = | eersteminister2 = | voorganger2 = | opvolger2 = | ouers = [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|Carl XVI Gustaf]]<br />en Silvia Sommerlath | eggenoot = {{marriage|Christopher O'Neill|2013}} | kinders = {{plainlist| * Princess Leonore, Hertogin van Gotland * Prins Nicolas, Hertog van Ångermanland * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge]] }} | alma_mater = | religie = Kerk van Swede | handtekening = | toekennings = }} '''Prinses Madeleine van Swede, Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland''' (Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine;<ref name="kungahuset12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html|title=H.K.H. Prinsessan Madeleine|website=Kungahuset|language=sv}}</ref> gebore op 10 Junie 1982) is die tweede dogter en jongste kind van [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|koning Carl XVI Gustaf]] en koningin Silvia. Met haar geboorte was sy derde in die opvolging van die Sweedse troon, tans is sy agtste. Prinses Madeleine is getroud met die Brits-Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill. Hulle het drie kinders, prinses Leonore, prins Nicolas en [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|prinses Adrienne]]. == Vroeë lewe == Madeleine is op 10 Junie 1982 om 19:05 [[Middel-Europese Tyd|MEST]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|title=Och så ska det gå till ... - Sverige - Göteborgs-Posten|last=Udo Sponberg udo.sponberg@gp.se|website=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014910/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> by Drottningholm-paleis gebore en is 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie van die [[Huis van Bernadotte]]. Sy is op 31 Augustus 1982 by The Royal Palace Church gedoop,<ref name="kungahuset1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html |title=H.K.H Prinsessan Madeleine |website=Kungahuset |language=sv}}</ref> Madeleine het die eretitel van Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland ontvang. Dit was die eerste keer sedert die vroeë 17de eeu wat 'n Sweedse hertogtitel meer as een provinsie ingesluit het. Beide Hälsingland en Gästrikland word deur Gävleborg County ingesluit. == Opvoeding == Vanaf 1985 tot 1989 het Madeleine haar opleiding aan die Västerled Parish Pre-School begin. In die herfs van 1989 het sy na Smedslättsskolan in Bromma en op die junior vlak onderrig. Vir die intermediêre vlak het sy na Carlssons Skool in [[Stockholm]] gegaan, en daarna na Enskilda Gimnasiet in Stockholm, wat sy op senior vlak bygewoon het. Sy het ook hoërskool by Enskilda voltooi, waar sy in 2001 gegradueer het.<ref name="kungahuset1" /> Gedurende die herfs van 2001 het sy in Londen gewoon, waar sy Engels studeer het. In 2002 het sy 'n basiese module in Inleiding tot Sweedse Reg geneem en vir die [[ICDL|Europese rekenaarbestuurslisensie]] gestudeer. In Januarie 2003 het sy by die Stockholm Universiteit ingeskryf om in kunsgeskiedenis te studeer. In 2004 het sy 'n kursus in [[Volkekunde|etnologie]] aan dieselfde universiteit begin. Sy praat vlot Engels, Duits en Sweeds, en ook 'n bietjie Frans.<ref name="hellomagazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|title=Princess Madeleine|website=Hello! online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709160934/https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|archive-date=9 July 2022|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het 23 Januarie 2006 gegradueer met 'n [[Baccalaureus artium]] in kunsgeskiedenis, etnologie en moderne geskiedenis. == Ampsaktiwiteite == [[Lêer:Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-Högtidssammankomst_2010-03-31-31.jpg|duimnael|Madeleine het in 2010 die Göran Gustafsson-prys aan Johan Elf oorhandig.]] Madeleine onderneem verskeie verbintenisse namens haar pa en die mense van Swede. Sy neem deel aan die vieringe van Swede se nasionale dag, die Nobelfeeste, etes en staatsbesoeke saam met ander lede van die koninklike familie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/engagemang.4.187e1841020141a4c88000354.html|title=Engagemang - Sveriges Kungahus|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het Swede verteenwoordig by die opening van die ''New Sweden Gallery'' op 5 Junie 2011, by die American Swedish Historical Museum in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsilvanië]], wat 'n geanimeerde kaart van die New Sweden-nedersetting deur Sean Moir bevat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|title=John Lane's Notes on Music|publisher=Weeklypress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065609/http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> == Ontspanningsaktiwiteite == Madeleine is 'n entoesiastiese ruiter. Sy het perde besit (wat by die Royal Stables op stal was) en het aan skouspring deelgeneem onder die naam "Anna Svensson".<ref name="hellomagazine" /> Sy hou ook van ski, en stel belang in teater, dans en kuns. Ter erkenning van haar meerderjarigheid in 2001, is 'n beursfonds in haar naam geskep deur die provinsie Gävleborg, wat uit haar [[hertogdom]]me Hälsingland en Gästrikland bestaan. Dit ondersteun en moedig jongmense aan wat by perdry betrokke is. == Persoonlike lewe == [[Lêer:Prinsessan_Madeleine_&_Christopher_O’Neill_efter_bröllopet.jpg|regs|duimnael|Prinses Madeleine en Christopher O'Neill ná hul troue.]] === Huwelik en kinders === Op 25 Oktober 2012 het die Sweedse Koninklike Hof Prinses Madeleine se verlowing met die Brits-gebore Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill aangekondig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/2012/2012/engagementbetweenprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneill.5.292a62ce13848168ac52a75.html?sv.url=12.292a62ce13848168ac52a7b&skip=2&state=showFolder&folderId=19.292a62ce13848168ac52a5a|title=Engagement between Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill|website=Swedish Royal House}}</ref> Op 23 Desember 2012 is aangekondig dat die troue op 8 Junie 2013 by die Koninklike Paleis-kapel in [[Stockholm]] sou plaasvind.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swedish Princess to marry next June |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |agency=Associated Press |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113140938/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> O'Neill het verkies om titelloos te bly: 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie moet Sweedse burgerskap hê, wat O'Neill geweier het. Die egpaar het drie kinders: * Prinses Leonore Lilian Maria, Hertogin van Gotland, gebore op 20 Februarie 2014 in [[New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromthemarshaloftherealm.5.19aaa1d3143e3582c02ad3.html|title=Announcement from the Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|date=2014-02-20|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> * Prins Nicolas Paul Gustaf, Hertog van Ångermanland, gebore op 15 Junie 2015 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/aktuellt/kommunikefranriksmarskalken.5.751c664a14d8a76c8332a71.html|title=Kommuniké från riksmarskalken - Sveriges Kungahus|website=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|Prinses Adrienne Josephine Alice, Hertogin van Blekinge]], gebore op 9 Maart 2018 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.74a76de4161fad9ce9984c.html|title=Announcement from HE The Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/media/pressreleases/pressreleases/hrhprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneillhavehadadaughter.5.74a76de4161fad9ce99b40.html|title=HRH Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill have had a daughter - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1982]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Swede (nasionaliteit)]] [[Kategorie:Sweedse koninklikes]] nik5htnp35azukuvql28b1ygnaye5g1 2517210 2517209 2022-08-03T12:08:47Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër | naam = Prinses Madeleine van Swede | beeld = Princess Madeleine EM1B1626 (34342166723).jpg | beeldonderskrif = Prinses Madeleine in 2017 | geboortenaam = Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine | geboortedatum = | geboortejaar = 1982 | geboortemaand = 6 | geboortedag = 10 | geboorteplek = Drottningholm, [[Swede]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | party = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Swede}} | orde = | termynaanvang = | termyneinde = | vise = | president = | eersteminister = | voorganger = | opvolger = | orde2 = | termynaanvang2 = | termyneinde2 = | vise2 = | president2 = | eersteminister2 = | voorganger2 = | opvolger2 = | ouers = [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|Carl XVI Gustaf]]<br />en Silvia Sommerlath | eggenoot = {{marriage|Christopher O'Neill|2013}} | kinders = {{plainlist| * Princess Leonore, Hertogin van Gotland * Prins Nicolas, Hertog van Ångermanland * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge]] }} | alma_mater = | religie = Kerk van Swede | handtekening = | toekennings = }} '''Prinses Madeleine van Swede, Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland''' (Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine;<ref name="kungahuset12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html|title=H.K.H. Prinsessan Madeleine|website=Kungahuset|language=sv}}</ref> gebore op 10 Junie 1982) is die tweede dogter en jongste kind van [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|koning Carl XVI Gustaf]] en koningin Silvia. Met haar geboorte was sy derde in die opvolging van die Sweedse troon, tans is sy agtste. Prinses Madeleine is getroud met die Brits-Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill. Hulle het drie kinders, prinses Leonore, prins Nicolas en [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|prinses Adrienne]]. == Vroeë lewe == Madeleine is op 10 Junie 1982 om 19:05 [[Middel-Europese Tyd|MEST]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|title=Och så ska det gå till ... - Sverige - Göteborgs-Posten|last=Udo Sponberg udo.sponberg@gp.se|website=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014910/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> by Drottningholm-paleis gebore en is 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie van die [[Huis van Bernadotte]]. Sy is op 31 Augustus 1982 by The Royal Palace Church gedoop,<ref name="kungahuset1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html |title=H.K.H Prinsessan Madeleine |website=Kungahuset |language=sv}}</ref> Madeleine het die eretitel van Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland ontvang. Dit was die eerste keer sedert die vroeë 17de eeu wat 'n Sweedse hertogtitel meer as een provinsie ingesluit het. Beide Hälsingland en Gästrikland word deur Gävleborg County ingesluit. == Opvoeding == Vanaf 1985 tot 1989 het Madeleine haar opleiding aan die Västerled Parish Pre-School begin. In die herfs van 1989 het sy na Smedslättsskolan in Bromma en op die junior vlak onderrig. Vir die intermediêre vlak het sy na Carlssons Skool in [[Stockholm]] gegaan, en daarna na Enskilda Gimnasiet in Stockholm, wat sy op senior vlak bygewoon het. Sy het ook hoërskool by Enskilda voltooi, waar sy in 2001 gegradueer het.<ref name="kungahuset1" /> Gedurende die herfs van 2001 het sy in Londen gewoon, waar sy Engels studeer het. In 2002 het sy 'n basiese module in Inleiding tot Sweedse Reg geneem en vir die [[ICDL|Europese rekenaarbestuurslisensie]] gestudeer. In Januarie 2003 het sy by die Stockholm Universiteit ingeskryf om in kunsgeskiedenis te studeer. In 2004 het sy 'n kursus in [[Volkekunde|etnologie]] aan dieselfde universiteit begin. Sy praat vlot Engels, Duits en Sweeds, en ook 'n bietjie Frans.<ref name="hellomagazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|title=Princess Madeleine|website=Hello! online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709160934/https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|archive-date=9 July 2022|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het 23 Januarie 2006 gegradueer met 'n [[Baccalaureus artium]] in kunsgeskiedenis, etnologie en moderne geskiedenis. == Ampsaktiwiteite == [[Lêer:Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-Högtidssammankomst_2010-03-31-31.jpg|duimnael|Madeleine het in 2010 die Göran Gustafsson-prys aan Johan Elf oorhandig.]] Madeleine onderneem verskeie verbintenisse namens haar pa en die mense van Swede. Sy neem deel aan die vieringe van Swede se nasionale dag, die Nobelfeeste, etes en staatsbesoeke saam met ander lede van die koninklike familie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/engagemang.4.187e1841020141a4c88000354.html|title=Engagemang - Sveriges Kungahus|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het Swede verteenwoordig by die opening van die ''New Sweden Gallery'' op 5 Junie 2011, by die American Swedish Historical Museum in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsilvanië]], wat 'n geanimeerde kaart van die New Sweden-nedersetting deur Sean Moir bevat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|title=John Lane's Notes on Music|publisher=Weeklypress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065609/http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> == Ontspanningsaktiwiteite == Madeleine is 'n entoesiastiese ruiter. Sy het perde besit (wat by die Royal Stables op stal was) en het aan skouspring deelgeneem onder die naam "Anna Svensson".<ref name="hellomagazine" /> Sy hou ook van ski, en stel belang in teater, dans en kuns. Ter erkenning van haar meerderjarigheid in 2001, is 'n beursfonds in haar naam geskep deur die provinsie Gävleborg, wat uit haar [[hertogdom]]me Hälsingland en Gästrikland bestaan. Dit ondersteun en moedig jongmense aan wat by perdry betrokke is. == Persoonlike lewe == [[Lêer:Prinsessan_Madeleine_&_Christopher_O’Neill_efter_bröllopet.jpg|regs|duimnael|Prinses Madeleine en Christopher O'Neill ná hul troue.]] === Huwelik en kinders === Op 25 Oktober 2012 het die Sweedse Koninklike Hof Prinses Madeleine se verlowing met die Brits-gebore Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill aangekondig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/2012/2012/engagementbetweenprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneill.5.292a62ce13848168ac52a75.html?sv.url=12.292a62ce13848168ac52a7b&skip=2&state=showFolder&folderId=19.292a62ce13848168ac52a5a|title=Engagement between Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill|website=Swedish Royal House}}</ref> Op 23 Desember 2012 is aangekondig dat die troue op 8 Junie 2013 by die Koninklike Paleis-kapel in [[Stockholm]] sou plaasvind.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swedish Princess to marry next June |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |agency=Associated Press |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113140938/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> O'Neill het verkies om titelloos te bly: 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie moet Sweedse burgerskap hê, wat O'Neill geweier het. Die egpaar het drie kinders: * Prinses Leonore Lilian Maria, Hertogin van Gotland, gebore op 20 Februarie 2014 in [[New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromthemarshaloftherealm.5.19aaa1d3143e3582c02ad3.html|title=Announcement from the Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|date=2014-02-20|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> * Prins Nicolas Paul Gustaf, Hertog van Ångermanland, gebore op 15 Junie 2015 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/aktuellt/kommunikefranriksmarskalken.5.751c664a14d8a76c8332a71.html|title=Kommuniké från riksmarskalken - Sveriges Kungahus|website=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|Prinses Adrienne Josephine Alice, Hertogin van Blekinge]], gebore op 9 Maart 2018 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.74a76de4161fad9ce9984c.html|title=Announcement from HE The Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/media/pressreleases/pressreleases/hrhprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneillhavehadadaughter.5.74a76de4161fad9ce99b40.html|title=HRH Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill have had a daughter - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Madeleine, Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1982]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Swede (nasionaliteit)]] [[Kategorie:Sweedse koninklikes]] rc6926d848wpvy7sx1ezyq6odjzaqhc 2517213 2517210 2022-08-03T12:58:26Z Aliwal2012 39067 opruim wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër | naam = Prinses Madeleine van Swede | beeld = Princess Madeleine EM1B1626 (34342166723).jpg | beeldonderskrif = Prinses Madeleine in 2017 | geboortenaam = Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine | geboortedatum = | geboortejaar = 1982 | geboortemaand = 6 | geboortedag = 10 | geboorteplek = Drottningholm, [[Swede]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | party = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Swede}} | orde = | termynaanvang = | termyneinde = | vise = | president = | eersteminister = | voorganger = | opvolger = | orde2 = | termynaanvang2 = | termyneinde2 = | vise2 = | president2 = | eersteminister2 = | voorganger2 = | opvolger2 = | ouers = [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|Carl XVI Gustaf]]<br />en Silvia Sommerlath | eggenoot = {{marriage|Christopher O'Neill|2013}} | kinders = {{plainlist| * Princess Leonore, Hertogin van Gotland * Prins Nicolas, Hertog van Ångermanland * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge]] }} | alma_mater = | religie = Kerk van Swede | handtekening = | toekennings = }} '''Prinses Madeleine van Swede, Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland''' (Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine;<ref name="kungahuset12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html|title=H.K.H. Prinsessan Madeleine|website=Kungahuset|language=sv}}</ref> gebore op 10 Junie 1982) is die tweede dogter en jongste kind van [[Carl XVI Gustaf van Swede|koning Carl XVI Gustaf]] en koningin Silvia. Met haar geboorte was sy derde in die opvolging van die Sweedse troon, tans is sy agtste. Prinses Madeleine is getroud met die Brits-Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill. Hulle het drie kinders, prinses Leonore, prins Nicolas en [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|prinses Adrienne]]. == Vroeë lewe == Madeleine is op 10 Junie 1982 om 19:05 [[Middel-Europese Tyd|MEST]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|title=Och så ska det gå till ... - Sverige - Göteborgs-Posten|last=Udo Sponberg udo.sponberg@gp.se|website=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014910/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.846877-och-sa-ska-det-ga-till-?m=print|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> by Drottningholm-paleis gebore en is 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie van die [[Huis van Bernadotte]]. Sy is op 31 Augustus 1982 by The Royal Palace Church gedoop,<ref name="kungahuset1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/biografi.4.4ea495e313c19c119aa7d41.html |title=H.K.H Prinsessan Madeleine |website=Kungahuset |language=sv}}</ref> Madeleine het die eretitel van Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland ontvang. Dit was die eerste keer sedert die vroeë 17de eeu wat 'n Sweedse hertogtitel meer as een provinsie ingesluit het. Beide Hälsingland en Gästrikland word deur Gävleborg County ingesluit. == Opvoeding == Vanaf 1985 tot 1989 het Madeleine haar opleiding aan die Västerled Parish Pre-School begin. In die herfs van 1989 is sy na Smedslättsskolan in Bromma om op juniorvlak onderrig te ontvang. Vir die intermediêre vlak het sy na Carlssons Skool in [[Stockholm]] gegaan, en daarna na Enskilda Gymnasiet in Stockholm, wat sy op seniorvlak bygewoon het. Sy het haar hoërskoolloopbaan by Enskilda voltooi, waar sy in 2001 gematrikuleer het.<ref name="kungahuset1" /> Gedurende die herfs van 2001 het sy in Londen gewoon, waar sy Engels studeer het. In 2002 het sy 'n basiese module in Inleiding tot Sweedse Reg geneem en vir die [[ICDL|Europese rekenaarbestuurslisensie]] gestudeer. In Januarie 2003 het sy by die Stockholm Universiteit ingeskryf om in kunsgeskiedenis te studeer. In 2004 het sy 'n kursus in [[Volkekunde|etnologie]] aan dieselfde universiteit begin. Sy praat vlot Engels, Duits en Sweeds, en ook 'n bietjie Frans.<ref name="hellomagazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|title=Princess Madeleine|website=Hello! online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709160934/https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/princess-madeleine/|archive-date=9 July 2022|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het 23 Januarie 2006 gegradueer met 'n [[Baccalaureus artium]] in kunsgeskiedenis, etnologie en moderne geskiedenis. == Ampsfunksies == [[Lêer:Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-Högtidssammankomst_2010-03-31-31.jpg|duimnael|Madeleine het in 2010 die Göran Gustafsson-prys aan Johan Elf oorhandig.]] Madeleine onderneem verskeie verbintenisse namens haar pa en die mense van Swede. Sy neem deel aan die vieringe van Swede se nasionale dag, die Nobelfeeste, etes en staatsbesoeke saam met ander lede van die koninklike familie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/hkhprinsessanmadeleine/engagemang.4.187e1841020141a4c88000354.html|title=Engagemang - Sveriges Kungahus|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sy het Swede verteenwoordig by die opening van die ''New Sweden Gallery'' op 5 Junie 2011, by die American Swedish Historical Museum in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsilvanië]], wat 'n geanimeerde kaart van die New Sweden-nedersetting deur Sean Moir bevat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|title=John Lane's Notes on Music|publisher=Weeklypress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065609/http://weeklypress.com/john-lanes-notes-on-music-p2522-1.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> == Ontspanningsaktiwiteite == Madeleine is 'n entoesiastiese ruiter. Sy het perde besit (wat by die Royal Stables op stal was) en het aan skouspring deelgeneem onder die naam "Anna Svensson".<ref name="hellomagazine" /> Sy hou ook van ski, en stel belang in teater, dans en kuns. Ter erkenning van haar meerderjarigheid in 2001, is 'n beursfonds in haar naam geskep deur die provinsie Gävleborg, wat uit haar [[hertogdom]]me Hälsingland en Gästrikland bestaan. Dit ondersteun en moedig jongmense aan wat by perdry betrokke is. == Persoonlike lewe == [[Lêer:Prinsessan_Madeleine_&_Christopher_O’Neill_efter_bröllopet.jpg|regs|duimnael|Prinses Madeleine en Christopher O'Neill ná hul troue.]] === Huwelik en kinders === Op 25 Oktober 2012 het die Sweedse Koninklike Hof Prinses Madeleine se verlowing met die Brits-gebore Amerikaanse finansier Christopher O'Neill aangekondig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/2012/2012/engagementbetweenprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneill.5.292a62ce13848168ac52a75.html?sv.url=12.292a62ce13848168ac52a7b&skip=2&state=showFolder&folderId=19.292a62ce13848168ac52a5a|title=Engagement between Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill|website=Swedish Royal House}}</ref> Op 23 Desember 2012 is aangekondig dat die troue op 8 Junie 2013 by die Koninklike Paleis-kapel in [[Stockholm]] sou plaasvind.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swedish Princess to marry next June |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |agency=Associated Press |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113140938/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/swedish-princess-marry-next-june |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> O'Neill het verkies om titelloos te bly: 'n lid van die Sweedse koninklike familie moet Sweedse burgerskap hê, wat O'Neill geweier het. Die egpaar het drie kinders: * Prinses Leonore Lilian Maria, Hertogin van Gotland, gebore op 20 Februarie 2014 in [[New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromthemarshaloftherealm.5.19aaa1d3143e3582c02ad3.html|title=Announcement from the Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|date=2014-02-20|publisher=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> * Prins Nicolas Paul Gustaf, Hertog van Ångermanland, gebore op 15 Junie 2015 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/aktuellt/kommunikefranriksmarskalken.5.751c664a14d8a76c8332a71.html|title=Kommuniké från riksmarskalken - Sveriges Kungahus|website=Kungahuset.se|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> * [[Prinses Adrienne, Hertogin van Blekinge|Prinses Adrienne Josephine Alice, Hertogin van Blekinge]], gebore op 9 Maart 2018 in Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.74a76de4161fad9ce9984c.html|title=Announcement from HE The Marshal of the Realm - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/media/pressreleases/pressreleases/hrhprincessmadeleineandmrchristopheroneillhavehadadaughter.5.74a76de4161fad9ce99b40.html|title=HRH Princess Madeleine and Mr Christopher O'Neill have had a daughter - Sveriges Kungahus|website=kungahuset.se}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Madeleine, Hertogin van Hälsingland en Gästrikland}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1982]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Swede (nasionaliteit)]] [[Kategorie:Sweedse koninklikes]] tje6jh1vx1zw2a9f0z5mtj3tnhemm5d 3 392542 2517214 2022-08-03T13:07:53Z Aliwal2012 39067 Argief geskep wikitext text/x-wiki {{argief}} == Sjabloon:Cite Book == Adriaan, jy het veranderinge aan die sjabloon aangebring. Ek weet nie of dit slegter of better is nie, my kennis is te beperk daarvan. Maar jy sal die verduideliking ooreenkomstig moet verander. Het jy reeds gedoen kon elk al 'n klomp van die foute reggemaak het. