Wikipedia afwiki https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Spesiaal Bespreking Gebruiker Gebruikerbespreking Wikipedia Wikipediabespreking Lêer Lêerbespreking MediaWiki MediaWikibespreking Sjabloon Sjabloonbespreking Hulp Hulpbespreking Kategorie Kategoriebespreking Portaal Portaalbespreking TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3 2913938 2861720 2026-06-26T09:55:33Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* C */ * [[Dawie Couzyn]] (1925–2010) 2913938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:CJ Langenhoven.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[C. J. Langenhoven]] met Mev. Langenhoven by die kerk in Oudtshoorn op die huweliksdag van hul dogter, Engela, in 1926.]] [[Lêer:Eugenemarais.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[Eugène Marais]] – redakteur, skrywer, digter, juris en natuurkenner.]] [[Lêer:Sangiro.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[Sangiro]] wen die Hertzogprys in 1945 vir al sy prosawerk.]] [[Lêer:9.13.09BreytenBreytenbachByLuigiNovi1.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[Breyten Breytenbach]] by die 2009 Brooklyn Book Festival.]] [[Lêer:Roodt dan wiki.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[Dan Roodt]].]] [[Lêer:Deon Meyer01.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[Deon Meyer]].]] [[Beeld:Maria Elizabeth Rothmann MER.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[M.E.R.]].]] [[Lêer:Brink.jpg|duimnael|200px|[[André P. Brink]] in 1999.]] [[Beeld:Marlise Joubert 1968 3.jpg|200px|regs|duimnael|[[Marlise Joubert]], omstreeks 1967.]] Hier volg 'n '''lys van Afrikaanse skrywers''': {{indeks}} == A == * [[Berna Ackerman]] * [[Dirna Ackerman]] * [[Wilma Adamson]] * [[Wilna Adriaanse]] * [[Adriaan Louw Albertyn]] * [[Belinda Albrecht]] * [[Frieda Albrecht]] * [[Jaques Andres]] * [[Willem Anker]] * [[Len Anthony]] * [[Hennie Aucamp]] * [[Elza Augustyn]] == B == * [[Eleanor Baker]] * [[Margaret Bakkes]] * [[Christine Barkhuizen le Roux]] * [[Chris Barnard (skrywer)|Chris Barnard]] * [[Mark Behr]] * [[Pirow Bekker]] * [[Benjamin Selwyn Paulse|S.P. Benjamin]] * [[Dricky Beukes]] * [[Eugene Beukes]] * [[Gerhard Beukes]] * [[Lalie Beukes]] * [[C.F. Beyers-Boshoff]] * [[Albert Blake]] * [[Helen Blackmore]] (mev. Bernard Lewis) * [[Stella Blakemore]] (Stella Owen) * [[Audrey Blignault]] * [[Lynette Blignaut]] * [[François Bloemhof]] * [[Arnold Blumer]] * [[Boerneef]] (''Boplaas'', 1938) * [[Louie Boshoff]] * [[F.C.L. Bosman]] * [[Herman Charles Bosman]] * [[Annelie Botes]] * Dina Botha * [[Jaco Botha]] * [[Lien Botha]] * [[Susan Botha]] * [[Tertia Botha]] * [[Alba Bouwer]] * [[Hendrik Brand]] (dr. S.H. Skaife) * [[Johanna Brandt]] * [[Lulu Brewis]] (''Marietjie'', 1932) * [[Breyten Breytenbach]] * [[Kerneels Breytenbach]] * [[André P. Brink]] * [[Melt Brink]] * Tania Brink ([[Jaco Jacobs]]) * [[N.J. Brummer]] * Sannie Bruwer (''Bodemvas'', 1929) * [[Willie Burger]] == C == * [[Jan Lion Cachet]] (1854-1912) * [[Analise Carstens]] * [[Wannie Carstens]] * [[Jan F.E. Celliers]] * [[J.D. Cilliers]] * [[Abel Coetzee]] (''Waarheen Vader?'' 1940) * [[Christoffel Coetzee]] * [[John Coetzee]] * [[Nico Coetzee]] * A.L. (Anna) Conradie (''Laura'', 1942) * [[Dawie Couzyn]] (1925–2010) * [[Elna Crouse]] * [[Henk Crouse]] == D == * [[Thomas Deacon]] * [[D'Arbez]] (J.F. van Oordt) * [[Phillip de Bruyn]] * [[Ferdinand Deist]] * [[W.A. de Klerk]] (''Die Grenslose'', 1946) * [[Helene de Kock]] * [[Anna de Villiers]] (''Die wit kraai'', 1938) * [[Helene de Villiers]] * [[Herna de Villiers]] * [[Leon de Villiers]] * [[P.V. Pistorius|P. de Villiers]] (dr. P.V. Pistorius) (''Die Predikantsvrou'', 1940) * [[Ina de Villiers|S.J.A. de Villiers]] * [[Philip de Vos]] * [[Abraham H. de Vries]] * [[J.H.H. de Waal]] (''Oupa en sy kleindogters'', 1923) * [[Manie de Waal]] * [[Reza de Wet]] * [[E.K.M. Dido]] * [[Cor Dirks]] * [[Anton Döckel]] * [[Hermien Dommisse]] * [[Werner Dorfling]] * [[Tom Dreyer]] * [[Albert du Biel|A. du Biel]] * [[Hans du Plessis]] * [[Johannes du Plessis Scholtz]] * [[I.D. du Plessis]] * [[PG du Plessis]] * [[D.F. du Toit]] (Oom Lokomotief) * [[Daniël Francois du Toit]] (Dokter) * [[S.J. du Toit]] (1847-1911) * [[Tryna du Toit]] == E == * [[Eitemal]] * [[Ella Eloff-van der Walt]] (''Tersia'', 1939 en ''Die anker van die lewe'', 1941) * [[B.P.J. Erasmus]] * [[Marion Erskine]] * [[Chris Euvrard]] == F == * [[Henry Fagan|H.A. Fagan]] * [[Engemi Ferreira]] * [[Jeanette Ferreira]] * [[Corlia Fourie]] * [[Jan Fourie]] * [[Pierre Fourie]] * [[S.D. Fourie]] == G == * Prof. dr. [[G.B.A. Gerdener]] * [[J.M. Gilfillan]] * [[Hermann Giliomee]] * [[Jeanne Goosen]] * [[Tersia Gouws]] * [[Rachelle Greeff]] * [[Franci Greyling]] * [[Pieter W. Grobbelaar]] * [[Piet Grobler]] * [[C.A. Groenewald|Coenrad Groenewald]] * [[J.J. Groeneweg]] * [[A.S. Grosskopf]] * [[E.B. Grosskopf]] * [[J.F.W. Grosskopf]] (''Ou Leeumelker'', 1942) * [[Santie Grosskopf]] * [[Henriette Grové]] == H == * [[T.J. Haarhoff]] * [[P.J. Haasbroek]] * [[Joan Hambidge]] * [[M.J. Harris]] (''Bruisende waters'', 1939) * [[Hester Heese]] * Dr. [[J.A. Heese]] * [[Japie Heese]] * [[Anna-Louize Heiberg]] * [[P.G. Hendriks]] (Pieter Pistorius, 19 September 1920) (''Roep van die tsetlo'', 1979) * [[A.J. Herholdt]] (1831-1901) * Anel Heydenrych * [[Bonaventure Hinwood]] * [[G.C. en S.B. Hobson|Hobson-broers]] (G.C. en S.B.) (''Kalahari-kaskenades'', 1929) * [[Tienie Holloway]] * [[C.P. Hoogenhout]] (oom Jan wat versies maak) * [[Barrie Hough]] * [[Trisa Hugo]] == I == * [[Doc Immelman]] (1928-2013) == J == * [[Jaco Jacobs]] * [[E.G. Jansen]] ([[1881]]-[[1959]]), [[Goewerneur-generaal van die Unie van Suid-Afrika]], [[Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering|Speaker van die Volksraad]] * [[M.M. Jansen]] (''Sommerso'' en ''Erfenis''. 1940) * [[Valda Jansen]] * [[Holmer Johanssen]] (J.F. Holleman) (''Gety'', 1938 en ''Die Onterfdes'', 1944) * [[Abraham Jonker]] (1905-1966) * [[Christa Jonker-Jordaan]] * [[Ingrid Jonker]] * [[Helm Jooste]] * [[Elsa Joubert]] * [[Gideon Joubert]] * [[Irma Joubert]] * [[Marlise Joubert]] == K == * [[Harry Kalmer]] * Konstant Kamelring (J. Wapenaar) * [[Ronelda Kamfer]] * [[Willem Kamp]] (Onze Wim) * [[J.C. Kannemeyer]] * [[Sophia Kapp]] * [[Karin]] (C.M. Marais) * [[Rosa Keet]] * [[Regina Kemp (Coetzee)|Regina Kemp]] * [[Karl Kielblock]] * [[Koos Kombuis]] * Isa Konrad * [[Uys Krige]] * [[Louis Krüger]] * [[W.O. Kunhe]] == L == * [[C.J. Langenhoven]] * [[André le Roux]] * [[Braam le Roux (skrywer)|Braam le Roux]] (''Die geheim van Njabela'', 1949) * [[Etienne Leroux]] * [[Johnita le Roux]] * [[Marlene le Roux]] * [[Marzanne Leroux-Van der Boon]] * [[Ben Lindemann]] * [[Freda Linde]] * [[Marie Linde]] * [[Helena Lochner]] * [[Francois Loots]] * [[Sonja Loots]] * [[Daniël Lötter]] * [[Anna M. Louw]] * [[Miemie Louw-Theron]] * [[N.P. van Wyk Louw]] * [[W.E.G. Louw]] == M == * [[Maretha Maartens]] * [[D.F. Malherbe]] * Marie Malherbe (''Kringe'', 1939) * W.M.R. Malherbe (red. ''Brandwag'') * [[Eugene Marais]] * [[Leon Maré]] * [[Wille Martin]] * [[Dalene Matthee]] * [[Petrovna Metelerkamp]] * [[M.E.R.]] * L.H. Meurant (1811-1893) * [[Deon Meyer]] * [[Mikro]] * [[John Miles]] * [[S. Ignatius Mocke]] (''Die Belofte'', 1941) * [[Annelize Morgan]] * [[Dirk Mostert]] (''Uit my ou Vrystaat'', 1938; ook skepper van ''Oom Bart'') * [[Elise Muller]] * [[Petra Müller]] * T.B. Muller * [[Ena Murray]] * [[Erika Murray-Theron]] * [[M.I. Murray]] (''Die Gerf'', 1940) == N == * [[Nataniël]] * [[Jackie Nagtegaal]] * [[Reinet Nagtegaal]] * [[Bettie Naudé]], skuilnaam van [[Topsy Smith]] * [[Thijs Nel]] * [[Christien Neser]] * M.H. Neser * [[Dolf van Niekerk]] * [[Louise van Niekerk]] * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] * [[P.J. Nienaber]] * [[P.H. Nortjé]] == O == * M.A. Oberholzer (''Nietige mense'', 1941) * [[Fanie Olivier]] * [[D.J. Opperman]] * [[Janie Oosthuysen]] == P == * [[Arnoldus Pannevis]] (1838-1884) * [[Gerrit Pasch]] (''Erfgrond'', 1944) * [[Chanette Paul]] * [[Chris Pelser]] * [[S.V. Petersen]] * E.C. Pienaar * [[P. de V. Pienaar]] (''Skakels van die ketting'', 1929) * T.C. Pienaar * [[Emily Pieterse]] * [[Henning Pieterse]] * [[Pieter Pieterse]] * [[Hilda Postma]] * [[Willem Postma]] (Dr. O'kulis) * [[Elma Potgieter]] * [[Kasha Potgieter]] * [[Nic Potgieter]] * [[Gustav Preller]] * [[Anton Prinsloo]] == Q == == R == * [[Jan Rabie]] * [[Joan Rankin]] * [[Louis Rautenbach|Louis B. Rautenbach]] * [[Reenen J. van Reenen]] (''Die Agterstevoortrekkers'', 1917) * [[F.W. Reitz]] * [[Linda Rode]] * [[Dan Roodt]] * [[P.H. Roodt]] * [[Zuretha Roos]] * [[Ina Rousseau]] * [[Leon Rousseau]] * [[Sophie Roux]] * [[Rona Rupert]] == S == * [[Sangiro]] (A.A. Pienaar) * [[Riana Scheepers]] * [[Karel Schoeman]] * [[P.J. Schoeman]] * [[A.H.M. Scholtz]] * [[G.D. Scholtz]] * [[Johannes du Plessis Scholtz]] * [[Merwe Scholtz]] * [[P.C. Schoonees]] (''Jannie'', 1926) * Scriba (A.J. Pienaar) (''Onverwag'', 1941) * [[E. Serfontein]] * [[Sita]] (S.S. de Kock) * [[Dan Sleigh]] * [[Adam Small]] * [[Bartho Smit]] * [[Berta Smit]] * [[Hettie Smit]] * J.J. Smith (red. ''Huisgenoot'', 1916) * [[Topsy Smith]] * [[Evert Snyman]] * [[Ela Spence]] * [[Jan Spies]] * [[Lina Spies]] * [[Carina Stander]] * [[Nicol Stassen]] * [[Elsabe Steenberg]] * Deborah Steinmair * Francois Stemmet * Aletta Steyn (''Die jare daarna'', 1939) * [[Elmar Steyn]] * [[Fritz Steyn]] (''Die laaste passasier'', 1941) * [[Jaap Steyn]] * [[Malan Steyn]] * Martin Steyn * [[Klaas Steytler]] * [[Wilma Stockenström]] * [[Alexander Strachan]] * [[Peter Snyders]] * [[Adriaan Snyman]] * [[Annette Snyman]] * [[Dana Snyman]] * [[Loit Sols]] * [[Pieter Strauss]] * [[Leon Strydom]] * [[Lize Swart]] == T == * [[Sanet te Groen]] * [[Totius]] (J.D. du Toit) == U == == V == * [[Madeleine van Biljon]] * [[Hendrik van Blerk‎]] * [[Petra van Blerk]] * [[Jochem van Bruggen]] * [[Jan van Bruggen|J.R.L. (Jan) van Bruggen (Kleinjan)]] (''Japie'', 1922 en ''Marta'', 1940) * [[Kas van den Bergh]] * [[Zirk van den Berg]] * [[C.M. van den Heever]] * [[Kootjie van den Heever]] <u>(</u>''Danie se droom'', 1940) * [[Willem van der Berg]] (''Reisigers na nerens'', 1946) * [[Carel van der Merwe]] * [[Christo van der Merwe]] * [[Boerneef|Izak van der Merwe (Boerneef)]] * [[Kirby van der Merwe]] * [[Ella van der Mescht]] * [[Jan J. van der Post|Jan Jakobus van der Post]] * [[Sep Smidt|Johan van der Post (S.G. Smidt)]] * [[J.W. van der Rijst]] (Oom Willem) * [[Cecil van der Spuy]] * [[Marita van der Vyver]] * [[Ernst van Heerden]] * [[Etienne van Heerden]] * Iz. van Heerden (Vaalswaer) * [[Johannes van Melle]] * [[Dolf van Niekerk]] * [[Leon van Nierop]] * [[Rudie van Rensburg]] * [[Engela van Rooyen]] * [[Nanette van Rooyen]] * [[Piet van Rooyen]] * [[M.C.E. van Schoor|Tienie van Schoor]] * [[Jan van Tonder]] * [[Dine van Zyl]] * [[Marinda van Zyl]] * [[Verna Vels]] * [[Eben Venter]] * [[F.A. Venter]] * [[Irma Venter]] * [[Fanie Viljoen]] * J.D. Voigt * [[Hannes Visser]] * [[Anoeschka von Meck]] == W == * [[Herman Wasserman]] * [[G.A. Watermeyer]] * [[George Weideman]] * Albert Wessels (''Tog seker'', 1942) * [[Ingrid Winterbach]] == X == == Y == == Z == == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Afrikaanse digters]] * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse digters]] * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] {{indeks}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaanse skrywers| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Afrikaanse skrywers]] nw9epgeglqm6so6rwe09n2a4mi1x3ih 0 389 2913788 2712005 2026-06-25T18:42:21Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Sterftes */ Verbeter 2913788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JunieKalender}} '''22 Junie''' is die 173ste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] (174ste in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). Daar volg nog 192 dae in die res van die jaar. == Gebeure == * [[168]] – Die Romeine verslaan die Masedoniërs by die Slag van Pynda. * [[816]] – [[Pous Stefanus IV]] volg [[Pous Leo III]] op. * [[1476]] – Veldslag van Murten: 24&nbsp;000 troepe van die Switserse Bondgenootskap kom by die stad [[Murten]] aan om die stad te ontset wat deur die [[Boergondiërs]] onder beleg geplaas is. In die bloedige veldslag sneuwel meer as 10&nbsp;000 soldate van hertog Karel van Boergondië. * [[1611]] – Henry Hudson, sy seun en sewe ander word deur muiters oorboord gesit. * [[1633]] – [[Galileo]] word veroordeel en moet sy bewerings oor die heliosentiese terugtrek. * [[1692]] – [[Pous Innocentius XII]] publiseer die bul ''Romanum decet Pontificem'' teen nepotisme. * [[1737]] – [[Pous Clemens XII]] verklaar Joseph van Leonissa (Joseph Desideri) salig. * [[1815]] – [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] abdikeer vir die tweede keer. * [[1825]] – Die Britse Parlement skaf [[feodalisme]] en die leenheerstelsel af in Britse Noord-Amerika. * [[1846]] – Adolphe Sax patenteer die [[saxofoon]]. * [[1924]] – Die 500ste herdenking van die stigting van die Grys-bondgenootskap (Grauer Bund) word in Truns, [[Switserland]] gevier. * [[1940]] – [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]]: Maarskalk Phillippe Pétain teken die wapenstilstand met [[Duitsland]] en vestig die Vichy-regering. * [[1941]] – Tweede Wêreldoorlog: Duitsland met [[Operasie Barbarossa]] val die [[Sowjetunie]] aan, in een van die mees dramatiese keerpunte in die oorlog. * [[1976]] – Die Kanadese laerhuis skaf die doodstraf af. * [[1978]] – [[James W. Christy]] ontdek die eerste [[natuurlike satelliet]] [[Charon (maan)|Charon]] van die [[dwergplaneet]] [[Pluto (dwergplaneet)|Pluto]]. * [[2017]] – [[Afghaanse nasionale krieketspan|Afghanistan]] en [[Ierse nasionale krieketspan|Ierland]] word volle lede van die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR). == Geboortes == * [[1837]] – [[Paul Morphy]], Amerikaanse [[skaak]]speler († [[1884]]). * [[1882]] – [[Albert Kimmerling]], pioniersvlieënier wat die eerste vliegtuigvlug in Afrika (en Suid-Afrika) onderneem het († [[1912]]). * [[1892]] – [[Robert Ritter von Greim]], Duitse vlieënier en veldmaarskalk († [[1945]]). * [[1901]] – [[Eitemal]], Afrikaanse skrywer, digter, redenaar en vertaler († [[1984]]). * [[1910]] – [[Axel von Ambesser]], [[Duitse]] akteur († [[1988]]). * [[1924]] – [[Al Debbo]], Suid-Afrikaanse akteur, komediant en sanger († [[2011]]). * [[1936]] – [[Kris Kristofferson]], Amerikaanse akteur en komponis († [[2024]]). * [[1945]] – [[Maretha Maartens]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer. * [[1949]] – [[Meryl Streep]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[1953]] – [[Cyndi Lauper]], Amerikaanse sangeres. * [[1954]] – [[Freddie Prinze]], Amerikaanse akteur († [[1977]]). * [[1964]] – [[Dan Brown]], Amerikaanse skrywer. * [[1994]] – [[Marnus Labuschagne]], Suid-Afrikaansgebore Australiese krieketspeler. == Sterftes == * [[1276]] – [[Pous Innocentius V]], 185ste [[pous]] van die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] (* ± [[1224]]). * [[1927]] – Sir [[John Fraser]], Suid-Afrikaanse staatsman (* [[1840]]). * [[1967]] – [[William Nicol]], predikant, teoloog, opvoedkundige en goewerneur van die Transvaal (* [[1887]]). * [[1969]] – [[Judy Garland]], Amerikaanse sanger, akteur (* [[1922]]). * [[1987]] – [[Fred Astaire]], Amerikaanse danser, akteur (* [[1899]]). * [[2008]] – [[Ryne de Beer]], [[Suid-Afrika]] se fluitende predikantsvrou (* [[1932]]). * 2008 – [[George Carlin]], Amerikaanse komediant (* [[1937]]). * [[2011]] – [[Kader Asmal]], Suid-Afrikaanse ANC-politikus (* [[1934]]). * [[2015]] – [[James Horner]], Amerikaanse komponis en dirigent van orkestrale en rolprentmusiek (* [[1953]]). * [[2017]] – [[Quett Masire]], [[Botswana]]-politikus en tweede president van Botswana (1980–1998) (* [[1925]]). * [[2019]] – [[Judith Krantz]], Amerikaanse romanskryfster (* [[1928]]). * [[2026]] – [[Alan Greenspan]], Amerikaanse ekonoom (* [[1926]]). == Vakansies, vierings, en waarnemingsdae == * Anglikaanse fees van St Alban. * Feesdag van Pous Innocentius V in die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk. {{commonskat|22 June|22 Junie}} [[Kategorie:Junie]] ltpjo5h10o4kjlawe4czolwwksx6ila 0 464 2913739 2867946 2026-06-25T13:00:19Z SpesBona 2720 /* Gebeure */ Kroasië en Slowenië verbeter 2913739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=C-130 180AS Over Kuwait 1991.JPG|teks=Oorlog bo Koeweit}} Die '''jaar 1991''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Dinsdag]] begin het. Dit was die 91ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * [[13 Januarie]] – Spesiale troepe van die [[Sowjetunie]] se Departement van Binnelandse Sake beset die radiostasie en televisietoring van [[Vilnius]], [[Litaue]]. 14 ongewapende Litause betogers sterf. * [[28 Februarie]] – Die [[Golfoorlog]] kom tot 'n einde. * [[6 April|6]]–[[14 April]] – Die [[Vrouerugbywêreldbeker 1991|1ste Vrouerugbywêreldbeker]] word in [[Wallis]] aangebied en deur die [[Verenigde State se nasionale vrouerugbyspan|Verenigde State]] gewen. * [[9 April]] – [[Georgië]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[18 Mei]] – [[Somaliland]] verklaar eensydig sy onafhanklikheid van [[Somalië]]. * [[12 Junie]] – [[Boris Jeltsin]] word verkies as president van [[Rusland]]. * [[12 Junie]] – [[Berg Pinatubo]], 'n [[vulkaan]] in die [[Filippyne]], bars uit. * [[25 Junie]] – Beide [[Kroasië]] en [[Slowenië]] verklaar hulle onafhanklikheid van [[Joego-Slawië]], maar albei word op [[27 Junie]] deur Joego-Slawiese magte aangeval, waarmee die Joego-Slawiese Oorloë begin. * [[29 Junie]] – [[Proteas|Suid-Afrika]] sluit weer as 'n volle lid by die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR) aan. * [[30 Junie]] – Die [[Groepsgebiedewet]] van [[Suid-Afrika]] word afgeskaf. * [[22 Julie]] – Die [[reeksmoordenaar]], [[Jeffrey Dahmer]], word in hegtenis geneem nadat oorblyfsels van 11 mans en seuns in sy woonstel gevind is. * [[4 Augustus]] – Die Griekse [[skip|plesierboot]], die [[Oceanos (skip)|Oceanos]], sink langs die [[Wildekus]] van Suid-Afrika. * [[20 Augustus]] – [[Estland]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[21 Augustus]] – [[Letland]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[24 Augustus]] – [[Oekraïne]] en [[Rusland]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[25 Augustus]] – [[Belarus]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[27 Augustus]] – [[Moldowa]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[30 Augustus]] – [[Azerbeidjan]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[31 Augustus]] – [[Kirgisië]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[1 September]] – [[Oesbekistan]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[2 September]] – Die [[Republiek Artsach|Republiek Nagorno-Karabach]] verklaar sy onafhanklikheid van die Sowjetunie. * [[8 September]] – Die [[Noord-Masedonië|Republiek Masedonië]] word van Joego-Slawië onafhanklik. * [[9 September]] – [[Tadjikistan]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[21 September]] – [[Armenië]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[3 Oktober]]–[[2 November]] – Die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1991|2de Rugbywêreldbeker]] word in [[Engeland]] aangebied en deur [[Wallabies|Australië]] gewen. * [[27 Oktober]] – [[Turkmenistan]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[10 November]] – Die [[Proteas]]<!-- Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale krieketspan --> speel hulle eerste [[Internasionale eendagwedstryd|EDI-krieketwedstryd]] teen [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indië]] in [[Kalkutta]]. * [[16 November|16]]–[[30 November]] – Die [[Vrouesokkerwêreldbeker 1991|1ste Vrouesokkerwêreldbeker]] word in die [[Volksrepubliek China]] aangebied en deur die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gewen. * [[16 Desember]] – [[Kasakstan]] word van die Sowjetunie onafhanklik. * [[18 Desember]] – [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], leier van die [[Inkatha Vryheidsparty]], onttrek aan KODESA-onderhandelinge om 'n einde aan [[Apartheid]] te bring. * [[20 Desember]] – Die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse regering, die [[African National Congress]] en ander partye begin samesprekings aangaande die herskryf van die grondwet. * [[21 Desember]] – [[Suid-Ossetië]] verklaar eensydig sy onafhanklikheid van [[Georgië]]. * [[25 Desember]] – [[Michail Gorbatsjof]] bedank as president van die Sowjetunie. == Geboortes == * [[7 Januarie]] – [[Caster Semenya]], Suid-Afrikaanse atleet. * [[12 Januarie]] – [[Pixie Lott]], Engelse [[aktrise]]. * [[19 Januarie]] – [[Erin Sanders]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[20 Januarie]] – [[Jolyon Palmer]], [[Kanadese]] [[Formule Een|F1-renjaer]]. * [[3 Februarie]] – [[Masabata Klaas]], Suid-Afrikaanse internasionale krieketspeler. * [[10 Februarie]] – [[Emma Roberts]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[16 Februarie]] – [[Marilyn Ramos]], [[Mejuffrou Suid-Afrika|Mej Suid-Afrika in 2012]]. * [[17 Februarie]] – [[Bonnie Wright]], Britse aktrise * [[18 Februarie]] – [[Malese Jow]], Amerikaanse aktrise, sangeres en liedjieskrywer. * [[28 Februarie]] – [[J.G. Claassen]], [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Gholf|beroepsgholfspeler]]. * [[8 Maart]] – [[Devon Werkheiser]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[22 Maart]] – [[Roberto Merhi]], Spaanse motorrenjaer. * [[28 Maart]] – [[Amy Bruckner]], Amerikaanse (stem)aktrise. * [[3 April]] – [[Hayley Kiyoko]], Amerikaanse aktrise en sangeres. * [[4 April]] – [[Jamie Lynn Spears]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[17 April]] – [[Tessa James]], [[Australië|Australiese]] aktrise. * [[20 April]] – [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]], Nederlandse skrywer en wenner van die Bookerprys in 2020. * [[28 April]] – [[Liesl Laurie]], [[Mejuffrou Suid-Afrika|Mej Suid-Afrika in 2015]]. * [[9 Mei]] – [[Genki Haraguchi]], [[Japan]]nese [[sokker]]speler. * [[27 Mei]] – [[Beauden Barrett]], [[Nieu-Seeland]]se internasionale [[rugbyspeler]]. * [[7 Junie]] – [[Emily Ratajkowski]], Amerikaanse aktrise en fotomodel. * [[16 Junie]] – [[Siya Kolisi]], Suid-Afrikaanse internasionale [[rugbyspeler]] en 61ste [[Springbokkaptein]]. * [[17 Junie]] – [[Akker van der Merwe]], [[Springbokke|Springbokrugbyspeler]] ([[haker]]). * [[18 Junie]] – [[Willa Holland]], Amerikaanse aktrise en model. * [[27 Junie]] – [[Madylin Sweeten|Madylin Anne Sweeten]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[5 Julie]] – [[Jason Dolley]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[9 Julie]] – [[Mitchel Musso]], Amerikaanse akteur en sanger. * [[12 Julie]] – [[James Rodríguez]], [[Colombia|Colombiaanse]] professionele [[sokker]]speler en kaptein van die [[Colombiaanse nasionale sokkerspan]]. * [[16 Julie]] – [[Alexandra Shipp]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[5 Augustus]] – [[Esteban Gutiérrez]], Meksikaanse renjaer. * [[26 Augustus]] – [[Dylan O'Brien]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[28 Augustus]] – [[Kyle Massey]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[5 September]] – [[Skandar Keynes]], Britse akteur. * [[9 September]] – [[Kelsey Chow]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[27 September]] – [[Simona Halep]], Roemeense tennisster. * [[18 Oktober]] – [[Zohran Mamdani]], Amerikaanse politikus. * [[8 November]] – [[Riker Lynch]], Amerikaanse sanger-liedjieskrywer, akteur en danser * [[13 November]] – [[Matt Bennett]], Amerikaanse akteur * [[15 November]] – [[Shailene Woodley]], Amerikaanse aktrise en filmvervaardiger. * [[25 November]] – [[Rome Flynn]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[24 Desember]] – [[Louis Tomlinson]], Engelse sangerliedjieskrywer. == Sterftes == * [[3 Januarie]] – [[Anna Elizabeth Pohl]], Suid-Afrikaanse sopraan en sangdosent (* [[1914]]). * [[18 Februarie]] – [[Eugene Fodor (skrywer)|Eugene Fodor]], Amerikaanse skrywer van reisliteratuur (* [[1905]]). * [[2 Maart]] – [[Serge Gainsbourg]], Franse digter, sanger, komponis, akteur, regisseur en skilder (* [[1928]]). * [[13 Maart]] – [[Taubie Kushlick]], Suid-Afrikaanse verhoogaktrise, -regisseur en -produksieleier (* [[1910]]). * [[27 Maart]] – [[Ralph Bates]], [[Britse]] akteur (* [[1940]]). * [[29 Maart]] – [[Barrie Biermann]], Suid-Afrikaanse argitek (* [[1924]]). * [[1 Mei]] – [[Jack Cope]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[skrywer]], [[digter]] asook ’n [[redakteur]] (* [[1913]]). * [[11 Junie]] – [[Cromwell Everson]], Suid-Afrikaanse