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:57, 5 Junie 2019 (UTC) == Seminaar en saadjies == Hallo K175- ek is beïndruk met jou opmerking op die Geselshoekie: onderwerp: simposium, dat dit baie makliker is om artikels te wysig as om nuwes te skep. Ek stem 100% saam! Dit is altans my mening dat die twee aktiwiteite onvergelykbaar is. Ek as buitestaander en Wikipedia leek kan definitief ook bevestig dat die Afrikaanse Wikipedia se standaard vir my as uiters professioneel en hoog voorkom. Ek kan nie sê dat ek reeds veel "een-lyn" artikels teëgekom het nie, maar dis in elk geval ook nie die ergste nie. Vir my gaan dit oor die omvang van die hele Afr. Wikipedia en aaneengeskakeldheid daarvan en tussen die onderwerpe en artikels onderling, asook die vermoë om inligting wat goed versorg is en professioneel saamgestel is daaruit te kry- en in die opsig oortref die Afr. Wikipedia mense se stoutste verwagtinge! 'n Kort artikel hier en daar of een met min vleis aan die been is nie die einde van die wêreld nie. Ek het al opgemerk dat baie Afrikaanse artikels - en van die wat ek self al geskryf het - (ek skryf artikels oor skrywers, literatuur [nuut en oud] en fokus veral op komponiste van klassieke musiek en na dese veral dirigente pianiste en violiste) beter versorg en aangebied word as baie van die op die Duitse en Nederlandse weergawes. Ek dink ook die Afr. Wikipedia beskik oor vele artikels waaroor die Nl Wikipedia nie beskik nie. Om net een onlangse vb. te noem, die artikel oor die dirigent [[Stephen Gunzenhauser]]. Groete:) [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 16:02, 31 Julie 2019 (UTC) == [[Sjabloon:Taksonbalk]] == Hallo Adriaan, {{sl|Taksonbalk}} lyk baie nuttig in biologie-artikels, net soos die algemene {{sl|Normdata}}. Dalk 'n nuwe taak vir jou bot? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 12:36, 21 Augustus 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|SpesBona}} ek sal hierna kyk. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 19:05, 28 Augustus 2019 (UTC) == Plasing van Pianiste in [[:Kategorie:Pianiste]]. == Hallo jong, ek het net gewonder of jy dalk sal kan help met die skep van aparte pianistiese kategorieë, bv. [[:Kategorie: Franse pianiste]] ens. wat nie op die hoofblad van die kategorie vir Pianiste verskyn nie. Al die artikels oor pianiste is nou saamgebondel in die bg. enkele hoofkategorie behalwe vir die paar enkele kategorieë wat handel oor pianiste wat van spesifieke lande afkomstig is en wat daar wel is, soos bv. [Kategorie: Britse pianiste] ens. Dit sal baie help om die bladsy op te kikker en netjieser en ordelik te laat lyk. Jy het ook gehelp daarmee by die dirigente as ek reg onthou. Ek weet jy is ook baie besig en het ander dinge om aan aandag te gee ook maar sal dit baie waardeer; en bedank jou by voorbaat opreg:) [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 15:01, 13 September 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Charlielv55}} Geen probleem, dit is nie 'n groot taak nie, dus loer ek gou. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 15:26, 13 September 2019 (UTC) :: Dankie![[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 15:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Charlielv55}} {{uitgevoer}} –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 16:36, 13 September 2019 (UTC) == [[:Kategorie:Violiste]] == Goeiedag jong{{ping|K175}}, jy kan nie dalk asseblief dieselfde doen met die violiste nie? As ek kon sou ek, maar ek glo nie ek is by magte daarby om Kategorieë te skep en te orden nie. :) Baie dankie! [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 10:10, 14 September 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Charlielv55}} {{uitgevoer}} –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 19:17, 14 September 2019 (UTC) Baie dankie :) ek waardeer![[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 08:39, 15 September 2019 (UTC) == [[Gebruiker: Theodore Kusjar]] == Hallo jong, sal jy omgee om net die gebruikerblad uit te vee, ek weet nie waarom het dit nie outomaties gebeur nie. (die simpel Opera het "gecrash" toe is dit weer 'n tameletjie! om alles uit te sorteer- ek moet eintlik eerder BRAVE gebruik maar ou gewoontes is moeilik om af te leer:()Duisend dankies![[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 20:24, 19 September 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Charlielv55}} {{uitgevoer}} –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 06:19, 20 September 2019 (UTC) -:) [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 06:42, 20 September 2019 (UTC) == Sjabloon Cite web == Hallo, Mr K, daar is nou in die Engelse "Template:Cite web" 'n nuwe parameter wat ek nog nie voorheen teengekom het nie en wat 'n rooi fout in die Afrikaans gee: url-status. Jy kan dit nie dalk fieks nie; ek wil nie aan modules krap nie. Baie dankie! Daar is twee goed: |url-status=live |url-status=dead [[Gebruiker:Burgert_Behr|<span style="color:#26619C; font-family: Segoe Print">'''Burgert'''</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:Burgert Behr|(kontak)]] 07:31, 8 Oktober 2019 (UTC) : {{uitgevoer}} Laat weet of dit nou reg vertoon, en of daar enige nuwe probleme ingekruip het. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 11:00, 9 Oktober 2019 (UTC) ::Dit lyk my dit gee nog steeds 'n rooi fout. Kyk bv. [[Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed|hier]] onder Verwysings. [[Gebruiker:Burgert_Behr|<span style="color:#26619C; font-family: Segoe Print">'''Burgert'''</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:Burgert Behr|(kontak)]] 12:32, 9 Oktober 2019 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Rooiratel}} Kan jy help? <code>url-status</code> word [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration|hier]] as 'n sleutelwoord gedefinieer, tog skop {{ss|Cite web}} 'n fout uit wanneer 'n mens dit gebruik. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 18:23, 9 Oktober 2019 (UTC) :::: Volgens [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Using_%22archive-url%22_and_%22archive-date%22_(and_optionally_%22url-status%22)_for_webpages_that_have_been_archived hier], as jy <code>archive-url</code> gebruik, dan is die waarde van url-status "dead" by verstek. En die URL verwys dan na die argief URL. So dit lyk vir my mens moet nie <code>url-status=dead</code> gebruik as jy <code>archive-url</code> gebruik nie. Ek het dit getoets op die bladsy (Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed), en dit werk goed as jy die <code>url-status=dead</code> uit haal en die <code>archive-url</code> hou. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 06:26, 10 Oktober 2019 (UTC) == Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër‎ == Hi Adriaan, alias Mnr K, kan jy asb help met 'n foutjie in bg sjabloon? Dié keer is dit darem nie jou skuld nie!! Kyk voorbeeld by [[Ayanda Dlodlo]]. Sintaks dupliseer verkeerdelik die "Ampstermyn" (datums) onderaan die 2de "job". Die parameters is '''term_start2=xxx''' en '''term_end2=29 Mei 2019''' Groete, --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 18:41, 9 Oktober 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} {{uitgevoer}} –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|gesels&nbsp;met&nbsp;my]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 19:27, 9 Oktober 2019 (UTC) == Block == You'll want to do a range block for the IP you just blocked and remove talk page access, it's an extremely disruptive cross-wiki vandal. [[Gebruiker:Praxidicae|Praxidicae]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Praxidicae|kontak]]) 20:06, 10 Oktober 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Praxidicae}} dankie - ek glo hierdie saak is aangespreek. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 11:30, 15 November 2020 (UTC) == Wwikix...bespreking == Hi Adriaan, die probleem met [[Gebruiker:Wwikix]] is dat hy ontwrigtend optree, en dan ewe skuld ontken met: Ek maakt goeie kategorieë! Ek en Oesjaar het hom oor die laaste jaar eers mooi gevra, toe duidelike instruksies gegee, en later gewaarsku met blokkering of uiteindelike verbanning. Hy gaan direk na ons vriendelike instruksies aan om kategorieë wild en wakker rond te gooi soos dit hom pas, bv. "Kategorie:Sportakkommodasies in die Verenigde State van Amerika".... dis in die eerste plek swak Afrikaans en meer as die helfte van sy skeppings bly op die ou end rooi skakels. ('n Kategorie mag volgens protokol nie as 'n rooi skakel bestaan nie...dit het dan dringende onderhoud nodig). Jy en ons ander het nie tyd om sy wandade op te ruim nie, hy gaan soos 'n trekker aan! Ek gaan nie airtime koop net om hom heeltyd te volg en te korrigeer nie, dis absurd! Terloops...hy is op die Nederlandse wiki gesanksie in Des. 2016, sien [[:nl:Wikipedia:Arbitragecommissie/Zaken/Arbcomuitspraak W(w)ikix]] Groete, --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 09:57, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :Ek gooi nie wild en wakker kategorieë rond nie en my skeppings bly nie op die end rooi skakels nie. [[Gebruiker:Wwikix|Wwikix]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Wwikix|kontak]]) 10:06, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :Volgens [[Gebou]] is ''sportakkommodasie'' 'n Afrikaans woord. [[Gebruiker:Wwikix|Wwikix]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Wwikix|kontak]]) 10:13, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ;Nota: Dis onwaar, niks van dit staan by [[Gebou]] nie!--[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 10:36, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :: {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Dankie, ek neem kennis, maar ek voel tog hy tree in goeder trou en grotendeels konstruktief op. Ek dink die vraag oor watter kategorieë gewens is, is soms subjektief en moet dalk meer bespreek word. Ons het lank laas op hierdie projek eintlik ons kategorieë noukeurig beplan en onderhou. Dit is dalk hoogtyd dat dit nou gebeur. Intussen is ek gelukkig daarmee dat [[Gebruiker:Wwikix]] aangaan. Ek is nie bang vir opruim nie; ek het immers 'n robot wat vinnig foute kan regstel. Ek is byvoorbeeld juis nou besig om al ons kategorieë wat verkeerdelik "volgens lande" in die titel het, te skuif na "volgens land". –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 10:09, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Wwikix}} Dalk moet jy meer oorleg pleeg met die gemeenskap voor jy kategoriewysigings ''en masse'' aanbring. Dan sal almal voel dat hulle by die uitbou van die projek betrek word. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 10:20, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :::: Hiedie gebruiker irriteer my grensloos... Van sy goed maak GEEN sin nie. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:26, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ::::: Baie kategoriewysigings is 'n verlengstuk of voortbou, byvoorbeeld [[:Kategorie:Turkse Grand Prix]], [[:Kategorie:Amerikaanse renjaers]], [[:Kategorie:Motorsport in die Verenigde State van Amerika]], en [[:Kategorie:Sportakkommodasies volgens land]]. [[Gebruiker:Wwikix|Wwikix]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Wwikix|kontak]]) 10:29, 20 November 2019 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} {{ping|Oesjaar}} Wat stel jy voor? Ek voel blokkering gaan 'n bietjie te ver. Ons wil tog deelname uitnooi, of hoe? Dalk kan almal van ons 'n bietjie meer gereeld terugvoer gee oor mekaar se bydraes sodat almal weet waar hulle in die gemeenskap staan. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 10:30, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :Wat Wwikix tans by die rugby-, sokker- en krieketkategorieë doen, maak myns insiens sin. As 'n mens vir hom sê, maak hierdie of daardie asseblief reg, doen hy dit. Ek verstaan, dat dit baie is en dus moeilik om dop te hou, maar as almal 'n bietjie kyk, werk dit. Ons het al vandalisme weens baie wysigings by ons onlangse wysigings misgeloop, maar na enkele dae is selfs dit teruggerol. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 10:45, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ::Ek stem saam. Wat sal help is as [[Gebruiker:Wwikix]] kan begin om toeliggender wysigingsopsommings kan gebruik, byvoorbeeld in plaas van "kat", eerder "Kategorie bygevoeg: <nowiki>[[Kategorie:Voorbeeldkategorie]]</nowiki>" en in plaas van "sjab", eerder "Sjabloon bygevoeg: <nowiki>[[Sjabloon:Broodkrummels]]</nowiki>". Dan is dit makliker om die wysigings na te gaan. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 10:50, 20 November 2019 (UTC) :::Kategorieë soos [[:Kategorie:Russiese Grand Prix]] wou ek ook lankal gedoen het, maar ek is 'n bietjie lui. ;) Só 'n nuwe kattak is immers baie werk. Solank ander taalprojekte oor dieselfde kategorieë beskik, dink ek, is dit in die haak. Terloops, [[:de:Kategorie:Großer Preis von Russland]] lyk nie anders nie. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 11:00, 20 November 2019 (UTC) == KabouterBot == K175, as jy botveranderinge maak, wil jy aandag gee aan die sortering? [[Gebruiker:Wwikix|Wwikix]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Wwikix|kontak]]) 14:15, 20 November 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Wwikix}} Ek loop die volgende instruksie wat van [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/PWBC/browse/master/pwb.py pwb.py] gebruik maak: <code>python3 pwb.py category move -from:"Ou titel" -to:"Nuwe titel"</code> Ongelukkig is hierdie instruksie blind vir sortering. Ek sal 'n skrip moet skryf om die sortering ook te doen. Tensy ek iets miskyk? {{ping|Rooiratel}} weet jy dalk? –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 14:28, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ::Skuus dat ek intjip, maar die Afrikaanse Wikipedia is die enigste een wat kategorieë alfabeties sit (as dit is wat julle bedoel). Dit maak nie sin nie. HotCat steur hom ook nie aan sortering nie. [[Gebruiker:Burgert_Behr|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 10.5pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:Burgert Behr|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 10.5pt">(kontak)</span>]] 17:26, 20 November 2019 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Burgert Behr}} Jammer dat ek nou eers antwoord. Ek dink [[Gebruiker:Wwikix|Wwikix]] het verwys na <nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:</nowiki>''Sortering''<nowiki>}}</nowiki> en <nowiki>[[Kategorie:</nowiki>''Kategorienaam''|''Sortering''<nowiki>]]</nowiki> eerder as die alfabetisering van kategorieë op 'n spesifieke bladsy. Ek het laasgenoemde benadering lank reeds gestaak na ek klagtes ontvang het. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 11:34, 15 November 2020 (UTC) == Tembisa == Sien [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tembisa&diff=prev&oldid=2077225 jou wysiging hier]. Ek kan jou 'n brief gee [[Midrand]] het nog nie bestaan in 1957 nie. Miskien eerder "an area known as Halfway House, after its position between Pretoria and Johannesburg". Groete, --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 16:28, 21 November 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Die teks is uit die ooreenstemmende artikel in Engels vertaal. Stel jy dus voor ons verwys na die gebied as Halfway House omdat dit is hoe dit bekend gestaan het in 1957 toe Tembisa gestig is? –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 18:09, 21 November 2019 (UTC) == Afkorting nie in naam. == Adriaan, ek sien jy het nou 'n paar artikel verander bv. M.E.R., P. K. le Roux ens. Ek is 'n bietjie verward, volgens watter reël tree jy op? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:35, 13 Desember 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Daar is geen rede hoekom name van persone afgekort moet word nie. Sien asb. [[Wikipedia:Titelriglyne#Afkortings]]. –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 06:37, 13 Desember 2019 (UTC) :: {{ping|K175}} die riglyn sê "behalwe in gevalle waar die afkorting die enigste algemeen gebruikte vorm is", en ek dink in die geval van P. K. le Roux, is hy beter bekend as P. K. le Roux. Dit is dalk die beter titel in die geval. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 08:35, 13 Desember 2019 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Rooiratel}} Dalk is ek verkeerd oor PK le Roux, maar in byvoorbeeld [https://city-press.news24.com/News/its-stealing-history-to-rename-vanderkloof-dam-after-mandela-says-ff-plus-20180510 hierdie nuusartikel] word sy volle name gebruik. Eers later word die afkorting PK gebruik, tesame met HF vir Hendrik Frensch (Verwoerd). –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 08:47, 13 Desember 2019 (UTC) == [[TAI/AgustaWestland T-129 ATAK]] == Adriaan, ek vertrou dit gaan goed. Ek het bogenoemde vanoggend geskep, sien nou boodskap dat daar nie bronne is nie sedert 2016! Help asb. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 08:31, 15 Desember 2019 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} {{uitgevoer}}. Sien later! –&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:K175|K175]]&nbsp;([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|klets]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[Spesiaal:Bydraes/K175|my&nbsp;bydraes]]) 08:34, 15 Desember 2019 (UTC) gyygpgsvkqzxk04kajtg1sa9t05xs5k 3 392543 2517215 2022-08-03T13:11:24Z Aliwal2012 39067 Argief geskep wikitext text/x-wiki {{Argief}} == [[Lys van proteaspesies]] == Adriaan, voorspoed vir jou! Ek vertrou hierdie jaar gaan 'n groot Wiki jaar wees! Is daar enige moontlikheid dat jy met jou bot saadjies kan skep vir die proteaspesies, minimum net een sin en taksoboks met foto's waar moontlik? Hopenlik sal dit iemand motiveer om dit te groei! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:50, 2 Januarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Dit kan gedoen word, maar ek dink eerder ons moet alle spesies op een slag aanpak. Ons kan die data op Wikidata kry en illustrasies op Commons. Dit kan dan 'n groot projek wees wat ons oor 'n paar jaar aanpak (soos die akteurs, maar net groter). – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 12:09, 2 Januarie 2020 (UTC) == Staak asb outomatiese verwelkoming! == Hi Adriaan! Sal jy asb jou outomatiese verwelkoming van nuwe gebruikers met Kabouterbot staak? Dit maak ons naam gat by onbekende mense wat niks met die Afrikaanse Wikipedia te doen wil hê nie!! Hier is 'n vars voorbeeld van wat ek bedoel: '''Skraplogboek''' 15:44 11 Januarie 2020 Aliwal2012 het bladsy Gebruikerbespreking:Repmeer geskrap ‎(Op versoek van gebruiker: inhoud was: "Verwijderd. Ik doe niks in het Afrikaans. Niet om gevraagd.") Dankie, --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 13:56, 11 Januarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Ek stem nie saam nie. Uit die derduisende wat outomaties verwelkom is, een of twee wat vra vir bladsyverwydering. Dit is myns insiens 'n teken dat die outomatiese verwelkoming 'n reusesukses is. Groete. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 02:17, 12 Januarie 2020 (UTC) ::{{ping|K175}} jammer maar ek stem saam met Aliwal. Dit skep duisende bladsye wat nooit gebruik word nie. Ander wikis waar ek nog nooit betrokke was nie, het party keer vir my 'n verwelkomingsbladsy geskep. En dit het my geïrriteer, maar ek het dit maar net geïgnoreer. Die wat vra vir 'n bladsyverwydering is seker woedend kwaad. As jy die kode kan verander sodat dit net 'n verwelkomingsbladsy skep vir die gebruikers wat tenminste een bydra na ons wiki maak, sal dit baie beter wees. Ek weet ek het dit in die verlede probeer regkry, maar ek kon ongelukkig nie. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:43, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) :::Manne, verwelkoming van nuwe gebruikers is eintlik 'n Wikipedia beleid. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:46, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) :::: Wanneer 'n gebruiker ons projek besoek, dan word daar outomaties vir hom of haar 'n rekening geskep. Dit is onmoontlik om vooraf te weet of die persoon beplan om hier betrokke te wees, maar indien wel, dan bevat die verwelkomingsboodskap waardevolle inligting vir die persoon om aan die gang te kom. 'n Persoon se reaksie op die verwelkoming is buite enigiemand se beheer behalwe sy eie. Daar is niks wat van my kant verder hieraan gedoen kan word nie. Ek stel voor diegene met besware lug eerder hul kommentaar by Wikipedia of MediaWiki se IT-personeel, want dalk kan ons die outomatiese skep van gebruikers op ons projek afskakel. Ons sal dan die enigste projek na my kennis wees wat dit doen en dit is myns insiens definitief 'n stap in die verkeerde rigting. Groetjies. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 09:53, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Adriaan, sal jy asb. dringend iets aan [[Gebruikerbespreking:Repmeer]] se versoek doen? (Die bal is nou in jou blok!) --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 15:49, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) : Dit lyk my hy of sy het nou self die probleem opgelos. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:01, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) ::Wil jy nie vir Gebruiker:Unused (skakel liewer verwyder) welkom heet nie? Ek sien sy blad is leeg. :) [[Gebruiker:Burgert_Behr|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 10.5pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:Burgert Behr|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 10.5pt">(kontak)</span>]] 21:44, 13 Januarie 2020 (UTC) == [[Ashley Johnson]], aktrise == Adriaan, bogenoemde het 'n dubbel. Kan jy asb een skrap? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:38, 23 Januarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} KabouterBot het per ongeluk 'n bestaande artikel oorgeskryf (en niemand het tot nou agtergekom nie). Ek sal wanneer ek tyd het kyk hoe dit gebeur het sodat dit nie weer gebeur nie! – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 10:05, 25 Januarie 2020 (UTC) == Phil Heemstra == Adriaan, kan jy dalk met jou speelgoed hier; * Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. Phil & Elaine Heemstra. 2004. ISBN 1-920033-01-7 vernader na * Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. [[Phil Heemstra|Phil]] & Elaine Heemstra. 2004. ISBN 1-920033-01-7 Ek het die verwysing baie gebruik! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 08:28, 24 Januarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Dit is moontlik, ek moet net hierby uitkom. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 19:11, 10 Februarie 2020 (UTC) == Wêreldklas-ensiklopedie == Beste K175, wat [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebruikerbespreking%3AK175&type=revision&diff=2120957 hierdie wysiging] betref: hóé iets op 'n besprekingsblad gesê word, is blykbaar vir u belangriker as wát gesê word. Dit maak dit nie makliker om te help ’n Afrikaanse wêreldklas-ensiklopedie te skep nie (en dit is ook nie baie beleefd nie). Ek dink regtig dat elkeen wat op enige manier konstruktief tot die doel wil bydra, dit op 'n besprekingsblad in enige taal moet kan doen. Die belangrikste ding is dat ons mekaar verstaan. "Vertaling" met Google Translate moet onnodig wees. Met vriendelike groet, [[Gebruiker:Wutsje|Wutsje]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Wutsje|kontak]]) 15:41, 6 Februarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Wutsje}} Ek neem kennis hiervan. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:23, 6 Februarie 2020 (UTC) == [[Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Persoon]] == Hi Adriaan, hier is nog honderde lyne rooi waarskuwings hier. Kan ons iets aan dit verbeter?, ek sal help vertaal as jy sê waar ek moet. Groete --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 11:02, 13 Februarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Op watter bladsye sien jy die waarskuwings? – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 11:13, 13 Februarie 2020 (UTC) :: Hi, by [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Willem_Bok&action=edit Eduard Willem Bok] gee twee rooi lyne in edit-modus, toe gaan ek na [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Inligtingskas_Persoon&action=edit Sjabloon:Inligtingskas_Persoon] en kry 34 "unknown parameters" --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ::: {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Ek het toekennings as 'n aanvaarde parameter vir {{ss|Inligtingskas Persoon}} aangeteken. Ek het ook die parameter noemenswaardige_werke bygevoeg, alhoewel ek voel dat dit eerder by {{ss|Inligtingskas Skrywer}} hoort, en dat die betrokke artikel eerder laasgenoemde sjabloon behoort te gebruik. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 13:18, 13 Februarie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|K175}} dankie, sal weer kontroleer! --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 13:34, 13 Februarie 2020 (UTC) == terugrolle == Hi Adriaan, kan jy asb motiveer by dinge wat jy so gereeld terugrol, ek weet nie hoekom nie? Plaas dit elke keer in die wysigingsopsomming, dan weet ons almal hoekom. --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 11:00, 16 Februarie 2020 (UTC) '''Echo''' :Hi Adriaan, kan jy asb motiveer by dinge wat jy so gereeld terugrol, ek weet nie hoekom nie? Plaas dit elke keer in die wysigingsopsomming, dan weet ons almal hoekom. --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 09:33, 7 Maart 2020 (UTC) == Adjunk-premier van Namibia == Yes mnr, hoop dit gaan goed, verander tog dié artikel [[Adjunk-premier van Namibia]] se naam na [[Adjunk-premier van Namibië]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 08:47, 26 Maart 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Dumbassman}} {{uitgevoer}} deur [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel]]. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 19:35, 16 Mei 2020 (UTC) == [[Kate Smith]] == Adriaan, die beskrywing wat jou artikel gee kom glad nie ooreen met die Engelse artikel nie. Kyk daarna asb. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:25, 16 April 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Ons artikel benader haar noemenswaardigheid vanuit die oogpunt dat sy 'n aktriese was, terwyl die Engelse weergawe haar loopbaan as sangeres beklemtoon. Ongelukkig kan die robot die saadjies wat geskep word nie aanpas vir die nuanse van die hoogtepunte van enige persoon se loopbaan nie. Ek is bevrees hierdie tipe inligting sal handmatig deur 'n mens bygewerk moet word. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 19:37, 16 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Translation [[Isabelle de Charrière]] == Hello K175, Could you write / translate the article of Isabelle de Charrière (Q123386) for the AFwiki? That would be appreciated. [[Gebruiker:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Boss-well63|kontak]]) 16:56, 9 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Boss-well63}} {{uitgevoer}} – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 13:38, 10 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Sjabloon:Coordinates e.a. == {{ping|K175}} Adriaan, jou veranderinge wat jy vanaand aan talle sjablone aangebring het, is besig om duisende artikels op te fok! Sien [[Kosterrivier]] (dit geld vir alle "riviere") asook [[Magwa-waterval]] as voorbeelde. Dis seker die grootse gemors wat ek nog op af:wp gesien het. Ek hoop jy het dit reeds raakgesien en het genoeg tyd om die foute reg te maak. Jy maak my nou kwaad! --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 16:58, 16 Mei 2020 (UTC) : Jammer! – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 19:34, 16 Mei 2020 (UTC) : Jammer, wat het gebeur?! Waarskynlik omdat dinge soos die Afrikaanse Wikipedia naby aan my hart is en ek besig was (of is indien alles werk?) om artikels soos [[Amsterdam]] op ons voorblad te bring. Dit het natuurlik tot 'n groot skok gelei, toe ek sien hoe {{sl|Inligtingskas Nedersetting}} in daardie artikels al die rooi waarskuwings lewer. Dit lei nie tot nuwe motivering nie, maar eerder groot teleurstelling. Ek het mos baie moeite gedoen om Amsterdam uit drie tale te vertaal: Duits, Engels en Nederlands. Alles vir die bevordering van Afrikaans en die Afrikaanse Wikipedia. My doel is ook om Nederlandse lesers met 'n goeie Afrikaanse Wikipedia te trek, dus hou ek baie van kwaliteit bo kwantiteit. Die Nederlandse Wikipedia het baie artikels met min inhoud en ons sal hulle maklik met kwaliteit kan klop. Ons het 2018 in Kaapstad baie lekker gesels en ek onthou dit nog baie goed. Nou die uitbarsting, maar 14 dae later is ek weer terug. Ek kan julle en al die artikels wat ek alreeds uitgebrei het nie in die steek laat nie! Dus skryf ek weer hier en vra om verskoning! Maar net een versoek van my kant af: Praat met die ander voordat jy belangrike sjablone oorskryf of hou miskien 'n stemming daaroor. Andersins sal dit tot groot skokke kan lei. Ons kan hierdie beter bestuur as enige regering. Jy weet soos ek hoe al die mense wêreldwyd oor regerings kla wat te min met die bevolking praat. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:42, 31 Mei 2020 (UTC) == [[Kleinrivierberge]] == Adriaan, sien bogenoemde. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:27, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} Gefix. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 15:21, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Luafout in module == {{ping|K175}} Adriaan, sien "Luafout in Module:Location_map" byvoorbeeld in hierdie: [[Doringrivier]], [[Dorpsrivier]], [[Sandrivier (dubbelsinnig)|Sandrivier]], [[Wilgerivier]]. -- [[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:21, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Gefix, jammer vir die ongerief. Kyk asb. of daar nog sulke gevalle is. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 15:21, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) Dankie, ek sien nou weer lig! Daai was die riviere, nou nog vir nedersettings: * vir die met {{sl|Inligtingskas Suid-Afrikaanse dorp}}, sien bv. [[Madeira, Limpopo]] en 100'e ander. * vir die met {{sl|Inligtingskas Nedersetting}}, sien bv. [[Mooketsi]] en 100'e ander. ::Groete --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:58, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) :::Hi help net asb. ek het "Module:Location map/data/Suid-Afrika Limpopo" gestig, maar het die woord <u>Module</u> 2x gekry. Jy het ook aanstuur korrek gedoen, maar na "Module:Module:Location map/data/Suid-Afrika Limpopo" wat ek geskrap het. Kan jy regmaak asb? --[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 19:03, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) :::: OK, ek is besig om [[:Kategorie:Bladsye met skripfoute]] dop te hou. Dit wys nog baie bladsye wat nie meer die Luafoute het nie. Ek sal môre weer kyk wanneer die kas verfris is. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 20:05, 18 Mei 2020 (UTC) :::::Mooi man, ek sien jy het hom gewen! --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:39, 22 Mei 2020 (UTC) Ek sien op [['t Zandt]] die volgende in die voorskou: Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "breedtegraad" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "breedtegraad_s" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "lengtegraad_m" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "lengtegraad_OW" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "onderafdelingtipe1" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "koördinaatwys" (this message is shown only in preview).<br /> Warning: Page using Template:Infobox settlement with unknown parameter "breedtegraad_NS" (this message is shown only in preview).<br />ensovoorts...... Hoop dit help. Groete. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 08:56, 19 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Rooiratel}} Gefix behalwe vir koördinaatwys wat ek nog moet inwerk. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:54, 20 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Nedersetting == Hi Adriaan, ek ervaar 'n klein probleem hier. Dit reageer nie op duimdrukkeretiketposisie (links, regs of bokant) nie. Sien [[Rosso]] Groete --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 19:33, 20 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} Dankie dat jy dit onder my aandag gebring het. Dit behoort nou te werk. Bevestig asb? – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 20:18, 20 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Beyerskloof Pinotage == Hi daar {{ping|K175}}, dankie vir jou kommentaar by die besprekingsblad van [[Pinotage]], ek was nie eers daarvan bewus nie; ek hou nie eintlik die Engelse pers dop nie (behalwe die van die VSA - [[Breitbart]], [[Townhall]], [[The Gateway Pundit]] ens). Ja, wat moet mens nou eintlik sê van die Kaapse Afrikaners? Hulle is (met respek) 'n ander spesie as ons Noordelike familie. (ek neem aan jy is van die Noorde?) Die gaping en verskille tussen ons word by die dag al hoe groter! (hulle al hoe minder trots op hul erfenis; verskonend-handwringend-jammer-ons-bestaan-vergewe -ons-tog-ons-sondes-en-veral-die-van-ons-voorvaders-; apaties en liberaal (watwou); ons [met reg], al hoe meer behoudend/konserwatief) Deesdae verkies ek eerder om te identifiseer as [[Boere|Boer]] en nie as [[Afrikaner]] nie. Laasgenoemde het ek met verloop van tyd begin beskou (oor die algemeen, nie as 'n reël nie; baie persone van die Noorde is ook maar net so; dink aan die Akademie wat al hoe meer progressief en liberaal word) as 'n tipe manteldraaier. Voorts wil dit voorkom asof die Kapenaars maar altyd hul brood aan albei kante gebotter wil hê en koers verander soos die wind waai. Met die hoogbloei en mag van die Afrikanerregering was hulle voor-in-die-koor, nou skaam hulle hulle (vir wat?), en hang al hoe meer die Amerikaanse vorm van "liberalisme" ('n hengse [[paradoks]]!), liberale skynheiligheid, voorskriftelike- en politieskorrekte onverdraagsaamheid en (met respek) kruiperigheid (derhalwe die nuut gemunte term, "Kruiperkaner") aan. Dankie vir jou gesprekvoering, en ekskuus as jy dalk 'n Kapenaar is, ek bedoel dit nie lelik nie, maar wil maar net die oop gesprek bevorder:) Groete:) [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 13:49, 21 Mei 2020 (UTC) ::Skuus, ek het somtyds 'n groot smoel en die gewoonte om nie op my bek geval te wees nie.[[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 14:18, 21 Mei 2020 (UTC) == AW == :Hi {{ping|K175}}- hier volg my antwoord op jou vraag op die Soros gespreksblad: nee wat, dis 'n verlore saak, ek sien die man is nou kwansuis ''" 'n internasionale finansier, bestuurder van fondse en filantroop.'' En ''"[h]y wend [glo] sy fortuin aan om onder meer finansiële steun aan burgerregteorganisasies ... te verleen"'' (mmm ....ek wonder of hy [[Afriforum]] of [[Solidariteit]] steun, of ondersteun die swendelaar en skarminkel eerder vir organisasies soos NAMLBA ('''North American Man/Boy Love Association'''!!!), die linkse Southern Poverty Law Center en BLM? Gaan vind vir jouself uit). ::Die probleem met Wikipedia is dat dit nie werklik meer 'n ensiklopedie is nie (veral wat die Engelse en Duitse weergawes betref), maar amper funksioneer as 'n kwasi nuusbron vir linkse gesprekspunte en -propaganda. Daarom dink ek is dit beter om eerder nie artikels op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia oor aktuele kwessies te skryf nie, want die tirannieke links-polities-korrekte "thought police" gaan altyd die artikels wysig sodat linkse kwessies beklemtoon word en ultra-linkse (vandag staan linksheid vir kommunisme en kollektivisme, ''"boy, if you thought the leftist liberals of today were still of the classical liberal persuasion, you're in for a rude awakening!"'') moeilikheidmakers soos Soros verheerlik word. :::Ek hou my dan meer eerder by ensiklopediese onderwerpe en los maar die aktuele kwessies VAN NOU AF. Een ding wil ek net graag sê: mense is wakker, Wikipedia (BigBrother [BB]) moenie dink mense sien nie wat hulle doen nie. Het jy geweet dat toe die media op loop gaan met die Epstein storie, die linkse redakteurs van die Engelse Wikipedia, en seker die Duitse, Poolse en ander linkse weergawes ook, stilletjies, sonder dat hulle gedink het dat hulle uitgevang gaan word, enige verwysings op die Epstein blad na [[Bill Clinton]] verwyder het en op slinkse wyse probeer het om enige bande (indien daar ooit was, Potus Trump het nodeloos om te sê voor sy presidentskap in hoë kringe geloop, natuurlik sou hy vanweë sy status kontak met die pedofiel gehad het) van Potus Trump met Epstein te benadruk, terwyl Bill Clinton talle kere saam met Epstein (en daar bestaan oorvloedige dokumentêre bewyse daarvoor soos vlugpassasiers rekords, waarin Bill Clinton se naam herhaaldelik voorkom), eintlik is dit oop en bloot, kyk vir jouself) na sy "seks-eiland" toe is, maar ja, ek dink jy begin die prentjie te sien...? So, ek sê weer, dis 'n skande, vryheid van spraak is DOOD, geen teenspraak word geduld nie, en kritiese denke is ontoelaatbaar! Btw: die demokrate gaan die 2020 verkiesing probeer steel deur "cheat by mail" en "ballot harvesting", maar dit is 'n gesprek vir 'n ander dag. ::::Ek sou kon sê; dis 'n jammer dag vir vryheid van gedagtes en vryheid van die individue, maar kyk net hoe gaan dit! Ek is al gewoond aan die linkse agenda en om dit te probeer beveg; toegegee, 'n ensiklopedie is nie die forum daarvoor nie en derhalwe dat ek sê dat ek my voortaan sal toespits op ensiklopediese onderwerpe. Net om 'n vb. te gee: in die V.S.A. wil die linkse state en goewerneurs hul ekonomie (en die ekonomie oor die algemeen) sink ten einde Trump se kanse op herverkiesing te verswak, maar ook om die saak vir sosialisme te versterk. In S.A. dink die "regering" kwansuis nou dat hierdie die perfekte geleentheid is om kommunisme en sy boeties tirannie en totalitarisme te begin probeer afdwing; kort en saaklik; 'n hengse baklei lê voor vir mense wat hul vryheid hoog op prys stel. Natuurlik is die "endgame" 'n "entstof", en na wat ek verneem is dit nie sommer enige gewone entstof nie, en gaan jy gedwing word om ingeënt te word ...werklik, ek wil nou nie snaaks wees nie, maar dit voel soos die eindtye. En ek wil werklik nou hierdie kwessie afsluit, my boodskap aan spesifiek jou en ander wat bereid is om te luister is net dit; gaan jy vir ewig naïef en liggelowig soos 'n skaap rondloop en ignoreer wat om jou aangaan en alles klakkeloos aanvaar sonder enige bevraagtekening, en weier om te sien en die feit te aanvaar dat die fondamente van die westerse beskawing besig is om voor jou oë te verkrummel, of gaan jy die rooi pil neem en begin opstaan vir wat reg is en jou gereed maak vir die goeie geveg? Dis alleenlik jou keuse. Groete[[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 10:03, 24 Mei 2020 (UTC) ::::: {{ping|K175}} Kyk dié - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmA8rreTvm8 - wanneer jy tyd het, dis 'n moet! Groete [[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 10:06, 24 Mei 2020 (UTC) == Conservapedia == Hi daar Adriaan, net een laaste ding, sou jy ooit belangstel om 'n ensiklopedie wat iets nader aan die waarheid gee te raadpleeg en nie so ooglopend links is nie, kan jy gerus ''Conservapedia'' (dis nou wel net in Engels, maar dis vryelik beskikbaar, en wag net vir mense om hul oë oop te maak) probeer, dit was my bron vir die oorspronklike Soros-artikel en werk byna net soos die linkse Wikipedia. Groete.[[Gebruiker:Charlielv55|Charlielv55]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Charlielv55|kontak]]) 10:27, 24 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Charlielv55}} Dankie vir die inligting. Ek is bewus van ''Conservapedia''. My rekening daar is lank gelede versper toe ek op 'n besprekingsbladsy 'n vraag gevra het wat as in kwader trou gevra, beskou is. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) == Sjabloon:Munisipaliteite van die administratiewe distrik Bern-Mittelland == Hi! [[Sjabloon:Munisipaliteite van die administratiewe distrik Bern-Mittelland|This template]] was a very good idea. Great job! :D Cheers! [[Gebruiker:Nadzik|Nadzik]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Nadzik|kontak]]) 11:23, 30 Mei 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Nadzik}} Dankie! – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 11:41, 15 November 2020 (UTC) :: [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]], you are welcome! [[Gebruiker:Nadzik|Nadzik]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Nadzik|kontak]]) 11:58, 15 November 2020 (UTC) == Koppelvlakadministrateurs == Adriaan, kan jy asb vir ons 'n dokument oor bogenoemde skep, vertaal uit Engels? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:08, 31 Mei 2020 (UTC) == [[Gebruiker:Elana Barker|Elana Barker]] blokkering == Hi K175, jy is nou besig om eensydige besluite te neem. Ons het 3 admins wat besluit het om Elana te blokkeer. Oesjaar, Dumbassman en Aliwal2012. Jy sal maar moet inval hierby, of dit eers volledig bespreek, nie net ontblok nie, asb! Ek weet dit maak seer, maar ons kan nie dat sy voortgaan om hierdie reëls te breek nie: * Daaglikse kopieregskending met foto's wat sy net as "verskaf" merk, [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Jakkie-Louw-683x1024.jpg soos hier] en [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Forum_Films_.png hier]. * swak rekenaarvertalings, oorskryf reeds-geplaasde artikels. Sien [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespreking:Koppelaar#Rekenaarvertaling Rekenaarvertaling] en [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebruikerbespreking:Elana_Barker#Moet_asseblief_nie_bo-oor_ander_mense_se_werk_skryf_nie oorskrywing] * dra nie verwysings korrek oor van bron af nie. Sien [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespreking:Solidariteit#Veranderings Solidariteit – Veranderings] * konflik met artikels oor haar werkgewer, bv. Solidariteit/ Afriforum. Sien [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespreking:Solidariteit#Blatante_bemarking Blatante bemarking], [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespreking:Solidariteit#Blatante_bemarking_2 Blatante bemarking_2], [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroela_Media&diff=prev&oldid=1994688&diffmode=source hier], [[Forum Films]] (reeds geskrap) Sy is al minstens 8x oor 15 maande gewaarsku (en reeds op en:wp geblok). Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 20:35, 16 Junie 2020 (UTC) : Moet ons as admins nie saam besluite soos dit nie maak nie? [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 15:46, 17 Junie 2020 (UTC) :: {{ping|Aliwal2012|Dumbassman}} Jammer, ek was nie bewus van 'n bespreking nie. Ek het gedog Aliwal2012 se aksie was eensydig, en dis hoekom ek die versperring opgehef het. Gee asb. die skakel na die bespreking sodat ek kan sien wat gesê is? – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:50, 17 Junie 2020 (UTC) ::: Daar was nie 'n spesifieke bespreking nie, maar ons 3 voel dieselfde. Wat ek vra is dat die admins dit saam bespreek in die toekoms sodat dit nie eensydig is nie. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 17:26, 17 Junie 2020 (UTC) :Stem saam met Dumbassman. Ek het ter inligting skakels na 'n paar gevalle hierbo gelys. --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:57, 18 Junie 2020 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]] == Hallo K175, antwoord asseblief '''so gou as moontlik''' op die Geselshoekie: [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie#Argiefskakels in sportartikels]] én [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie#Stukkende sjablone]]. Die Afrikaanse Gemeenskap verwag graag jou antwoorde daar. Baie dankie! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 15:45, 30 Junie 2020 (UTC) == Koördinaatwys-vordering == Adriaan, dankie, ek sien jy maak vordering met "Koördinaatwys"-probleem by nedersetting-artikels. Waardering daarvoor, --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 19:58, 10 Julie 2020 (UTC) == Vraag == Hallo daar. Ek vertrou alles gaan goed. Ek sien [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]] is tans besig om artikels oor akteurs te skep. Is daar miskien 'n moontlikheid dat die robot geprogrammeer kan word om artikels oor [https://www.parliament.gov.za/group-details parlementslede] te skep? Groete, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 09:54, 27 Julie 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Lefcentreright}} Dit is moontlik. Die robot kort net 'n databasis om vanaf te werk. Vir die akteurs kyk hy na IMDb. [https://www.parliament.gov.za/group-details] lys vir elke LP 'n naam, 'n party, 'n provinsiale lys, en komitees. Dit is dalk genoeg om 'n klein saadjie oor elke LP te skryf. Maar dit sal dalk beter wees as daar aanvullende bronne is (bv. vir geboortedatums, ampstermyne, ens.) – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 15:05, 27 Julie 2020 (UTC) ::Kan ''People's Assembly'' miskien werk? Ek het vanoggend Werner Horn se artikel op die Engelse Wikipedia geskep ([[:en:Werner Horn (politician)]]). Ek het meestal net sy [https://www.pa.org.za/person/werner-horn/#experience profiel op People's Assembly] gebruik. [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 15:36, 27 Julie 2020 (UTC) ::Wat ek ook gesien het, die parlemente van beide Namibië en Zimbabwe gee vir hul lede beter biografieë (Sien [https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/component/k2/hon-markham-allan-norman Allan Norman Markham (Zim)] en [https://www.parliament.na/index.php/national-assembly/members/all-members/1678-mostert-pieter-all Pieter Mostert (Nam)]. [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 16:15, 27 Julie 2020 (UTC) ::: Ek sal ondersoek instel. Maar ek moet eintlik 'n lys maak van watter onderwerpe om volgende te dek, want ek wou eintlik outeurs en boeke ook nog doen. En die akteurs is nog ver van klaar af. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:54, 27 Julie 2020 (UTC) == Vandalisme == Dankie dat jy daardie vandaal se vandalisme op my gebruikersblad teruggerol het. Ek waardeer! Groete, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 13:03, 12 Augustus 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Lefcentreright}} Geen probleem. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 15:20, 15 Augustus 2020 (UTC) == Nog kleurprobleme... == {{ping|K175}}, Adriaan, hier is nog van die taksobokse met kleurprobleme [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Taxoboxes_with_the_error_color]. Jy het reeds 'n klomp gefieks, kan jy asb. hierna kyk? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:11, 8 Oktober 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} {{uitgevoer}} behalwe vir [[organisme]]. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 11:58, 8 November 2020 (UTC) == Begeerde kategorieë == {{ping|K175}}, Adriaan uit [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesiaal:GesoekteKategorie%C3%AB] sien ek die volgende: ''Taxonomy templates with red-linked taxa‏‎ (9 230 → 21 792 lede)'' Wat beteken dit? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 16:48, 15 November 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Oesjaar}} [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot]] is besig om taksonomiesjablone uit enwiki oor te dra (sien [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/KabouterBot]]). Dit is nodig vir {{ss|Outomatiese taksoboks}} wat dit baie makliker vir ons gaan maak om op groot skaal artikels oor taksons te skep sonder om elke keer die hele taksonboks hoef in te vul. Wanneer 'n taksonomiesjabloon geskep word en dit na taksons skakel wat nog nie artikels op ons wiki het nie, dan word daardie kategorie by die sjabloon gevoeg. Sien byvoorbeeld [[Sjabloon:Taksonomie/Cricosaurinae]]. Ek sal nou die kategorie hernoem en versteek. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 16:52, 15 November 2020 (UTC) == Opskrif bo-aan inligtingskassies == Hi Adriaan! Ek merk 'n sjabloonprobleempie op by meeste artikels se inligtingskassies. Die hoofopskrif ("header") is nou links-gesentreer. Bv [[Wolkberg]] en [[Langjan-natuurreservaat]], ook [[Wolkberg-broodboom]]. Kan jy asb kyk daarna? Groete --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 07:15, 18 November 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} {{uitgevoer}} – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 07:19, 18 November 2020 (UTC) ::Dankie! [[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ::: Hi {{ping|K175}}! Ek het 'n sagtewareprobleem, ek soek jou hulp asb.! Jy kan my mail by gert.coetzee2010@gmail.com of my foonnr is 072 875 6693 as jy eerder wil bel.--[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 20:56, 6 Desember 2020 (UTC) == Begeerde kategorieë == Adriaan, kan jy asb help met Geboortes in XXX? Sien:[https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:GesoekteKategorie%C3%AB&limit=500&offset=0] Ek verstaan nie presies wat daar gedoen moet word nie. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 13:11, 29 November 2020 (UTC) == Ontkiemingskompetisie is oop == Hi, die [[Wikipedia:Ontkiemingskompetisie/2020]] is nou oop. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 20:14, 21 Desember 2020 (UTC) : {{ping|Aliwal2012}} bedankt. – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 07:45, 22 Desember 2020 (UTC) ::Kan jy asb. weer die "telbord" aan die rol kry soos verlede jaar? Dankie, --[[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 07:50, 23 Desember 2020 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Aliwal2012}} uitgevoer. Geseënde Kersfees! – [[Gebruiker:K175|K175]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:K175|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 18:49, 24 Desember 2020 (UTC) myb4j50sig1axrviesrxfoep5gr8vwk 0 392544 2517217 2022-08-03T13:41:07Z Aliwal2012 39067 Geskep deur die bladsy "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1058478521|Llangefni]]" te vertaal wikitext text/x-wiki '''Llangefni''' (wat beteken "kerk aan die rivier Cefni")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780198527589|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> is die distriksdorp van [[Anglesey]] in [[Wallis]]<ref name="Academy2">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=John|author1-link=John Davies (historian)|last2=Jenkins|first2=Nigel|author2-link=Nigel Jenkins|last3=Baines|first3=Menna|last4=Llynch|first4=Peredur|year=2008|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|location=Cardiff|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|page=494}}</ref> en bevat die hoofkantore van die Isle of Anglesey County Council. Die Verenigde Koninkryk se Sensus 2011 het Llangefni se bevolking as 5 116 mense aangeteken, wat dit die tweede grootste nedersetting in Anglesey maak. Die gemeenskap sluit die dorpie Rhosmeirch in. == Ligging == Die dorp is naby die middel van Anglesey, en is geleë aan die rivier Cefni, waarna dit vernoem is. Sy besienswaardighede sluit die Oriel Ynys Môn- museum in, wat die geskiedenis van Anglesey uiteensit en versamelings van die skilders Kyffin Williams en Charles Tunnicliffe huisves. In die weste van die dorp is 'n groot sekondêre skool, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (Llangefni Comprehensive School), en in die noorde 'n Victoriaanse parochiekerk, St Cyngar's, geleë in 'n beboste ligging langs die rivier genaamd die Dingle. Die dorp is voorheen Llangyngar genoem, [[Wallies]] vir "St Cyngar's Church". == Handel, vervoer en onderwys == [[Lêer:Bridge_street,_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bridge_street%2C_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg/220px-Bridge_street%2C_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg|links|duimnael| Brugstraat, Llangefni omstreeks 1875]] [[Lêer:Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg/220px-Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg|links|duimnael| Llangefni Stadsaal]] [[Lêer:Llangefni_town_centre.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Llangefni_town_centre.jpg/220px-Llangefni_town_centre.jpg|duimnael| Middestad]] Llangefni is 'n kommersiële en plaasdorp in Anglesey en het eens die grootste beesmark op die eiland gehuisves. Daar is 'n relatief groot nywerheidslandgoed, wat 'n groot [[Hoendervleis|hoenderverwerkingsaanleg]], die grootste enkele industriële onderneming in die dorp, asook verskeie ander klein besighede insluit. Die dorp het 'n stasie op die Anglesey Central Railway gehad wat in 1864 geopen is. Dit het in 1964 gesluit, hoewel goederetreine tot 1993 deur die dorp geloop het. Alhoewel dit nie meer in gebruik is nie, is die spoorlyne nie verwyder nie. Die naaste stasie is nou by Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, 8 km weg soos die kraai vlieg . Daar is gereeld busse na die groter nedersettings Bangor en [[Holyhead]] sowel as na die kleiner dorpe Amlwch en Beaumaris. Met die pad is die dorp net 2 km van die belangrikste A55- en A5 -paaie af, via die kort A5114. Water vir die dorp kom van Llyn Cefni, 'n reservoir 2,4 km na die noordweste. Llangefni was gasheer vir die Nasionale Eisteddfod in 1957 en 1983, en het in 1999 sy naam gegee aan die Eisteddfod wat by die nabygeleë dorpie Llanbedrgoch gehou is. Dit het ook die Urdd Eisteddfod (jeug Eisteddfod) in 2004 aangebied. Die dorp het ook 'n kollege, Coleg Menai (Llangefni-terrein). == Sport == Die plaaslike [[Sokker|sokkerklub]], Llangefni Town, is aan die einde van die 2006–07-seisoen bevorder tot die Walliese Premierliga, maar een seisoen later gerelegeer. Die plaaslike [[Rugby|rugbyklub]] is Llangefni RFC, wat in die [[Walliese Rugbyunie|WRU]]-ligas speel. Die klub het onlangs bevordering na Afdeling 2-Wes verkry, maar die WRU het toe besluit om die klub terug na Afdeling 4 Noord- Wallis-liga te relegeer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/6670521.stm|title=Llangefni fight WRU 'relegation'|date=18 May 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> == Walliese taalvaardighede == Volgens die 2011-sensus is Llangefni die gemeenskap met die hoogste persentasie [[Wallies|Walliessprekendes]] op die eiland Anglesey, en die 6de hoogste in Wallis. 80,7% van die inwoners van drie jaar en ouer het gerapporteer dat hulle Wallies in die 2011-sensus kon praat, in vergelyking met 83,8% wat dit in die 2001-sensus aangemeld het.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|title=2011 Census results by Community|website=Welsh Language Commissioner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914001036/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|archive-date=14 September 2017|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> 91,6% van diegene wat in Wallis gebore is, kon Wallies praat. [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] 5xkl3ii6k5fxt3hs6e1akhmg7hdrhjp 2517218 2517217 2022-08-03T13:48:30Z Aliwal2012 39067 opruim, nog besig! wikitext text/x-wiki '''Llangefni''' (wat beteken "kerk aan die rivier Cefni")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780198527589|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> is die [[hoofstad]] van die [[Anglesey]] County in [[Wallis]]<ref name="Academy2">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=John|last2=Jenkins|first2=Nigel|last3=Baines|first3=Menna|last4=Llynch|first4=Peredur|year=2008|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|location=Cardiff|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|page=494}}</ref> en bevat die hoofkantore van die Isle of Anglesey County Council. Die Verenigde Koninkryk se Sensus 2011 het Llangefni se bevolking as 5&nbsp;116 mense aangeteken, wat dit die tweede grootste [[nedersetting]] in Anglesey maak. Die gemeenskap sluit die dorpie Rhosmeirch in. == Ligging == Die dorp is naby die middel van Anglesey, en is geleë aan die rivier Cefni, waarna dit vernoem is. Sy besienswaardighede sluit die Oriel Ynys Môn- museum in, wat die geskiedenis van Anglesey uiteensit en versamelings van die skilders Kyffin Williams en Charles Tunnicliffe huisves. In die weste van die dorp is 'n groot sekondêre skool, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (Llangefni Comprehensive School), en in die noorde 'n Victoriaanse parochiekerk, St Cyngar's, geleë in 'n beboste ligging langs die rivier genaamd die Dingle. Die dorp is voorheen Llangyngar genoem, [[Wallies]] vir "St Cyngar's Church". == Handel, vervoer en onderwys == [[Lêer:Bridge_street,_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg|links|duimnael|Brugstraat, Llangefni omstreeks 1875]] [[Lêer:Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg|links|duimnael|Llangefni Stadsaal]] [[Lêer:Llangefni_town_centre.jpg|duimnael|Middestad]] Llangefni is 'n kommersiële en plaasdorp in Anglesey en het eens die grootste beesmark op die eiland gehuisves. Daar is 'n relatief groot nywerheidslandgoed, wat 'n groot [[Hoendervleis|hoenderverwerkingsaanleg]], die grootste enkele industriële onderneming in die dorp, asook verskeie ander klein besighede insluit. Die dorp het 'n stasie op die Anglesey Central Railway gehad wat in 1864 geopen is. Dit het in 1964 gesluit, hoewel goederetreine tot 1993 deur die dorp geloop het. Alhoewel dit nie meer in gebruik is nie, is die spoorlyne nie verwyder nie. Die naaste stasie is nou by Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, 8 km weg soos die kraai vlieg . Daar is gereeld busse na die groter nedersettings Bangor en [[Holyhead]] sowel as na die kleiner dorpe Amlwch en Beaumaris. Met die pad is die dorp net 2 km van die belangrikste A55- en A5 -paaie af, via die kort A5114. Water vir die dorp kom van Llyn Cefni, 'n reservoir 2,4 km na die noordweste. Llangefni was gasheer vir die Nasionale Eisteddfod in 1957 en 1983, en het in 1999 sy naam gegee aan die Eisteddfod wat by die nabygeleë dorpie Llanbedrgoch gehou is. Dit het ook die Urdd Eisteddfod (jeug Eisteddfod) in 2004 aangebied. Die dorp het ook 'n kollege, Coleg Menai (Llangefni-terrein). == Sport == Die plaaslike [[sokker]]klub, Llangefni Town, is aan die einde van die 2006–07-seisoen bevorder tot die Walliese Premierliga, maar een seisoen later gerelegeer. Die plaaslike [[rugby]]klub is Llangefni RFC, wat in die [[Walliese Rugbyunie]]-ligas speel. Die klub het onlangs bevordering na Afdeling 2-Wes verkry, maar die WRU het toe besluit om die klub terug na Afdeling 4 Noord- Wallis-liga te relegeer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/6670521.stm|title=Llangefni fight WRU 'relegation'|date=18 May 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> == Walliese taalvaardighede == Volgens die 2011-sensus is Llangefni die gemeenskap met die hoogste persentasie [[Wallies]]sprekendes op die eiland Anglesey, en die 6de hoogste in Wallis. 80,7% van die inwoners van drie jaar en ouer het gerapporteer dat hulle Wallies in die 2011-sensus kon praat, in vergelyking met 83,8% wat dit in die 2001-sensus aangemeld het.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|title=2011 Census results by Community|website=Welsh Language Commissioner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914001036/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|archive-date=14 September 2017|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> 91,6% van diegene wat in Wallis gebore is, kon Wallies praat. [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} kdglcatpi07qet6688ujuymhi8c6br3 2517219 2517218 2022-08-03T13:52:13Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Llangefni''' (wat beteken "kerk aan die rivier Cefni")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780198527589|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> is die [[hoofstad]] van die [[Anglesey]] County in [[Wallis]]<ref name="Academy2">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=John|last2=Jenkins|first2=Nigel|last3=Baines|first3=Menna|last4=Llynch|first4=Peredur|year=2008|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|location=Cardiff|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|page=494}}</ref> en bevat die hoofkantore van die Isle of Anglesey County Council. Die Verenigde Koninkryk se Sensus 2011 het Llangefni se bevolking as 5&nbsp;116 mense aangeteken, wat dit die tweede grootste [[nedersetting]] in Anglesey maak. Die gemeenskap sluit die dorpie Rhosmeirch in. [[Lêer:Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg|links|duimnael|Llangefni Stadsaal]] == Ligging == Die dorp is naby die middel van Anglesey, en is geleë aan die rivier Cefni, waarna dit vernoem is. Sy besienswaardighede sluit die Oriel Ynys Môn- museum in, wat die geskiedenis van Anglesey uiteensit en versamelings van die skilders Kyffin Williams en Charles Tunnicliffe huisves. In die weste van die dorp is 'n groot sekondêre skool, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (Llangefni Comprehensive School), en in die noorde 'n Victoriaanse parochiekerk, St Cyngar's, geleë in 'n beboste ligging langs die rivier genaamd die Dingle. Die dorp is voorheen Llangyngar genoem, [[Wallies]] vir "St Cyngar's Church". == Handel en onderwys == [[Lêer:Bridge_street,_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg|links|duimnael|Brugstraat, Llangefni omstreeks 1875]] [[Lêer:Llangefni_town_centre.jpg|duimnael|Middestad]] Llangefni is 'n kommersiële en plaasdorp in Anglesey en het eens die grootste beesmark op die eiland gehuisves. Daar is 'n relatief groot nywerheidslandgoed, wat 'n groot [[Hoendervleis|hoenderverwerkingsaanleg]], die grootste enkele industriële onderneming in die dorp, asook verskeie ander klein besighede insluit. Llangefni was gasheer vir die Nasionale Eisteddfod in 1957 en 1983, en het in 1999 sy naam gegee aan die Eisteddfod wat by die nabygeleë dorpie Llanbedrgoch gehou is. Dit het ook die Urdd Eisteddfod (jeug Eisteddfod) in 2004 aangebied. Die dorp het ook 'n kollege, Coleg Menai (Llangefni-terrein). == Sport == Die plaaslike [[sokker]]klub, Llangefni Town, is aan die einde van die 2006–07-seisoen bevorder tot die Walliese Premierliga, maar een seisoen later gerelegeer. Die plaaslike [[rugby]]klub is Llangefni RFC, wat in die [[Walliese Rugbyunie]]-ligas speel. Die klub het onlangs bevordering na Afdeling 2-Wes verkry, maar die WRU het toe besluit om die klub terug na Afdeling 4 Noord- Wallis-liga te relegeer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/6670521.stm|title=Llangefni fight WRU 'relegation'|date=18 May 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> == Vervoer == Die dorp het 'n stasie op die Anglesey Central Railway gehad wat in 1864 geopen is. Dit het in 1964 gesluit, hoewel goederetreine tot 1993 deur die dorp geloop het. Alhoewel dit nie meer in gebruik is nie, is die spoorlyne nie verwyder nie. Die naaste stasie is nou by Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, 8 km weg soos die kraai vlieg . Daar is gereeld busse na die groter nedersettings Bangor en [[Holyhead]] sowel as na die kleiner dorpe Amlwch en Beaumaris. Met die pad is die dorp net 2 km van die belangrikste A55- en A5 -paaie af, via die kort A5114. Water vir die dorp kom van Llyn Cefni, 'n reservoir 2,4 km na die noordweste. == Walliese taalvaardighede == Volgens die 2011-sensus is Llangefni die gemeenskap met die hoogste persentasie [[Wallies]]sprekendes op die eiland Anglesey, en die 6de hoogste in Wallis. 80,7% van die inwoners van drie jaar en ouer het gerapporteer dat hulle Wallies in die 2011-sensus kon praat, in vergelyking met 83,8% wat dit in die 2001-sensus aangemeld het.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|title=2011 Census results by Community|website=Welsh Language Commissioner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914001036/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|archive-date=14 September 2017|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> 91,6% van diegene wat in Wallis gebore is, kon Wallies praat. [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} 6bu2gnxkixgm8auujbs2ioi3iwqtb2a 2517235 2517219 2022-08-03T14:53:31Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] bygevoeg ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Llangefni''' (wat beteken "kerk aan die rivier Cefni")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780198527589|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> is die [[hoofstad]] van die [[Anglesey]] County in [[Wallis]]<ref name="Academy2">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=John|last2=Jenkins|first2=Nigel|last3=Baines|first3=Menna|last4=Llynch|first4=Peredur|year=2008|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|location=Cardiff|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|page=494}}</ref> en bevat die hoofkantore van die Isle of Anglesey County Council. Die Verenigde Koninkryk se Sensus 2011 het Llangefni se bevolking as 5&nbsp;116 mense aangeteken, wat dit die tweede grootste [[nedersetting]] in Anglesey maak. Die gemeenskap sluit die dorpie Rhosmeirch in. [[Lêer:Neuadd_y_Dref_Llangefni_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_351300.jpg|links|duimnael|Llangefni Stadsaal]] == Ligging == Die dorp is naby die middel van Anglesey, en is geleë aan die rivier Cefni, waarna dit vernoem is. Sy besienswaardighede sluit die Oriel Ynys Môn- museum in, wat die geskiedenis van Anglesey uiteensit en versamelings van die skilders Kyffin Williams en Charles Tunnicliffe huisves. In die weste van die dorp is 'n groot sekondêre skool, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (Llangefni Comprehensive School), en in die noorde 'n Victoriaanse parochiekerk, St Cyngar's, geleë in 'n beboste ligging langs die rivier genaamd die Dingle. Die dorp is voorheen Llangyngar genoem, [[Wallies]] vir "St Cyngar's Church". == Handel en onderwys == [[Lêer:Bridge_street,_Llangefni_NLW3363769.jpg|links|duimnael|Brugstraat, Llangefni omstreeks 1875]] [[Lêer:Llangefni_town_centre.jpg|duimnael|Middestad]] Llangefni is 'n kommersiële en plaasdorp in Anglesey en het eens die grootste beesmark op die eiland gehuisves. Daar is 'n relatief groot nywerheidslandgoed, wat 'n groot [[Hoendervleis|hoenderverwerkingsaanleg]], die grootste enkele industriële onderneming in die dorp, asook verskeie ander klein besighede insluit. Llangefni was gasheer vir die Nasionale Eisteddfod in 1957 en 1983, en het in 1999 sy naam gegee aan die Eisteddfod wat by die nabygeleë dorpie Llanbedrgoch gehou is. Dit het ook die Urdd Eisteddfod (jeug Eisteddfod) in 2004 aangebied. Die dorp het ook 'n kollege, Coleg Menai (Llangefni-terrein). == Sport == Die plaaslike [[sokker]]klub, Llangefni Town, is aan die einde van die 2006–07-seisoen bevorder tot die Walliese Premierliga, maar een seisoen later gerelegeer. Die plaaslike [[rugby]]klub is Llangefni RFC, wat in die [[Walliese Rugbyunie]]-ligas speel. Die klub het onlangs bevordering na Afdeling 2-Wes verkry, maar die WRU het toe besluit om die klub terug na Afdeling 4 Noord- Wallis-liga te relegeer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/6670521.stm|title=Llangefni fight WRU 'relegation'|date=18 May 2007|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> == Vervoer == Die dorp het 'n stasie op die Anglesey Central Railway gehad wat in 1864 geopen is. Dit het in 1964 gesluit, hoewel goederetreine tot 1993 deur die dorp geloop het. Alhoewel dit nie meer in gebruik is nie, is die spoorlyne nie verwyder nie. Die naaste stasie is nou by Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, 8 km weg soos die kraai vlieg . Daar is gereeld busse na die groter nedersettings Bangor en [[Holyhead]] sowel as na die kleiner dorpe Amlwch en Beaumaris. Met die pad is die dorp net 2 km van die belangrikste A55- en A5 -paaie af, via die kort A5114. Water vir die dorp kom van Llyn Cefni, 'n reservoir 2,4 km na die noordweste. == Walliese taalvaardighede == Volgens die 2011-sensus is Llangefni die gemeenskap met die hoogste persentasie [[Wallies]]sprekendes op die eiland Anglesey, en die 6de hoogste in Wallis. 80,7% van die inwoners van drie jaar en ouer het gerapporteer dat hulle Wallies in die 2011-sensus kon praat, in vergelyking met 83,8% wat dit in die 2001-sensus aangemeld het.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|title=2011 Census results by Community|website=Welsh Language Commissioner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914001036/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Policy,%20research%20and%20data/Census%20Data/Pages/2011CensusresultsbyCommunity.aspx|archive-date=14 September 2017|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> 91,6% van diegene wat in Wallis gebore is, kon Wallies praat. [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} 7017q7hmthoaj6sufrhitcwbsajtj8e 0 392545 2517222 2022-08-03T14:04:59Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe artikel! wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia ceresiana | authority = Schwantes 1938 | synonyms =* ''Mesembryanthemum exacutum'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> }} '''''Ruschia ceresiana''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] en is [[endemies]] in Suid-Afika. Dit kom in die [[Wes-Kaap]] in die [[Tankwa Karoo]] voor waar dit deel van die [[Sukkulente Karoo]] is. Dit het 'n voorkomsgebied van kleiner as 500 km² en word as seldsaam beskou. == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-462 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364238-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] e9x5oofb4jvroe2uu9dkqzbn6um8em5 0 392546 2517230 2022-08-03T14:40:50Z Aliwal2012 39067 Geskep deur die bladsy "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1100175996|Holyhead]]" te vertaal wikitext text/x-wiki '''Holyhead''' ([[Wallies]]: ''Caergybi'', "Cybi se fort") is 'n dorp in [[Wallis]] en 'n groot hawe in die [[Ierse See]] wat Ierland bedien. Dit is ook 'n [[Community (Wallis)|gemeenskap]] en die grootste stad in die [[Anglesey|Isle of Anglesey]]-distrik, met 'n bevolking van 13 659 tydens die 2011-sensus. Holyhead is op Holy-eiland, wat van Anglesey geskei word deur die nou Cymyran-straat en oorspronklik met Anglesey verbind via die Four Mile Bridge. In die middel van die 19de eeu het Lord Stanley, 'n plaaslike filantroop, die bou van 'n groter waterweg befonds,<ref name="stanleym1">Hughes, Margaret: ''"Anglesey from the sea"'', page 73. </ref> plaaslik bekend as "The Cobb", dit dra nou die A5 en die spoorlyn. Die A55-snelweg loop parallel met die Cobb op 'n moderne hoofweg. == Etimologie == Die dorp se Engelse naam, ''Holyhead'', bestaan ten minste sedert die 14de eeu. Soos die geval is met Wallis, verskil die naam in Engels aansienlik van sy naam in Wallies. Dit verwys na die heiligheid van die plek, en het in die verlede die vorm ''Haliheved'', ''Holiheved'', ''Le Holyhede'' en ''Holy Head'' aangeneem. Dit is die presiese ekwivalent van die [[Kornies|Korniese]] naam, Penzance. Die Walliese naam, ''Caergybi'', is afgelei van die vesting waarom die dorp ontwikkel het. Die oorspronklike vorm van hierdie naam is waarskynlik minstens duisend jaar oud. Dit het egter deur die jare verander. == Vervoer == [[Lêer:Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi,_Holyhead_Town_Council_(geograph_3662368).jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi%2C_Holyhead_Town_Council_%28geograph_3662368%29.jpg/220px-Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi%2C_Holyhead_Town_Council_%28geograph_3662368%29.jpg|links|duimnael| Holyhead Stadsaal]] Die hawe van Holyhead is 'n besige [[Hawe|veerboothawe]]. Stena Line, Noord-Europa se grootste veerbootmaatskappy, werk vanaf die hawe, net soos Irish Ferries. Veerbote vaar na [[Dublin]], in Ierland en vanaf 2021 oor naweke vaar veerbote na [[Belfast]] in Noord-Ierland; dit vorm die hoofskakel vir oppervlakvervoer vanaf sentraal- en noordelike Engeland en [[Wallis]] na Ierland. Holyhead se maritieme belang was op sy hoogtepunt in die 19de eeu met 'n 2,8 km-lange breekwater. Holyhead Breakwater is die langste in die Verenigde Koninkryk en is gebou om 'n veilige hawe te skep vir vaartuie wat in stormagtige waters gevang is op pad na [[Liverpool]] en die industriële hawens van [[Lancashire]]. Holyhead se see-erfenis word in 'n maritieme museum bewaar. [[Lêer:Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg/220px-Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|duimnael| Stanley Embankment oppad na Holy-eiland]] Die Stanley Embankment, of "The Cob", is 'n wal wat Anglesey en Holy-eiland verbind. Dit dra die Noord-Wallis Coast Line-spoorlyn en die A5-pad. Die wal is ontwerp en gebou deur Thomas Telford. Toe die A5 tussen Londen en die hawe van Holyhead gebou is, was 'n meer direkte roete nodig. Bouwerk het in 1822 begin en 'n jaar later voltooi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnorthwales.co.uk/pages/thom_tel_rd.htm|title=Thomas Telford: The Road to Holyhead|website=cyclingnorthwales.co.uk}}</ref> Holyhead is die terminus van die Noord-Wallis-kuslyn en word tans bedien deur Avanti Weskus en Transport for Wallis-dienste. Avanti West Coast loop direkte treine na Londen Euston en Transport for Walles bedryf direkte treine na Cardiff en Birmingham Internasionaal via Wrexham en Shrewsbury, en twee direkte treine per dag na Manchester Piccadilly. Die spoor- en veerbootterminale is verbind (vir voetgangers en fietsryers) met die middedorp deur The Celtic Gateway-brug. == Nywerheid == Tot September 2009 was Holyhead se hoofbedryf die massiewe aluminiumsmelter aan die buitewyke van die dorp, wat deur Anglesey Aluminium, 'n filiaal van [[Rio Tinto|Rio Tinto Group]], bedryf word. 'n Groot jetty in die hawe het skepe van [[Jamaika]] en Australië ontvang, en hul vragte alumina is op 'n tou-aangedrewe vervoerband vervoer wat onder die dorp na die aanleg loop. Die jetty word nou deur Orthios gebruik om vaartuie wat van regoor die wêreld besoek af te dok. Die landhoof is breed genoeg vir busse om af te reis om passasiers op- of af te laai by die dorp op plaaslike toere. Die aluminiumaanleg het vir sy elektrisiteitsvoorsiening staatgemaak op die eiland se kernkragstasie by Wylfa, naby Cemaesbaai. Wylfa het die einde van sy leeftyd bereik en het toestemming gehad om slegs tot 2012 op te wek, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|title=Wylfa to continue generating until 2012|website=Nuclear Engineering International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192914/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> en die beëindiging van 'n laekoste-elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskontrak in 2009 het 'n impak op die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van die smeltaanleg gehad. Voortgesette bedrywighede behels die hersmelting van aluminiumskroot vir hergebruik. Tot die einde van 2020 was die hawe, wat 250 werkers in diens het, die tweede besigste aanrolhawe in die VK ná Dover met ongeveer 450 000 vragmotors wat per veerboot na Dublin geneem is. Na die Brexit-onttrekkingsooreenkoms het vragverkeer vanaf Ierland in Januarie 2021 met 50% gedaal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Partridge|first=Joanna|date=20 February 2021|title=Ports feel the chill as trade re-routes around Brexit Britain|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/20/ports-feel-the-chill-as-trade-re-routes-around-brexit-britain|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> In Januarie 2020 het [[BMW Motorrad]] beplan om 'n vervaardigingsfasiliteit in Holyhead te bou. == Klimaat == Soos die res van die [[Britse Eilande]] en Wallis, het Holyhead 'n maritieme klimaat met koel somers en matige winters, en dikwels hoë winde wat vererger word deur sy ligging by die Ierse See. Die naaste amptelike weerwaarnemingstasie is by RAF Valley, sowat 8 km suidoos van die middedorp. Op 23 November 1981 is Holyhead deur twee tornado's getref tydens die rekordbreker-1981 tornado-uitbraak in die Verenigde Koninkryk . Een van die tornado's, aangewys as 'n F2/T4-tornado, was die sterkste wat aangeteken is uit 104 tornado's in die hele uitbreking, wat skade aan ongeveer 20 eiendomme in Holyhead aangerig het en 'n statiese karavaanterrein vernietig het. [[Lêer:001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg/220px-001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|duimnael| Kloktoring ter herdenking van die uitbreiding van Holyhead se dokke tussen 1875 en 1880]] == Kultuur == [[Lêer:Saint_Mary's_Church_Holyhead.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saint_Mary%27s_Church_Holyhead.jpg/220px-Saint_Mary%27s_Church_Holyhead.jpg|regs|duimnael| St. Mary's Help of Christians Church]] [[Lêer:Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg/220px-Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|duimnael| Uitsig op Holyhead-mark; aktiwiteite, stalletjies en Walliese drag]] [[Lêer:Holyhead,_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Holyhead%2C_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg/220px-Holyhead%2C_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg|duimnael| Holyhead, omstreeks 1850]] Holyhead se kunssentrum, die Ucheldre-sentrum, is geleë in die kapel van 'n ou klooster wat aan die orde van die Bon Sauveur behoort. Dit hou gereeld kunsuitstallings, vertonings, werkswinkels en filmvertonings. Holyhead Biblioteek is in die ou marksaal geleë. Die Holyhead Maritieme Museum word gehuisves in wat na bewering Wallis se oudste reddingsboothuis is. Die reddingsbootstasie is in 1828 gestig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Holyhead-Lifeboat-Station.aspx|title=RNLI: Holyhead|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Die 1927 Nasionale Eisteddfod is in die dorp gehou. Holyhead High School (voorheen County Secondary School) was die eerste omvattende skool in die VK. == Verwysings == [[Kategorie:Artikels met hAudio-mikroformate]] [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1qekm4i186e2h8t2zc2jof8v7tvl4kh 2517234 2517230 2022-08-03T14:52:56Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] bygevoeg ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Holyhead''' ([[Wallies]]: ''Caergybi'', "Cybi se fort") is 'n dorp in [[Wallis]] en 'n groot hawe in die [[Ierse See]] wat Ierland bedien. Dit is ook 'n [[Community (Wallis)|gemeenskap]] en die grootste stad in die [[Anglesey|Isle of Anglesey]]-distrik, met 'n bevolking van 13 659 tydens die 2011-sensus. Holyhead is op Holy-eiland, wat van Anglesey geskei word deur die nou Cymyran-straat en oorspronklik met Anglesey verbind via die Four Mile Bridge. In die middel van die 19de eeu het Lord Stanley, 'n plaaslike filantroop, die bou van 'n groter waterweg befonds,<ref name="stanleym1">Hughes, Margaret: ''"Anglesey from the sea"'', page 73. </ref> plaaslik bekend as "The Cobb", dit dra nou die A5 en die spoorlyn. Die A55-snelweg loop parallel met die Cobb op 'n moderne hoofweg. == Etimologie == Die dorp se Engelse naam, ''Holyhead'', bestaan ten minste sedert die 14de eeu. Soos die geval is met Wallis, verskil die naam in Engels aansienlik van sy naam in Wallies. Dit verwys na die heiligheid van die plek, en het in die verlede die vorm ''Haliheved'', ''Holiheved'', ''Le Holyhede'' en ''Holy Head'' aangeneem. Dit is die presiese ekwivalent van die [[Kornies|Korniese]] naam, Penzance. Die Walliese naam, ''Caergybi'', is afgelei van die vesting waarom die dorp ontwikkel het. Die oorspronklike vorm van hierdie naam is waarskynlik minstens duisend jaar oud. Dit het egter deur die jare verander. == Vervoer == [[Lêer:Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi,_Holyhead_Town_Council_(geograph_3662368).jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi%2C_Holyhead_Town_Council_%28geograph_3662368%29.jpg/220px-Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi%2C_Holyhead_Town_Council_%28geograph_3662368%29.jpg|links|duimnael| Holyhead Stadsaal]] Die hawe van Holyhead is 'n besige [[Hawe|veerboothawe]]. Stena Line, Noord-Europa se grootste veerbootmaatskappy, werk vanaf die hawe, net soos Irish Ferries. Veerbote vaar na [[Dublin]], in Ierland en vanaf 2021 oor naweke vaar veerbote na [[Belfast]] in Noord-Ierland; dit vorm die hoofskakel vir oppervlakvervoer vanaf sentraal- en noordelike Engeland en [[Wallis]] na Ierland. Holyhead se maritieme belang was op sy hoogtepunt in die 19de eeu met 'n 2,8 km-lange breekwater. Holyhead Breakwater is die langste in die Verenigde Koninkryk en is gebou om 'n veilige hawe te skep vir vaartuie wat in stormagtige waters gevang is op pad na [[Liverpool]] en die industriële hawens van [[Lancashire]]. Holyhead se see-erfenis word in 'n maritieme museum bewaar. [[Lêer:Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg/220px-Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|duimnael| Stanley Embankment oppad na Holy-eiland]] Die Stanley Embankment, of "The Cob", is 'n wal wat Anglesey en Holy-eiland verbind. Dit dra die Noord-Wallis Coast Line-spoorlyn en die A5-pad. Die wal is ontwerp en gebou deur Thomas Telford. Toe die A5 tussen Londen en die hawe van Holyhead gebou is, was 'n meer direkte roete nodig. Bouwerk het in 1822 begin en 'n jaar later voltooi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnorthwales.co.uk/pages/thom_tel_rd.htm|title=Thomas Telford: The Road to Holyhead|website=cyclingnorthwales.co.uk}}</ref> Holyhead is die terminus van die Noord-Wallis-kuslyn en word tans bedien deur Avanti Weskus en Transport for Wallis-dienste. Avanti West Coast loop direkte treine na Londen Euston en Transport for Walles bedryf direkte treine na Cardiff en Birmingham Internasionaal via Wrexham en Shrewsbury, en twee direkte treine per dag na Manchester Piccadilly. Die spoor- en veerbootterminale is verbind (vir voetgangers en fietsryers) met die middedorp deur The Celtic Gateway-brug. == Nywerheid == Tot September 2009 was Holyhead se hoofbedryf die massiewe aluminiumsmelter aan die buitewyke van die dorp, wat deur Anglesey Aluminium, 'n filiaal van [[Rio Tinto|Rio Tinto Group]], bedryf word. 'n Groot jetty in die hawe het skepe van [[Jamaika]] en Australië ontvang, en hul vragte alumina is op 'n tou-aangedrewe vervoerband vervoer wat onder die dorp na die aanleg loop. Die jetty word nou deur Orthios gebruik om vaartuie wat van regoor die wêreld besoek af te dok. Die landhoof is breed genoeg vir busse om af te reis om passasiers op- of af te laai by die dorp op plaaslike toere. Die aluminiumaanleg het vir sy elektrisiteitsvoorsiening staatgemaak op die eiland se kernkragstasie by Wylfa, naby Cemaesbaai. Wylfa het die einde van sy leeftyd bereik en het toestemming gehad om slegs tot 2012 op te wek, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|title=Wylfa to continue generating until 2012|website=Nuclear Engineering International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192914/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> en die beëindiging van 'n laekoste-elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskontrak in 2009 het 'n impak op die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van die smeltaanleg gehad. Voortgesette bedrywighede behels die hersmelting van aluminiumskroot vir hergebruik. Tot die einde van 2020 was die hawe, wat 250 werkers in diens het, die tweede besigste aanrolhawe in die VK ná Dover met ongeveer 450 000 vragmotors wat per veerboot na Dublin geneem is. Na die Brexit-onttrekkingsooreenkoms het vragverkeer vanaf Ierland in Januarie 2021 met 50% gedaal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Partridge|first=Joanna|date=20 February 2021|title=Ports feel the chill as trade re-routes around Brexit Britain|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/20/ports-feel-the-chill-as-trade-re-routes-around-brexit-britain|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> In Januarie 2020 het [[BMW Motorrad]] beplan om 'n vervaardigingsfasiliteit in Holyhead te bou. == Klimaat == Soos die res van die [[Britse Eilande]] en Wallis, het Holyhead 'n maritieme klimaat met koel somers en matige winters, en dikwels hoë winde wat vererger word deur sy ligging by die Ierse See. Die naaste amptelike weerwaarnemingstasie is by RAF Valley, sowat 8 km suidoos van die middedorp. Op 23 November 1981 is Holyhead deur twee tornado's getref tydens die rekordbreker-1981 tornado-uitbraak in die Verenigde Koninkryk . Een van die tornado's, aangewys as 'n F2/T4-tornado, was die sterkste wat aangeteken is uit 104 tornado's in die hele uitbreking, wat skade aan ongeveer 20 eiendomme in Holyhead aangerig het en 'n statiese karavaanterrein vernietig het. [[Lêer:001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg/220px-001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|duimnael| Kloktoring ter herdenking van die uitbreiding van Holyhead se dokke tussen 1875 en 1880]] == Kultuur == [[Lêer:Saint_Mary's_Church_Holyhead.jpg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saint_Mary%27s_Church_Holyhead.jpg/220px-Saint_Mary%27s_Church_Holyhead.jpg|regs|duimnael| St. Mary's Help of Christians Church]] [[Lêer:Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg/220px-Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|duimnael| Uitsig op Holyhead-mark; aktiwiteite, stalletjies en Walliese drag]] [[Lêer:Holyhead,_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg|skakel=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Holyhead%2C_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg/220px-Holyhead%2C_Isle_of_Anglesea.jpeg|duimnael| Holyhead, omstreeks 1850]] Holyhead se kunssentrum, die Ucheldre-sentrum, is geleë in die kapel van 'n ou klooster wat aan die orde van die Bon Sauveur behoort. Dit hou gereeld kunsuitstallings, vertonings, werkswinkels en filmvertonings. Holyhead Biblioteek is in die ou marksaal geleë. Die Holyhead Maritieme Museum word gehuisves in wat na bewering Wallis se oudste reddingsboothuis is. Die reddingsbootstasie is in 1828 gestig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Holyhead-Lifeboat-Station.aspx|title=RNLI: Holyhead|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Die 1927 Nasionale Eisteddfod is in die dorp gehou. Holyhead High School (voorheen County Secondary School) was die eerste omvattende skool in die VK. == Verwysings == [[Kategorie:Artikels met hAudio-mikroformate]] [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] 38qlnb7kbwnw17v5ch6iu0qpzvao89h 2517238 2517234 2022-08-03T15:04:10Z Aliwal2012 39067 opruim na vertaling wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Holyhead''' ([[Wallies]]: ''Caergybi'', "Cybi se fort") is 'n dorp in [[Wallis]] en 'n groot hawe in die [[Ierse See]] wat Ierland bedien. Dit is ook 'n [[Community (Wallis)|gemeenskap]] en die grootste stad in die [[Anglesey|Isle of Anglesey]]-distrik, met 'n bevolking van 13 659 tydens die 2011-sensus. Holyhead is op Holy-eiland, wat van Anglesey geskei word deur die nou Cymyran-straat en oorspronklik met Anglesey verbind via die Four Mile Bridge. == Etimologie == [[Lêer:Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi,_Holyhead_Town_Council_(geograph_3662368).jpg|links|duimnael|250px|Holyhead Stadsaal]] Die dorp se Engelse naam, ''Holyhead'', bestaan ten minste sedert die 14de eeu. Soos die geval is met Wallis, verskil die naam in Engels aansienlik van sy naam in Wallies. Dit verwys na die heiligheid van die plek, en het in die verlede die vorm ''Haliheved'', ''Holiheved'', ''Le Holyhede'' en ''Holy Head'' aangeneem. Dit is die presiese ekwivalent van die [[Kornies]]e naam, Penzance. Die Walliese naam, ''Caergybi'', is afgelei van die vesting waarom die dorp ontwikkel het. Die oorspronklike vorm van hierdie naam is waarskynlik minstens duisend jaar oud. Dit het egter deur die jare verander. == Vervoer == [[Lêer:001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|duimnael|links|160px|Kloktoring ter herdenking van die uitbreiding van Holyhead se dokke tussen 1875 en 1880]] In die middel van die 19de eeu het Lord Stanley, 'n plaaslike filantroop, die bou van 'n groter waterweg befonds,<ref name="stanleym1">Hughes, Margaret: ''"Anglesey from the sea"'', page 73. </ref> plaaslik bekend as "The Cobb", dit dra nou die A5 en die spoorlyn. Die A55-snelweg loop parallel met die Cobb op 'n moderne hoofweg. Die hawe van Holyhead is 'n besige [[Hawe|veerboothawe]]. Stena Line, Noord-Europa se grootste veerbootmaatskappy, werk vanaf die hawe, net soos Irish Ferries. Veerbote vaar na [[Dublin]], in Ierland en vanaf 2021 oor naweke vaar veerbote na [[Belfast]] in Noord-Ierland; dit vorm die hoofskakel vir oppervlakvervoer vanaf sentraal- en noordelike Engeland en Wallis na Ierland. Holyhead se maritieme belang was op sy hoogtepunt in die 19de eeu met 'n 2,8 km-lange breekwater. Holyhead Breakwater is die langste in die Verenigde Koninkryk en is gebou om 'n veilige hawe te skep vir vaartuie wat in stormagtige waters gevang is op pad na [[Liverpool]] en die industriële hawens van [[Lancashire]]. Holyhead se see-erfenis word in 'n maritieme museum bewaar. [[Lêer:Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|duimnael|Stanley Embankment oppad na Holy-eiland]] Die Stanley Embankment, of "The Cob", is 'n wal wat Anglesey en Holy-eiland verbind. Dit dra die Noord-Wallis Coast Line-spoorlyn en die A5-pad. Die wal is ontwerp en gebou deur Thomas Telford. Toe die A5 tussen Londen en die hawe van Holyhead gebou is, was 'n meer direkte roete nodig. Bouwerk het in 1822 begin en 'n jaar later voltooi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnorthwales.co.uk/pages/thom_tel_rd.htm|title=Thomas Telford: The Road to Holyhead|website=cyclingnorthwales.co.uk}}</ref> Holyhead is die terminus van die Noord-Wallis-kuslyn en word tans bedien deur Avanti West Coast en Transport for Wallis-dienste. Avanti West Coast bedryf direkte treine na Londen Euston en Transport for Walles bedryf direkte treine na Cardiff en Birmingham Internasionaal via Wrexham en Shrewsbury, en twee direkte treine per dag na Manchester Piccadilly. Die spoor- en veerbootterminale is verbind (vir voetgangers en fietsryers) met die middedorp deur The Celtic Gateway-brug. == Nywerheid == Tot September 2009 was Holyhead se hoofbedryf die massiewe aluminiumsmelter aan die buitewyke van die dorp, wat deur Anglesey Aluminium, 'n filiaal van [[Rio Tinto|Rio Tinto Group]], bedryf word. 'n Groot jetty in die hawe het skepe van [[Jamaika]] en Australië ontvang, en hul vragte alumina is op 'n tou-aangedrewe vervoerband vervoer wat onder die dorp na die aanleg loop. Die jetty word nou deur Orthios gebruik om vaartuie wat van regoor die wêreld besoek af te dok. Die landhoof is breed genoeg vir busse om af te reis om passasiers op- of af te laai by die dorp op plaaslike toere. Die aluminiumaanleg het vir sy elektrisiteitsvoorsiening staatgemaak op die eiland se kernkragstasie by Wylfa, naby Cemaesbaai. Wylfa het die einde van sy leeftyd bereik en het toestemming gehad om slegs tot 2012 op te wek, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|title=Wylfa to continue generating until 2012|website=Nuclear Engineering International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192914/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> en die beëindiging van 'n laekoste-elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskontrak in 2009 het 'n impak op die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van die smeltaanleg gehad. Voortgesette bedrywighede behels die hersmelting van aluminiumskroot vir hergebruik. Tot die einde van 2020 was die hawe, wat 250 werkers in diens het, die tweede besigste aanrolhawe in die VK ná Dover met ongeveer 450 000 vragmotors wat per veerboot na Dublin geneem is. Na die Brexit-onttrekkingsooreenkoms het vragverkeer vanaf Ierland in Januarie 2021 met 50% gedaal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Partridge|first=Joanna|date=20 February 2021|title=Ports feel the chill as trade re-routes around Brexit Britain|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/20/ports-feel-the-chill-as-trade-re-routes-around-brexit-britain|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> In Januarie 2020 het [[BMW Motorrad]] beplan om 'n vervaardigingsfasiliteit in Holyhead te bou. == Klimaat == Soos die res van die [[Britse Eilande]] en Wallis, het Holyhead 'n maritieme klimaat met koel somers en matige winters, en dikwels hoë winde wat vererger word deur sy ligging by die Ierse See. Die naaste amptelike weerwaarnemingstasie is by RAF Valley, sowat 8 km suidoos van die middedorp. Op 23 November 1981 is Holyhead deur twee tornado's getref tydens die rekordbreker-1981 tornado-uitbraak in die Verenigde Koninkryk . Een van die tornado's, aangewys as 'n F2/T4-tornado, was die sterkste wat aangeteken is uit 104 tornado's in die hele uitbreking, wat skade aan ongeveer 20 eiendomme in Holyhead aangerig het en 'n statiese karavaanterrein vernietig het. == Kultuur == [[Lêer:Saint_Mary's_Church_Holyhead.jpg|regs|duimnael|St. Mary's Help of Christians Church]] [[Lêer:Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|duimnael|Uitsig op Holyhead-mark; aktiwiteite, stalletjies en Walliese drag]] Holyhead se kunssentrum, die Ucheldre-sentrum, is geleë in die kapel van 'n ou klooster wat aan die orde van die Bon Sauveur behoort. Dit hou gereeld kunsuitstallings, vertonings, werkswinkels en filmvertonings. Holyhead Biblioteek is in die ou marksaal geleë. Die Holyhead Maritieme Museum word gehuisves in wat na bewering Wallis se oudste reddingsboothuis is. Die reddingsbootstasie is in 1828 gestig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Holyhead-Lifeboat-Station.aspx|title=RNLI: Holyhead|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Die 1927 Nasionale Eisteddfod is in die dorp gehou. Holyhead High School (voorheen County Secondary School) was die eerste omvattende skool in die VK. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] 42lo42oimnqa8rqlh97bvq2991a55eh 2517343 2517238 2022-08-04T08:01:49Z Rooiratel 90342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Holyhead''' ([[Wallies]]: ''Caergybi'', "Cybi se fort") is 'n dorp in [[Wallis]] en 'n groot hawe in die [[Ierse See]] wat Ierland bedien. Dit is ook 'n [[Community (Wallis)|gemeenskap]] en die grootste stad in die [[Anglesey|Isle of Anglesey]]-distrik, met 'n bevolking van 13 659 tydens die 2011-sensus. Holyhead is op Holy-eiland, wat van Anglesey geskei word deur die nou Cymyran-straat en oorspronklik met Anglesey verbind via die Four Mile Bridge. == Etimologie == [[Lêer:Neuadd_Y_Dref_Caergybi,_Holyhead_Town_Council_(geograph_3662368).jpg|links|duimnael|250px|Holyhead Stadsaal]] Die dorp se Engelse naam, ''Holyhead'', bestaan ten minste sedert die 14de eeu. Soos die geval is met Wallis, verskil die naam in Engels aansienlik van sy naam in Wallies. Dit verwys na die heiligheid van die plek, en het in die verlede die vorm ''Haliheved'', ''Holiheved'', ''Le Holyhede'' en ''Holy Head'' aangeneem. Dit is die presiese ekwivalent van die [[Kornies]]e naam, Penzance. Die Walliese naam, ''Caergybi'', is afgelei van die vesting waarom die dorp ontwikkel het. Die oorspronklike vorm van hierdie naam is waarskynlik minstens duisend jaar oud. Dit het egter deur die jare verander. == Vervoer == [[Lêer:001_Holyhead_Clock_Tower_18.08.13_edited-2.jpg|duimnael|links|160px|Kloktoring ter herdenking van die uitbreiding van Holyhead se dokke tussen 1875 en 1880]] In die middel van die 19de eeu het Lord Stanley, 'n plaaslike filantroop, die bou van 'n groter waterweg befonds,<ref name="stanleym1">Hughes, Margaret: ''"Anglesey from the sea"'', page 73. </ref> plaaslik bekend as "The Cobb", dit dra nou die A5 en die spoorlyn. Die A55-snelweg loop parallel met die Cobb op 'n moderne hoofweg. Die hawe van Holyhead is 'n besige [[Hawe|veerboothawe]]. Stena Line, Noord-Europa se grootste veerbootmaatskappy, werk vanaf die hawe, net soos Irish Ferries. Veerbote vaar na [[Dublin]], in Ierland en vanaf 2021 oor naweke vaar veerbote na [[Belfast]] in Noord-Ierland; dit vorm die hoofskakel vir oppervlakvervoer vanaf sentraal- en noordelike Engeland en Wallis na Ierland. Holyhead se maritieme belang was op sy hoogtepunt in die 19de eeu met 'n 2,8 km-lange breekwater. Holyhead Breakwater is die langste in die Verenigde Koninkryk en is gebou om 'n veilige hawe te skep vir vaartuie wat in stormagtige waters gevang is op pad na [[Liverpool]] en die industriële hawens van [[Lancashire]]. Holyhead se see-erfenis word in 'n maritieme museum bewaar. [[Lêer:Stanley_embankment_-_geograph.org.uk_-_41967.jpg|duimnael|Stanley Embankment oppad na Holy-eiland]] Die Stanley Embankment, of "The Cob", is 'n wal wat Anglesey en Holy-eiland verbind. Dit dra die Noord-Wallis Coast Line-spoorlyn en die A5-pad. Die wal is ontwerp en gebou deur Thomas Telford. Toe die A5 tussen Londen en die hawe van Holyhead gebou is, was 'n meer direkte roete nodig. Bouwerk het in 1822 begin en 'n jaar later voltooi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnorthwales.co.uk/pages/thom_tel_rd.htm|title=Thomas Telford: The Road to Holyhead|website=cyclingnorthwales.co.uk}}</ref> Holyhead is die terminus van die Noord-Wallis-kuslyn en word tans bedien deur Avanti West Coast en Transport for Wallis-dienste. Avanti West Coast bedryf direkte treine na Londen Euston en Transport for Walles bedryf direkte treine na Cardiff en Birmingham Internasionaal via Wrexham en Shrewsbury, en twee direkte treine per dag na Manchester Piccadilly. Die spoor- en veerbootterminale is verbind (vir voetgangers en fietsryers) met die middedorp deur The Celtic Gateway-brug. == Nywerheid == Tot September 2009 was Holyhead se hoofbedryf die massiewe aluminiumsmelter aan die buitewyke van die dorp, wat deur Anglesey Aluminium, 'n filiaal van [[Rio Tinto|Rio Tinto Group]], bedryf word. 'n Groot jetty in die hawe het skepe van [[Jamaika]] en Australië ontvang, en hul vragte alumina is op 'n tou-aangedrewe vervoerband vervoer wat onder die dorp na die aanleg loop. Die jetty word nou deur Orthios gebruik om vaartuie wat van regoor die wêreld besoek af te dok. Die landhoof is breed genoeg vir busse om af te reis om passasiers op- of af te laai by die dorp op plaaslike toere. Die aluminiumaanleg het vir sy elektrisiteitsvoorsiening staatgemaak op die eiland se kernkragstasie by Wylfa, naby Cemaesbaai. Wylfa het die einde van sy leeftyd bereik en het toestemming gehad om slegs tot 2012 op te wek, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|title=Wylfa to continue generating until 2012|website=Nuclear Engineering International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192914/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2057790|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> en die beëindiging van 'n laekoste-elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskontrak in 2009 het 'n impak op die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van die smeltaanleg gehad. Voortgesette bedrywighede behels die hersmelting van aluminiumskroot vir hergebruik. Tot die einde van 2020 was die hawe, wat 250 werkers in diens het, die tweede besigste aanrolhawe in die VK ná Dover met ongeveer 450 000 vragmotors wat per veerboot na Dublin geneem is. Na die Brexit-onttrekkingsooreenkoms het vragverkeer vanaf Ierland in Januarie 2021 met 50% gedaal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Partridge|first=Joanna|date=20 February 2021|title=Ports feel the chill as trade re-routes around Brexit Britain|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/20/ports-feel-the-chill-as-trade-re-routes-around-brexit-britain|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> In Januarie 2020 het [[BMW Motorrad]] beplan om 'n vervaardigingsfasiliteit in Holyhead te bou. == Klimaat == Soos die res van die [[Britse Eilande]] en Wallis, het Holyhead 'n maritieme klimaat met koel somers en matige winters, en dikwels hoë winde wat vererger word deur sy ligging by die Ierse See. Die naaste amptelike weerwaarnemingstasie is by RAF Valley, sowat 8 km suidoos van die middedorp. Op 23 November 1981 is Holyhead deur twee tornado's getref tydens die rekordbreker-1981 tornado-uitbraak in die Verenigde Koninkryk . Een van die tornado's, aangewys as 'n F2/T4-tornado, was die sterkste wat aangeteken is uit 104 tornado's in die hele uitbreking, wat skade aan ongeveer 20 eiendomme in Holyhead aangerig het en 'n statiese karavaanterrein vernietig het. == Kultuur == [[Lêer:Saint_Mary's_Church_Holyhead.jpg|regs|duimnael|St. Mary's Help of Christians Church]] [[Lêer:Sketches_in_Wales_-_Holyhead_market.jpeg|duimnael|Uitsig op Holyhead-mark; aktiwiteite, stalletjies en Walliese drag]] Holyhead se kunssentrum, die Ucheldre-sentrum, is geleë in die kapel van 'n ou klooster wat aan die orde van die Bon Sauveur behoort. Dit hou gereeld kunsuitstallings, vertonings, werkswinkels en filmvertonings. Holyhead Biblioteek is in die ou marksaal geleë. Die Holyhead Maritieme Museum word gehuisves in wat na bewering Wallis se oudste reddingsboothuis is. Die reddingsbootstasie is in 1828 gestig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Holyhead-Lifeboat-Station.aspx|title=RNLI: Holyhead|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Die 1927 Nasionale Eisteddfod is in die dorp gehou. Holyhead High School (voorheen County Secondary School) was die eerste omvattende skool in die VK. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] cq01cbbxwfiv08vejt35yft4155fnrm 3 392548 2517237 2022-08-03T14:56:36Z Céréales Killer 62493 Céréales Killer het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:Գեռ Ավագիմյան]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Գոռ Ավագիմյան]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Գեռ Ավագիմյան|Գեռ Ավագիմյան]]" na "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Գոռ Ավագիմյան|Գոռ Ավագիմյան]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Gebruikerbespreking:Գոռ Ավագիմյան]] d9at14ip2kni4yd0mu0t13kta2wg4si 1 392549 2517241 2022-08-03T15:18:06Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 392550 2517242 2022-08-03T15:18:37Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 392551 2517243 2022-08-03T15:19:11Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 392552 2517244 2022-08-03T15:19:24Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 392553 2517245 2022-08-03T15:19:45Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 392554 2517246 2022-08-03T15:20:04Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 392555 2517248 2022-08-03T15:33:10Z Aliwal2012 39067 Geskep deur die bladsy "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1099187568|Newport, Wales]]" te vertaal wikitext text/x-wiki '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]]|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. == Verwysings == [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] k3y5oqvv54iln6s33q4s7anu4jfo1hp 2517249 2517248 2022-08-03T15:33:55Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] bygevoeg ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]]|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. == Verwysings == [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] kkozscgsir35e9t59mhqgjpxdu2sdow 2517250 2517249 2022-08-03T15:39:28Z Aliwal2012 39067 +databoks wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=European Spatial Planning Observation Network|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] m2omfl9800ys93e55c08ycf5x8bcqd3 2517252 2517250 2022-08-03T15:47:05Z Aliwal2012 39067 +fotogalery wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=European Spatial Planning Observation Network|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. <gallery mode="packed" height="120px"> File:Newport Arcade - geograph.org.uk - 515556.jpg|Newport Arcade, Highstraat File:Newport city centre 01.jpg|thumb|Die kruising van High-, Commercial-, Skinner- en Bridge-strate en Stow Hill in die middestad File:High Street and Olde Murenger Pub, Newport, Wales.jpg|Highstraat File:Newport, Westgate Hotel (geograph 5040411).jpg|Die Westgate Hotel in Commercialstraat File:Newport - Commercial Street.jpg|Commercialstraat File:Kingsway shopping centre.jpg|Kingsway winkelsentrum </gallery> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] gol27a6eb8tlzwyijhx9k5bu66gxq8q 2517253 2517252 2022-08-03T15:51:35Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=European Spatial Planning Observation Network|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. <gallery mode="packed"> File:Newport Arcade - geograph.org.uk - 515556.jpg|Newport Arcade, Highstraat File:Newport city centre 01.jpg|thumb|Die kruising van High-, Commercial-, Skinner- en Bridge-strate en Stow Hill in die middestad File:High Street and Olde Murenger Pub, Newport, Wales.jpg|Highstraat File:Newport - Commercial Street.jpg|Commercialstraat </gallery> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Newport, Westgate Hotel (geograph 5040411).jpg|Die Westgate Hotel in Commercialstraat File:Kingsway shopping centre.jpg|Kingsway winkelsentrum </gallery> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] gqwmxne89uvi5a666lv5qoctskx6zwf 2517255 2517253 2022-08-03T16:11:57Z Aliwal2012 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databoks}} '''Newport''' is 'n [[stad]] en distrik in [[Wallis]], geleë aan die rivier Usk naby sy samevloeiing met die Severn Estuary, 19 km noordoos van [[Cardiff]]. Met 'n bevolking van 159 600 tydens die 2021-sensus, is Newport die derde grootste owerheid met [[Stadstatus in die Verenigde Koninkryk|stadstatus]] in Wallis, en algeheel sesde mees bevolkte. Newport het in 1996 'n eenheidsowerheid geword en vorm deel van die Cardiff-Newport metropolitaanse gebied.<ref name="j">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=European Spatial Planning Observation Network|page=119|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Newport was die plek van die laaste grootskaalse gewapende opstand in [[Groot-Brittanje]], die Newport-opstand van 1839. Newport is 'n hawe sedert die Middeleeue toe die eerste Newport-kasteel deur die [[Normandiërs]] gebou is. Die dorp het die vroeëre [[Britannia (provinsie)|Romeinse]] stad Caerleon ontgroei, onmiddellik stroomop en nou deel van die stad. Newport het sy eerste handves in 1314 gekry. Dit het aansienlik gegroei in die 19de eeu toe sy hawe die fokus geword het van steenkooluitvoer uit die oostelike Suid-Wallis-valleie. Newport was die grootste steenkooluitvoerder in Wallis tot die opkoms van [[Cardiff]] in die middel 1800's. In die 20ste eeu het die hawe in belangrikheid afgeneem, maar Newport het 'n belangrike sentrum vir [[Nywerheid|vervaardiging]] en [[ingenieurswese]] gebly. Later word sy ekonomie versterk as deel van die M4-korridor-hoëtegnologiekluster. Dit het in 2002 stadstatus verkry. Newport het die Ryderbeker in 2010 aangebied en was die plek vir die 2014 NAVO-beraad. Dit bevat uitgebreide landelike gebiede rondom die beboude kern. Sy dorpies is van aansienlike argeologiese belang. Newport Cathedral is die katedraal van die Bisdom Monmouth. ==Middestad== Die hoofwinkelstrate van Newport se stadsentrum is voetgangersones met Highstraat en Commercialstraat wat die noord/suid-as vorm plus aangrensende paaie insluitend Newport Arcade, Market Arcade, Skinner Street, Bridge Street, Upper Dock Street, Market Street, Griffin Street, Corn Street, Cambrian Road, Hill Street en Llanarth Street. Die vyf strate van High, Commercial, Skinner en Bridge en Stow Hill konvergeer by Westgate Square en word algemeen beskou as die sentrale punt van die stad. Kingsway Winkelsentrum is 'n binnenshuise [[winkelsentrum]]. Die aangrensende £90 miljoen Friars Walk winkelsentrum wat in November 2015 geopen is, het die middestad baie bevoordeel; dit het 30 winkels, sowat 12 restaurante en 'n 8-skerm bioskoop.<ref name="BBC12Nov15">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-34722753 BBC News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029122838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-34722753 |date=29 October 2018 }}, ''Newport's £90m Friars Walk shopping complex opens'', 12 November 2015.</ref><ref name=walesonline-20180408>{{cite news |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/newport-city-thats-forever-up-14485502 |title=Newport: The city that's forever on the up but never quite gets there |newspaper=Wales Online |date=8 April 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085305/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/newport-city-thats-forever-up-14485502 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Newport Market is 'n Victoriaanse-era binnenshuise mark op twee verdiepings met afsetpunte vir produkte en algemene produkte. <gallery mode="packed"> File:Newport Arcade - geograph.org.uk - 515556.jpg|Newport Arcade, Highstraat File:Newport city centre 01.jpg|thumb|Die kruising van High-, Commercial-, Skinner- en Bridge-strate en Stow Hill in die middestad File:High Street and Olde Murenger Pub, Newport, Wales.jpg|Highstraat File:Newport - Commercial Street.jpg|Commercialstraat </gallery> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Newport, Westgate Hotel (geograph 5040411).jpg|Die Westgate Hotel in Commercialstraat File:Kingsway shopping centre.jpg|Kingsway winkelsentrum </gallery> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Koördinate op Wikidata]] [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Wallis]] 0nxq8iag3ydy8ysvn4tvkquv3js177e 0 392556 2517267 2022-08-03T17:55:35Z Oesjaar 7467 Kom ons kyk! wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = Kalaharirooivingers | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Xylopia odoratissima | authority = Welw. ex Oliv. 1868 | synonyms = * ''Xylopia antunesii'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small> * ''Xylopicrum antunesii'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) Kuntze</small> * ''Xylopicrum odoratissimum'' <small>(Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</small> }} 4zk550jxq7ha9ydih247b8v23wlzsrm 2517268 2517267 2022-08-03T17:56:26Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Kalaharirooivingers | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Xylopia odoratissima | authority = Welw. ex Oliv. 1868 | synonyms = * ''Xylopia antunesii'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small> * ''Xylopicrum antunesii'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) Kuntze</small> * ''Xylopicrum odoratissimum'' <small>(Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</small> }} n488x0u3pr617iiubgknqvy4yzwqh5z 2517271 2517268 2022-08-03T18:01:29Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe artikel! wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Kalaharirooivingers | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Xylopia odoratissima | authority = Welw. ex Oliv. 1868 | synonyms = * ''Xylopia antunesii'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small> * ''Xylopicrum antunesii'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) Kuntze</small> * ''Xylopicrum odoratissimum'' <small>(Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''Kalaharirooivingers''' (''Xylopia odoratissima'')) is 'n [[boom]] wat [[inheems]] is in [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 110.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bron == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76207-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Botswana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] 9tub1ljxmlv2xxcttrnauwmekbgbw6s 2517272 2517271 2022-08-03T18:01:57Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Kalaharirooivingers | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Xylopia odoratissima | authority = Welw. ex Oliv. 1868 | synonyms = * ''Xylopia antunesii'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small> * ''Xylopicrum antunesii'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) Kuntze</small> * ''Xylopicrum odoratissimum'' <small>(Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''Kalaharirooivingers''' (''Xylopia odoratissima'') is 'n [[boom]] wat [[inheems]] is in [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 110.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bron == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76207-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Botswana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] c39d2plmk6kq7qd8i0qot5u3j7ehfc9 2517293 2517272 2022-08-03T20:52:54Z 196.250.216.41 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Kalaharirooivingers | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Xylopia odoratissima | authority = Welw. ex Oliv. 1868 | synonyms = * ''Xylopia antunesii'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small> * ''Xylopicrum antunesii'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) Kuntze</small> * ''Xylopicrum odoratissimum'' <small>(Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''Kalaharirooivingers''' (''Xylopia odoratissima'') is 'n [[boom]] wat [[inheems]] is aan [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibië]], [[Zambië]] en [[Zimbabwe]]. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 110.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bron == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76207-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Angola]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Botswana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zambië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Zimbabwe]] 4qqsjf1d63p4jghal0s55jrhgel4dj3 0 392557 2517274 2022-08-03T18:10:29Z Oesjaar 7467 Aanstuur wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Kalaharirooivingers]] 1jwc2q94dr74dqaryl029h5psfdrfiu 0 392558 2517298 2022-08-03T23:19:24Z 196.250.216.41 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '[[Lêer:Jacquère.jpg|duimnael|regs|Jacquère in Viala & Vermorel]] '''Jacquère''' is 'n [[witwyn|wit]] druifsoort wat hoofsaaklik in die [[Savoie]]wynstreek van [[Frankryk]] verbou word.<ref name="OCW Jacquère">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson |encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |title=Jacquère |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc...' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Jacquère.jpg|duimnael|regs|Jacquère in Viala & Vermorel]] '''Jacquère''' is 'n [[witwyn|wit]] druifsoort wat hoofsaaklik in die [[Savoie]]wynstreek van [[Frankryk]] verbou word.<ref name="OCW Jacquère">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson |encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |title=Jacquère |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/372 372] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/372 }}</ref> Dit lewer 'n hoë opbrengs, en word gebruik om ligte, verfrissende en sag-aromatiese wyn te maak, soos byvoorbeeld Vin de Savoie. Jacquère word ook gebruik in Apremont-wyn, en word gewoonlik gedrink saam met [[fondue|kaasfondue]] ('n gereg uit dieselfde streek). Dit word ook gebruik om Bugey-wyn te maak. Jacquère word ook verbou in sommige Condrieu-wingerde, maar dit mag nie gebruik word om Condrieu ''Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée''-wyn te maak nie.<ref name="OCW Jacquère"/> Na verhoogde aanplantings in Frankryk in die 1980's, het aanplantings van die druifsoort sedert die 1990's op ongeveer 1000 [[hektaar]] gestabiliseer.<ref name="OCW Jacquère"/> == Verhouding met ander druifsoorte == Gouais blancis is uitgeken as een van die druifsoort se voorlopers, maar die andere is onbekend. Kenners is van mening dat Jacquère van [[Frankryk|Franse]] oorsprong is.<ref name="VIVC Jacquère">[http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=5604 Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Jacquere] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422105725/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=5604 |date=2012-04-22 }}, besoek op 8 Junie 2008</ref> In die 20ste eeu het die ampelograwe Louis Levadoux en (dekades later) Linda Bisson Jacquère gekategoriseer as 'n lid van die Pelorsien eko-geogroep, saam met Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Joubertin, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin en Verdesse.<ref name="Wine Grapes">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'' pg XXVII Allen Lane 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-846-14446-2}}</ref> == Sinonieme == [[Lêer:Apremont Savoie wine Jacquère.JPG|links|duimnael|Vin de Savoie Apremont wyn, wat van Jacquère gemaak word.]] Sinonieme vir die druifsoort sluit in Altesse de Saint-Chef, Blanc des Ecoutoux, Buisserate, Cherche, Coufe Chien, yCugnete, Cugnette, Cugniette, Jacquère Blanche, Jacquèrre, Jacquière, Martin Cot, Martin Cot Blanc, Molette de Montmelian, Patois Rossette, Plant de Myans, Plant des Abymes, Redin, Robinet, Rossettin, Roussette, en Roussette de Montmelian.<ref name="VIVC Jacquère"/> == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jacquere}} [[Kategorie:Wyn]] 5kt7buus2sm63dvs4ez1rtswmliodld 2517300 2517298 2022-08-04T00:08:53Z 196.250.216.41 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Jacquère.jpg|duimnael|regs|Jacquère in Viala & Vermorel]] '''Jacquère''' is 'n [[witwyn|wit]] druifsoort wat hoofsaaklik in die [[Savoie]]-wynboustreek van [[Frankryk]] verbou word.<ref name="OCW Jacquère">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson |encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |title=Jacquère |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/372 372] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/372 }}</ref> Dit lewer 'n hoë opbrengs, en word gebruik om ligte, verfrissende en sag-aromatiese wyn te maak, soos byvoorbeeld Vin de Savoie. Jacquère word ook gebruik in Apremont-wyn, en word gewoonlik gedrink saam met [[fondue|kaasfondue]] ('n gereg uit dieselfde streek). Dit word ook gebruik om Bugey-wyn te maak. Jacquère word ook verbou in sommige Condrieu-wingerde, maar dit mag nie gebruik word om Condrieu ''Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée''-wyn te maak nie.<ref name="OCW Jacquère"/> Na verhoogde aanplantings in Frankryk in die 1980's, het aanplantings van die druifsoort sedert die 1990's op ongeveer 1000 [[hektaar]] gestabiliseer.<ref name="OCW Jacquère"/> == Verhouding met ander druifsoorte == Gouais blancis is uitgeken as een van die druifsoort se voorlopers, maar die andere is onbekend. Kenners is van mening dat Jacquère van [[Frankryk|Franse]] oorsprong is.<ref name="VIVC Jacquère">[http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=5604 Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Jacquere] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422105725/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=5604 |date=2012-04-22 }}, besoek op 8 Junie 2008</ref> In die 20ste eeu het die ampelograwe Louis Levadoux en (dekades later) Linda Bisson Jacquère gekategoriseer as 'n lid van die Pelorsien eko-geogroep, saam met Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Joubertin, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin en Verdesse.<ref name="Wine Grapes">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'' pg XXVII Allen Lane 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-846-14446-2}}</ref> == Sinonieme == [[Lêer:Apremont Savoie wine Jacquère.JPG|links|duimnael|Vin de Savoie Apremont wyn, wat van Jacquère gemaak word.]] Sinonieme vir die druifsoort sluit in Altesse de Saint-Chef, Blanc des Ecoutoux, Buisserate, Cherche, Coufe Chien, yCugnete, Cugnette, Cugniette, Jacquère Blanche, Jacquèrre, Jacquière, Martin Cot, Martin Cot Blanc, Molette de Montmelian, Patois Rossette, Plant de Myans, Plant des Abymes, Redin, Robinet, Rossettin, Roussette, en Roussette de Montmelian.<ref name="VIVC Jacquère"/> == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jacquere}} [[Kategorie:Wyn]] edryia9hojdyj0vxw8qpdstzih5zppf 0 392559 2517301 2022-08-04T02:29:44Z 196.250.216.41 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '[[Lêer:Dendermonde Vleeshuis goedendag.JPG|duimnael|'n Voorstelling van 'n 14de-eeuse goedendag]] 'n '''Goedendag''' ([[Nederlands]] vir "goeiedag"; ook gespel '''godendac''', '''godendard''', '''godendart''', en soms verwar met die naverwante ''plançon'') was 'n wapen wat oorspronklik deur burgermagte van Middeleeuse Vlaandere in die 14de eeu gebruik is, veral tydens die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog. Die goedendag was in wese 'n kombinasie van 'n knuppel met 'n spies....' wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Dendermonde Vleeshuis goedendag.JPG|duimnael|'n Voorstelling van 'n 14de-eeuse goedendag]] 'n '''Goedendag''' ([[Nederlands]] vir "goeiedag"; ook gespel '''godendac''', '''godendard''', '''godendart''', en soms verwar met die naverwante ''plançon'') was 'n wapen wat oorspronklik deur burgermagte van Middeleeuse Vlaandere in die 14de eeu gebruik is, veral tydens die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog. Die goedendag was in wese 'n kombinasie van 'n knuppel met 'n spies. Die liggaam van die wapen het bestaan uit 'n houtstaf of -stok van ongeveer 92 tot 150 cm lank, met 'n deursnee van ongeveer 5 tot 10 cm. Dit was wyer aan die een kant, en aan hierdie kant is 'n skerp metaalpen ingesit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |script-title=ru:Обзор наступательного вооружения 1330-1400 гг. Фландрия и регионы |publisher=Клуб исторической реконструкции - Льеж [Club of historical reconstruction - Liege] |language=ru |trans-title=Review of offensive weapons 1330–1400. Flanders and regions |access-date=24 Junie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611144427/http://clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |archive-date=11 Junie 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die wapen is met groot sukses teen Franse ridders gebruik tydens die [[Slag van die Goue Spore]] naby [[Kortrijk]] op 11 Julie 1302, veral teen aanstormende ruiters. Die goedendag word gereeld in die hande van [[Vlaminge|Vlaamse]] burgermagte uitgebeeld in kontemporêre uitbeeldings, soos die houtsneewerk op die 14de eeuse Kortrijk-kis (Oxford-kis). Dit kan ook gesien word op 'n fresko van die Leugemeete in [[Gent]]. In die nawoord van sy boek, ''Om het land te beschermen'', vermeld die Vlaamse historikus en skrywer van jeugboeke, Johan Ballegeer, dat die wapen moontlik afkomstig is van die [[More]]. Die gebruik sou dan deur die [[Franse]] ridderorde (tempeliers) aangeneem word, wat weer deur die Vlaminge aangeleer is. == Voorkoms en gebruik == Die wapen kon op twee maniere gebruik word: as slag- of steekwapen. Dit was stewig genoeg om 'n aanval van 'n gepantserde ruiter te stuit. Infanteriste het met goedendags agter die [[piekenier]]s plaas geneem. Hulle het die stok in die grond staan gemaak en met beide hande vasgehou, sodat die punt in die bors van 'n aanstormende perd gedryf is. Die verdukking het voorkom dat die wapen volledig in die perd se bors vassteek. In die [[15de eeu]] het die wapen in onbruik geraak omdat nuwe wapens ontwikkel is wat die goedendag oorbodig gemaak het. == Naam == Die herkoms van die wapen se naam is onseker. Die Vlaminge self het die wapen 'n ''gepinde staf'' genoem. Die naam ''goedendag'' kom voor as 'godendac' in [[Frankryk|Franse]] verslae uit die tyd van die Gouesporeslag. Guillaume Guiart, wat ook in die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog betrokke was, maak die eerste keer melding van die wapen in verband met die veldtog van [[1297]] en skryf: ''Goden-dac, c'est Bonjour à dire''.<ref>In sy kroniek van 1304, ''La Branche des royaux lignages'', [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5428-5461] en [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5866-5869]</ref> Daarna kom die term ook voor in die Kroniek van Froissart<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdefroiss07belggoog#page/n173/mode/2up Chroniques de France, etc.], p. 162</ref> en by Giovanni Villani. Die naam is moontlik afgelei van "dag", wat in [[Kelties]] [[dolk]] beteken. "Dagger" beteken "dolk" in [[Engels]]. 'Goedendag' word dan '''"goeie dolk"'''. <ref>[http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/goedendag2 Etymologiebank.nl]</ref> [[Hendrik Conscience]] beskryf in sy "Geschiedenis van België" die goedendag as volg: ''"Dit wapen, eene lange spar met ijzeren punten beide einden, was schrikkelijk in de handen der Vlamingen, en werd uit spotternij Goedendag genoemd, omdat men er den vijand zoo wel kon mede begroeten."'' 