komponis en skrywer van die eerste Afrikaanse opera, Klutaimnestra (* [[1925]]) * [[22 Julie]] – [[Albert Wessels]], Suid-Afrikaanse nyweraar en die stigter van [[Toyota]] Suid-Afrika (* [[1908]]). * [[27 Augustus]] – [[David Poole]], Suid-Afrikaanse balletdanser, choreograaf en balletonderwyser (* [[1925]]). * [[3 Oktober]] – [[Jacques Loots]], Suid-Afrikaanse akteur (* [[1925]]). * [[25 Oktober]] – [[Louis le Grange]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus, kabinetsminister en [[Nasionale Party]]-lid (* [[1928]]). * [[1 November]] – [[Mary Ainslee]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* [[1919]]). * [[5 November]] – Jukskei legende en senator [[Marthinus Philippus Prinsloo]] (* [[1905]]) * [[24 November]] – [[Freddie Mercury]], Britse musikant en die hoofsanger van die rockgroep [[Queen]] (* [[1946]]) * [[26 November]] – [[Karl Kielblock]], [[Afrikaanse skrywer]] (* [[1907]]). * [[15 Desember]] – [[Wasili Zaitsef]], bekende Sowjet-sluipskutter (* [[1915]]). * [[28 Desember]] – [[Cassandra Harris]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* [[1948]]). * ''Dag onbekend'' – [[Stella Blakemore]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer van Afrikaanse jeugboeke (* [[1906]]). [[Kategorie:1991| ]] [[Kategorie:20ste eeu]] qy3ni3ez8spzz4gqua2270zi6p8a7s9 0 514 2913738 2907942 2026-06-25T13:00:14Z SpesBona 2720 /* Gebeure */ Kroasië en Slowenië verbeter 2913738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JunieKalender}} '''25 Junie''' is die 176ste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] (177ste in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). Daar volg nog 189 dae in die res van die jaar. == Gebeure == * [[253]] – [[Pous Lucius I]] volg [[Pous Cornelius]] op. * [[1080]] – Die sinode van Brixen kies [[Wibert van Ravenna]] as [[Teenpous Clemens III|Pous Clemens III]]. * [[1439]] – Die konsilie van Basel veroordeel [[Pous Eugenius IV]] as ketter. * [[1447]] – Casimir IV, groothertog van Litoue, word koning van [[Pole]]. * [[1530]] – Die Ausburg belydenis word op die ryksdag in Ausburg aan keiser Karel V gegee. * [[1706]] – [[Lorenzo Corsini]] (later [[Pous Clemens XII]]) word kardinaal-priester van S. Susanna. * [[1788]] – [[Virginië]] word die 10de [[Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika|deelstaat]] van die [[Verenigde State]]. * [[1827]] – [[Pous Leo XII]] stel Ignazio Nasalli, titulêr aartsbiskop van Cyrrhus en Joachim-Jean-Xavier d'Isoard, dekaan van die Heilige Roomse Rota aan as kardinale. * [[1876]] – [[Slag van Little Bighorn]]-river: [[George Armstrong Custer]] se laaste geveg. * [[1910]] – Die première van [[Igor Strawinski]] en Michel Fokine se 'The Firebird' by die [[Parys]]e Opera. * [[1943]] – Smith-Conally anti-stakingswet in die [[VSA]] Kongres aanvaar. * [[1947]] – Die [[Boeing B-50 Superfortress]] onderneem sy nooiensvlug. * [[1950]] – Die [[Korea-oorlog]] begin. * [[1975]] – [[Mosambiek]] kry sy onafhanklikheid van [[Portugal]]. * [[1983]] – [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indië]] klop [[Wes-Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Wes-Indië]] in die eindstryd met 43 lopies en wen sodoende die derde [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1983|Krieketwêreldbeker]] in [[Engeland]]. * [[1991]] – Beide [[Kroasië]] en [[Slowenië]] verklaar hulle onafhanklikheid van [[Joego-Slawië]], maar albei word op [[27 Junie]] deur Joego-Slawiese magte aangeval, waarmee die Joego-Slawiese Oorloë begin. * [[1993]] – Kim Campbell word verkies tot leier van die Progressiewe konserwatiewe party van Kanada en word die eerste vroulike Eerste minister van [[Kanada]]. * [[1996]] – Die Khobar Towers-bomaanval in [[Saoedi-Arabië]] laat 19 [[VSA]]-soldate dood. * [[1998]] – [[Microsoft Windows]]-98 word vrygestel. * [[2019]] – Die [[Nederlandse]] elektriese- voertuigmaatskappy Lightyear het 'n [[prototipe]] van sy eerste model onthul – 'n [[sonkrag]]-elektriese motor met die naam '[[Lightyear One]]' met 'n beweerde reikafstand van 725&nbsp;km. * [[2022]] – [[Gaboen]] en [[Togo]] word onderskeidelik die 55ste en 56ste lid van die [[Britse Statebond]]. == Geboortes == * [[1852]] – [[Antoni Gaudí]], argitek († [[1926]]). * [[1886]] – [[Henry H. Arnold]], Amerikaanse generaal in beide die [[Amerikaanse Leër]] en [[Amerikaanse Lugmag]] († [[1950]]). * [[1887]] – [[George Abbott]], Amerikaanse regisseur, skrywer en vervaardiger († 1995). * [[1894]] – [[Hermann Oberth]], Duitse fisikus en ingenieur († [[1989]]). * [[1900]] – [[I.D. du Plessis]], Afrikaanse skrywer en digter († [[1981]]). * 1900 – [[Georgia Hale]], Amerikaanse stilfilmaktrise († [[1985]]). * 1900 – [[Louis Mountbatten]], Britse staatsman en vlootoffisier († [[1979]]). * [[1903]] – [[George Orwell]] (nom de plume van ''Eric Arthur Blair''), skrywer en kritikus († [[1950]]). * 1903 – [[Anne Revere]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[1990]]). * [[1914]] – [[Mavis Pugh]], Britse aktrise († [[2006]]). * [[1915]] – [[Peter Lind Hayes]], Amerikaanse akteur († [[1998]]). * [[1920]] – [[Lassie Lou Ahern]], Amerikaanse aktrise († 2018). * [[1924]] – [[Sidney Lumet]], Amerikaanse regisseur, skrywer en vervaardiger († [[2011]]). * [[1925]] – [[June Lockhart]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[1926]] – [[Ingeborg Bachmann]], Oostenrykse skryfster († [[1973]]). * [[1928]] – [[Seki Matsunaga]], Japannese sokkerspeler († [[2013]]). * [[1937]] – [[Keizō Obuchi]], [[Eerste minister van Japan]] († [[2000]]). * [[1939]] – [[William Smith]], Suid-Afrikaanse wetenskap- en wiskunde-onderwyser, bekend op televisie († [[2024]]). * [[1940]] – [[Mary Beth Peil]], Amerikaanse aktrise en sangeres. * [[1942]] – [[Patricia Brake]], Engelse aktrise († [[2022]]). * [[1945]] – [[Carly Simon]], Amerikaanse sangeres en liedjieskrywer. * [[1949]] – [[Brigitte Bierlein]], 'n [[Oostenryk]]se juris en politikus († [[2024]]). * [[1956]] – [[Anthony Bourdain]], Amerikaanse akteur en komediant († [[2018]]). * 1961 – [[Ricky Gervais]], Engelse komediant, akteur, regisseur, sanger. * [[1963]] – [[George Michael]], Britse popster en vervaardiger († [[2016]]). * 1963 – [[Yann Martel]], Spaanse-Kanadese skrywer. * [[1963]] – [[John Benjamin Hickey]], Amerikaanse akteur. * [[1964]] – [[Danie Botha (musikant)|Danie Botha]], Afrikaanse [[sanger]] wat veral geestelike liedere sing. * [[1975]] – Wladimir Kramnik, Russiese skaakkampioen. * [[1979]] – [[Busy Philipps]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[1996]] – [[Pietro Fittipaldi]], Brasiliaans-Amerikaanse renjaer. * [[1997]] – [[Curwin Bosch]], heelagter van die [[Springbokke]] en [[Sharks]] in [[Superrugby]]. * [[2006]] – [[Mckenna Grace]], Amerikaanse aktrise. == Sterftes == * [[1533]] – [[Maria Tudor, koningin van Frankryk|Maria Tudor]], koningin van Frankryk (* [[1496]]). * [[1696]] – [[Clamor Heinrich Abel]], 'n Duitse komponis (* [[1634]]). * [[1799]] – [[Asada Goryu]], [[Japan|Japannese]] sterrekundige (* [[1734]]). * [[1822]] – [[E.T.A. Hoffmann]], Duitse komponis (* [[1776]]). * [[1861]] – [[Abdülmecid I]], Ottomaanse sultan (* [[1823]]). * [[1863]] – [[Johann Karl Ehrenfried Kegel]], Duitse landbouwetenskaplike en ontdekkingsreisiger (* [[1784]]). * [[1892]] – [[Iwan Tsjerski]], Pools-Russiese geoloog en geograaf (* [[1845]]). * [[1964]] – [[Gerrit Rietveld]], Nederlandse meubelontwerper en argitek (* [[1888]]). * [[1984]] – [[Michel Foucault]], [[Franse]] [[filosoof]] (* [[1926]]). * [[1997]] – [[Jacques Cousteau]], Franse oseanograaf (* [[1910]]). * [[1999]] – [[William Sage Rapson]], Nieu-Seelandse en Suid-Afrikaanse-chemikus (* [[1912]]). * [[2009]] – [[Farrah Fawcett]], Amerikaanse aktrise (* [[1947]]). * 2009 – [[Michael Jackson]], Amerikaanse [[sanger]] (* [[1958]]). * [[2012]] – [[Hennie Smit (politikus)|Hennie Smit]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus (* [[1928]]). * [[2015]] – [[Patrick Macnee]], Brits-Amerikaanse [[akteur]] (* [[1922]]). * [[2016]] – [[Wille Martin]], Afrikaanse skryfster (* [[1934]]). * 2016 – [[Adam Small]], Afrikaanse digter en dramaturg (* [[1936]]). * [[2018]] – [[David Goldblatt]], 'n Suid-Afrikaanse fotograaf (* [[1930]]). * [[2021]] – [[Petra Müller]], 'n Afrikaanse digter en skrywer (* [[1935]]). == Vakansies, vierings, en waarnemingsdae == * == Gepubliseer == ===Teologie=== * [[1766]] – ''Quam graviter'', Aan Franse biskoppe om te kla oor 'n Franse regeringsbesluit - deur [[Pous Clemens XIII]]. * [[1768]] – ''Accedamus cum fiducia'', Proklamasie van 'n universele jubileum vir alle Christene - deur Pous Clemens XIII. * [[1834]] – ''Singulari Nos'', Oor die foute van Lammenais - deur [[Pous Gregorius XVI]]. {{commonskat|25 June|25 Junie}} [[Kategorie:Junie]] mitzasxjquecfv4ws9xnubqt7qzduwg 0 524 2913785 2907965 2026-06-25T18:40:52Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Geboortes */ Verbeter 2913785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=King Prajadhipok Coronation Regalia 1926.png|teks=Koning Prajadhipok (Rama VII) by sy kroning }} Die '''jaar 1926''' was 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Vrydag]] begin het. Dit was die 26ste jaar van die [[20ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae gehad. == Gebeure == * [[25 Februarie]] – In [[Siam]] word koning [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) gekroon. * [[25 Maart]] – Die Minister van Onderwys en Binnelandse Sake, [[Daniël François Malan|D.F. Malan]], gee toestemming dat prof. [[Johannes J. Smith|J.J. Smith]] die opstel van 'n [[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal|Afrikaanse Woordeboek]] begin. * [[2 Mei]] – 'n [[Burgeroorlog]] breek uit in Nicaragua. * [[28 Mei]] – 'n Staatsgreep in Portugal word uitgevoer deur generaal Manuel Gomes da Costa. * [[31 Mei]] – [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indië]], [[Nieu-Seelandse nasionale krieketspan|Nieu-Seeland]] en [[Wes-Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Wes-Indië]] word volle lede van die [[Internasionale Krieketraad|Imperiale Krieketkonferensie]] (nou die Internasionale Krieketraad, IKR). * [[18 November]] – [[Pous Pius XI]] noem die Meksikaanse regering "barbaars" in sy ensikliek "Inquis Afflictisque". * [[7 Desember]] – Die vliegtuig ''Switzerland'' styg in [[Zürich]] op op pad na [[Kaapstad]]. Dit word die eerste vlug tussen [[Switserland]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die vlieënier is Walter Mittelholzer. * [[Diamante in Namakwaland|Diamante word aan die kus van Namakwaland]] ontdek. * Generaal [[Jan Christian Smuts]] van [[Suid-Afrika]] ontwikkel ’n teorie van holisme in die boek "Holism and evolution" en word gevolglik deur baie gereken as die vader van stelselteorie. * Die [[Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck]] in [[Kaapstad]] met 46 leerders en mnr. [[J.J. Jordaan]] as eerste hoof gestig. == Geboortes == * [[13 Januarie]] – [[Carl von Hirschberg]], 'n Suid-Afrikaanse diplomaat. († [[2017]]). * [[16 Januarie]] – [[Salty du Rand]], Suid-Afrika se vyf-en-twintigste [[Springbokkaptein]] († [[1979]]). * [[10 Februarie]] – [[Nico Carstens]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[trekklavier]]speler, [[komponis]] en [[Boeremusiek|boereorkesleier]] († [[2016]]). * 10 Februarie – [[Győrgy Lehel]], [[Hongarye|Hongaarse]] [[dirigent]] († [[1989]]). * [[11 Februarie]] – [[Paul Bocuse]], [[Franse kookkuns|Franse sjef]], gastronoom en skrywer van kookboeke († [[2018]]). * [[22 Februarie]] – [[Daan Retief]], Suid-Afrikaanse akteur, radio-omroeper, rolprentregisseur. Bekend as ''Staal Burger'' in sy vervolgreekse († [[1990]]). * [[28 Februarie]] – [[Ernst Waldemar Bauer]], Duitse televisie- en radiopublisis, bioloog, skrywer, politikus († [[2015]]). * [[6 Maart]] – [[Andrzej Wajda]], [[Pole|Poolse]] teater- en filmregisseur († 2016). * 6 Maart – [[Alan Greenspan]], Amerikaanse ekonoom († [[2026]]). * [[7 Maart]] – [[Johan Degenaar]], Suid-Afrikaanse [[filosoof]] en [[teoloog]] († [[2015]]). * [[18 Maart]] – [[Peter Graves]], Amerikaanse [[akteur]] en regisseur († [[2010]]). * [[30 Maart]] – [[Ingvar Kamprad]], [[Swede|Sweedse]] sakemagnaat en stigter van [[Ikea]] († 2018). * [[2 April]] – [[Jack Brabham]], Australiese Grand Prix-renjaer († [[2014]]). * [[3 April]] – [[Gus Grissom]], Amerikaanse [[ruimtevaarder]] († [[1967]]). * [[6 April]] – [[Ian Paisley]], [[Noord-Ierland|Noord-Ierse]] unionistiese politikus en Protestantse godsdienstige leier († [[2014]]). * [[7 April]] – [[Gloria Warren]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2021]]). * [[8 April]] – [[Emma Renzi]], Suid-Afrikaanse sopraan. * [[9 April]] – Hugh Hefner, Amerikaanse pornotydskrifuitgewer († [[2017]]). * [[21 April]] – Koningin [[Elizabeth II van die Verenigde Koninkryk]] († [[2022]]). * [[22 April]] – [[Charlotte Rae]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2018]]). * [[23 April]] – [[J. P. Donleavy]], Iers-Amerikaanse skrywer en dramaturg († 2017). * [[28 April]] – [[Harper Lee]], Amerikaanse skryfster van ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' en [[Pulitzerprys]]-wenner († 2016). * [[30 April]] – [[Cloris Leachman]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2021]]). * [[5 Mei]] – [[Ann B. Davis]], Amerikaanse aktrise, ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' († [[2014]]). * [[7 Mei]] – [[Klaas Runia]], Nederlandse joernalis en teoloog († [[2006]]). * [[8 Mei]] – [[David Attenborough]], Britse [[natuurkundige]] en TV-persoonlikheid. * 8 Mei – [[C.F. Beyers-Boshoff]], [[Afrikaanse skrywer]] († [[1989]]). * [[10 Mei]] – [[Hugo Banzer]], Boliviaanse politikus, generaal en president van [[Bolivië]] († [[2002]]). * [[12 Mei]] – [[Marilyn Knowlden]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2025]]). * [[17 Mei]] – [[Prins Dmitri Romanof|Dmitri Romanowitsj Romanof]], Russiese prins, [[bank]]ier, [[filantroop]] en skrywer († 2016). * [[23 Mei]] – [[Joe Slovo]], [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]]leier en ANC-politikus († [[1995]]). * [[24 Mei]] – [[Christina Susanna van Zyl]], Suid-Afrikaanse skryfster van jeugverhale († [[2004]]). * [[1 Junie]] – [[Marilyn Monroe]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[1962]]). * [[6 Junie]] – [[Klaus Tennstedt]], Duitse [[dirigent]] († [[1998]]). * [[25 Junie]] – [[Ingeborg Bachmann]], Oostenrykse skryfster († [[1973]]). * [[26 Junie]] – [[Louis Pienaar]], Suid-Afrikaanse regter en diplomaat, die laaste blanke [[administrateur]] van [[Suidwes-Afrika]] († [[2012]]). * [[4 Julie]] – [[Amos Elon]], Israelse skrywer en joernalis († [[2009]]). * [[26 Julie]] – [[Lennox Sebe]], [[Ciskei]] president († [[1994]]). * [[31 Julie]] – [[Hilary Putnam]], Amerikaanse filosoof († [[2016]]). * [[11 Augustus]] – [[Aaron Klug]], Britse skeikundige en biochemikus († 2018). * [[13 Augustus]] – [[Fidel Castro]], Kubaanse rewolusionêr en staatsman († 2016). * [[15 Augustus]] – [[Julius Katchen]], Amerikaanse pianis († [[1969]]). * [[4 September]] – [[Ivan Illich]], Duitse [[filosoof]] en [[teoloog]] († [[2002]]). * [[11 September]] – [[Gerrit Viljoen]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus en kabinetsminister († [[2009]]). * [[17 September]] – [[Berta Smit]], Suid-Afrikaanse uitgewer en Afrikaanse skrywer († [[1997]]). * [[25 September]] – [[Stafford Beer]], Britse stelseteoretikus en konsultant († [[2002]]). * [[2 Oktober]] – [[Jan Morris]], Walliese geskiedkundige, outeur en reisskrywer († [[2020]]). * [[11 Oktober]] – [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], [[Viëtnamese]] [[Boeddhisme|Boeddhistiese]] [[monnik]], vredesaktivis, [[digter]] en [[skrywer]] († [[2022]]). * [[15 Oktober]] – [[Michel Foucault]], Franse filosoof († [[1984]]). * [[17 Oktober]] – [[Julie Adams]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[2019]]). * [[24 Oktober]] – [[Désirée Talbot]], Suid-Afrikaanse sopraan († [[2020]]). * [[15 Desember]] – [[Dolf Bekker]], [[Springbokke|Springbokrugbyspeler]] († [[2012]]). * [[28 Desember]] – [[F.F. Odendal]], Afrikaanse taalkundige en [[leksikograaf]] († [[2013]]). == Sterftes == * [[8 Maart]] – Ds. [[Daniël Jozua Pienaar]], leier in die NG Kerk en onderwysman (* [[1853]]). * [[11 Maart]] – [[Siener van Rensburg]], Suid-Afrikaanse toekomsvoorspeller (* [[1862]]). * 15/16 [[Mei]] – [[Mehmet VI]], die laaste sultan van die [[Ottomaanse Ryk]] (* [[1861]]) * [[23 Mei]] – [[Hans von Koessler]], Duitse komponis, dirigent en musiekonderwyser. (* [[1853]]). * [[8 Junie]] – [[Emily Hobhouse]], Britse menseregteaktivis (* [[1860]]). * [[20 Julie]] – [[Feliks Dzerzjinski]], Russiese rewolusionêr en amptenaar (* [[1877]]). * [[1 Augustus]] – [[John X. Merriman]], langsdienende parlementslid en onder andere ook Eerste Minister van die Kaapkolonie (* [[1841]]). * [[15 Oktober]] – [[Ferdie Aston]], [[Suid-Afrika]] se vierde [[Springbokkaptein]] (* [[1871]]). * [[31 Oktober]] – Die towenaar [[Harry Houdini]] sterf aan [[gangreen]] en buikvliesontsteking wat ontwikkel nadat sy [[blindederm]] gebars het. * [[26 November]] – [[John Browning]] (71), Amerikaanse vuurwapenontwerper (* [[1855]]). * [[5 Desember]] – [[Claude Monet]], impressionistiese kunsskilder van Giverny, [[Frankryk]] (* [[1840]]). * [[29 Desember]] – [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], Oostenrykse digter (* 1875). [[Kategorie:1926| ]] 4qrcpt7o2v1r5i9bm5h77pbnewy8q8z 0 2102 2913786 2859563 2026-06-25T18:41:21Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Geboortes */ Verbeter 2913786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MaartKalender}} '''6 Maart''' is die 65ste dag van die jaar in die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] (66ste in [[skrikkeljaar|skrikkeljare]]). Daar volg nog 300 dae in die res van die jaar. == Gebeure == * [[1446]] – Ou-Zürich-oorlog: Veldslag by Bad Ragaz. Die Switserse Bondgenootskap verslaan ´n Oostenrykse aanvalsmag van 5000 soldate. * [[1447]] – [[Pous Nicolaas V]] volg [[Pous Eugenius IV]] op as [[pous]] van die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]]. * [[1521]] – [[Ferdinand Magellaan]] en sy bemanning word die eerste [[Europa|Europeërs]] om [[Guam]] in die [[Mariana-eilande]] te bereik. * [[1559]] – [[Giambattista Catagna]] (later [[Pous Urbanus VII]]) word goewerneur van Perugia en [[Umbrië]]. * [[1561]] – [[Pous Pius IV]] laat kardinaal Carlo Carafa en sy broer Giovanni Carafa, hertog van Paliano, teregstel weens hulle betrokkenheid by die moord op die hertog se swanger vrou. * [[1566]] – [[Pous Pius V]] stel sy familielid Michele Bonelli aan as kardinaal. * [[1591]] – [[Pous Gregorius XIV]] stel nog vier nuwe kardinale aan waaronder Odoardo Farnese, ab van Grottaferrata. * [[1642]] – [[Pous Urbanus VIII]] publiseer sy bul "In eminenti" waarin die Jansenisme veroordeel word. * [[1645]] – [[Pous Innocentius X]] stel sewe nuwe kardinale aan, waaronder [[Benedetto Odescalchi]] (later [[Pous Innocentius XI]]). * [[1665]] – Die eerste uitgawe van die ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' verskyn. * [[1779]] – [[Pous Pius VI]] publiseer "Nuper pro" oor erflatings in Portugal. * [[1869]] – [[Dmitri Mendelejef]] stel die eerste [[periodieke tabel]] van [[chemiese element]]e aan die [[Rusland|Russiese]] [[chemie]]se vereniging voor. * [[1899]] – [[Bayer]] registreer ''[[Aspirien]]'' as 'n [[handelsmerk]]. * [[1957]] – [[Ghana]] word van die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] onafhanklik. * [[1987]] – 193 mense aanboord van die [[Britse]] [[veerboot]] ''M/S Herald of Free Enterprise'' kom om toe dit omslaan terwyl dit die hawe van [[Zeebrugge]], [[België]] verlaat onderweg na [[Dover, Engeland|Dover]], [[Engeland]] oor die [[Engelse Kanaal]]. * [[2006]] – Die Suid-Afrikaanse rolprent ''[[Tsotsi]]'' ontvang die [[Oscar]] vir die beste buitelandse rolprent op die toekenningseremonie in [[Hollywood]]. * [[2009]] – [[Knysna Nasionale Meergebied|Knysna-meer]], die [[Nasionale Wildernispark|Wildernis]], [[Tsitsikamma Nasionale Park|Tsitsikamma]] en ander parke in staatsbesit smelt saam om die nuwe [[Tuinroete Nasionale Park]] te vorm. * [[2025]] – As deel van die [[Intuitive Machines-2]] (IM-2) maansending, land die Athena-maanlander op die [[Maan]] oppervlak. == Geboortes == * [[1340]] – [[Jan van Gent]], die 1ste Hertog van Lancaster, was ’n lid van die [[Huis van Plantagenêt]] († [[1399]]) * [[1475]] – [[Michelangelo]], Italiaanse skilder, beeldhouer, argitek, digter en ingenieur († [[1564]]). * [[1619]] – [[Cyrano de Bergerac]], [[Frankryk|Franse]] [[dramaturg]] en soldaat († [[1655]]) * [[1779]] – [[Antoine-Henri Jomini]], Switserse generaal († [[1869]]). * [[1904]] – [[Heiwee]] (skuilnaam van prof H.M. van der Westhuysen), [[Afrikaanse digter]] († [[1987]]). * [[1914]] – [[Kiril Kondrašin]], Sowjet- en [[Russiese]] [[dirigent]] († [[1981]]). * [[1917]] – [[Frankie Howerd]], Engelse komediant, akteur († [[1992]]). * [[1926]] – [[Andrzej Wajda]], Poolse teater- en filmregisseur († [[2016]]). * 1926 – [[Alan Greenspan]], Amerikaanse ekonoom († [[2026]]). * [[1927]] – [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Colombia]]anse skrywer († [[2014]]). * [[1930]] – [[Lorin Maazel]], Amerikaanse [[dirigent]], [[violis]] en [[komponis]] († [[2014]]). * [[1936]] – [[Colin Meads]], [[All Blacks|Nieu-Seelandse rugbyspeler]] († [[2017]]). * [[1937]] – [[Valentina Teresjkova]], lid van die Russiese [[Staatsdoema]], ingenieur en voormalige [[ruimtevaarder]]. * [[1939]] – [[Lina Spies]], Afrikaanse literator en digter. * [[1944]] – [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], Nieu-Seelandse operasangeres. * [[1947]] – [[Cicely van Straten]], Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer. * 1947 – [[Rob Reiner]], Amerikaanse akteur en regisseur (s. [[2025]]). * [[1952]] – [[Chris Burger]], heelagter van die [[Westelike Provinsie|WP]], wat gesterf het weens 'n nekbesering opgedoen tydens 'n rugbywedstryd († [[1980]]). * [[1941]] – [[Karyn Kupcinet]], Amerikaanse aktrise († [[1963]]). * [[1968]] – [[Moira Kelly]], Amerikaanse aktrise. * [[1972]] – [[Shaquille O'Neal]], Amerikaanse afgetrede basketbalspeler, akteur. * [[1984]] – [[Leïla Bekhti]], Frans-Algeriese rolprent- en televisieaktrise. * [[1987]] – [[Bobby van Jaarsveld]], Afrikaanse sanger en akteur. * [[1992]] – [[Samuel Bankman-Fried]], Amerikaanse belegger. == Sterftes == * [[1836]] – [[James Bowie]], Amerikaanse pionier en jagter (* [[1796]]). * [[1930]] – [[Herbert John Gladstone]], Britse politikus en eerste [[Goewerneur-generaal van Suid-Afrika]] (1910–1914) (* [[1854]]). * 1930 – [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], Duitse admiraal (* [[1849]]). * [[1967]] – [[Nelson Eddy]], Amerikaanse sanger en akteur (* [[1901]]). * [[1982]] – [[Ayn Rand]], Amerikaanse skryfster en [[filosoof]] (* [[1905]]). * [[1994]] – [[Koos Prinsloo]], Afrikaanse joernalis en skrywer van postmodernistiese kortverhale (* [[1957]]). * [[2001]] – [[G.P.L. van der Linde|Dr. Gert van der Linde]], predikant van die [[Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika|Gereformeerde Kerk]] (* [[1920]]). * [[2005]] – [[Hans Bethe]], Duits-Amerikaanse kernfisikus, ontvanger van die [[Nobelprys vir Fisika]] († [[1906]]). * [[2007]] – [[Jean Baudrillard]], [[Frankryk|Franse]] sosioloog, kultuurkritikus en filosoof (* [[1929]]). * [[2016]] – [[Nancy Reagan]], Amerikaanse aktrise en [[Eerste Dame]] van die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] (* [[1921]]). * [[2025]] – [[Crystal Donna Roberts]], Suid-Afrikaanse aktrise (* 1984). == Vakansies, vierings, en waarnemingsdae == * [[Onafhanklikheidsdag]] in [[Ghana]] ([[1957]]) [[Kategorie:Maart]] m5vgazlqnew4r3gzpyd81rvm4s48284 0 4449 2913849 2854678 2026-06-25T22:23:42Z JMK 649 maanbesoeke 2913849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|regs|300px|duimnael|'n [[Ruimtewandeling]] van 'n Amerikaanse [[ruimtependeltuig]]<nowiki>reisiger</nowiki>. Foto deur [[NASA]]]] [[Lêer:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|duimnael|280px|[[Joeri Gagarin]], die eerste mens in die ruimte (1961)]] [[Lêer:RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg|duimnael|180px|[[Valentina Teresjkova]], die eerste vrou in die ruimte (1963)]] 'n '''Ruimtevaarder''' is 'n persoon wat in of na die ruimte toe reis, of wat dit as 'n beroep beoefen. In die [[Verenigde State]] word persone, wat hoër as 50 myl (80 kilometer) bo die aarde reis as ruimtevaarders geklassifiseer. Die [[FAI]] definieer [[ruimtevaart]] as 'n reis meer as 100 kilometer bo-aards, bo die sogenaamde [[Kármán-lyn]]. Ruimtevaarders van meer as 32 lande het reeds ruimtereise meegemaak. == Geskiedenis == Die eerste mens in die ruimte was [[Joeri Gagarin]] van die [[Sowjetunie]], wat op 12 April 1961 aan boord van [[Wostok-ruimteprogram|Wostok 1]] vir 108 minute rondom die aarde gewentel het. Die eerste vrou in die ruimte was [[Valentina Teresjkova]], ook van die Sowjetunie. Sy is op 16 Junie 1963 aan boord die [[Wostok 6]] die ruimte ingestuur en het vir byna drie dae om die Aarde gewentel. [[Alan Shepard]] was die eerste Amerikaner in die ruimte. == Ruimtepakke == 'n Ruimtepak funksioneer as 'n miniatuur, persoonlike [[ruimtetuig]]. Die hoofvereistes daarvan is om die ruimtevaarder noodsaaklike lewensondersteuning en mobiliteit te bied, en tweedens teen die gevaarlike omgewing van die buitenste ruimte te beskerm. Die byna-[[vakuum]] van die ruimte veroorsaak dat blootgestelde liggaamsvloeistowwe sal kook en weefsels sal uitsit. Die pak moet daarom 'n stabiele interne druk handhaaf om dit te voorkom. Tipies word die pak met suiwer [[suurstof]] gevul, teen omtrent 'n derde van aardse lugdruk. Die pak span dan nie so styf nie, wat mobiliteit bevorder. Om van 'n ruimtetuig se normale [[stikstof]]-bevattende lug na die stikstoflose atmosfeer van die pak oor te skakel, moet 'n ruimtevaarder as voorbereiding vir tyd lank suurstof inasem om dekompressie-siekte uit te skakel. Opbou van gevaarlike uitgeasemde [[koolstofdioksied]] moet aktief uit die pak se atmosfeer verwyder word. Dit word deur middel van [[litiumhidroksied]]<nowiki>houers</nowiki> in 'n draagbare lewensondersteuningstelsel-rugsak onttrek. Temperature van vaste oppervlaktes wat aan die ruimte blootgestel is, kan van so warm as 121°C in direkte sonlig tot so koud as -156°C in die skaduwee wissel. Aangesien die eksterne vakuum egter nie [[hitte]] gelei nie, is die uitdaging eerder om die menslike hitte van minstens 100 [[drywing|watt]] wat binne die pak gegenereer word weg te lei. Ruimtepakke gebruik isolasielae en 'n waterverkoelde en ventilasie-kledingstuk, effektief onderklere wat teenaan die vel gedra word, om die ruimtevaarder se liggaamstemperatuur te beheer. As waterverkoeler word 'n [[sublimasie|sublimator]] gebruik, wat gedurig waterdamp aan die vakuum afstaan. Die pak se buitenste lae is van duursame, steekbestande materiale soos Kevlar en Nomex gemaak om die draer teen hoëspoed-mikrometeoroïede en orbitale puin te beskerm. 'n Goudbedekte gesigskerm<!--visor--> word ook gebruik om die ruimtevaarder se oë teen intense sonstrale en sekere ander [[Kosmiese straling|straling]] te beskerm. Omdat beweging in 'n opgeblaasde pak moeilik is, bevat die pakke spesiale gewrigte en laers in die arms, bene en middellyf om ruimtevaarders voldoende behendigheid te gee om take uit te voer en gereedskap tydens ruimtewandelings te gebruik. 'n Pet binne die helm bevat [[mikrofoon|mikrofone]] en oorfone, wat handvrye [[radio]]<nowiki>kommunikasie</nowiki> met grondbeheer en ander bemanningslede fasiliteer. Vir ruimtewandelings wat baie ure kan duur, word 'n maksimum-absorberende kledingstuk, in wese 'n gespesialiseerde volwasse luier, gedra om vloeibare en vaste afval te versamel. ’n Drinksakkie in die pak met ’n klein buisie naby die mond voorsien ruimtevaarders van water tydens lang buite-vehikulêre aktiwiteite. Dit verseker dat die ruimtevaarder kan oorleef en effektief kan werk. ==Uitdagings van Maanbesoeke== Ruimtevaarders op die Maan begewe hulself in 'n meedoënlose omgewing, waar hulle aan dodelike ruimtestraling, skurende maanstof, uiterste temperatuurskommelinge, beperkte swaartekrag en die totale gebrek aan 'n lewensonderhoudende atmosfeer uitgelewer is. ==Ruimtestraling== Sonder 'n dik atmosfeer of 'n beskermende magnetiese veld wat hulle beskerm, word ruimtevaarders voortdurend deur gevaarlike kosmiese en sonstraling gebombardeer. Langdurige blootstelling verhoog die risiko van kanker, beskadig die sentrale senuweestelsel en verweer toerusting. Sonstorms kan skielike uitbarstings van straling veroorsaak, wat vereis dat ruimtevaarders skuiling in spesiaal afgeskermde plekke moet soek. ==Maanstof== [[Lêer:06 Apollo 16 lunar surface flown strap - lunar dust coated.jpg|duimnael|regs|Maanstof op 'n ruimtepak van die Apollo 16-sending]] Omdat die Maan oor geen wind of water beskik wat stofdeeltjies kan verweer en afstomp nie, bly die Maanoppervlak met 'n laag fyn en flymskerp puindeeltjies besaai. Dit word regoliet genoem, en dié is elektrostaties gelaai weens die konstante bombardement van sonstraling. Gevolglik klou Maanstof hardnekkig aan voertuie, delikate instrumente, ruimtepakke en die anti-glansbedekkings van helmvisiere. Dit is hoogs skawend en kan vakuumseëls van pakke en tuie ruïneer, ruimtepak-materiaal afstroop, en hou ernstige respiratoriese gevare in. Sodra die terugkerende Apollo-ruimtevaarders hul helms en handskoene in die Maanmodule verwyder het, het stof wat op hul pakke oorgebly het, die kajuitlug binnegedrywe en hul hande en gesigte bedek. Dit het aansienlike fisiese irritasie veroorsaak, en die bemannings van die Apollo-sendings het berig dat maanstof hul oë laat traan en brand het. Harrison Schmitt van Apollo 17 het 'n ernstige "hooikoors"-aanval, kompleet met 'n genies en stram keel ervaar nadat hy die drywende deeltjies ingeasem het. Die vel op hul kneukels het ook begin afslyt. Dié problematiese deeltjies is tipies minder as 100 [[mikrometer]] in deursnee. ==Ekstreme temperature== Sonder 'n atmosferiese kombers om die klimaat te stabiliseer, wissel die maanoppervlaktemperature tussen uiterstes. Gedurende die maandag styg temperature tot tussen 127 en 260°C, terwyl hulle gedurende die lang maannag tot tussen -173 en -280°C daal. Die handhawing van funksionele habitats en temperatuurbeheerde pakke is 'n kritieke ingenieursuitdaging. ==Beperkte swaartekrag== Maanswaartekrag is slegs ongeveer een-sesde (1/6 G) van die Aarde s'n. Langdurige blootstelling aan verminderde swaartekrag eis 'n tol op die menseliggaam. Dit kan 'n verlies aan beendigtheid en spieratrofie veroorsaak, en die wyse waarop vloeistowwe en bloed sirkuleer kan ontwrig word. ==Isolasie== Ruimtevaarders leef in besonder beperkende en vyandige omgewings terwyl hulle honderde duisende kilometer van die aarde kan wees. Die sielkundige stres van diep isolasie, gekombineer met ontwrigte slaap-wakker-siklusse en 'n gebrek aan intydse kommunikasie, skep beduidende geestesgesondheids- en operasionele hindernisse. == Trivia == [[Mark Shuttleworth]] is die eerste ruimtevaarder uit [[Afrika]]. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Ruimtevaarders| ]] 3lffkhhk71uw8ikmy6qxr8dr8zr7gvr 2913850 2913849 2026-06-25T22:26:06Z JMK 649 2913850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|regs|300px|duimnael|'n [[Ruimtewandeling]] van 'n Amerikaanse [[ruimtependeltuig]]<nowiki>reisiger</nowiki>. Foto deur [[NASA]]]] [[Lêer:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|duimnael|280px|[[Joeri Gagarin]], die eerste mens in die ruimte (1961)]] [[Lêer:RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg|duimnael|180px|[[Valentina Teresjkova]], die eerste vrou in die ruimte (1963)]] 'n '''Ruimtevaarder''' is 'n persoon wat in of na die ruimte toe reis, of wat dit as 'n beroep beoefen. In die [[Verenigde State]] word persone, wat hoër as 50 myl (80 kilometer) bo die aarde reis as ruimtevaarders geklassifiseer. Die [[FAI]] definieer [[ruimtevaart]] as 'n reis meer as 100 kilometer bo-aards, bo die sogenaamde [[Kármán-lyn]]. Ruimtevaarders van meer as 32 lande het reeds ruimtereise meegemaak. == Geskiedenis == Die eerste mens in die ruimte was [[Joeri Gagarin]] van die [[Sowjetunie]], wat op 12 April 1961 aan boord van [[Wostok-ruimteprogram|Wostok 1]] vir 108 minute rondom die aarde gewentel het. Die eerste vrou in die ruimte was [[Valentina Teresjkova]], ook van die Sowjetunie. Sy is op 16 Junie 1963 aan boord die [[Wostok 6]] die ruimte ingestuur en het vir byna drie dae om die Aarde gewentel. [[Alan Shepard]] was die eerste Amerikaner in die ruimte. == Ruimtepakke == 'n Ruimtepak funksioneer as 'n miniatuur, persoonlike [[ruimtetuig]]. Die hoofvereistes daarvan is om die ruimtevaarder noodsaaklike lewensondersteuning en mobiliteit te bied, en tweedens teen die gevaarlike omgewing van die buitenste ruimte te beskerm. Die byna-[[vakuum]] van die ruimte veroorsaak dat blootgestelde liggaamsvloeistowwe sal kook en weefsels sal uitsit. Die pak moet daarom 'n stabiele interne druk handhaaf om dit te voorkom. Tipies word die pak met suiwer [[suurstof]] gevul, teen omtrent 'n derde van aardse lugdruk. Die pak span dan nie so styf nie, wat mobiliteit bevorder. Om van 'n ruimtetuig se normale [[stikstof]]-bevattende lug na die stikstoflose atmosfeer van die pak oor te skakel, moet 'n ruimtevaarder as voorbereiding vir tyd lank suurstof inasem om dekompressie-siekte uit te skakel. Opbou van gevaarlike uitgeasemde [[koolstofdioksied]] moet aktief uit die pak se atmosfeer verwyder word. Dit word deur middel van [[litiumhidroksied]]<nowiki>houers</nowiki> in 'n draagbare lewensondersteuningstelsel-rugsak onttrek. Temperature van vaste oppervlaktes wat aan die ruimte blootgestel is, kan van so warm as 121°C in direkte sonlig tot so koud as -156°C in die skaduwee wissel. Aangesien die eksterne vakuum egter nie [[hitte]] gelei nie, is die uitdaging eerder om die menslike hitte van minstens 100 [[drywing|watt]] wat binne die pak gegenereer word weg te lei. Ruimtepakke gebruik isolasielae en 'n waterverkoelde en ventilasie-kledingstuk, effektief onderklere wat teenaan die vel gedra word, om die ruimtevaarder se liggaamstemperatuur te beheer. As waterverkoeler word 'n [[sublimasie|sublimator]] gebruik, wat gedurig waterdamp aan die vakuum afstaan. Die pak se buitenste lae is van duursame, steekbestande materiale soos Kevlar en Nomex gemaak om die draer teen hoëspoed-mikrometeoroïede en orbitale puin te beskerm. 'n Goudbedekte gesigskerm<!--visor--> word ook gebruik om die ruimtevaarder se oë teen intense sonstrale en sekere ander [[Kosmiese straling|straling]] te beskerm. Omdat beweging in 'n opgeblaasde pak moeilik is, bevat die pakke spesiale gewrigte en laers in die arms, bene en middellyf om ruimtevaarders voldoende behendigheid te gee om take uit te voer en gereedskap tydens ruimtewandelings te gebruik. 'n Pet binne die helm bevat [[mikrofoon|mikrofone]] en oorfone, wat handvrye [[radio]]<nowiki>kommunikasie</nowiki> met grondbeheer en ander bemanningslede fasiliteer. Vir ruimtewandelings wat baie ure kan duur, word 'n maksimum-absorberende kledingstuk, in wese 'n gespesialiseerde volwasse luier, gedra om vloeibare en vaste afval te versamel. ’n Drinksakkie in die pak met ’n klein buisie naby die mond voorsien ruimtevaarders van water tydens lang buite-vehikulêre aktiwiteite. Dit verseker dat die ruimtevaarder kan oorleef en effektief kan werk. ==Uitdagings van Maanbesoeke== Ruimtevaarders op die Maan begewe hulself in 'n meedoënlose omgewing, waar hulle aan dodelike ruimtestraling, skurende maanstof, uiterste temperatuurskommelinge, beperkte swaartekrag en die totale gebrek aan 'n lewensonderhoudende atmosfeer uitgelewer is. ===Ruimtestraling=== Sonder 'n dik atmosfeer of 'n beskermende magnetiese veld wat hulle beskerm, word ruimtevaarders voortdurend deur gevaarlike kosmiese en sonstraling gebombardeer. Langdurige blootstelling verhoog die risiko van kanker, beskadig die sentrale senuweestelsel en verweer toerusting. Sonstorms kan skielike uitbarstings van straling veroorsaak, wat vereis dat ruimtevaarders skuiling in spesiaal afgeskermde plekke moet soek. ===Maanstof=== [[Lêer:06 Apollo 16 lunar surface flown strap - lunar dust coated.jpg|duimnael|regs|Maanstof op 'n ruimtepak van die Apollo 16-sending]] Omdat die Maan oor geen wind of water beskik wat stofdeeltjies kan verweer en afstomp nie, bly die Maanoppervlak met 'n laag fyn en flymskerp puindeeltjies besaai. Dit word regoliet genoem, en dié is elektrostaties gelaai weens die konstante bombardement van sonstraling. Gevolglik klou Maanstof hardnekkig aan voertuie, delikate instrumente, ruimtepakke en die anti-glansbedekkings van helmvisiere. Dit is hoogs skawend en kan vakuumseëls van pakke en tuie ruïneer, ruimtepak-materiaal afstroop, en hou ernstige respiratoriese gevare in. Sodra die terugkerende Apollo-ruimtevaarders hul helms en handskoene in die Maanmodule verwyder het, het stof wat op hul pakke oorgebly het, die kajuitlug binnegedrywe en hul hande en gesigte bedek. Dit het aansienlike fisiese irritasie veroorsaak, en die bemannings van die Apollo-sendings het berig dat maanstof hul oë laat traan en brand het. Harrison Schmitt van Apollo 17 het 'n ernstige "hooikoors"-aanval, kompleet met 'n genies en stram keel ervaar nadat hy die drywende deeltjies ingeasem het. Die vel op hul kneukels het ook begin afslyt. Dié problematiese deeltjies is tipies minder as 100 [[mikrometer]] in deursnee. ===Ekstreme temperature=== Sonder 'n atmosferiese kombers om die klimaat te stabiliseer, wissel die maanoppervlaktemperature tussen uiterstes. Gedurende die maandag styg temperature tot tussen 127 en 260°C, terwyl hulle gedurende die lang maannag tot tussen -173 en -280°C daal. Die handhawing van funksionele habitats en temperatuurbeheerde pakke is 'n kritieke ingenieursuitdaging. ===Beperkte swaartekrag=== Maanswaartekrag is slegs ongeveer een-sesde (1/6 G) van die Aarde s'n. Langdurige blootstelling aan verminderde swaartekrag eis 'n tol op die menseliggaam. Dit kan 'n verlies aan beendigtheid en spieratrofie veroorsaak, en die wyse waarop vloeistowwe en bloed sirkuleer kan ontwrig word. ===Isolasie=== Ruimtevaarders leef in besonder beperkende en vyandige omgewings terwyl hulle honderde duisende kilometer van die aarde kan wees. Die sielkundige stres van diep isolasie, gekombineer met ontwrigte slaap-wakker-siklusse en 'n gebrek aan intydse kommunikasie, skep beduidende geestesgesondheids- en operasionele hindernisse. ==Trivia== [[Mark Shuttleworth]] is die eerste ruimtevaarder uit [[Afrika]]. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Ruimtevaarders| ]] imgvz8cldqh9k6b2zkd4ja8wr8ygdnx 2913881 2913850 2026-06-26T06:59:27Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Maanstof */ Skakels 2913881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|regs|300px|duimnael|'n [[Ruimtewandeling]] van 'n Amerikaanse [[ruimtependeltuig]]<nowiki>reisiger</nowiki>. Foto deur [[NASA]]]] [[Lêer:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|duimnael|280px|[[Joeri Gagarin]], die eerste mens in die ruimte (1961)]] [[Lêer:RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg|duimnael|180px|[[Valentina Teresjkova]], die eerste vrou in die ruimte (1963)]] 'n '''Ruimtevaarder''' is 'n persoon wat in of na die ruimte toe reis, of wat dit as 'n beroep beoefen. In die [[Verenigde State]] word persone, wat hoër as 50 myl (80 kilometer) bo die aarde reis as ruimtevaarders geklassifiseer. Die [[FAI]] definieer [[ruimtevaart]] as 'n reis meer as 100 kilometer bo-aards, bo die sogenaamde [[Kármán-lyn]]. Ruimtevaarders van meer as 32 lande het reeds ruimtereise meegemaak. == Geskiedenis == Die eerste mens in die ruimte was [[Joeri Gagarin]] van die [[Sowjetunie]], wat op 12 April 1961 aan boord van [[Wostok-ruimteprogram|Wostok 1]] vir 108 minute rondom die aarde gewentel het. Die eerste vrou in die ruimte was [[Valentina Teresjkova]], ook van die Sowjetunie. Sy is op 16 Junie 1963 aan boord die [[Wostok 6]] die ruimte ingestuur en het vir byna drie dae om die Aarde gewentel. [[Alan Shepard]] was die eerste Amerikaner in die ruimte. == Ruimtepakke == 'n Ruimtepak funksioneer as 'n miniatuur, persoonlike [[ruimtetuig]]. Die hoofvereistes daarvan is om die ruimtevaarder noodsaaklike lewensondersteuning en mobiliteit te bied, en tweedens teen die gevaarlike omgewing van die buitenste ruimte te beskerm. Die byna-[[vakuum]] van die ruimte veroorsaak dat blootgestelde liggaamsvloeistowwe sal kook en weefsels sal uitsit. Die pak moet daarom 'n stabiele interne druk handhaaf om dit te voorkom. Tipies word die pak met suiwer [[suurstof]] gevul, teen omtrent 'n derde van aardse lugdruk. Die pak span dan nie so styf nie, wat mobiliteit bevorder. Om van 'n ruimtetuig se normale [[stikstof]]-bevattende lug na die stikstoflose atmosfeer van die pak oor te skakel, moet 'n ruimtevaarder as voorbereiding vir tyd lank suurstof inasem om dekompressie-siekte uit te skakel. Opbou van gevaarlike uitgeasemde [[koolstofdioksied]] moet aktief uit die pak se atmosfeer verwyder word. Dit word deur middel van [[litiumhidroksied]]<nowiki>houers</nowiki> in 'n draagbare lewensondersteuningstelsel-rugsak onttrek. Temperature van vaste oppervlaktes wat aan die ruimte blootgestel is, kan van so warm as 121°C in direkte sonlig tot so koud as -156°C in die skaduwee wissel. Aangesien die eksterne vakuum egter nie [[hitte]] gelei nie, is die uitdaging eerder om die menslike hitte van minstens 100 [[drywing|watt]] wat binne die pak gegenereer word weg te lei. Ruimtepakke gebruik isolasielae en 'n waterverkoelde en ventilasie-kledingstuk, effektief onderklere wat teenaan die vel gedra word, om die ruimtevaarder se liggaamstemperatuur te beheer. As waterverkoeler word 'n [[sublimasie|sublimator]] gebruik, wat gedurig waterdamp aan die vakuum afstaan. Die pak se buitenste lae is van duursame, steekbestande materiale soos Kevlar en Nomex gemaak om die draer teen hoëspoed-mikrometeoroïede en orbitale puin te beskerm. 'n Goudbedekte gesigskerm<!--visor--> word ook gebruik om die ruimtevaarder se oë teen intense sonstrale en sekere ander [[Kosmiese straling|straling]] te beskerm. Omdat beweging in 'n opgeblaasde pak moeilik is, bevat die pakke spesiale gewrigte en laers in die arms, bene en middellyf om ruimtevaarders voldoende behendigheid te gee om take uit te voer en gereedskap tydens ruimtewandelings te gebruik. 'n Pet binne die helm bevat [[mikrofoon|mikrofone]] en oorfone, wat handvrye [[radio]]<nowiki>kommunikasie</nowiki> met grondbeheer en ander bemanningslede fasiliteer. Vir ruimtewandelings wat baie ure kan duur, word 'n maksimum-absorberende kledingstuk, in wese 'n gespesialiseerde volwasse luier, gedra om vloeibare en vaste afval te versamel. ’n Drinksakkie in die pak met ’n klein buisie naby die mond voorsien ruimtevaarders van water tydens lang buite-vehikulêre aktiwiteite. Dit verseker dat die ruimtevaarder kan oorleef en effektief kan werk. ==Uitdagings van Maanbesoeke== Ruimtevaarders op die Maan begewe hulself in 'n meedoënlose omgewing, waar hulle aan dodelike ruimtestraling, skurende maanstof, uiterste temperatuurskommelinge, beperkte swaartekrag en die totale gebrek aan 'n lewensonderhoudende atmosfeer uitgelewer is. ===Ruimtestraling=== Sonder 'n dik atmosfeer of 'n beskermende magnetiese veld wat hulle beskerm, word ruimtevaarders voortdurend deur gevaarlike kosmiese en sonstraling gebombardeer. Langdurige blootstelling verhoog die risiko van kanker, beskadig die sentrale senuweestelsel en verweer toerusting. Sonstorms kan skielike uitbarstings van straling veroorsaak, wat vereis dat ruimtevaarders skuiling in spesiaal afgeskermde plekke moet soek. ===Maanstof=== [[Lêer:06 [[Apollo 16]] lunar surface flown strap - lunar dust coated.jpg|duimnael|regs|Maanstof op 'n ruimtepak van die Apollo 16-sending]] Omdat die Maan oor geen wind of water beskik wat stofdeeltjies kan verweer en afstomp nie, bly die Maanoppervlak met 'n laag fyn en flymskerp puindeeltjies besaai. Dit word regoliet genoem, en dié is elektrostaties gelaai weens die konstante bombardement van sonstraling. Gevolglik klou Maanstof hardnekkig aan voertuie, delikate instrumente, ruimtepakke en die anti-glansbedekkings van helmvisiere. Dit is hoogs skawend en kan vakuumseëls van pakke en tuie ruïneer, ruimtepak-materiaal afstroop, en hou ernstige respiratoriese gevare in. Sodra die terugkerende Apollo-ruimtevaarders hul helms en handskoene in die Maanmodule verwyder het, het stof wat op hul pakke oorgebly het, die kajuitlug binnegedrywe en hul hande en gesigte bedek. Dit het aansienlike fisiese irritasie veroorsaak, en die bemannings van die Apollo-sendings het berig dat maanstof hul oë laat traan en brand het. Harrison Schmitt van [[Apollo 17]] het 'n ernstige "hooikoors"-aanval, kompleet met 'n genies en stram keel ervaar nadat hy die drywende deeltjies ingeasem het. Die vel op hul kneukels het ook begin afslyt. Dié problematiese deeltjies is tipies minder as 100 [[mikrometer]] in deursnee. ===Ekstreme temperature=== Sonder 'n atmosferiese kombers om die klimaat te stabiliseer, wissel die maanoppervlaktemperature tussen uiterstes. Gedurende die maandag styg temperature tot tussen 127 en 260°C, terwyl hulle gedurende die lang maannag tot tussen -173 en -280°C daal. Die handhawing van funksionele habitats en temperatuurbeheerde pakke is 'n kritieke ingenieursuitdaging. ===Beperkte swaartekrag=== Maanswaartekrag is slegs ongeveer een-sesde (1/6 G) van die Aarde s'n. Langdurige blootstelling aan verminderde swaartekrag eis 'n tol op die menseliggaam. Dit kan 'n verlies aan beendigtheid en spieratrofie veroorsaak, en die wyse waarop vloeistowwe en bloed sirkuleer kan ontwrig word. ===Isolasie=== Ruimtevaarders leef in besonder beperkende en vyandige omgewings terwyl hulle honderde duisende kilometer van die aarde kan wees. Die sielkundige stres van diep isolasie, gekombineer met ontwrigte slaap-wakker-siklusse en 'n gebrek aan intydse kommunikasie, skep beduidende geestesgesondheids- en operasionele hindernisse. ==Trivia== [[Mark Shuttleworth]] is die eerste ruimtevaarder uit [[Afrika]]. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Ruimtevaarders| ]] mwvwu3sl73b6lfu94ztnf3m64682v4p 2913883 2913881 2026-06-26T06:59:56Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Maanstof */ Ai! 2913883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|regs|300px|duimnael|'n [[Ruimtewandeling]] van 'n Amerikaanse [[ruimtependeltuig]]<nowiki>reisiger</nowiki>. Foto deur [[NASA]]]] [[Lêer:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|duimnael|280px|[[Joeri Gagarin]], die eerste mens in die ruimte (1961)]] [[Lêer:RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg|duimnael|180px|[[Valentina Teresjkova]], die eerste vrou in die ruimte (1963)]] 'n '''Ruimtevaarder''' is 'n persoon wat in of na die ruimte toe reis, of wat dit as 'n beroep beoefen. In die [[Verenigde State]] word persone, wat hoër as 50 myl (80 kilometer) bo die aarde reis as ruimtevaarders geklassifiseer. Die [[FAI]] definieer [[ruimtevaart]] as 'n reis meer as 100 kilometer bo-aards, bo die sogenaamde [[Kármán-lyn]]. Ruimtevaarders van meer as 32 lande het reeds ruimtereise meegemaak. == Geskiedenis == Die eerste mens in die ruimte was [[Joeri Gagarin]] van die [[Sowjetunie]], wat op 12 April 1961 aan boord van [[Wostok-ruimteprogram|Wostok 1]] vir 108 minute rondom die aarde gewentel het. Die eerste vrou in die ruimte was [[Valentina Teresjkova]], ook van die Sowjetunie. Sy is op 16 Junie 1963 aan boord die [[Wostok 6]] die ruimte ingestuur en het vir byna drie dae om die Aarde gewentel. [[Alan Shepard]] was die eerste Amerikaner in die ruimte. == Ruimtepakke == 'n Ruimtepak funksioneer as 'n miniatuur, persoonlike [[ruimtetuig]]. Die hoofvereistes daarvan is om die ruimtevaarder noodsaaklike lewensondersteuning en mobiliteit te bied, en tweedens teen die gevaarlike omgewing van die buitenste ruimte te beskerm. Die byna-[[vakuum]] van die ruimte veroorsaak dat blootgestelde liggaamsvloeistowwe sal kook en weefsels sal uitsit. Die pak moet daarom 'n stabiele interne druk handhaaf om dit te voorkom. Tipies word die pak met suiwer [[suurstof]] gevul, teen omtrent 'n derde van aardse lugdruk. Die pak span dan nie so styf nie, wat mobiliteit bevorder. Om van 'n ruimtetuig se normale [[stikstof]]-bevattende lug na die stikstoflose atmosfeer van die pak oor te skakel, moet 'n ruimtevaarder as voorbereiding vir tyd lank suurstof inasem om dekompressie-siekte uit te skakel. Opbou van gevaarlike uitgeasemde [[koolstofdioksied]] moet aktief uit die pak se atmosfeer verwyder word. Dit word deur middel van [[litiumhidroksied]]<nowiki>houers</nowiki> in 'n draagbare lewensondersteuningstelsel-rugsak onttrek. Temperature van vaste oppervlaktes wat aan die ruimte blootgestel is, kan van so warm as 121°C in direkte sonlig tot so koud as -156°C in die skaduwee wissel. Aangesien die eksterne vakuum egter nie [[hitte]] gelei nie, is die uitdaging eerder om die menslike hitte van minstens 100 [[drywing|watt]] wat binne die pak gegenereer word weg te lei. Ruimtepakke gebruik isolasielae en 'n waterverkoelde en ventilasie-kledingstuk, effektief onderklere wat teenaan die vel gedra word, om die ruimtevaarder se liggaamstemperatuur te beheer. As waterverkoeler word 'n [[sublimasie|sublimator]] gebruik, wat gedurig waterdamp aan die vakuum afstaan. Die pak se buitenste lae is van duursame, steekbestande materiale soos Kevlar en Nomex gemaak om die draer teen hoëspoed-mikrometeoroïede en orbitale puin te beskerm. 