'n Ander moontlike verklaring vir die naam kom voor uit die gebruik van die wapen. Terwyl die vyand te perd aangestorm het, het die Vlaminge vlak voor die perd neergekniel. Hulle het dan die goedendag skuins in die grond geplant en die punt in die rigting van die borskas van die aanstormende perd gehou. Die staalpen het gewoonlik tot diep in die borskas van die perd gedring, en die perd het op sy knieë aan die verwonding beswyk; dit lyk dan asof die perd kniel en "goedendag" sê. [[Lêer:Goedendag_on_chest_of_Kortrijk.jpg|duimnael|'n Groep soldate tydens die Slag van die Goue Spore. Die mans in die middel dra elk 'n goedendag. (afbeelding van die Kis van Oxford)]] Die goedendag word dikwels verwar met 'n ander wapen wat deur voetsoldate gebruik is: ''de ghecante pede met skerp spykers'', of "môrester". Dit het bestaan uit 'n houtskag met 'n verdikte punt wat met ysterpunte beslaan is. Dikwels word die strydvlegel ook verkeerdelik "goedendag" genoem. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Frans Debrabandere, "De naam van het wapen goedendag", in: ''De Leiegouw'', 2002, nr. 2, p. 163-170 == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.liebaart.org/goeden_n.htm Levende Geschiedenis: De Liebaart] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Wapens]] [[Kategorie:Middeleeue]] n498xy8reetdkf2tv0543bue65zgueo 2517302 2517301 2022-08-04T02:42:31Z 196.250.216.41 /* Naam */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Dendermonde Vleeshuis goedendag.JPG|duimnael|'n Voorstelling van 'n 14de-eeuse goedendag]] 'n '''Goedendag''' ([[Nederlands]] vir "goeiedag"; ook gespel '''godendac''', '''godendard''', '''godendart''', en soms verwar met die naverwante ''plançon'') was 'n wapen wat oorspronklik deur burgermagte van Middeleeuse Vlaandere in die 14de eeu gebruik is, veral tydens die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog. Die goedendag was in wese 'n kombinasie van 'n knuppel met 'n spies. Die liggaam van die wapen het bestaan uit 'n houtstaf of -stok van ongeveer 92 tot 150 cm lank, met 'n deursnee van ongeveer 5 tot 10 cm. Dit was wyer aan die een kant, en aan hierdie kant is 'n skerp metaalpen ingesit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |script-title=ru:Обзор наступательного вооружения 1330-1400 гг. Фландрия и регионы |publisher=Клуб исторической реконструкции - Льеж [Club of historical reconstruction - Liege] |language=ru |trans-title=Review of offensive weapons 1330–1400. Flanders and regions |access-date=24 Junie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611144427/http://clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |archive-date=11 Junie 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die wapen is met groot sukses teen Franse ridders gebruik tydens die [[Slag van die Goue Spore]] naby [[Kortrijk]] op 11 Julie 1302, veral teen aanstormende ruiters. Die goedendag word gereeld in die hande van [[Vlaminge|Vlaamse]] burgermagte uitgebeeld in kontemporêre uitbeeldings, soos die houtsneewerk op die 14de eeuse Kortrijk-kis (Oxford-kis). Dit kan ook gesien word op 'n fresko van die Leugemeete in [[Gent]]. In die nawoord van sy boek, ''Om het land te beschermen'', vermeld die Vlaamse historikus en skrywer van jeugboeke, Johan Ballegeer, dat die wapen moontlik afkomstig is van die [[More]]. Die gebruik sou dan deur die [[Franse]] ridderorde (tempeliers) aangeneem word, wat weer deur die Vlaminge aangeleer is. == Voorkoms en gebruik == Die wapen kon op twee maniere gebruik word: as slag- of steekwapen. Dit was stewig genoeg om 'n aanval van 'n gepantserde ruiter te stuit. Infanteriste het met goedendags agter die [[piekenier]]s plaas geneem. Hulle het die stok in die grond staan gemaak en met beide hande vasgehou, sodat die punt in die bors van 'n aanstormende perd gedryf is. Die verdukking het voorkom dat die wapen volledig in die perd se bors vassteek. In die [[15de eeu]] het die wapen in onbruik geraak omdat nuwe wapens ontwikkel is wat die goedendag oorbodig gemaak het. == Naam == Die herkoms van die wapen se naam is onseker. Die Vlaminge self het die wapen 'n ''gepinde staf'' genoem. Die naam ''goedendag'' kom voor as 'godendac' in [[Frankryk|Franse]] verslae uit die tyd van die Gouesporeslag. Guillaume Guiart, wat ook in die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog betrokke was, maak die eerste keer melding van die wapen in verband met die veldtog van [[1297]] en skryf: ''Goden-dac, c'est Bonjour à dire''.<ref>In sy kroniek van 1304, ''La Branche des royaux lignages'', [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5428-5461] en [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5866-5869]</ref> Daarna kom die term ook voor in die Kroniek van Froissart<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdefroiss07belggoog#page/n173/mode/2up Chroniques de France, etc.], p. 162</ref> en by Giovanni Villani. Die naam is moontlik afgelei van die woord "dag", wat in [[Kelties]] "[[dolk]]" beteken. "Dagger" beteken "dolk" in [[Engels]]. 'Goedendag' word dan '''"goeie dolk"'''. <ref>[http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/goedendag2 Etymologiebank.nl]</ref> [[Hendrik Conscience]] beskryf in sy "Geschiedenis van België" die goedendag as volg: ''"Dit wapen, eene lange spar met ijzeren punten beide einden, was schrikkelijk in de handen der Vlamingen, en werd uit spotternij Goedendag genoemd, omdat men er den vijand zoo wel kon mede begroeten."'' 'n Ander moontlike verklaring vir die naam kom voor uit die gebruik van die wapen. Terwyl die vyand te perd aangestorm het, het die Vlaminge vlak voor die perd neergekniel. Hulle het dan die goedendag skuins in die grond geplant en die punt in die rigting van die borskas van die aanstormende perd gehou. Die staalpen het gewoonlik tot diep in die borskas van die perd gedring, en die perd het op sy knieë aan die verwonding beswyk; dit lyk dan asof die perd kniel en "goedendag" sê. [[Lêer:Goedendag_on_chest_of_Kortrijk.jpg|duimnael|'n Groep soldate tydens die Slag van die Goue Spore. Die mans in die middel dra elk 'n goedendag. (afbeelding van die Kis van Oxford)]] Die goedendag word dikwels verwar met 'n ander wapen wat deur voetsoldate gebruik is: ''de ghecante pede met skerp spykers'', of "môrester". Dit het bestaan uit 'n houtskag met 'n verdikte punt wat met ysterpunte beslaan is. Dikwels word die strydvlegel ook verkeerdelik "goedendag" genoem. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Frans Debrabandere, "De naam van het wapen goedendag", in: ''De Leiegouw'', 2002, nr. 2, p. 163-170 == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.liebaart.org/goeden_n.htm Levende Geschiedenis: De Liebaart] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Wapens]] [[Kategorie:Middeleeue]] pnx7f2g2rr5a3hyzd3d3jji2erfunb6 2517303 2517302 2022-08-04T02:44:22Z 196.250.216.41 /* Naam */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Dendermonde Vleeshuis goedendag.JPG|duimnael|'n Voorstelling van 'n 14de-eeuse goedendag]] 'n '''Goedendag''' ([[Nederlands]] vir "goeiedag"; ook gespel '''godendac''', '''godendard''', '''godendart''', en soms verwar met die naverwante ''plançon'') was 'n wapen wat oorspronklik deur burgermagte van Middeleeuse Vlaandere in die 14de eeu gebruik is, veral tydens die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog. Die goedendag was in wese 'n kombinasie van 'n knuppel met 'n spies. Die liggaam van die wapen het bestaan uit 'n houtstaf of -stok van ongeveer 92 tot 150 cm lank, met 'n deursnee van ongeveer 5 tot 10 cm. Dit was wyer aan die een kant, en aan hierdie kant is 'n skerp metaalpen ingesit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |script-title=ru:Обзор наступательного вооружения 1330-1400 гг. Фландрия и регионы |publisher=Клуб исторической реконструкции - Льеж [Club of historical reconstruction - Liege] |language=ru |trans-title=Review of offensive weapons 1330–1400. Flanders and regions |access-date=24 Junie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611144427/http://clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |archive-date=11 Junie 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die wapen is met groot sukses teen Franse ridders gebruik tydens die [[Slag van die Goue Spore]] naby [[Kortrijk]] op 11 Julie 1302, veral teen aanstormende ruiters. Die goedendag word gereeld in die hande van [[Vlaminge|Vlaamse]] burgermagte uitgebeeld in kontemporêre uitbeeldings, soos die houtsneewerk op die 14de eeuse Kortrijk-kis (Oxford-kis). Dit kan ook gesien word op 'n fresko van die Leugemeete in [[Gent]]. In die nawoord van sy boek, ''Om het land te beschermen'', vermeld die Vlaamse historikus en skrywer van jeugboeke, Johan Ballegeer, dat die wapen moontlik afkomstig is van die [[More]]. Die gebruik sou dan deur die [[Franse]] ridderorde (tempeliers) aangeneem word, wat weer deur die Vlaminge aangeleer is. == Voorkoms en gebruik == Die wapen kon op twee maniere gebruik word: as slag- of steekwapen. Dit was stewig genoeg om 'n aanval van 'n gepantserde ruiter te stuit. Infanteriste het met goedendags agter die [[piekenier]]s plaas geneem. Hulle het die stok in die grond staan gemaak en met beide hande vasgehou, sodat die punt in die bors van 'n aanstormende perd gedryf is. Die verdukking het voorkom dat die wapen volledig in die perd se bors vassteek. In die [[15de eeu]] het die wapen in onbruik geraak omdat nuwe wapens ontwikkel is wat die goedendag oorbodig gemaak het. == Naam == Die herkoms van die wapen se naam is onseker. Die Vlaminge self het die wapen 'n ''gepinde staf'' genoem. Die naam ''goedendag'' kom voor as 'godendac' in [[Frankryk|Franse]] verslae uit die tyd van die Gouesporeslag. Guillaume Guiart, wat ook in die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog betrokke was, maak die eerste keer melding van die wapen in verband met die veldtog van [[1297]] en skryf: ''Goden-dac, c'est Bonjour à dire''.<ref>In sy kroniek van 1304, ''La Branche des royaux lignages'', [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5428-5461] en [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5866-5869]</ref> Daarna kom die term ook voor in die Kroniek van Froissart<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdefroiss07belggoog#page/n173/mode/2up Chroniques de France, etc.], p. 162</ref> en by Giovanni Villani. Die naam is moontlik afgelei van die woord "dag", wat in [[Kelties]] "[[dolk]]" beteken. "Dagger" beteken "dolk" in [[Engels]]. "Goedendag" word dan '''"goeie dolk"'''. <ref>[http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/goedendag2 Etymologiebank.nl]</ref> [[Hendrik Conscience]] beskryf in sy "Geschiedenis van België" die goedendag as volg: ''"Dit wapen, eene lange spar met ijzeren punten beide einden, was schrikkelijk in de handen der Vlamingen, en werd uit spotternij Goedendag genoemd, omdat men er den vijand zoo wel kon mede begroeten."'' 'n Ander moontlike verklaring vir die naam kom voor uit die gebruik van die wapen. Terwyl die vyand te perd aangestorm het, het die Vlaminge vlak voor die perd neergekniel. Hulle het dan die goedendag skuins in die grond geplant en die punt in die rigting van die borskas van die aanstormende perd gehou. Die staalpen het gewoonlik tot diep in die borskas van die perd gedring, en die perd het op sy knieë aan die verwonding beswyk; dit lyk dan asof die perd kniel en "goedendag" sê. [[Lêer:Goedendag_on_chest_of_Kortrijk.jpg|duimnael|'n Groep soldate tydens die Slag van die Goue Spore. Die mans in die middel dra elk 'n goedendag. (afbeelding van die Kis van Oxford)]] Die goedendag word dikwels verwar met 'n ander wapen wat deur voetsoldate gebruik is: ''de ghecante pede met skerp spykers'', of "môrester". Dit het bestaan uit 'n houtskag met 'n verdikte punt wat met ysterpunte beslaan is. Dikwels word die strydvlegel ook verkeerdelik "goedendag" genoem. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Frans Debrabandere, "De naam van het wapen goedendag", in: ''De Leiegouw'', 2002, nr. 2, p. 163-170 == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.liebaart.org/goeden_n.htm Levende Geschiedenis: De Liebaart] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Wapens]] [[Kategorie:Middeleeue]] bfpoj7bqxphhd8xt2b63esfs3548ooi 2517304 2517303 2022-08-04T03:30:52Z 196.250.216.41 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Dendermonde Vleeshuis goedendag.JPG|duimnael|'n Voorstelling van 'n 14de-eeuse goedendag]] 'n '''Goedendag''' ([[Nederlands]] vir "goeiedag"; ook gespel '''godendac''', '''godendard''', '''godendart''', en soms verwar met die naverwante ''plançon'') was 'n wapen wat oorspronklik deur die burgermagte van Middeleeuse Vlaandere in die 14de eeu gebruik is, veral tydens die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog. Die goedendag was in wese 'n kombinasie van 'n knuppel met 'n spies. Die liggaam van die wapen het bestaan uit 'n houtstaf of -stok van ongeveer 92 tot 150 cm lank, met 'n deursnee van ongeveer 5 tot 10 cm. Dit was wyer aan die een kant, en aan hierdie kant is 'n skerp metaalpen ingesit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |script-title=ru:Обзор наступательного вооружения 1330-1400 гг. Фландрия и регионы |publisher=Клуб исторической реконструкции - Льеж [Club of historical reconstruction - Liege] |language=ru |trans-title=Review of offensive weapons 1330–1400. Flanders and regions |access-date=24 Junie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611144427/http://clubliege.ru/arsenal_weapon.html |archive-date=11 Junie 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Die wapen is met groot sukses teen Franse ridders gebruik tydens die [[Slag van die Goue Spore]] naby [[Kortrijk]] op 11 Julie 1302, veral teen aanstormende ruiters. Die goedendag word gereeld in die hande van [[Vlaminge|Vlaamse]] burgermagte uitgebeeld in kontemporêre uitbeeldings, soos die houtsneewerk op die 14de eeuse Kortrijk-kis (Oxford-kis). Dit kan ook gesien word op 'n fresko van die Leugemeete in [[Gent]]. In die nawoord van sy boek, ''Om het land te beschermen'', vermeld die Vlaamse historikus en skrywer van jeugboeke, Johan Ballegeer, dat die wapen moontlik afkomstig is van die [[More]]. Die gebruik sou dan deur die [[Franse]] ridderorde (tempeliers) aangeneem word, wat weer deur die Vlaminge aangeleer is. == Voorkoms en gebruik == Die wapen kon op twee maniere gebruik word: as slag- of steekwapen. Dit was stewig genoeg om 'n aanval van 'n gepantserde ruiter te stuit. Infanteriste het met goedendags agter die [[piekenier]]s plaas geneem. Hulle het die stok in die grond staan gemaak en met beide hande vasgehou, sodat die punt in die bors van 'n aanstormende perd gedryf is. Die verdukking het voorkom dat die wapen volledig in die perd se bors vassteek. In die [[15de eeu]] het die wapen in onbruik geraak omdat nuwe wapens ontwikkel is wat die goedendag oorbodig gemaak het. == Naam == Die herkoms van die wapen se naam is onseker. Die Vlaminge self het die wapen 'n ''gepinde staf'' genoem. Die naam ''goedendag'' kom voor as 'godendac' in [[Frankryk|Franse]] verslae uit die tyd van die Gouesporeslag. Guillaume Guiart, wat ook in die Frans-Vlaamse Oorlog betrokke was, maak die eerste keer melding van die wapen in verband met die veldtog van [[1297]] en skryf: ''Goden-dac, c'est Bonjour à dire''.<ref>In sy kroniek van 1304, ''La Branche des royaux lignages'', [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5428-5461] en [https://books.google.be/books?id=nZcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false v. 5866-5869]</ref> Daarna kom die term ook voor in die Kroniek van Froissart<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdefroiss07belggoog#page/n173/mode/2up Chroniques de France, etc.], p. 162</ref> en by Giovanni Villani. Die naam is moontlik afgelei van die woord "dag", wat in [[Kelties]] "[[dolk]]" beteken. "Dagger" beteken "dolk" in [[Engels]]. "Goedendag" word dan '''"goeie dolk"'''. <ref>[http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/goedendag2 Etymologiebank.nl]</ref> [[Hendrik Conscience]] beskryf in sy "Geschiedenis van België" die goedendag as volg: ''"Dit wapen, eene lange spar met ijzeren punten beide einden, was schrikkelijk in de handen der Vlamingen, en werd uit spotternij Goedendag genoemd, omdat men er den vijand zoo wel kon mede begroeten."'' 'n Ander moontlike verklaring vir die naam kom voor uit die gebruik van die wapen. Terwyl die vyand te perd aangestorm het, het die Vlaminge vlak voor die perd neergekniel. Hulle het dan die goedendag skuins in die grond geplant en die punt in die rigting van die borskas van die aanstormende perd gehou. Die staalpen het gewoonlik tot diep in die borskas van die perd gedring, en die perd het op sy knieë aan die verwonding beswyk; dit lyk dan asof die perd kniel en "goedendag" sê. [[Lêer:Goedendag_on_chest_of_Kortrijk.jpg|duimnael|'n Groep soldate tydens die Slag van die Goue Spore. Die mans in die middel dra elk 'n goedendag. (afbeelding van die Kis van Oxford)]] Die goedendag word dikwels verwar met 'n ander wapen wat deur voetsoldate gebruik is: ''de ghecante pede met skerp spykers'', of "môrester". Dit het bestaan uit 'n houtskag met 'n verdikte punt wat met ysterpunte beslaan is. Dikwels word die strydvlegel ook verkeerdelik "goedendag" genoem. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * Frans Debrabandere, "De naam van het wapen goedendag", in: ''De Leiegouw'', 2002, nr. 2, p. 163-170 == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.liebaart.org/goeden_n.htm Levende Geschiedenis: De Liebaart] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Wapens]] [[Kategorie:Middeleeue]] jynmm8it05cxt756etufh3g04kojxtr 3 392560 2517324 2022-08-04T06:59:46Z LuchoCR 30253 LuchoCR het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:LuisZ9]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:SantanaZ]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/LuisZ9|LuisZ9]]" na "[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/SantanaZ|SantanaZ]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Gebruikerbespreking:SantanaZ]] 7s9x7luag9lkhq84y6zrcqz83q29y0i 10 392561 2517333 2022-08-04T07:20:37Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Mbox | name = Let op | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | style = {{#if:{{{style|}}} |{{#if:{{{small|}}}||margin:inherit auto;width:80%;}} {{{style}}} }} | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[Lêer:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[Lêer:Ambox warning yellow.svg|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{#i...' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mbox | name = Let op | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | style = {{#if:{{{style|}}} |{{#if:{{{small|}}}||margin:inherit auto;width:80%;}} {{{style}}} }} | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | type = style | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[Lêer:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[Lêer:Ambox warning yellow.svg|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | small = {{{small|}}} | smallimage = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[Lêer:{{{image}}}|{{{imagesize|40px}}}|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]] |[[Lêer:Ambox warning yellow.svg|30px|Caution|link={{{imagelink|}}}]]}} | imageright = {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} |{{{imageright}}} |{{#if:{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|}}}}}} |{{Ombox/shortcut|{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|}}}}}}|{{{shortcut2|}}}|{{{shortcut3|}}}|{{{shortcut4|}}}|{{{shortcut5|}}}}}}} }} | textstyle = {{{textstyle|{{{align|text-align: {{#if:{{{center|}}}|center|left}};}}}}}} | text = {{#if:{{{header|{{{heading|{{{title|}}}}}}}}} |<div style="text-align:{{#if:{{{center|}}}|center|left}};">'''{{{header|{{{heading|{{{title|}}}}}}}}}'''</div>}}<!-- -->{{{text|{{{content|{{{reason|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}} }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> bgzsewr70qv3c1ya4k1a2kyrxd0sav9 12 392562 2517336 2022-08-04T07:40:17Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe Hulp bladsy, gedeeltelik vertaal uit enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia-gebruiksgids}} {{Neutedop|As jy die vermoë het, help asseblief Wikipedia met [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vrymoedigheid]] deur die probleme reg te stel wat deur onderhoudsjablone gemerk is!<br>Alle probleme op Wikipedia word opgelos deur die pogings van vrywilligers soos jy. As jy die probleem verstaan wat die sjabloon uitlig, soos deur die verduidelikende skakels wat dit bevat te lees of leiding deur hierdie bladsy gevind het – en het ''die probleme redelik opgelos'' – mag jy eenvoudig die onderhoudsjabloon verwyder; dit sal <u>NIE</u> outomaties verwyder word nie.}} {{Let op|Regte Wikipedia-redakteurs sal nooit aanbied om onderhoudsjablone te verwyder in ruil vir geld nie!}} Baie Wikipedia-bladsye vertoon onderhoudsjablone wat probleme identifiseer.Jy het dalk by hierdie hulpbladsy aangekom nadat jy op 'n skakel op 'n onderhoudsjabloon geklik het wat sê "<samp>''Vind uit wanneer en hoe om hierdie sjabloonboodskap te verwyder''</samp>". Onderhoudsjablone word bygevoeg en verwyder deur vrywilligers. Hierdie hulpbladsy verduidelik die proses om sulke sjablone te ondersoek en te verwyder. == Oorsig == [[Wikipedia:Lys van sjablone|Onderhoudsjablone]] (of "merkers") word nie outomaties verwyder nie. Selfs as jy die probleem(e) oplos wat in 'n onderhoudsjabloon beskryf word, sal die merker in die artikel bly totdat jy of iemand anders dit ''handmatig verwyder''. Die meganika van verwydering is gewoonlik so eenvoudig soos om op "Wysig" aan die bokant van die bladsy of in die betrokke afdeling te klik (as jy nie reeds in redigeermodus is nie), verwydering van die kode wat die vertoon van die sjabloon produseer, laat 'n wysiging opsomming en bere die bladsy. Dit is <u>nie</u> aanvaarbaar om onderhoudsjablone te verwyder totdat die probleem wat deur die sjabloon gevlag is, eers reggestel is — dit wil sê net sodra die onderhoudsjabloon nie meer geldig is nie, tensy dit werklik nie in die eerste plek op die bladsy behoort het nie. Wikipedia werk as gevolg van die pogings van vrywilligers net soos jy, wat [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vrymoedige]] wysigings maak om hierdie ensiklopedie te help bou. Om probleme op te los en dan onderhoudsjablone te verwyder wanneer jy klaar is, is belangrik in daardie poging. m3i8khpuf2i3157y2gdbju9np1cyu2h 10 392563 2517344 2022-08-04T08:04:21Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=Annonoideae |parent=Annonaceae |extinct= |refs= }}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=Annonoideae |parent=Annonaceae |extinct= |refs= }} 3eafzs1qsy4gaji71iyrwh1h5oas6im 3 392564 2517352 2022-08-04T08:26:43Z Rooiratel 90342 Welkom wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="font-size:100%; margin-bottom:0.5em;" | {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="font-size:95%; line-height:125%; background-color:#faf6ed; border:1px solid #faecc8;" |- | colspan="4" style="background-color:#faecc8;" |<big>'''{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | Hallo,&nbsp;gebruiker vanaf [[IP-adres]] {{BASEPAGENAME}} | Hallo&nbsp;{{PAGENAME}}}},''' [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge|hartelik welkom]] op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia!</big> [[Lêer:Flag of the United Kingdom (2-3).svg|20px]] '''[[Sjabloon:Welkom/en|''Message in English'']]''' [[Lêer:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] '''[[Sjabloon:Welkom/nl|''Bericht in het Nederlands'']]''' |- | colspan="4" | Dankie vir jou belangstelling in [[Wikipedia]]. Ons werk hier aan die ideaal van ’n gratis en vrylik beskikbare, vrylik bewerkbare, neutrale en volledige ensiklopedie. |- | colspan="4" | Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] bestaan al sedert Desember 2001 en bevat reeds ''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'' artikels. Vanaf die begin van die projek het die gebruikers ’n aantal riglyne en uitgangspunte vir artikelbewerking en onderlinge samewerking opgestel. Nuwelinge kan hieruit voordeel trek. Jy mag dit behulpsaam vind om van die skakels in hierdie raampie te volg en met die projek vertroud te raak voordat jy begin bydra. Indien jou vingers jeuk om te eksperimenteer, kan jy gerus ons [[Wikipedia:Sandput|Sandput]] besoek: dit is juis vir die rede daar. Uiteindelik wil ons dat al ons gebruikers [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vry voel om hulle gang te gaan]], maar dit doen natuurlik geen kwaad om ’n bietjie houvas te kry voor 'n mens in die diep kant in spring nie! Besoek gerus ook ons [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|Geselshoekie]], ons gebruikers staan gereed om hand by te sit, of bloot net hand te skud. |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid|'''Verifieerbaarheid''']]<br />Die eerste van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Konversation.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie}} | [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|'''Geselshoekie''']]<br />Die gewilde bymekaarkomplek |- | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=OrgChem Nomen pictograph.