'n Goudbedekte gesigskerm<!--visor--> word ook gebruik om die ruimtevaarder se oë teen intense sonstrale en sekere ander [[Kosmiese straling|straling]] te beskerm. Omdat beweging in 'n opgeblaasde pak moeilik is, bevat die pakke spesiale gewrigte en laers in die arms, bene en middellyf om ruimtevaarders voldoende behendigheid te gee om take uit te voer en gereedskap tydens ruimtewandelings te gebruik. 'n Pet binne die helm bevat [[mikrofoon|mikrofone]] en oorfone, wat handvrye [[radio]]<nowiki>kommunikasie</nowiki> met grondbeheer en ander bemanningslede fasiliteer. Vir ruimtewandelings wat baie ure kan duur, word 'n maksimum-absorberende kledingstuk, in wese 'n gespesialiseerde volwasse luier, gedra om vloeibare en vaste afval te versamel. ’n Drinksakkie in die pak met ’n klein buisie naby die mond voorsien ruimtevaarders van water tydens lang buite-vehikulêre aktiwiteite. Dit verseker dat die ruimtevaarder kan oorleef en effektief kan werk. ==Uitdagings van Maanbesoeke== Ruimtevaarders op die Maan begewe hulself in 'n meedoënlose omgewing, waar hulle aan dodelike ruimtestraling, skurende maanstof, uiterste temperatuurskommelinge, beperkte swaartekrag en die totale gebrek aan 'n lewensonderhoudende atmosfeer uitgelewer is. ===Ruimtestraling=== Sonder 'n dik atmosfeer of 'n beskermende magnetiese veld wat hulle beskerm, word ruimtevaarders voortdurend deur gevaarlike kosmiese en sonstraling gebombardeer. Langdurige blootstelling verhoog die risiko van kanker, beskadig die sentrale senuweestelsel en verweer toerusting. Sonstorms kan skielike uitbarstings van straling veroorsaak, wat vereis dat ruimtevaarders skuiling in spesiaal afgeskermde plekke moet soek. ===Maanstof=== [[Lêer:06 Apollo 16 lunar surface flown strap - lunar dust coated.jpg|duimnael|regs|Maanstof op 'n ruimtepak van die [[Apollo 16]]-sending]] Omdat die Maan oor geen wind of water beskik wat stofdeeltjies kan verweer en afstomp nie, bly die Maanoppervlak met 'n laag fyn en flymskerp puindeeltjies besaai. Dit word regoliet genoem, en dié is elektrostaties gelaai weens die konstante bombardement van sonstraling. Gevolglik klou Maanstof hardnekkig aan voertuie, delikate instrumente, ruimtepakke en die anti-glansbedekkings van helmvisiere. Dit is hoogs skawend en kan vakuumseëls van pakke en tuie ruïneer, ruimtepak-materiaal afstroop, en hou ernstige respiratoriese gevare in. Sodra die terugkerende Apollo-ruimtevaarders hul helms en handskoene in die Maanmodule verwyder het, het stof wat op hul pakke oorgebly het, die kajuitlug binnegedrywe en hul hande en gesigte bedek. Dit het aansienlike fisiese irritasie veroorsaak, en die bemannings van die Apollo-sendings het berig dat maanstof hul oë laat traan en brand het. Harrison Schmitt van [[Apollo 17]] het 'n ernstige "hooikoors"-aanval, kompleet met 'n genies en stram keel ervaar nadat hy die drywende deeltjies ingeasem het. Die vel op hul kneukels het ook begin afslyt. Dié problematiese deeltjies is tipies minder as 100 [[mikrometer]] in deursnee. ===Ekstreme temperature=== Sonder 'n atmosferiese kombers om die klimaat te stabiliseer, wissel die maanoppervlaktemperature tussen uiterstes. Gedurende die maandag styg temperature tot tussen 127 en 260°C, terwyl hulle gedurende die lang maannag tot tussen -173 en -280°C daal. Die handhawing van funksionele habitats en temperatuurbeheerde pakke is 'n kritieke ingenieursuitdaging. ===Beperkte swaartekrag=== Maanswaartekrag is slegs ongeveer een-sesde (1/6 G) van die Aarde s'n. Langdurige blootstelling aan verminderde swaartekrag eis 'n tol op die menseliggaam. Dit kan 'n verlies aan beendigtheid en spieratrofie veroorsaak, en die wyse waarop vloeistowwe en bloed sirkuleer kan ontwrig word. ===Isolasie=== Ruimtevaarders leef in besonder beperkende en vyandige omgewings terwyl hulle honderde duisende kilometer van die aarde kan wees. Die sielkundige stres van diep isolasie, gekombineer met ontwrigte slaap-wakker-siklusse en 'n gebrek aan intydse kommunikasie, skep beduidende geestesgesondheids- en operasionele hindernisse. ==Trivia== [[Mark Shuttleworth]] is die eerste ruimtevaarder uit [[Afrika]]. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Ruimtevaarders| ]] ke2ahf7cmzs8r2x36knbgyf47ig1z04 4 5209 2913747 2913577 2026-06-25T13:28:54Z MediaWiki message delivery 55541 /* Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki */ nuwe afdeling 2913747 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{spring ondertoe}} [[Lêer:Vandalenjaeger 01.jpg|duimnael|260px|links|'n Versoek aan al die admins: help ons asseblief om vandalisme uit te roei!]]<!-- [[Lêer:Jessica isn't getting involved in this discussion.jpg|duimnael|links|230px|Kom praat met ons op die Geselshoekie, ons kuier lekker saam!]] [[Lêer:Perde by Glen Reenenkamp, Golden Gate NP (1).jpg|duimnael|links|320px|Dis langnaweek! Kom ry die mak perde by die asemrowende [[Golden Gate-Hoogland- Nasionale Park]]! [[Lêer:Ceratotherium simum Kruger Park 02.JPG|duimnael|260px|links|"Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Witrenoster in 2003.]] [[Lêer:Rooibokram KNP suide.JPG|duimnael|220px|links|Aliwal2012 sê: "Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Rooibokram in 2011 in die suide.]] [[Lêer:Rosy-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis) composite.jpg|duimnael|links|350px|Maak vrede in [[Israel-Hamas-oorlog|Gasa]] en [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022|Oekraïne]], nie oorlog nie!]] --> <div style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; clear:right; float:right; font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; padding:1em; width:20em;"> <big>'''Sien ook:'''</big> * [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge]] wat veral op nuwelinge gemik is. * [[Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal]] vir nuttige skakels vir alle gebruikers. * [[Wikipediabespreking:Geselshoekie]] vir bespreking oor die toekoms van hierdie bladsy. * [[/Taalforum/]] vir besprekings oor taalprobleme. Die juiste terme, spellings ensomeer. <center>'''Verdere hulp:'''<br /></center> Vir volledige hulp, riglyne en beleid (algemeen en spesifiek), raadpleeg gerus die * [[:en:Wikipedia:Community Portal|Engelse ''Community Portal'']], * [[:nl:Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal|Nederlandse Gebruikersportaal]] en * [[:m:|Meta Wikipedia]]. </div> {{Argiefboks|14 | argief1 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2006|2004+05+06]] | argief2 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2007|2007+08+09]] | argief3 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2010+2011|2010+11]] | argief4 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2012|2012]] | argief5 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2013|2013+14+15]] | argief6 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2016|2016]] | argief7 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2017|2017]] | argief8 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2018|2018]] | argief9 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2019|2019]] | argief10 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2020|2020]] | argief11 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2021+2022+2023|2021+22+23]] | argief12 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2024|2024]] | argief13 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2025|2025]] | argief14 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2026|2026]] }} '''Welkom''' by die Afrikaanse Wikipedia se algemene geselshoekie. Enigiemand is welkom om deel te neem aan die besprekings hier: '''onderteken asseblief u besprekings''' deur <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> te tik, of die "Handtekening met datum"-ikoon ([[Lêer:button sig.png|Handtekening met datum|link=]]) te kies op die redigeringskieslys. Ou besprekings word na die '''argief''' geskuif (sien die navigasiekas regs). As u 'n gesprek wil voortsit wat reeds in die argief is, word aanbeveel dat u die betrokke dele uitknip en hier plak. Hierdie blad is vir algemene besprekings, besprekings omtrent 'n spesifieke artikel kan op daardie artikel se besprekingsblad begin word; sodoende kan dit ook deur toekomstige bydraers en redigeerders gelees word. Vir die jongste nuus van WikimediaZA, besoek gerus ons [https://www.facebook.com/groups/231160206984566 Facebook bladsy], word lid van die [http://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikipedia-af Afrikaanse poslys] of besoek ons [http://wikimedia.org.za/wiki/Tuisblad_in_Afrikaans Tuisblad in Afrikaans] <div class="plainlinks"><center>'''>>> [//af.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie&action=edit&section=new Voeg 'n nuwe onderwerp by] <<<'''</center></div> == Uitslag van die 2026-skryfwedstryd == Navraag geskuif na [[Wikipediabespreking:Skryfwedstryd 2026]] == Bloedrivier == Gemeenskap, kan iemand wat slimmer as ek is asb weer na die koördinate kyk. Sien [[https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Bloedrivier#Liggings Liggings]]. Iets wat soos hierdie lyk is verwarrend: -28.436033,31.267480 Ons kinders word van grade, minute en sekondes geleer, nie hierdie desimale (vermoed ek) gedoente nie. Groete. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 20:01, 17 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Gedoen, en stem saam dat die desimale 'n verwarrende kortpad is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:18, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :: Dankie! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:20, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::: Baie van ons KZN-gehuggie-artikels blyk terloops net benaderde koördinate te hê, en dié moet nog nagegaan word. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:24, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Genealogiese inligting == Toe ek [[Slag van Bloedrivier|hierdie artikel]] besoek het, sien ek 'n paar vreemde kodes na verskeie mense se name. 'n Tipiese kode is "(b3c1d5e11)". Dit het my 'n rukkie geneem om af te lei dat dit genealogiese inligting is. Mag ek voorstel dat 'n sjabloon geskryf word wat aan die eerste voorkoms van sulke kodes in enige artikel geheg kan word om die kode te verduidelik. Die sjabloon self sal in 'n verwysing of 'n nota uitgebrei word. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 21:48, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Ek sien nie die nodigheid van die genealogiese inligting in die artikel nie, aangesien geen famileverband tussen die mense genoem word nie. Ek dink 'n mens moet dit uithaal. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 09:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit is 'n deksels goeie vraag, ek kan verstaan hoekom hierdie kodes ingesluit is, omdat daar so baie familiename is wat presies oorvleuel, omdat almal presies dieselfde doopname het. Dit skep dus inderdaad verwarring. '''Ek voel egter 'n geboortedatum kan dalk help as jy dit in die voetnotas sou insluit.''' Dan weet jy presies met wie jy te doen het. ::Die kodes self skep wel dikwels verwarring. My moeder en suster sal sukkel om te verstaan hoe b3c1d5e11 presies werk, naamlik: :::b3 = 2de geslag, 3de kind :::c1 = 3de geslag (uit b3 gebore), 1ste kind (van b3) :::d5 = 4de geslag (uit c1 gebore), 5de kind (van c1) :::e11 = 5de geslag (uit d5 gebore), 11de kind (van d5) ::ens. ::In die meeste gevalle is dit patriliniêre inligting - stamvader se seun, se seun, se seun, se seun.... Maklik genoeg, dis 'n loodreguit lyn. Maar, soos ek in die familieboek oor die Malans gesien het, word die dogters dikwels uitgelaat. Dit is verkeerd, want my skrywersvriend van Bellville is nie die eerste kind nie, al word hy so aangedui; hy het 'n ouer suster. ::Daar is hoeveel ander voorsate wat buite rekening gelaat word, soos die ma se pa se ma se pa se pa se ma se... tot jy later 'n stamvader of -moeder kry. Jy gaan boonop later [[kwartierverlies]] kry. ::Aangesien ek gelukkig Rotterdamse grootouers het wat in 1951 geïmmigreer en in die 1960's genaturaliseer het, kan ek net sê ek is b2c2 (my pa is die tweede kind, ek is weer sy tweede kind). Dis maklik genoeg. Van moederskant... dis 'n diep put. ::Maar weer - die leser moet presies weet '''wie hy as stamouer as verwysing''' gebruik, omdat die stamvaders dieselfde vanne kan hê, maar totale ander mense is. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 10:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Uyse van die groot Uys-familie alleen, gaan (baie) moeilik te onderskei wees sonder daardie notas. Ek voel jy kry iets daaruit, en verloor niks, deur dit by te voeg. Die voorgestelde hulp-sjabloon sal baie nuttig wees. Daar is mense wat twyfel dat hierdie dinge enigsins gebeur het — sien dit as een of ander propaganda — en die notas koppel dit eenduidig aan spesifieke persone. Die voortrekkers het ook nie altyd hul name dieselde gespel nie, Oosthuijse op een lys, sal Oosthuize word op 'n ander, maar met die kodes kan jy uitwerk wie is wie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 10:44, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::Het nou met tooltips die genealogiese kodes (by die betrokke artikel) in "g"-notas saamgevat. Dis net om aan te dui hoe die sjabloon kan werk as iemand dit wil skryf. Weet nie of "g" die beste afkorting daarvoor is, en of dit wel as "kodes" bekend staan nie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 14:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::Twee van die deelnemers by die [[Slag van Bloedrivier]] was :::::*Jacobs, Pieter Daniel (a15b5c3d8e1) :::::*De Lange, Johan Hendrik (Hans Dons) (b10c2) :::::Waarom begin die stamkode van Jacobs met 'n "a" maar dié van De Lange met 'n "b"? [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:07, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek raai daar moes 15 Jacobs-kinders by dieselde ouerpaar gewees het. En slegs een De Lange het die land binnegekom, sodat "a1" oorbodig is. Dit vertel ook vir ons dat die De Langes redelik onlangse immigrante was, in teenstelling met die Jacobse. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:21, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ek het self die antwoord [[Genealogie#De Villiers/Pama nommeringstelsel|hier]] gevind. Die letter "a" dui aan die stamvader wie na Suid Afrika geëmigreer het. Indien twee broers saam geëmigreer het, gebruik ons die kodes "a1" en "a2". [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::In die geval van Jacobs blyk a15 te verwys na Pierre Jacob (soms aangeteken as Pierre Jacobs), 'n Franse hugenoot wat in 1688 aanboord De Schelde arriveer, en hom dan in die Groot Drakenstein area vestig met sy gade Suzanne de Vos, en hul kinders. Ek raai dan daar was 14 ander Jacobse, hetsy broers aldan nie, wat ook in JA Heese (en later Pama) se register as immigrante aangeteken is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:33, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Ons dorpsbiblioteek is ongelukkig oor naweke toe, maar gelukkig het ek voorheen fotostate gemaak oor my eie familie-aangeleenthede. Jy kry, soos met die familienaam "LOUW", die volgende (''Suid-Afrikaanse geslagsregisters'', Deel 5 (L-M), p. 245): {{cquote|Twee Louws het uit Nederland na Suid-Afrika verhuis: a1 : Jan (1628-1691) wat in 1658 na die Kaap kom a2 : Dirk (1824-1886) wat in 1860 met sy vrou en 5 kinders in Durban land om hulle in Natal te vestig. }} Met ander woorde, die hele indeling is eintlik baie arbitrêr. Vind mens môre in 'n kalkgrot bewyse van 'n derde of vierde Louw-stamvader uit die 1700's, moet alles oorgedoen word. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 15:37, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Toe die stelsel aanvanklik deur Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers (1850-1887) ontwikkel is, was dit waarskynlik nuttig, maar het nou sy nut oorleef. Waar sulke kodes wel bestaan, sal dit waarskynlik beter wees om dit met die persoon se geboortedatum (of doopdatum) te vervang. Verder is die genealogieë van baie vroeë Suid-Afrikaanse setlaarfamilies sedert de Villier se tyd opgeskryf. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Ek waardeer die Nederlandse ''kwartierstaat'', al is dit feitlik onmoontlik om niggies en nefies daarop aan te dui. Hier werk die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" beter. Die grootste probleem is - in Europa en ook in die Afrikakulture kan die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" onmoontlik nie werk nie, want - wie gebruik jy as verwysingspunt? 'n Grotbewoner, of selfs 'n rietrot (Boreoeutheria - die gemene deler tussen mens en hond) of die eerste alge uit die oertyd (uit 'n evolusionêre oogpunt)? In Europa werk julle dus volgens 'n probandus-stelsel, naamlik: die wêreld begin by my, en werk homself agteruit. Dus, geen stelsel is perfek nie. ::Maar tussen ons, as [[Julius Caesar]] sy voorsate tot by Venus en Mars kon terugvoer, laat niemand in jou pad staan nie. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 16:05, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is ontwerp om met bekende stamvaders te werk, nie met onbekende stamvaders nie. As sodanig is dit veral nuttig wanneer die afstammelinge van immigrante opgespoor word, wat de Villiers gedoen het.[[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 20:31, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == [[Gebruiker:Jcb]] word weer 'n admin == Waarom is hierdie bladsy [[Sciëntologie]] beskerm? Ek wil graag hierdie skakel deduplikeer: ''"<nowiki><ref>Willms (2005), bl. 79</ref></nowiki>"'', maar ek kan dit nie nou doen nie. Dit gebeur gereeld. Sal dit 'n idee wees om my 'n administrateur vir hierdie soort onderhoud te maak? Ek was voorheen 'n administrateur op hierdie Wiki (lank gelede). [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 15:36, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. Jy verdien dit! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 16:03, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 17:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::[[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]], as 'n kandidaat kan ek jou seker twee vrae vra. Hoekom wil jy 'n administrateur op 'n anderstalige Wikipedia word? En hoekom het jy die eerste keer verdwyn? [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 18:02, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::In die vroeë jare het ons baie met robotte gedoen. [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=709&diff=prev&oldid=53924 Byvoorbeeld interwiki]. Robotte het soms foute gemaak. In 2005 het ek 'n administrateur geword sodat ek die foute van my eie robot kon opruim. In 2013 is dit herroep weens onaktiwiteit. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 18:24, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 19:20, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}}, maar hy gaan nie baie besig wees nie omrede al die foute wat die hulpmiddel uitgewys het nou reggemaak is. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] vir al jou hardewerk hier. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:59, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} – {{Ping|Jcb}} baie geluk, jy is nou 'n administrateur op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia! Sterkte daarmee! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 10:00, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Baie dankie almal! [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 14:14, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Die [[Nederlandse Wikipedia]] is hierdie week 25 jaar oud! == [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Feestjaar_2026/Gefeliciteerd_Wikipedia! Wens hulle hier geluk!] --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:50, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Vernoem, hernoem & genoem? == Die taalkundiges, is die volgende sin reg: ''Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse botanikus Abraham Erasmus van Wyk vernoem.'' Ek verwys na [[Indigofera vanwykii]]. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:49, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) : Hi, Oesjaar. Hier is die verskil tussen vernoem, hernoem en genoem: :* '''Vernoem''' beteken om iemand se naam aan iemand of iets anders te gee, gewoonlik ter ere van iemand, byvoorbeeld: Die straat is na President Kruger vernoem. :*'''Hernoem''' beteken om die naam van iets te verander na iets anders, byvoorbeeld: Die lughawe is hernoem na 'n nuwe naam. :*'''Genoem''' beteken om na iemand of iets te verwys, byvoorbeeld: Ek het hom op sy naam genoem. : Ek hoop hierdie help sommer almal. Vernoem is korrek. Die Engelse ekwivalente van hierdie woorde is as volg: genoem = "mentioned", vernoem = "named after" en hernoem is "renamed". : Laat dit goed gaan, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 20:26, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Genoem en vernoem is albei reg, want hulle is sinonieme. Uit die HAT: Ek is na my ouma genoem/vernoem. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:54, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit laat my hare reis/rys/ruis as iemand my "genoem" na "vernoem" verander. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:57, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:28, 25 Junie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> gk4fronsk6fs92tf390tei3dirnimbk 2913808 2913747 2026-06-25T19:38:43Z JMK 649 /* Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki */ vertaal 2913808 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{spring ondertoe}} [[Lêer:Vandalenjaeger 01.jpg|duimnael|260px|links|'n Versoek aan al die admins: help ons asseblief om vandalisme uit te roei!]]<!-- [[Lêer:Jessica isn't getting involved in this discussion.jpg|duimnael|links|230px|Kom praat met ons op die Geselshoekie, ons kuier lekker saam!]] [[Lêer:Perde by Glen Reenenkamp, Golden Gate NP (1).jpg|duimnael|links|320px|Dis langnaweek! Kom ry die mak perde by die asemrowende [[Golden Gate-Hoogland- Nasionale Park]]! [[Lêer:Ceratotherium simum Kruger Park 02.JPG|duimnael|260px|links|"Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Witrenoster in 2003.]] [[Lêer:Rooibokram KNP suide.JPG|duimnael|220px|links|Aliwal2012 sê: "Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Rooibokram in 2011 in die suide.]] [[Lêer:Rosy-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis) composite.jpg|duimnael|links|350px|Maak vrede in [[Israel-Hamas-oorlog|Gasa]] en [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022|Oekraïne]], nie oorlog nie!]] --> <div style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; clear:right; float:right; font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; padding:1em; width:20em;"> <big>'''Sien ook:'''</big> * [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge]] wat veral op nuwelinge gemik is. * [[Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal]] vir nuttige skakels vir alle gebruikers. * [[Wikipediabespreking:Geselshoekie]] vir bespreking oor die toekoms van hierdie bladsy. * [[/Taalforum/]] vir besprekings oor taalprobleme. Die juiste terme, spellings ensomeer. <center>'''Verdere hulp:'''<br /></center> Vir volledige hulp, riglyne en beleid (algemeen en spesifiek), raadpleeg gerus die * [[:en:Wikipedia:Community Portal|Engelse ''Community Portal'']], * [[:nl:Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal|Nederlandse Gebruikersportaal]] en * [[:m:|Meta Wikipedia]]. </div> {{Argiefboks|14 | argief1 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2006|2004+05+06]] | argief2 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2007|2007+08+09]] | argief3 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2010+2011|2010+11]] | argief4 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2012|2012]] | argief5 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2013|2013+14+15]] | argief6 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2016|2016]] | argief7 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2017|2017]] | argief8 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2018|2018]] | argief9 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2019|2019]] | argief10 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2020|2020]] | argief11 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2021+2022+2023|2021+22+23]] | argief12 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2024|2024]] | argief13 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2025|2025]] | argief14 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2026|2026]] }} '''Welkom''' by die Afrikaanse Wikipedia se algemene geselshoekie. Enigiemand is welkom om deel te neem aan die besprekings hier: '''onderteken asseblief u besprekings''' deur <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> te tik, of die "Handtekening met datum"-ikoon ([[Lêer:button sig.png|Handtekening met datum|link=]]) te kies op die redigeringskieslys. Ou besprekings word na die '''argief''' geskuif (sien die navigasiekas regs). As u 'n gesprek wil voortsit wat reeds in die argief is, word aanbeveel dat u die betrokke dele uitknip en hier plak. Hierdie blad is vir algemene besprekings, besprekings omtrent 'n spesifieke artikel kan op daardie artikel se besprekingsblad begin word; sodoende kan dit ook deur toekomstige bydraers en redigeerders gelees word. Vir die jongste nuus van WikimediaZA, besoek gerus ons [https://www.facebook.com/groups/231160206984566 Facebook bladsy], word lid van die [http://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikipedia-af Afrikaanse poslys] of besoek ons [http://wikimedia.org.za/wiki/Tuisblad_in_Afrikaans Tuisblad in Afrikaans] <div class="plainlinks"><center>'''>>> [//af.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie&action=edit&section=new Voeg 'n nuwe onderwerp by] <<<'''</center></div> == Uitslag van die 2026-skryfwedstryd == Navraag geskuif na [[Wikipediabespreking:Skryfwedstryd 2026]] == Bloedrivier == Gemeenskap, kan iemand wat slimmer as ek is asb weer na die koördinate kyk. Sien [[https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Bloedrivier#Liggings Liggings]]. Iets wat soos hierdie lyk is verwarrend: -28.436033,31.267480 Ons kinders word van grade, minute en sekondes geleer, nie hierdie desimale (vermoed ek) gedoente nie. Groete. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 20:01, 17 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Gedoen, en stem saam dat die desimale 'n verwarrende kortpad is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:18, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :: Dankie! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:20, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::: Baie van ons KZN-gehuggie-artikels blyk terloops net benaderde koördinate te hê, en dié moet nog nagegaan word. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:24, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Genealogiese inligting == Toe ek [[Slag van Bloedrivier|hierdie artikel]] besoek het, sien ek 'n paar vreemde kodes na verskeie mense se name. 'n Tipiese kode is "(b3c1d5e11)". Dit het my 'n rukkie geneem om af te lei dat dit genealogiese inligting is. Mag ek voorstel dat 'n sjabloon geskryf word wat aan die eerste voorkoms van sulke kodes in enige artikel geheg kan word om die kode te verduidelik. Die sjabloon self sal in 'n verwysing of 'n nota uitgebrei word. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 21:48, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Ek sien nie die nodigheid van die genealogiese inligting in die artikel nie, aangesien geen famileverband tussen die mense genoem word nie. Ek dink 'n mens moet dit uithaal. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 09:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit is 'n deksels goeie vraag, ek kan verstaan hoekom hierdie kodes ingesluit is, omdat daar so baie familiename is wat presies oorvleuel, omdat almal presies dieselfde doopname het. Dit skep dus inderdaad verwarring. '''Ek voel egter 'n geboortedatum kan dalk help as jy dit in die voetnotas sou insluit.''' Dan weet jy presies met wie jy te doen het. ::Die kodes self skep wel dikwels verwarring. My moeder en suster sal sukkel om te verstaan hoe b3c1d5e11 presies werk, naamlik: :::b3 = 2de geslag, 3de kind :::c1 = 3de geslag (uit b3 gebore), 1ste kind (van b3) :::d5 = 4de geslag (uit c1 gebore), 5de kind (van c1) :::e11 = 5de geslag (uit d5 gebore), 11de kind (van d5) ::ens. ::In die meeste gevalle is dit patriliniêre inligting - stamvader se seun, se seun, se seun, se seun.... Maklik genoeg, dis 'n loodreguit lyn. Maar, soos ek in die familieboek oor die Malans gesien het, word die dogters dikwels uitgelaat. Dit is verkeerd, want my skrywersvriend van Bellville is nie die eerste kind nie, al word hy so aangedui; hy het 'n ouer suster. ::Daar is hoeveel ander voorsate wat buite rekening gelaat word, soos die ma se pa se ma se pa se pa se ma se... tot jy later 'n stamvader of -moeder kry. Jy gaan boonop later [[kwartierverlies]] kry. ::Aangesien ek gelukkig Rotterdamse grootouers het wat in 1951 geïmmigreer en in die 1960's genaturaliseer het, kan ek net sê ek is b2c2 (my pa is die tweede kind, ek is weer sy tweede kind). Dis maklik genoeg. Van moederskant... dis 'n diep put. ::Maar weer - die leser moet presies weet '''wie hy as stamouer as verwysing''' gebruik, omdat die stamvaders dieselfde vanne kan hê, maar totale ander mense is. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 10:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Uyse van die groot Uys-familie alleen, gaan (baie) moeilik te onderskei wees sonder daardie notas. Ek voel jy kry iets daaruit, en verloor niks, deur dit by te voeg. Die voorgestelde hulp-sjabloon sal baie nuttig wees. Daar is mense wat twyfel dat hierdie dinge enigsins gebeur het — sien dit as een of ander propaganda — en die notas koppel dit eenduidig aan spesifieke persone. Die voortrekkers het ook nie altyd hul name dieselde gespel nie, Oosthuijse op een lys, sal Oosthuize word op 'n ander, maar met die kodes kan jy uitwerk wie is wie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 10:44, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::Het nou met tooltips die genealogiese kodes (by die betrokke artikel) in "g"-notas saamgevat. Dis net om aan te dui hoe die sjabloon kan werk as iemand dit wil skryf. Weet nie of "g" die beste afkorting daarvoor is, en of dit wel as "kodes" bekend staan nie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 14:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::Twee van die deelnemers by die [[Slag van Bloedrivier]] was :::::*Jacobs, Pieter Daniel (a15b5c3d8e1) :::::*De Lange, Johan Hendrik (Hans Dons) (b10c2) :::::Waarom begin die stamkode van Jacobs met 'n "a" maar dié van De Lange met 'n "b"? [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:07, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek raai daar moes 15 Jacobs-kinders by dieselde ouerpaar gewees het. En slegs een De Lange het die land binnegekom, sodat "a1" oorbodig is. Dit vertel ook vir ons dat die De Langes redelik onlangse immigrante was, in teenstelling met die Jacobse. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:21, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ek het self die antwoord [[Genealogie#De Villiers/Pama nommeringstelsel|hier]] gevind. Die letter "a" dui aan die stamvader wie na Suid Afrika geëmigreer het. Indien twee broers saam geëmigreer het, gebruik ons die kodes "a1" en "a2". [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::In die geval van Jacobs blyk a15 te verwys na Pierre Jacob (soms aangeteken as Pierre Jacobs), 'n Franse hugenoot wat in 1688 aanboord De Schelde arriveer, en hom dan in die Groot Drakenstein area vestig met sy gade Suzanne de Vos, en hul kinders. Ek raai dan daar was 14 ander Jacobse, hetsy broers aldan nie, wat ook in JA Heese (en later Pama) se register as immigrante aangeteken is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:33, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Ons dorpsbiblioteek is ongelukkig oor naweke toe, maar gelukkig het ek voorheen fotostate gemaak oor my eie familie-aangeleenthede. Jy kry, soos met die familienaam "LOUW", die volgende (''Suid-Afrikaanse geslagsregisters'', Deel 5 (L-M), p. 245): {{cquote|Twee Louws het uit Nederland na Suid-Afrika verhuis: a1 : Jan (1628-1691) wat in 1658 na die Kaap kom a2 : Dirk (1824-1886) wat in 1860 met sy vrou en 5 kinders in Durban land om hulle in Natal te vestig. }} Met ander woorde, die hele indeling is eintlik baie arbitrêr. Vind mens môre in 'n kalkgrot bewyse van 'n derde of vierde Louw-stamvader uit die 1700's, moet alles oorgedoen word. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 15:37, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Toe die stelsel aanvanklik deur Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers (1850-1887) ontwikkel is, was dit waarskynlik nuttig, maar het nou sy nut oorleef. Waar sulke kodes wel bestaan, sal dit waarskynlik beter wees om dit met die persoon se geboortedatum (of doopdatum) te vervang. Verder is die genealogieë van baie vroeë Suid-Afrikaanse setlaarfamilies sedert de Villier se tyd opgeskryf. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Ek waardeer die Nederlandse ''kwartierstaat'', al is dit feitlik onmoontlik om niggies en nefies daarop aan te dui. Hier werk die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" beter. Die grootste probleem is - in Europa en ook in die Afrikakulture kan die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" onmoontlik nie werk nie, want - wie gebruik jy as verwysingspunt? 'n Grotbewoner, of selfs 'n rietrot (Boreoeutheria - die gemene deler tussen mens en hond) of die eerste alge uit die oertyd (uit 'n evolusionêre oogpunt)? In Europa werk julle dus volgens 'n probandus-stelsel, naamlik: die wêreld begin by my, en werk homself agteruit. Dus, geen stelsel is perfek nie. ::Maar tussen ons, as [[Julius Caesar]] sy voorsate tot by Venus en Mars kon terugvoer, laat niemand in jou pad staan nie. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 16:05, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is ontwerp om met bekende stamvaders te werk, nie met onbekende stamvaders nie. As sodanig is dit veral nuttig wanneer die afstammelinge van immigrante opgespoor word, wat de Villiers gedoen het.[[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 20:31, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == [[Gebruiker:Jcb]] word weer 'n admin == Waarom is hierdie bladsy [[Sciëntologie]] beskerm? Ek wil graag hierdie skakel deduplikeer: ''"<nowiki><ref>Willms (2005), bl. 79</ref></nowiki>"'', maar ek kan dit nie nou doen nie. Dit gebeur gereeld. Sal dit 'n idee wees om my 'n administrateur vir hierdie soort onderhoud te maak? Ek was voorheen 'n administrateur op hierdie Wiki (lank gelede). [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 15:36, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. Jy verdien dit! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 16:03, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 17:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::[[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]], as 'n kandidaat kan ek jou seker twee vrae vra. Hoekom wil jy 'n administrateur op 'n anderstalige Wikipedia word? En hoekom het jy die eerste keer verdwyn? [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 18:02, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::In die vroeë jare het ons baie met robotte gedoen. [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=709&diff=prev&oldid=53924 Byvoorbeeld interwiki]. Robotte het soms foute gemaak. In 2005 het ek 'n administrateur geword sodat ek die foute van my eie robot kon opruim. In 2013 is dit herroep weens onaktiwiteit. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 18:24, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 19:20, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}}, maar hy gaan nie baie besig wees nie omrede al die foute wat die hulpmiddel uitgewys het nou reggemaak is. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] vir al jou hardewerk hier. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:59, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} – {{Ping|Jcb}} baie geluk, jy is nou 'n administrateur op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia! Sterkte daarmee! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 10:00, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Baie dankie almal! [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 14:14, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Die [[Nederlandse Wikipedia]] is hierdie week 25 jaar oud! == [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Feestjaar_2026/Gefeliciteerd_Wikipedia! Wens hulle hier geluk!] --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:50, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Vernoem, hernoem & genoem? == Die taalkundiges, is die volgende sin reg: ''Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse botanikus Abraham Erasmus van Wyk vernoem.'' Ek verwys na [[Indigofera vanwykii]]. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:49, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) : Hi, Oesjaar. Hier is die verskil tussen vernoem, hernoem en genoem: :* '''Vernoem''' beteken om iemand se naam aan iemand of iets anders te gee, gewoonlik ter ere van iemand, byvoorbeeld: Die straat is na President Kruger vernoem. :*'''Hernoem''' beteken om die naam van iets te verander na iets anders, byvoorbeeld: Die lughawe is hernoem na 'n nuwe naam. :*'''Genoem''' beteken om na iemand of iets te verwys, byvoorbeeld: Ek het hom op sy naam genoem. : Ek hoop hierdie help sommer almal. Vernoem is korrek. Die Engelse ekwivalente van hierdie woorde is as volg: genoem = "mentioned", vernoem = "named after" en hernoem is "renamed". : Laat dit goed gaan, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 20:26, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Genoem en vernoem is albei reg, want hulle is sinonieme. Uit die HAT: Ek is na my ouma genoem/vernoem. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:54, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit laat my hare reis/rys/ruis as iemand my "genoem" na "vernoem" verander. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:57, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Ontplooiing van Regs- en Veiligheidskontakte-skakel in die voetskrif van jou Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Regs- en Veiligheidskontakte''' Hallo gemeenskap, die Wikimedia-stigting het 'n [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|enkele regs- en veiligheidskontakbladsy]] verskaf, wat in die voetskrif van jou wiki gekoppel moet word om toegang tot akkurate regsinligting te verseker. Dit is 'n regulatoriese vereiste. Ons het reeds skakels na Engelse, Duitse, Italiaanse, Spaanse en ander wiki's uitgerol en ons sal dit binnekort op jou wiki ontplooi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Lees asseblief meer op die projekbladsy]] en los enige kommentaar onder hierdie hofie of op die [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|besprekingsbladsy]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:28, 25 Junie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> cx9zbjkq70g0tzacm6w0do4alfl30uv 2913878 2913808 2026-06-26T06:11:26Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Ontplooiing van Regs- en Veiligheidskontakte-skakel op jou Wiki */ 2913878 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{spring ondertoe}} [[Lêer:Vandalenjaeger 01.jpg|duimnael|260px|links|'n Versoek aan al die admins: help ons asseblief om vandalisme uit te roei!]]<!-- [[Lêer:Jessica isn't getting involved in this discussion.jpg|duimnael|links|230px|Kom praat met ons op die Geselshoekie, ons kuier lekker saam!]] [[Lêer:Perde by Glen Reenenkamp, Golden Gate NP (1).jpg|duimnael|links|320px|Dis langnaweek! Kom ry die mak perde by die asemrowende [[Golden Gate-Hoogland- Nasionale Park]]! [[Lêer:Ceratotherium simum Kruger Park 02.JPG|duimnael|260px|links|"Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Witrenoster in 2003.]] [[Lêer:Rooibokram KNP suide.JPG|duimnael|220px|links|Aliwal2012 sê: "Dis beter om in die [[Krugerwildtuin]] as op kantoor te wees!" 'n Rooibokram in 2011 in die suide.]] [[Lêer:Rosy-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis) composite.jpg|duimnael|links|350px|Maak vrede in [[Israel-Hamas-oorlog|Gasa]] en [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022|Oekraïne]], nie oorlog nie!]] --> <div style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; clear:right; float:right; font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; padding:1em; width:20em;"> <big>'''Sien ook:'''</big> * [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge]] wat veral op nuwelinge gemik is. * [[Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal]] vir nuttige skakels vir alle gebruikers. * [[Wikipediabespreking:Geselshoekie]] vir bespreking oor die toekoms van hierdie bladsy. * [[/Taalforum/]] vir besprekings oor taalprobleme. Die juiste terme, spellings ensomeer. <center>'''Verdere hulp:'''<br /></center> Vir volledige hulp, riglyne en beleid (algemeen en spesifiek), raadpleeg gerus die * [[:en:Wikipedia:Community Portal|Engelse ''Community Portal'']], * [[:nl:Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal|Nederlandse Gebruikersportaal]] en * [[:m:|Meta Wikipedia]]. </div> {{Argiefboks|14 | argief1 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2006|2004+05+06]] | argief2 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2007|2007+08+09]] | argief3 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2010+2011|2010+11]] | argief4 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2012|2012]] | argief5 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2013|2013+14+15]] | argief6 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2016|2016]] | argief7 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2017|2017]] | argief8 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2018|2018]] | argief9 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2019|2019]] | argief10 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2020|2020]] | argief11 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2021+2022+2023|2021+22+23]] | argief12 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2024|2024]] | argief13 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2025|2025]] | argief14 = [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie/Argief2026|2026]] }} '''Welkom''' by die Afrikaanse Wikipedia se algemene geselshoekie. Enigiemand is welkom om deel te neem aan die besprekings hier: '''onderteken asseblief u besprekings''' deur <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> te tik, of die "Handtekening met datum"-ikoon ([[Lêer:button sig.png|Handtekening met datum|link=]]) te kies op die redigeringskieslys. Ou besprekings word na die '''argief''' geskuif (sien die navigasiekas regs). As u 'n gesprek wil voortsit wat reeds in die argief is, word aanbeveel dat u die betrokke dele uitknip en hier plak. Hierdie blad is vir algemene besprekings, besprekings omtrent 'n spesifieke artikel kan op daardie artikel se besprekingsblad begin word; sodoende kan dit ook deur toekomstige bydraers en redigeerders gelees word. Vir die jongste nuus van WikimediaZA, besoek gerus ons [https://www.facebook.com/groups/231160206984566 Facebook bladsy], word lid van die [http://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikipedia-af Afrikaanse poslys] of besoek ons [http://wikimedia.org.za/wiki/Tuisblad_in_Afrikaans Tuisblad in Afrikaans] <div class="plainlinks"><center>'''>>> [//af.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie&action=edit&section=new Voeg 'n nuwe onderwerp by] <<<'''</center></div> == Uitslag van die 2026-skryfwedstryd == Navraag geskuif na [[Wikipediabespreking:Skryfwedstryd 2026]] == Bloedrivier == Gemeenskap, kan iemand wat slimmer as ek is asb weer na die koördinate kyk. Sien [[https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Bloedrivier#Liggings Liggings]]. Iets wat soos hierdie lyk is verwarrend: -28.436033,31.267480 Ons kinders word van grade, minute en sekondes geleer, nie hierdie desimale (vermoed ek) gedoente nie. Groete. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 20:01, 17 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Gedoen, en stem saam dat die desimale 'n verwarrende kortpad is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:18, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :: Dankie! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:20, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::: Baie van ons KZN-gehuggie-artikels blyk terloops net benaderde koördinate te hê, en dié moet nog nagegaan word. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:24, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Genealogiese inligting == Toe ek [[Slag van Bloedrivier|hierdie artikel]] besoek het, sien ek 'n paar vreemde kodes na verskeie mense se name. 'n Tipiese kode is "(b3c1d5e11)". Dit het my 'n rukkie geneem om af te lei dat dit genealogiese inligting is. Mag ek voorstel dat 'n sjabloon geskryf word wat aan die eerste voorkoms van sulke kodes in enige artikel geheg kan word om die kode te verduidelik. Die sjabloon self sal in 'n verwysing of 'n nota uitgebrei word. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 21:48, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Ek sien nie die nodigheid van die genealogiese inligting in die artikel nie, aangesien geen famileverband tussen die mense genoem word nie. Ek dink 'n mens moet dit uithaal. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 09:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit is 'n deksels goeie vraag, ek kan verstaan hoekom hierdie kodes ingesluit is, omdat daar so baie familiename is wat presies oorvleuel, omdat almal presies dieselfde doopname het. Dit skep dus inderdaad verwarring. '''Ek voel egter 'n geboortedatum kan dalk help as jy dit in die voetnotas sou insluit.''' Dan weet jy presies met wie jy te doen het. ::Die kodes self skep wel dikwels verwarring. My moeder en suster sal sukkel om te verstaan hoe b3c1d5e11 presies werk, naamlik: :::b3 = 2de geslag, 3de kind :::c1 = 3de geslag (uit b3 gebore), 1ste kind (van b3) :::d5 = 4de geslag (uit c1 gebore), 5de kind (van c1) :::e11 = 5de geslag (uit d5 gebore), 11de kind (van d5) ::ens. ::In die meeste gevalle is dit patriliniêre inligting - stamvader se seun, se seun, se seun, se seun.... Maklik genoeg, dis 'n loodreguit lyn. Maar, soos ek in die familieboek oor die Malans gesien het, word die dogters dikwels uitgelaat. Dit is verkeerd, want my skrywersvriend van Bellville is nie die eerste kind nie, al word hy so aangedui; hy het 'n ouer suster. ::Daar is hoeveel ander voorsate wat buite rekening gelaat word, soos die ma se pa se ma se pa se pa se ma se... tot jy later 'n stamvader of -moeder kry. Jy gaan boonop later [[kwartierverlies]] kry. ::Aangesien ek gelukkig Rotterdamse grootouers het wat in 1951 geïmmigreer en in die 1960's genaturaliseer het, kan ek net sê ek is b2c2 (my pa is die tweede kind, ek is weer sy tweede kind). Dis maklik genoeg. Van moederskant... dis 'n diep put. ::Maar weer - die leser moet presies weet '''wie hy as stamouer as verwysing''' gebruik, omdat die stamvaders dieselfde vanne kan hê, maar totale ander mense is. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 10:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Uyse van die groot Uys-familie alleen, gaan (baie) moeilik te onderskei wees sonder daardie notas. Ek voel jy kry iets daaruit, en verloor niks, deur dit by te voeg. Die voorgestelde hulp-sjabloon sal baie nuttig wees. Daar is mense wat twyfel dat hierdie dinge enigsins gebeur het — sien dit as een of ander propaganda — en die notas koppel dit eenduidig aan spesifieke persone. Die voortrekkers het ook nie altyd hul name dieselde gespel nie, Oosthuijse op een lys, sal Oosthuize word op 'n ander, maar met die kodes kan jy uitwerk wie is wie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 10:44, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::Het nou met tooltips die genealogiese kodes (by die betrokke artikel) in "g"-notas saamgevat. Dis net om aan te dui hoe die sjabloon kan werk as iemand dit wil skryf. Weet nie of "g" die beste afkorting daarvoor is, en of dit wel as "kodes" bekend staan nie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 14:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::Twee van die deelnemers by die [[Slag van Bloedrivier]] was :::::*Jacobs, Pieter Daniel (a15b5c3d8e1) :::::*De Lange, Johan Hendrik (Hans Dons) (b10c2) :::::Waarom begin die stamkode van Jacobs met 'n "a" maar dié van De Lange met 'n "b"? [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:07, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek raai daar moes 15 Jacobs-kinders by dieselde ouerpaar gewees het. En slegs een De Lange het die land binnegekom, sodat "a1" oorbodig is. Dit vertel ook vir ons dat die De Langes redelik onlangse immigrante was, in teenstelling met die Jacobse. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:21, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ek het self die antwoord [[Genealogie#De Villiers/Pama nommeringstelsel|hier]] gevind. Die letter "a" dui aan die stamvader wie na Suid Afrika geëmigreer het. Indien twee broers saam geëmigreer het, gebruik ons die kodes "a1" en "a2". [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:28, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::In die geval van Jacobs blyk a15 te verwys na Pierre Jacob (soms aangeteken as Pierre Jacobs), 'n Franse hugenoot wat in 1688 aanboord De Schelde arriveer, en hom dan in die Groot Drakenstein area vestig met sy gade Suzanne de Vos, en hul kinders. Ek raai dan daar was 14 ander Jacobse, hetsy broers aldan nie, wat ook in JA Heese (en later Pama) se register as immigrante aangeteken is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:33, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Ons dorpsbiblioteek is ongelukkig oor naweke toe, maar gelukkig het ek voorheen fotostate gemaak oor my eie familie-aangeleenthede. Jy kry, soos met die familienaam "LOUW", die volgende (''Suid-Afrikaanse geslagsregisters'', Deel 5 (L-M), p. 245): {{cquote|Twee Louws het uit Nederland na Suid-Afrika verhuis: a1 : Jan (1628-1691) wat in 1658 na die Kaap kom a2 : Dirk (1824-1886) wat in 1860 met sy vrou en 5 kinders in Durban land om hulle in Natal te vestig. }} Met ander woorde, die hele indeling is eintlik baie arbitrêr. Vind mens môre in 'n kalkgrot bewyse van 'n derde of vierde Louw-stamvader uit die 1700's, moet alles oorgedoen word. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 15:37, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Toe die stelsel aanvanklik deur Christoffel Coetzee de Villiers (1850-1887) ontwikkel is, was dit waarskynlik nuttig, maar het nou sy nut oorleef. Waar sulke kodes wel bestaan, sal dit waarskynlik beter wees om dit met die persoon se geboortedatum (of doopdatum) te vervang. Verder is die genealogieë van baie vroeë Suid-Afrikaanse setlaarfamilies sedert de Villier se tyd opgeskryf. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 15:57, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Ek waardeer die Nederlandse ''kwartierstaat'', al is dit feitlik onmoontlik om niggies en nefies daarop aan te dui. Hier werk die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" beter. Die grootste probleem is - in Europa en ook in die Afrikakulture kan die "Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel" onmoontlik nie werk nie, want - wie gebruik jy as verwysingspunt? 'n Grotbewoner, of selfs 'n rietrot (Boreoeutheria - die gemene deler tussen mens en hond) of die eerste alge uit die oertyd (uit 'n evolusionêre oogpunt)? In Europa werk julle dus volgens 'n probandus-stelsel, naamlik: die wêreld begin by my, en werk homself agteruit. Dus, geen stelsel is perfek nie. ::Maar tussen ons, as [[Julius Caesar]] sy voorsate tot by Venus en Mars kon terugvoer, laat niemand in jou pad staan nie. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 16:05, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel is ontwerp om met bekende stamvaders te werk, nie met onbekende stamvaders nie. As sodanig is dit veral nuttig wanneer die afstammelinge van immigrante opgespoor word, wat de Villiers gedoen het.[[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 20:31, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == [[Gebruiker:Jcb]] word weer 'n admin == Waarom is hierdie bladsy [[Sciëntologie]] beskerm? Ek wil graag hierdie skakel deduplikeer: ''"<nowiki><ref>Willms (2005), bl. 79</ref></nowiki>"'', maar ek kan dit nie nou doen nie. Dit gebeur gereeld. Sal dit 'n idee wees om my 'n administrateur vir hierdie soort onderhoud te maak? Ek was voorheen 'n administrateur op hierdie Wiki (lank gelede). [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 15:36, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. Jy verdien dit! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 16:03, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} jou benoeming. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 17:46, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::[[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]], as 'n kandidaat kan ek jou seker twee vrae vra. Hoekom wil jy 'n administrateur op 'n anderstalige Wikipedia word? En hoekom het jy die eerste keer verdwyn? [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 18:02, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::In die vroeë jare het ons baie met robotte gedoen. [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=709&diff=prev&oldid=53924 Byvoorbeeld interwiki]. Robotte het soms foute gemaak. In 2005 het ek 'n administrateur geword sodat ek die foute van my eie robot kon opruim. In 2013 is dit herroep weens onaktiwiteit. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 18:24, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 19:20, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}}, maar hy gaan nie baie besig wees nie omrede al die foute wat die hulpmiddel uitgewys het nou reggemaak is. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] vir al jou hardewerk hier. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:59, 19 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ondersteun}} – {{Ping|Jcb}} baie geluk, jy is nou 'n administrateur op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia! Sterkte daarmee! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 10:00, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Baie dankie almal! [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 14:14, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Die [[Nederlandse Wikipedia]] is hierdie week 25 jaar oud! == [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Feestjaar_2026/Gefeliciteerd_Wikipedia! Wens hulle hier geluk!] --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:50, 20 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Vernoem, hernoem & genoem? == Die taalkundiges, is die volgende sin reg: ''Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse botanikus Abraham Erasmus van Wyk vernoem.'' Ek verwys na [[Indigofera vanwykii]]. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:49, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) : Hi, Oesjaar. Hier is die verskil tussen vernoem, hernoem en genoem: :* '''Vernoem''' beteken om iemand se naam aan iemand of iets anders te gee, gewoonlik ter ere van iemand, byvoorbeeld: Die straat is na President Kruger vernoem. :*'''Hernoem''' beteken om die naam van iets te verander na iets anders, byvoorbeeld: Die lughawe is hernoem na 'n nuwe naam. :*'''Genoem''' beteken om na iemand of iets te verwys, byvoorbeeld: Ek het hom op sy naam genoem. : Ek hoop hierdie help sommer almal. Vernoem is korrek. Die Engelse ekwivalente van hierdie woorde is as volg: genoem = "mentioned", vernoem = "named after" en hernoem is "renamed". : Laat dit goed gaan, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 20:26, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Genoem en vernoem is albei reg, want hulle is sinonieme. Uit die HAT: Ek is na my ouma genoem/vernoem. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:54, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dit laat my hare reis/rys/ruis as iemand my "genoem" na "vernoem" verander. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:57, 24 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Ontplooiing van Regs- en Veiligheidskontakte-skakel op jou Wiki == Hallo gemeenskap, die Wikimedia-stigting het 'n [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|enkele regs- en veiligheidskontakbladsy]] ontwerp, wat in die voetskrif van jou wiki gekoppel moet word om toegang tot akkurate regsinligting te verseker. Dit is 'n regulatoriese vereiste. Ons het reeds skakels na Engelse, Duitse, Italiaanse, Spaanse en ander wiki's uitgerol en sal dit binnekort ook op jou wiki ontplooi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Lees asseblief meer op die projekbladsy]] en plaas enige kommentaar onder hierdie hofie of op die [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|besprekingsbladsy]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:28, 25 Junie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> mbrrcghm6g7h98px4ob66d82j9q16ob 0 7745 2913735 2913688 2026-06-25T12:58:34Z Oesjaar 7467 Dieselfde een bron oor en oor: webwerf. Nie 'n enkele eksterne bron nie. 2913735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{neutraal}} {{Inligtingskas Musikale kunstenaar | naam = Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes | beeld = Die Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes (235918374).jpg | beeldgrootte = | dwarsformaat = | beeldbeskrywing = | beeldonderskrif = | agtergrondkleur = groep | geboortenaam = | alias = | geboortedatum = | geboorteplek = | oorsprong = [[Johannesburg]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | genre = | beroep = | instrument = | jare_aktief = | etiket = | assosiasies = | webwerf = | huidige_lede =[[Andries Bezuidenhout]] [[Ockert Greeff]] [[Gerhard Barnard]] | gewese_lede = [[Steve Savage]] [[Andrew Evans]] [[Drikus Barnard]] [[Louis Graham]] }} Die '''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes''' is 'n [[Afrikaans]]e [[rock]]orkes wat oorspronklik van [[Johannesburg]] af kom. Die groep is op ironiese manier vernoem na die "Brixton Moord en Roof"-polisie-eenheid, wat nie meer bestaan nie, en lede van die band het al spottenderwys opgemerk dat sommige mense gedink het dat hulle die polisie se amptelike blaasorkes was. Die band het van vorm verander oor tyd, maar die meeste van die komposisies wat opgeneem is, is deur Brixton Barnard (Drikus Barnard), Moord Greeff (Ockert Greeff), Roof Bezuidenhout ([[Andries Bezuidenhout]]) en Kapenlaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) geskryf. Die band se musiek wissel van harde rock tot donker en melodieuse ballades. Tans bestaan die orkes uit Roof Bezuidenhout (sang en akoestiese kitaar), wat in Dikeni in die Oos-Kaap woon, Moord Greeff (tromme), wat in Montreal (Kanada) woon en Kapelaan Pat Plank (sang, elektriese kitaar en baskitaar), wat in Velddrif in die Wes-Kaap woon. Die orkes se lede is almal betrokke by ander kunsvorme as slegs musiek. Ockert Greeff is 'n digter, Roof Bezuidenhout is 'n skilder en digter en Gerhard Barnard is 'n beeldhouer. Tot op hede het die orkes het vyf vollengte albums vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Agtergrond == Ockert "Moord" Greeff ([[trom]]) het die orkes in [[1999]] saam met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout (stem en [[kitaar]]) gestig toe hulle by die ''Abelarde Sanction'', 'n kroeg in [[Brixton]], begin optree het. Kort daarna het Steve "Brixton" Savage as baskitaarspeler aangesluit. In 2000 het die orkes vir die eerste keer by die [[Oppikoppi]] rockfees opgetree. Steve Savage het na [[Zambië]] verhuis en is deur Drikus "Brixton" Barnard vervang. Die twee stigterslede, Moord Greeff en Roof Bezuidenhout, het saam met Brixton Barnard die orkes se eerste vollengte album, "Spergebied", opgeneem. Esme Evakwaad (Clair Cantrell), wat saam met Brixton Barnard in die punk-orkes Plank was, was vir die vroulike agtergrond sang verantwoordelik. Die album is deur Paul Riekert opgeneem en gemeng en die klank meester is deur Rick Wolff behartig. "Spergebied" is in 2002 deur Rhythm Records as laserskyf vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/] In 2002 het Kapelaan Pat Plank as kitaarspeler aangesluit. Met die toevoeging van Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) op elektriese kitaar, het die orkes se klank van folk-rock na rock beweeg. Hul tweede album, "Terug in Skubbe", is in 2005 deur Rhythm Records as laserskyf vrygestel. Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng en die meeste daarvan opgeneem. Peter Auret het die tromme opgeneem en die lied "Paul van der Zandt" gemeng. Liela Groenewald en Joanne Jaques het agtergrond sang behartig. Die album het ook 'n toonsetting van 'n gedig deur Koos du Plessis deur sy dogter Karla bevat, genaamd "Dagboek van 'n swerwer". Karla du Plessis het saam met die orkes by 'n aantal geleenthede opgetree, onder andere 'n rockfees tydens Aardklop. Die ballade "Fortuinverteller" het op RSG se speellys beland en "Spoed" is in die TV-reeks Orion (gebaseer op Deon Meyer se boek) gebruik.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] In Augustus 2007 het Moord Greeff na Montreal in Kanada verhuis en is vervang deur Andrew Evans, wat toe, in die tradisie van die orkes, as Moord Evans bekend gestaan het. Andrew Evans is later deur Louis Graham vervang. Die orkes se album "Slaaptyd in die suburbs" is saam met Louis opgeneem. Brixton Barnard het die opname behartig en Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng. Dis as ‘n beperkte oplaag van 100 bundels met lirieke en skilderye van Marguerite Visser aan die einde van 2014 vrygestel en as laserskyf aan die begin van 2015. Oor die album het die musiek- en kuns joernalis Mariana Malan in Die Burger geskryf: "Geen album van hierdie orkes gaan jou die son laat sien sonder om bewus te wees van die wolk wat kan inskuif nie. Dit laat jou egter helder sien, en dink laat dit jou dink. Die lirieke is altyd so vasvat waar. ’n Mens kan jou verlustig in die digterlikheid terwyl ’n mes in ’n wond of twee draai. Wat ’n mens veral van hulle waardeer, is die manier waarop hul musiek jou onmiddellik gryp en jou aandag hou. Hier is geen geteem of tranerige wysies nie. Selfs die einde van dae, verlies, ’n tronksel en verlange wil jy met jubelende voete op maat van die musiek tegemoet dans” (Mariana Malan, Die Burger, 6 Mei 2015).[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] In 2015 is Brixton (Drikus) Barnard aan breinkanker dood en in 2021 is Louis Graham tydens die Covid-19 pandemie aan die virus oorlede. Die orkes se oorlewende lede - Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank - het in 2022 'n volgende album vrygestel wat opnames en komposisies deur Brixton Barnard van kort voor sy dood inkorporeer. Die album se titel is "Bazaar Punk".[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] In 2023 het die orkes 'n volgende album, "Strate Sonder Bome", vrygestel, weer met Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank as komponiste en musikante. Opnames is deur elk in hul onderskeie tuis ateljees behartig en Roof Bezuidenhout het die klank meng behartig. Die album se klank meester is deur Willem Moller behartig.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] Musikaal wissel die groep se styl tussen melancholiese folk-klanke van songs soos "Asyn" en "Geraamtes in jou kas", tot die harde rock van "Road Rage", "Spoed" en "Brixton-dae". Die orkes se musikale inspirasie kom uit genres soos rock, punk, folk, jazz, reggae en kwêla.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Diskografie == * ''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes EP'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Steve "Brixton" Savage, op die platform "Digital Cupboard" vrygestel, omstreeks 1999) * ''Spergebied (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Esme Evakwaad, 2002)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/]'' * ''Terug in Skubbe'' (met Brixton Barnard (Trike), Kapelaan Pat Plank (Plank), Moord Greeff, Roof Bezuidenhout, Paul Riekert, Peter Auret, Karla du Plessis, Esme Evakwaad (Trike), Liela Groenewald, Joanne Jaques, 2005)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] * ''Slaaptyd in die suburbs'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) en Louis Graham, 2015, vrygestel deur One-F Music)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] * ''Bazaar Punk'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2022, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] * ''Strate Sonder Bome'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2023, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.bmro.co.za/ Amptelike webtuiste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321103437/http://www.bmro.co.za/ |date=21 Maart 2012 }} * Nuwe amptelike webtuiste (sedert 2023)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Bronne == * http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503052151/http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan |date= 3 Mei 2007 }}?. Besoek op 19 November 2007 * https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/. Besoek op 25 Junie 2026 [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] sq3n3i446ng7sikq57sw17h5c2glk37 2913737 2913735 2026-06-25T12:59:46Z Oesjaar 7467 Korrekte sjabloon. 2913737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV}} {{Inligtingskas Musikale kunstenaar | naam = Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes | beeld = Die Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes (235918374).jpg | beeldgrootte = | dwarsformaat = | beeldbeskrywing = | beeldonderskrif = | agtergrondkleur = groep | geboortenaam = | alias = | geboortedatum = | geboorteplek = | oorsprong = [[Johannesburg]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | genre = | beroep = | instrument = | jare_aktief = | etiket = | assosiasies = | webwerf = | huidige_lede =[[Andries Bezuidenhout]] [[Ockert Greeff]] [[Gerhard Barnard]] | gewese_lede = [[Steve Savage]] [[Andrew Evans]] [[Drikus Barnard]] [[Louis Graham]] }} Die '''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes''' is 'n [[Afrikaans]]e [[rock]]orkes wat oorspronklik van [[Johannesburg]] af kom. Die groep is op ironiese manier vernoem na die "Brixton Moord en Roof"-polisie-eenheid, wat nie meer bestaan nie, en lede van die band het al spottenderwys opgemerk dat sommige mense gedink het dat hulle die polisie se amptelike blaasorkes was. Die band het van vorm verander oor tyd, maar die meeste van die komposisies wat opgeneem is, is deur Brixton Barnard (Drikus Barnard), Moord Greeff (Ockert Greeff), Roof Bezuidenhout ([[Andries Bezuidenhout]]) en Kapenlaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) geskryf. Die band se musiek wissel van harde rock tot donker en melodieuse ballades. Tans bestaan die orkes uit Roof Bezuidenhout (sang en akoestiese kitaar), wat in Dikeni in die Oos-Kaap woon, Moord Greeff (tromme), wat in Montreal (Kanada) woon en Kapelaan Pat Plank (sang, elektriese kitaar en baskitaar), wat in Velddrif in die Wes-Kaap woon. Die orkes se lede is almal betrokke by ander kunsvorme as slegs musiek. Ockert Greeff is 'n digter, Roof Bezuidenhout is 'n skilder en digter en Gerhard Barnard is 'n beeldhouer. Tot op hede het die orkes het vyf vollengte albums vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Agtergrond == Ockert "Moord" Greeff ([[trom]]) het die orkes in [[1999]] saam met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout (stem en [[kitaar]]) gestig toe hulle by die ''Abelarde Sanction'', 'n kroeg in [[Brixton]], begin optree het. Kort daarna het Steve "Brixton" Savage as baskitaarspeler aangesluit. In 2000 het die orkes vir die eerste keer by die [[Oppikoppi]] rockfees opgetree. Steve Savage het na [[Zambië]] verhuis en is deur Drikus "Brixton" Barnard vervang. Die twee stigterslede, Moord Greeff en Roof Bezuidenhout, het saam met Brixton Barnard die orkes se eerste vollengte album, "Spergebied", opgeneem. Esme Evakwaad (Clair Cantrell), wat saam met Brixton Barnard in die punk-orkes Plank was, was vir die vroulike agtergrond sang verantwoordelik. Die album is deur Paul Riekert opgeneem en gemeng en die klank meester is deur Rick Wolff behartig. "Spergebied" is in 2002 deur Rhythm Records as laserskyf vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/] In 2002 het Kapelaan Pat Plank as kitaarspeler aangesluit. Met die toevoeging van Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) op elektriese kitaar, het die orkes se klank van folk-rock na rock beweeg. Hul tweede album, "Terug in Skubbe", is in 2005 deur Rhythm Records as laserskyf vrygestel. Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng en die meeste daarvan opgeneem. Peter Auret het die tromme opgeneem en die lied "Paul van der Zandt" gemeng. Liela Groenewald en Joanne Jaques het agtergrond sang behartig. Die album het ook 'n toonsetting van 'n gedig deur Koos du Plessis deur sy dogter Karla bevat, genaamd "Dagboek van 'n swerwer". Karla du Plessis het saam met die orkes by 'n aantal geleenthede opgetree, onder andere 'n rockfees tydens Aardklop. Die ballade "Fortuinverteller" het op RSG se speellys beland en "Spoed" is in die TV-reeks Orion (gebaseer op Deon Meyer se boek) gebruik.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] In Augustus 2007 het Moord Greeff na Montreal in Kanada verhuis en is vervang deur Andrew Evans, wat toe, in die tradisie van die orkes, as Moord Evans bekend gestaan het. Andrew Evans is later deur Louis Graham vervang. Die orkes se album "Slaaptyd in die suburbs" is saam met Louis opgeneem. Brixton Barnard het die opname behartig en Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng. Dis as ‘n beperkte oplaag van 100 bundels met lirieke en skilderye van Marguerite Visser aan die einde van 2014 vrygestel en as laserskyf aan die begin van 2015. Oor die album het die musiek- en kuns joernalis Mariana Malan in Die Burger geskryf: "Geen album van hierdie orkes gaan jou die son laat sien sonder om bewus te wees van die wolk wat kan inskuif nie. Dit laat jou egter helder sien, en dink laat dit jou dink. Die lirieke is altyd so vasvat waar. ’n Mens kan jou verlustig in die digterlikheid terwyl ’n mes in ’n wond of twee draai. Wat ’n mens veral van hulle waardeer, is die manier waarop hul musiek jou onmiddellik gryp en jou aandag hou. Hier is geen geteem of tranerige wysies nie. Selfs die einde van dae, verlies, ’n tronksel en verlange wil jy met jubelende voete op maat van die musiek tegemoet dans” (Mariana Malan, Die Burger, 6 Mei 2015).[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] In 2015 is Brixton (Drikus) Barnard aan breinkanker dood en in 2021 is Louis Graham tydens die Covid-19 pandemie aan die virus oorlede. Die orkes se oorlewende lede - Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank - het in 2022 'n volgende album vrygestel wat opnames en komposisies deur Brixton Barnard van kort voor sy dood inkorporeer. Die album se titel is "Bazaar Punk".[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] In 2023 het die orkes 'n volgende album, "Strate Sonder Bome", vrygestel, weer met Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank as komponiste en musikante. Opnames is deur elk in hul onderskeie tuis ateljees behartig en Roof Bezuidenhout het die klank meng behartig. Die album se klank meester is deur Willem Moller behartig.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] Musikaal wissel die groep se styl tussen melancholiese folk-klanke van songs soos "Asyn" en "Geraamtes in jou kas", tot die harde rock van "Road Rage", "Spoed" en "Brixton-dae". Die orkes se musikale inspirasie kom uit genres soos rock, punk, folk, jazz, reggae en kwêla.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Diskografie == * ''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes EP'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Steve "Brixton" Savage, op die platform "Digital Cupboard" vrygestel, omstreeks 1999) * ''Spergebied (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Esme Evakwaad, 2002)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/]'' * ''Terug in Skubbe'' (met Brixton Barnard (Trike), Kapelaan Pat Plank (Plank), Moord Greeff, Roof Bezuidenhout, Paul Riekert, Peter Auret, Karla du Plessis, Esme Evakwaad (Trike), Liela Groenewald, Joanne Jaques, 2005)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] * ''Slaaptyd in die suburbs'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) en Louis Graham, 2015, vrygestel deur One-F Music)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] * ''Bazaar Punk'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2022, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] * ''Strate Sonder Bome'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2023, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.bmro.co.za/ Amptelike webtuiste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321103437/http://www.bmro.co.za/ |date=21 Maart 2012 }} * Nuwe amptelike webtuiste (sedert 2023)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Bronne == * http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503052151/http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan |date= 3 Mei 2007 }}?. Besoek op 19 November 2007 * https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/. Besoek op 25 Junie 2026 [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] imusldpmai9drtdnyfhznd1avg2lsd7 2913748 2913737 2026-06-25T13:35:43Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV}} {{Inligtingskas Musikale kunstenaar | naam = Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes | beeld = Die Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes (235918374).jpg | beeldgrootte = | dwarsformaat = | beeldbeskrywing = | beeldonderskrif = | agtergrondkleur = groep | geboortenaam = | alias = | geboortedatum = | geboorteplek = | oorsprong = [[Johannesburg]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | sterfdatum = | sterfplek = | genre = | beroep = | instrument = | jare_aktief = | etiket = | assosiasies = | webwerf = | huidige_lede =[[Andries Bezuidenhout]] [[Ockert Greeff]] [[Gerhard Barnard]] | gewese_lede = [[Steve Savage]] [[Andrew Evans]] [[Drikus Barnard]] [[Louis Graham]] }} Die '''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes''' is 'n [[Afrikaans]]e [[rock]]orkes wat oorspronklik in [[Johannesburg]] ontstaan het. Die groep is op ironiese manier vernoem na die "Brixton Moord en Roof"-polisie-eenheid, wat nie meer bestaan nie, en lede van die band het al spottenderwys opgemerk dat sommige mense gedink het dat hulle die polisie se amptelike blaasorkes is. Die band het van vorm verander oor tyd, maar die meeste van die komposisies wat opgeneem is, is deur Brixton Barnard (Drikus Barnard), Moord Greeff (Ockert Greeff), Roof Bezuidenhout ([[Andries Bezuidenhout]]) en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) geskryf. Die band se musiek wissel van harde rock tot donker en melodieuse ballades. Tans bestaan die orkes uit Roof Bezuidenhout (sang en akoestiese kitaar), wat in Dikeni in die Oos-Kaap woon, Moord Greeff (tromme), wat in Montreal (Kanada) woon en Kapelaan Pat Plank (sang, elektriese kitaar en baskitaar), wat in Velddrif in die Wes-Kaap woon. Die orkes se lede is almal betrokke by ander kunsvorme as slegs musiek. Ockert Greeff is 'n digter, Roof Bezuidenhout is 'n skilder en digter en Gerhard Barnard is 'n beeldhouer. Tot op hede het die orkes vyf vollengte albums vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Agtergrond == Ockert "Moord" Greeff ([[trom]]) het die orkes in [[1999]] saam met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout (stem en [[kitaar]]) gestig toe hulle by die ''Abelarde Sanction'', 'n kroeg in [[Brixton]], begin optree het. Kort daarna het Steve "Brixton" Savage as baskitaarspeler aangesluit. In 2000 het die orkes vir die eerste keer by die [[Oppikoppi]] rockfees opgetree. Steve Savage het na [[Zambië]] verhuis en is deur Drikus "Brixton" Barnard vervang. Die twee stigterslede, Moord Greeff en Roof Bezuidenhout, het saam met Brixton Barnard die orkes se eerste vollengte album, "Spergebied", opgeneem. Esme Evakwaad (Clair Cantrell), wat saam met Brixton Barnard in die punk-orkes Plank was, was vir die vroulike agtergrondsang verantwoordelik. Die album is deur Paul Riekert opgeneem en gemeng en die klankmeester is deur Rick Wolff behartig. "Spergebied" is in 2002 deur Rhythm Records op laserskyf vrygestel.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/] In 2002 het Kapelaan Pat Plank as kitaarspeler aangesluit. Met die toevoeging van Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) op elektriese kitaar, het die orkes se klank van folk-rock na rock beweeg. Hul tweede album, "Terug in Skubbe", is in 2005 deur Rhythm Records op laserskyf vrygestel. Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng en die meeste daarvan opgeneem. Peter Auret het die tromme opgeneem en die lied "Paul van der Zandt" gemeng. Liela Groenewald en Joanne Jaques het agtergrond sang behartig. Die album het ook 'n toonsetting van 'n gedig deur Koos du Plessis deur sy dogter Karla bevat, genaamd "Dagboek van 'n swerwer". [[Karla du Plessis]] het saam met die orkes by 'n aantal geleenthede opgetree, onder andere 'n rockfees tydens Aardklop. Die ballade "Fortuinverteller" het op RSG se speellys beland en "Spoed" is in die TV-reeks Orion (gebaseer op Deon Meyer se boek) gebruik.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] In Augustus 2007 het Moord Greeff na Montreal in Kanada verhuis en is vervang deur Andrew Evans, wat toe, in die tradisie van die orkes, as Moord Evans bekend gestaan het. Andrew Evans is later deur Louis Graham vervang. Die orkes se album "Slaaptyd in die suburbs" is saam met Louis opgeneem. Brixton Barnard het die opname behartig en Paul Riekert het weer die klank gemeng. Dis as ‘n beperkte oplaag van 100 bundels met lirieke en skilderye van Marguerite Visser aan die einde van 2014 vrygestel en as laserskyf aan die begin van 2015. Oor die album het die musiek- en kuns joernalis Mariana Malan in Die Burger geskryf: "Geen album van hierdie orkes gaan jou die son laat sien sonder om bewus te wees van die wolk wat kan inskuif nie. Dit laat jou egter helder sien, en dink laat dit jou dink. Die lirieke is altyd so vasvat waar. ’n Mens kan jou verlustig in die digterlikheid terwyl ’n mes in ’n wond of twee draai. Wat ’n mens veral van hulle waardeer, is die manier waarop hul musiek jou onmiddellik gryp en jou aandag hou. Hier is geen geteem of tranerige wysies nie. Selfs die einde van dae, verlies, ’n tronksel en verlange wil jy met jubbelende voete op maat van die musiek tegemoet dans” (Mariana Malan, Die Burger, 6 Mei 2015).[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] In 2015 is Brixton (Drikus) Barnard aan breinkanker dood en in 2021 is Louis Graham tydens die Covid-19 pandemie aan die virus oorlede. Die orkes se oorlewende lede - Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank - het in 2022 'n volgende album vrygestel wat opnames en komposisies deur Brixton Barnard van kort voor sy dood inkorporeer. Die album se titel is "Bazaar Punk".[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] In 2023 het die orkes 'n volgende album, "Strate Sonder Bome", vrygestel, weer met Roof Bezuidenhout, Moord Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank as komponiste en musikante. Opnames is deur elk in hul onderskeie tuisateljees behartig en Roof Bezuidenhout het die klankmeng behartig. Die album se klankmeester is deur Willem Moller behartig.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] Musikaal wissel die groep se styl tussen melancholiese folk-klanke van songs soos "Asyn" en "Geraamtes in jou kas", tot die harde rock van "Road Rage", "Spoed" en "Brixton-dae". Die orkes se musikale inspirasie kom uit genres soos rock, punk, folk, jazz, reggae en kwêla.[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Diskografie == * ''Brixton Moord en Roof Orkes EP'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Steve "Brixton" Savage, op die platform "Digital Cupboard" vrygestel, omstreeks 1999) * ''Spergebied (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Ockert "Moord" Greeff, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Esme Evakwaad, 2002)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/spergebied/]'' * ''Terug in Skubbe'' (met Brixton Barnard (Trike), Kapelaan Pat Plank (Plank), Moord Greeff, Roof Bezuidenhout, Paul Riekert, Peter Auret, Karla du Plessis, Esme Evakwaad (Trike), Liela Groenewald, Joanne Jaques, 2005)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/terug-in-skubbe/] * ''Slaaptyd in die suburbs'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard) en Louis Graham, 2015, vrygestel deur One-F Music)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/10/slaaptyd-in-die-suburbs/] * ''Bazaar Punk'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2022, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/bazaar-punk/] * ''Strate Sonder Bome'' (met Andries "Roof" Bezuidenhout, Brixton (Drikus) Barnard, Ockert "Moord" Greeff en Kapelaan Pat Plank (Gerhard Barnard), 2023, vrygestel deur Dikeni Records)​[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/2023/11/22/strate-sonder-bome/] == Sien ook == * [[Lys van Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.bmro.co.za/ Amptelike webtuiste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321103437/http://www.bmro.co.za/ |date=21 Maart 2012 }} * Nuwe amptelike webtuiste (sedert 2023)[https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/] == Bronne == * http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503052151/http://home.mweb.co.za/bm/bmro/#Waar%20kom%20die%20Brixton%20Moord%20en%20Roof%20Orkes%20vandaan |date= 3 Mei 2007 }}?. Besoek op 19 November 2007 * https://brixtonmoordenrooforkes.co.za/. Besoek op 25 Junie 2026 [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse musiekgroepe]] pz1s75jaqjx91jd8y44ly6fa25aetux 0 14465 2913793 2911969 2026-06-25T19:13:31Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] lzymzxj6yvucbgmp7m7jzed6axtzzxq 2913794 2913793 2026-06-25T19:18:25Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputaland]]||''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]''||Sand Brides-bush||721.3 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] asu9hovuem3gazyb6cop0anqr8p8c4j 2913795 2913794 2026-06-25T19:19:18Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! 2913795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalandbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]''||Sand Brides-bush||721.3 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] n825s15wjggkt3jebrnh4d11yo22wnp 2913806 2913795 2026-06-25T19:35:34Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalandbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]''||Sand Brides-bush||721.3 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] c95s5367okmp7umejd88y25eso17l1s 2913807 2913806 2026-06-25T19:36:15Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! 2913807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||''[[Opilia campestris]]'' || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalandbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]''||Sand Brides-bush||721.3 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] a8syf7cfsrkv7njfc0ws8y3k0fs4g7u 2913884 2913807 2026-06-26T07:05:14Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image2 | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 900 | footer = | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg | alt1 = Koorsboom | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]] | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]] | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg | alt3 = Soetdoring | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]] | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg | alt4 = Kanferbos | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]] | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg | alt5 = Berghardepeer | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]] | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]] | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]] }}{{-}} Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: {| border="1" align="left" class="wikitable sortable" !Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer |- |[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311 |- |[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487 |- |[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571 |- |[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486 |- |[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376 |- |[[Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493 |- |[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44 |- |[[Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1 |- |[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474 |- |[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25 |- |[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607 |- |[[Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7 |- |[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9 |- |[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505 |- |[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159 |- |[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69 |- |[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5 |- |[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1 |- |[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10 |- |[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5 |- |[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166 |- |[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213 |- |[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238 |- |[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570 |- |[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385 |- |[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575 |- |[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2 |- |[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88 |- |[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11 |- |[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521 |- |[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean<br /> Elephantroot||193 |- |[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30 |- |[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85 |- |[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119 |- |[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106 |- |[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101 |- |[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320 |- |[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45 |- |[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21 |- |[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14 |- |[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2 |- |[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5 |- |[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5 |- |[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100 |- |[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70 |- |[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1 |- |[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15 |- |[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4 |- |[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593 |- |[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear<br />Transvaal hard-pear||514 |- |[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387 |- |[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2 |- |[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293 |- |[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13 |- |[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269 |- |[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20 |- |[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3 |- |[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730 |- |[[Bergverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera frutescens]]''||Mountain Indigo ||226.3 |- |[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2 |- |[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703 |- |[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33 |- |[[Bergwitboom]] ||''[[Ehretia alba]]''||White Puzzle-bush||655.5 |- |[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383 |- |[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1 |- |[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50 |- |[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1 |- |[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2 |- |[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725 |- |[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2 |- |[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149 |- |[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304 |- |[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1 |- |[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165 |- |[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1 |- |[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452 |- |[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287 |- |[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508 |- |[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447 |- |[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439 |- |[[Blinkbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta kotzei]]''||Glossy Forest Brides-bush||717.3 |- |[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393 |- |[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3 |- |[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1 |- |[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6 |- |[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4 |- |[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5 |- |[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1 |- |[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631 |- |[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276 |- |[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6 |- |[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3 |- |[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2 |- |[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2 |- |[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743 |- |[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9 |- |[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594 |- |[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164 |- |[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3 |- |[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2 |- |[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112 |- |[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1 |- |[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5 |- |[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1 |- |[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3 |- |[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13 |- |[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4 |- |[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna ||741 |- |[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21 |- |[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639 |- |[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18 |- |[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404 |- |[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3 |- |[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre ||72.3 |- |[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28 |- |[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1 |- |[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3 |- |[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228 |- |[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1 |- |[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472 |- |[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204 |- |[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2 |- |[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718 |- |[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708 |- |[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485 |- |[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515 |- |[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698 |- |[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos afer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11 |- |[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224 |- |[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339 |- |[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291 |- |[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1 |- |[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena<br />White gardenia||692 |- |[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2 |- |[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2 |- |[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9 |- |[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330 |- |[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632 |- |[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429 |- |[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454 |- |[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414 |- |[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588 |- |[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590 |- |[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2 |- |[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3 |- |[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620 |- |[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645 |- |[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5 |- |[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491 |- |[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310 |- |[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300 |- |[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482 |- |[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584 |- |[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109 |- |[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461 |- |[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415 |- |[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580 |- |[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380 |- |[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731 |- |[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540 |- |[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1 |- |[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2 |- |[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75 |- |[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6 |- |[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375 |- |[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346 |- |[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1 |- |[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713 |- |[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10 |- |[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1 |- |[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2 |- |[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416 |- |[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155 |- |[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694 |- |[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260 |- |[[Bosverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera natalensis]]''||Forest Indigo||226.6 |- |[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3 |- |[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634 |- |[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52 |- |[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556 |- |[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93 |- |[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314 |- |[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6 |- |[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1 |- |[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648 |- |[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1 |- |[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626 |- |[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3 |- |[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1 |- |[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177 |- |[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94 |- |[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76 |- |[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374 |- |[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734 |- |[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2 |- |[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244 |- |[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113 |- |[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1 |- |[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3 |- |[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5 |- |[[Breëblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]'' ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37 |- |[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127 |- |[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701 |- |[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn<br />Broad-pod albizia||154 |- |[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15 |- |[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523 |- |[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7 |- |[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe<br />Wolkberg aloe ||29.1 |- |[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449 |- |[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5 |- |[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501 |- |[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56 |- |[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358 |- |[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1 |- |[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7 |- |[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19 |- |[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274 |- |[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn<br />Hairy umbrella thorn||163 |- |[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657 |- |[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362 |- |[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6 |- |[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2 |- |[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742 |- |[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6 |- |[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5 |- |[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237 |- |[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433 |- |[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15 |- |[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1 |- |[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690 |- |[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707 |- |[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43 |- |[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498 |- |[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1 |- |[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388 |- |[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2 |- |[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2 |- |[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171 |- |[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2 |- |[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5 |- |[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1 |- |[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5 |- |[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15 |- |[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1 |- |[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1 |- |[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735 |- |[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1 |- |[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343 |- |[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2 |- |[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3 |- |[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720 |- |[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9 |- |[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82 |- |[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri<br />Sea guarri||599.3 |- |[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638 |- |[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1 |- |[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1 |- |[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11 |- |[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1 |- |[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619 |- |[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4 |- |[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430 |- |[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2 |- |[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608 |- |[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510 |- |[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1 |- |[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2 |- |[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426 |- |[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1 |- |[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush ||226.9 |- |[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1 |- |[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16 |- |[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1 |- |[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2 |- |[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2 |- |[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree<br />Black ebony||598 |- |[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5 |- |[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1 |- |[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562 |- |[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn<br />Splendid thorn<br />Brack thorn<br />Broad-pod robust thorn||183 |- |[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa<br />Conkerberry<br />Arabian num-num||640.4 |- |[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date<br />Egyptian balsam||251.1 |- |[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229 |- |[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298 |- |[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537 |- |[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280 |- |[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382 |- |[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706 |- |[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3 |- |[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325 |- |[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5 |- |[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5 |- |[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush ||226.8 |- |[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1 |- |[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5 |- |[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728 |- |[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1 |- |[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722 |- |[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502 |- |[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5 |- |[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1 |- |[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504 |- |[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1 |- |[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3 |- |[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2 |- |[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3 |- |[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208 |- |[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2 |- |[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3 |- |[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1 |- |[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5 |- |[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1 |- |[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10 |- |[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1 |- |[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627 |- |[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723 |- |[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675 |- |[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18 |- |[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219 |- |[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5 |- |[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2 |- |[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1 |- |[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3 |- |[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569 |- |[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4 |- |[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716 |- |[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471 |- |[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601 |- |[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162 |- |[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2 |- |[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338 |- |[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285 |- |[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391 |- |[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2 |- |[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87 |- |[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant<br />||392 |- |[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114 |- |[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree<br />Parsnip-tree||568 |- |[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48 |- |[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756 |- |[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721 |- |[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517 |- |[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603 |- |[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446 |- |[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1 |- |[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469 |- |[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478 |- |[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6 |- |[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705 |- |[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia afra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1 |- |[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519 |- |[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11 |- |[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4 |- |[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1 |- |[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11 |- |[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662 |- |[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5 |- |[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3 |- |[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1 |- |[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4 |- |[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5 |- |[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2 |- |[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1 |- |[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2 |- |[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107 |- |[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1 |- |[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5 |- |[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251 |- |[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1 |- |[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush ||91.1 |- |[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629 |- |[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1 |- |[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283 |- |[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9 |- |[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271 |- |[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1 |- |[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3 |- |[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651 |- |[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63 |- |[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4 |- |[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush<br />African sicklebush||190.1 |- |[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476 |- |[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530 |- |[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158 |- |[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6 |- |[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1 |- |[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81 |- |[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1 |- |[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2 |- |[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3 |- |[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89 |- |[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732 |- |[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199 |- |[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7 |- |[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9 |- |[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2 |- |[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1 |- |[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1 |- |[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush<br />Snot berry||654 |- |[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40 |- |[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1 |- |[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2 |- |[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5 |- |[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146 |- |[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3 |- |[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188 |- |[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649 |- |[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1 |- |[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539 |- |[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513 |- |[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709 |- |[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri<br />Natal ebony|| 597 |- |[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1 |- |[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270 |- |[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1 |- |[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4 |- |[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4 |- |[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255 |- |[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64 |- |[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4 |- |[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5 |- |[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1 |- |[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2 |- |[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59 |- |[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80 |- |[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo ||21.6 |- |[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120 |- |[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184 |- |[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17 |- |[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3 |- |[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679 |- |[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574 |- |[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1 |- |[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354 |- |[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2 |- |[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2 |- |[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1 |- |[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42 |- |[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1 |- |[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643 |- |[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202 |- |[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle<br />Black wattle<br />African-wattle||215 |- |[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3 |- |[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525 |- |[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760 |- |[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606 |- |[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10 |- |[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2 |- |[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1 |- |[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8 |- |[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578 |- |[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1 |- |[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16 |- |[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1 |- |[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1 |- |[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624 |- |[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2 |- |[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428 |- |[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565 |- |[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747 |- |[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116 |- |[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473 |- |[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457 |- |[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401 |- |[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528 |- |[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum afrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533 |- |[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32 |- |[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2 |- |[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1 |- |[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6 |- |[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239 |- |[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3 |- |[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174 |- |[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674 |- |[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5 |- |[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1 |- |[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210 |- |[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110 |- |[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2 |- |[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3 |- |[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641 |- |[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745 |- |[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168 |- |[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209 |- |[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3 |- |[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5 |- |[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733 |- |[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296 |- |[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759 |- |[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544 |- |[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765 |- |[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2 |- |[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood<br />Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1 |- |[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1 |- |[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1 |- |[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1 |- |[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4 |- |[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126 |- |[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Portulacaria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3 |- |[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2 |- |[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386 |- |[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284 |- |[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201 |- |[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1 |- |[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7 |- |[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379 |- |[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6 |- |[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2 |- |[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7 |- |[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2 |- |[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128 |- |[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4 |- |[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139 |- |[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6 |- |[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis afra]]''||Kei apple||507 |- |[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444 |- |[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4 |- |[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12 |- |[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373 |- |[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495 |- |[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661 |- |[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush<br />Jade plant||137.3 |- |[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush<br />St. John's wort||484 |- |[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409 |- |[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree<br />Pink blossom tree||221 |- |[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236 |- |[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564 |- |[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538 |- |[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia afra]]''||Quinine tree||647 |- |[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2 |- |[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295 |- |[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1 |- |[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1 |- |[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1 |- |[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102 |- |[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8 |- |[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9 |- |[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738 |- |[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62 |- |[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412 |- |[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190 |- |[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3 |- |[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1 |- |[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35 |- |[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1 |- |[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203 |- |[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5 |- |[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252 |- |[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1 |- |[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1 |- |[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3 |- |[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253 |- |[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4 |- |[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200 |- |[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria afra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1 |- |[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717 |- |[[Kliertjiesdeurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia obtusifolia]]''||Hairy Puzzle-bush ||656.2 |- |[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710 |- |[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299 |- |[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739 |- |[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368 |- |[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400 |- |[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1 |- |[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152 |- |[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677 |- |[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8 |- |[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740 |- |[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132 |- |[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178 |- |[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1 |- |[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47 |- |[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456 |- |[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389 |- |[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410 |- |[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308 |- |[[Koffiebeesklou]]<br>[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia<br />Natal neat's foot||208.3 |- |[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9 |- |[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1 |- |[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29 |- |[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403 |- |[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig<br />Dot-leaved fig ||58 |- |[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2 |- |[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307 |- |[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329 |- |[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189 |- |[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642 |- |[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277 |- |[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245 |- |[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2 |- |[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394 |- |[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377 |- |[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2 |- |[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2 |- |[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748 |- |[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762 |- |[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26 |- |[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479 |- |[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2