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing|'''Geen oorspronklike navorsing''']]<br />Die tweede van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Bucket in the sand.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Sandput}} | width="38%" | [[Wikipedia:Sandput|'''Sandput''']]<br />Eksperimenteer na hartelus |- | align="right" |{{Klik|Afbeelding=Unbalanced scales.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt}} | [[Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt| '''Neutrale standpunt''']]<br />Die derde van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide | width="8%" align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon tools.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies}} | [[Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies|'''Redigeringsinstruksies''']]<br />Hoe maak ek: teks wat skuinsgedruk is? ’n opskrif? tabelle? |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie}} | [[Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie|'''Wat Wikipedia nie is nie''']]<br />Daar is ook ’n paar dinge wat ons nié hier doen nie | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon - upload photo 2.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beelde}} | [[Wikipedia:Beelde|'''Beelde''']]<br />As jy beelde wil oplaai |- | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beleefdheid}} | [[Wikipedia:Beleefdheid|'''Beleefdheid''']]<br />Ken jou maniere | align="right" | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app kedit.svg||Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel}} | [[Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel|'''Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel''']]<br />Soms sê die naam alles {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" {{!}}Jou bydrae word nou geregistreer onder jou IP-adres. Daar is verskeie voordele gebonde aan die skep van ’n rekening – sluit gerus by ons aan!| }} |- | colspan="4" style="border-top:2px solid #faecc8;" | Hierdie bladsy, wat nou op jou skerm vertoon word, is trouens jou persoonlike besprekingsbladsy. Die plek waar ander Wikipediane jou in die toekoms kan kontak en jy hulle dan kan beantwoord. Elke gebruiker het so ’n bladsy. Jy kan dus ook boodskappe op ander gebruikers se besprekingsbladsye los. Sluit boodskappe en besprekings altyd af met <big><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></big> of deur op die handtekeningknop in die wysigingsvenster te kliek: sodoende word jou boodskap onderteken met jou gebruikersnaam en die datum en tyd waarop die boodskap gestuur is. Kliek dan laastens op "Publiseer wysigings" om enige bewerkings te stoor. |} |} cfsh61e5rzb6dx0ouei1vyn2zdmuhy4 10 392565 2517360 2022-08-04T08:49:17Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe gebruikersboks vertaal uit enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki {{ userbox | id = [[Lêer:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|43x43px]] | info-s = {{{info-size|8}}} | info = Hierdie gebruiker is 'n [[Wikipedia:Koppelvlakadministrateurs|koppelvlakadministrateur]] op die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]]. <small>([[Spesiaal:Gebruikerslys/interface-admin|verifieer]])</small>}} [[Kategorie:Gebruiker koppelvlakadministrateur]] maky27avwmnn9lixdv2ndk9jwq9dw44 4 392566 2517364 2022-08-04T09:08:29Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe bladsy - gedeeltelik vertaal uit enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|regs|150px]] '''Koppelvlakadministrateurs''' is gebruikers wat alle [[JavaScript]] (JS), [[Cascading Style Sheets]] (CSS), en [[JavaScript Object Notation]] (JSON) bladsye kan wysig<ref>Werfwye bladsye, soos [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] of [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]], of die geriewe-bladsye op [[Spesiaal:Geriewe]], en ander gebruikers se [[WP:USERSUBPAGE|subbladsye]]</ref> en bladsye in nie MediaWiki naamruimte. Hulle is die enigste plaaslike gebruikersgroep met die vermoë om alle JS/CSS-bladsye te wysig.<ref>Enige [[Wikipedia:Administrateur|administrateur]] kan ander bladsye in die MediaWiki naamruimte wysig, en alle JSON bladsye, en alle geregistreerde gebruikers mag hul eie persoonlike JS/CSS/JSON-bladsye wysig.</ref> Hierdie bladsye word deur die blaaier van wiki-redakteurs en -lesers uitgevoer as kode, wat gebruik kan word om hoe inhoud gestileer word te verander, die gedrag van bladsye te verander, of selfs komplekse nutsmiddels te skep om te help met redigering. Daar is tans [[Spesiaal:Gebruikerslys/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} koppelvlakadministrateurs]]. As jy hulp van 'n koppelvlakadministrateur benodig, kan jy 'n versoek by die [[Wikipedia:Koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord|koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord]] rig. == Agtergrond == Die vermoë om JS/CSS wat in ander gebruikers se blaaiers uitgevoer word te wysig, is baie kragtig en uiters gevaarlik in die hande van 'n kwaadwillige gebruiker; koppelvlakadministrateurs moet gebruikers wees wat hoogs vertrou word, ten minste 'n basiese begrip van JS en CSS het, bewus is van die privaatheidsverwagtinge van Wikimedia wiki's, en het 'n ordentlike begrip van hoe om hul rekeninge te beveilig (soos om sterk en unieke wagwoorde te kies en wanware-infeksie te vermy). Die Wikimedia Foundation vereis dat alle koppelvlakadministrateurs [[WP:2FA|tweefaktor-verifikasie]] gebruik.<ref>[[meta:Special:PermaLink/18694289|WMF 2FA vereiste soos gepubliseer op Meta-Wiki.]]</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} ny7f7hx6w3zjwylnfj7g9kpsygxhar3 2517366 2517364 2022-08-04T09:13:20Z Rooiratel 90342 + Neutedop wikitext text/x-wiki {{Neutedop|'''Hierdie bladsy in 'n neutedop: Koppelvlakadministrateurs''' is hoogs betroubare gebruikers wat alle JS/CSS/JSON-bladsye, geriewe en MediaWiki-boodskappe kan wysig.}} [[Lêer:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|regs|150px]] '''Koppelvlakadministrateurs''' is gebruikers wat alle [[JavaScript]] (JS), [[Cascading Style Sheets]] (CSS), en [[JavaScript Object Notation]] (JSON) bladsye kan wysig<ref>Werfwye bladsye, soos [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] of [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]], of die geriewe-bladsye op [[Spesiaal:Geriewe]], en ander gebruikers se [[WP:USERSUBPAGE|subbladsye]]</ref> en bladsye in nie MediaWiki naamruimte. Hulle is die enigste plaaslike gebruikersgroep met die vermoë om alle JS/CSS-bladsye te wysig.<ref>Enige [[Wikipedia:Administrateur|administrateur]] kan ander bladsye in die MediaWiki naamruimte wysig, en alle JSON bladsye, en alle geregistreerde gebruikers mag hul eie persoonlike JS/CSS/JSON-bladsye wysig.</ref> Hierdie bladsye word deur die blaaier van wiki-redakteurs en -lesers uitgevoer as kode, wat gebruik kan word om hoe inhoud gestileer word te verander, die gedrag van bladsye te verander, of selfs komplekse nutsmiddels te skep om te help met redigering. Daar is tans [[Spesiaal:Gebruikerslys/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} koppelvlakadministrateurs]]. As jy hulp van 'n koppelvlakadministrateur benodig, kan jy 'n versoek by die [[Wikipedia:Koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord|koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord]] rig. == Agtergrond == Die vermoë om JS/CSS wat in ander gebruikers se blaaiers uitgevoer word te wysig, is baie kragtig en uiters gevaarlik in die hande van 'n kwaadwillige gebruiker; koppelvlakadministrateurs moet gebruikers wees wat hoogs vertrou word, ten minste 'n basiese begrip van JS en CSS het, bewus is van die privaatheidsverwagtinge van Wikimedia wiki's, en het 'n ordentlike begrip van hoe om hul rekeninge te beveilig (soos om sterk en unieke wagwoorde te kies en wanware-infeksie te vermy). Die Wikimedia Foundation vereis dat alle koppelvlakadministrateurs [[WP:2FA|tweefaktor-verifikasie]] gebruik.<ref>[[meta:Special:PermaLink/18694289|WMF 2FA vereiste soos gepubliseer op Meta-Wiki.]]</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} jgur5idccz90ox40q5lo2gzlejnh5ap 4 392567 2517365 2022-08-04T09:10:13Z Rooiratel 90342 Nuwe bladsy geskep met 'Hierdie bladsy is die '''Koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord''' vir bespreking van [[Wikipedia:Koppelvlakadministrateurs|koppelvlakadministrateurs]] en koördinering van wysigings aan die koppelvlak.' wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie bladsy is die '''Koppelvlakadministrateurs se kennisgewingbord''' vir bespreking van [[Wikipedia:Koppelvlakadministrateurs|koppelvlakadministrateurs]] en koördinering van wysigings aan die koppelvlak. 8c7b0m93klfsy34ersms0e1e9mbd28y 3 392568 2517372 2022-08-04T09:44:35Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:44, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) pquhfj8yfxt3uqf23a8yk8sleg6f1c9 3 392569 2517374 2022-08-04T09:45:19Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:45, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) mq4tzo7evsy3tbjl9682up7jzxf8fox 2517376 2517374 2022-08-04T09:46:41Z BankovsBoulevard 152476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:45, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) Baie dankie! Ek sien uit na die reis! [[Gebruiker:BankovsBoulevard|BankovsBoulevard]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:BankovsBoulevard|kontak]]) 09:46, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) cfjrvdmeululf5ox6l7bhq7xdbheyd9 2 392570 2517377 2022-08-04T09:48:08Z Oesjaar 7467 Vertel ons van jouself! wikitext text/x-wiki Vertel ons van jouself! 84qbmu2rixijgnyzciy3g2t62t9c60m 3 392571 2517379 2022-08-04T09:49:21Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:49, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) 6cfpk79pjyj9ny2t6z96hdrsgwah9mj 3 392572 2517380 2022-08-04T09:50:48Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:50, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) pgxqz6pd8kprudwdswf0ldk88k4k138 3 392573 2517381 2022-08-04T09:51:34Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:51, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) r5tizj924uxrck8poekfsr43chagv9o 3 392574 2517382 2022-08-04T09:56:05Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Welkom! */ nuwe afdeling wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:56, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) pnj1bephr062c79g0o1epfz9zvvufdl 2517386 2517382 2022-08-04T10:03:06Z Uitentuis 152480 /* Welkom! */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom! == {{welkom}} Welkom hier by ons! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:56, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) :Baie dankie! [[Gebruiker:Uitentuis|Uitentuis]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Uitentuis|kontak]]) 10:03, 4 Augustus 2022 (UTC) j3hfee03mfbgujacii2ac0l9doh55jw 2 392575 2517383 2022-08-04T09:56:40Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter en nog besig! wikitext text/x-wiki Vertel ons van jouself! 84qbmu2rixijgnyzciy3g2t62t9c60m 0 392576 2517388 2022-08-04T10:08:46Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe artikel! wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus|L.Bolus]] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is . == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] pbwg4gfsrdjd1cy24x7zs92wgye21sz 2517389 2517388 2022-08-04T10:11:20Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is . == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] pqt4m6olf683wdb3pjzobd3d96sebxf 2517390 2517389 2022-08-04T10:11:33Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus]] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is . == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] sxte56ibx0a5za887r24oztgg1b71p7 2517391 2517390 2022-08-04T10:12:30Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus|L. Bolus]] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is . == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] sm3rwy77khodyvusyggghdxqncm5cor 2517392 2517391 2022-08-04T10:14:40Z Oesjaar 7467 tEOETS wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus|L. Bolus]] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is .hSJYHYJ == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] jx8bgkf9g3i18g8gl9mbkgazii1z45c 2517393 2517392 2022-08-04T10:15:06Z Oesjaar 7467 Verwyder wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} {{Spesieboks | name = <!-- Afrikaanse naam --> | image = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Ruschia barnardii | authority = [[Louisa Bolus|L. Bolus]] | synonyms = }} '''''Ruschia barnardii''''' is 'n [[vetplant]] uit die [[vygies|vygiefamilie]] wat [[inheems]] aan [[Namibië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] is. == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-426 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364209-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Ruschia]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Namibië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 57u10ylwqjdr7s4t24zepn18uutugy0 0 392577 2517398 2022-08-04T10:31:10Z Karooklippie 152478 nuwe artikel/ wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' (N.E.Br.) Schwantes gucs7gzkm4b1z531m8ytivve8wgxh97 2517399 2517398 2022-08-04T10:33:19Z Karooklippie 152478 verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n vetplant en is endemies aan die Wes-Kaap. im3zz05f8drstmbrofsvh5qnw2iesp4 2517400 2517399 2022-08-04T10:34:15Z Karooklippie 152478 skakels gemaak wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap.]] i4xp9ki1qukfeg0993xr5yrxmr82k1h 2517401 2517400 2022-08-04T10:35:18Z Karooklippie 152478 leesteken wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. ihpetf1ehoinopvg4rwghp91gsspxz8 2517402 2517401 2022-08-04T10:38:06Z Karooklippie 152478 bron bygevoet wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-113 8ege2gi5gc17rubavgvo3ldze7qg234 2517404 2517402 2022-08-04T10:39:41Z Karooklippie 152478 verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-113 REDLIST Sanbi] a9kjap2q4ixo93vldzthri5f98z48eq 2517406 2517404 2022-08-04T10:42:26Z Karooklippie 152478 verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-113 REDLIST Sanbi] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] dxvxowekxf5dq6h37tfvulg99yq2ubk 2517407 2517406 2022-08-04T10:47:06Z Karooklippie 152478 verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} ''Ruschia festiva'' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-113 REDLIST Sanbi] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 9v5lazfwgly13ha9naij9raaa0fvs7j 2517429 2517407 2022-08-04T11:41:12Z 217.129.185.200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} '''''Ruschia festiva''''' Is 'n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-113 REDLIST Sanbi] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 9rz73ym4qgl4ieuvripbqk4t83na2vd 0 392578 2517408 2022-08-04T10:51:09Z Groesbekos 152479 Nuwe artikel wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': ·                Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. ·                Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. ·                Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. ·                Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en ·                Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: ·                Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid, kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. ·                Elektroniese kwartaallikse '''''GrysKrag Nuusbrief''''' (sien webblad vir uitgawes). ·                Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die '''SA Noodhulpliga'''. ·                Afslag op intekening op die '''''PLUS 50-'''''tydskrif''.'' ·                Kleuters/oumas en -oupas-projekte. ·                Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse (genealogie). ·                Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies ('''FINBOND'''), '''AVBOB'''-groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste ('''Kind2Hearing'''), spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering ('''King Price'''), testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot ('''Capital Legacy'''). ·                Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors by oa '''ATKV'''-oorde. ·                Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. o13anvjo1jxzdrxpraiwzvgyoyd9tld 2517409 2517408 2022-08-04T10:55:32Z Groesbekos 152479 Verbetergin wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': *                Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. *                Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. *                Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. *                Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en *                Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: *                Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid, kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. ·                Elektroniese kwartaallikse '''''GrysKrag Nuusbrief''''' (sien webblad vir uitgawes). ·                Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die '''SA Noodhulpliga'''. ·                Afslag op intekening op die '''''PLUS 50-'''''tydskrif''.'' ·                Kleuters/oumas en -oupas-projekte. ·                Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse (genealogie). ·                Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies ('''FINBOND'''), '''AVBOB'''-groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste ('''Kind2Hearing'''), spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering ('''King Price'''), testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot ('''Capital Legacy'''). ·                Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors by oa '''ATKV'''-oorde. ·                Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. s83hdh8sw0cqcpw5sfegjcjru4tfx0c 2517410 2517409 2022-08-04T10:57:56Z Groesbekos 152479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': *                Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. *                Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. *                Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. *                Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en *                Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: *                Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid, kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. ·                Elektroniese kwartaallikse '''''GrysKrag Nuusbrief''''' (sien webblad vir uitgawes). ·                Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die '''SA Noodhulpliga'''. ·                Afslag op intekening op die '''''PLUS 50-'''''tydskrif''.'' ·                Kleuters/oumas en -oupas-projekte. ·                Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse (genealogie). ·                Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies ('''FINBOND'''), '''AVBOB'''-groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste ('''Kind2Hearing'''), spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering ('''King Price'''), testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot ('''Capital Legacy'''). ·                Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors by oa '''ATKV'''-oorde. ·                Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. 4gzbatoy3sbqoat4pg38w7qbki1diyt 2517411 2517410 2022-08-04T11:00:35Z Groesbekos 152479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': * Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. * Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. * Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. * Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en * Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: * Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid,kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. * Elektroniese kwartaallikse '''''GrysKrag Nuusbrief''''' (sien webblad vir uitgawes). * Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die '''SA Noodhulpliga'''. * Afslag op intekening op die '''''PLUS 50-'''''tydskrif''.'' * Kleuters/oumas en -oupas-projekte. ·                Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse (genealogie). ·                Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies ('''FINBOND'''), '''AVBOB'''-groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste ('''Kind2Hearing'''), spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering ('''King Price'''), testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot ('''Capital Legacy'''). ·                Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors by oa '''ATKV'''-oorde. ·                Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. izufi3nd2rzewr7zkxjbk3x9wm43gz1 2517413 2517411 2022-08-04T11:02:17Z Groesbekos 152479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': * Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. * Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. * Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. * Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en * Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: * Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid,kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. * Elektroniese kwartaallikse '''''GrysKrag Nuusbrief''''' (sien webblad vir uitgawes). * Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die '''SA Noodhulpliga'''. * Afslag op intekening op die '''''PLUS 50-'''''tydskrif''.'' * Kleuters/oumas en -oupas-projekte. ·                Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse (genealogie). ·                Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies ('''FINBOND'''), '''AVBOB'''-groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste ('''Kind2Hearing'''), spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering ('''King Price'''), testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot ('''Capital Legacy'''). ·                Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors by oa '''ATKV'''-oorde. ·                Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. == Bron == * www.gryskrag.co.za qsinx7k6oqnki4tt6d09oc26qx6h8h1 2517416 2517413 2022-08-04T11:07:01Z Groesbekos 152479 Verbetering wikitext text/x-wiki '''GrysKrag – ‘n inspirende organisasie vir ouer persone''' Die nie-winsgewende landswye diensorganisasie, '''GrysKrag''', is in 1995 gestig en word deur ‘n direksie bestuur. '''Leuse''': Met ons vaardighede en ondervinding verenig ons en help ons die toekoms bou. '''Doelstellings''': * Verskaf toepaslike inligting op allerlei maniere aan persone ouer as 50. * Help aktiewe veroudering bevorder. * Onderneem projekte ten bate van seniors. * Doen navorsing oor seniors se behoeftes en * Verteenwoordig seniors teenoor owerheidsinstansies in sake wat hulle raak. Enkele voorbeelde van interessante '''projekte''' en '''voordele''' van inskakeling: * Maandelikse '''''Bring-en-Vertel'''''-geleenthede vir lede in Pretoria oor ‘n wye reeks onderwerpe soos aftree-behuising, gesondheid,kultuursake, sport- en ontspanning, wêreldgebeure, ens. met kuierete daarna. * Elektroniese kwartaallikse GrysKrag Nuusbrief. * Kursus in tuisverpleging en noodhulptassie in samewerking met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Noodhulpliga]]. * Afslag op intekening op die PLUS 50-tydskrif. * Kleuters/oumas- en oupas-projekte. * Familiestambome en familiegeskiedenisse ([[genealogie]]). * Waardevolle lede-voordele in samewerking met verskeie rolspelers oa beleggingsadvies, groepbegrafnisversekeringspolis, goedkoper gehoordienste, spesiale tariewe vir korttermynversekering, testamentêre advies en laer as normale boedelbelasting by 'n sakevennoot. * Wegbreek-uitstappies soos kuierweke vir seniors. * Verleen inligting/hulp met gemeentes en oorde se seniorbyeenkomste deur skakeling en samewerking met gasheer, wat ‘n spreker oor ‘n interessante onderwerp of ‘n gaskunstenaar kan insluit. AVBOB is soms ‘n vennoot in die verband. Lidmaatskap gaan nie soseer om individuele voordele nie, maar is eerder daarop gerig dat lede direk of indirek diensbaar moet wees aan die seniorgemeenskap as geheel. == Bron == * www.gryskrag.co.za 57lb83fvco50exgfgo962uuqwsxjhpp 0 392579 2517412 2022-08-04T11:01:43Z Uitentuis 152480 Nuwe artikel wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} ''Ruschia firma'' Is ’n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-116 REDLIST Sanbi] [[Kategorie: Flora van Suid-Afrika] j9bqt9bpittpgs9uv8emf0vmazgq919 2517414 2517412 2022-08-04T11:02:57Z Uitentuis 152480 Verbeter wikitext text/x-wiki {{skuinse titel}} ''Ruschia firma'' Is ’n [[vetplant]] en is endemies aan die [[Wes-Kaap]]. == Bron == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=163-116 REDLIST Sanbi] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] kceous8e3oac2njslknrbpqhikwfu32 1 392580 2517426 2022-08-04T11:37:32Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv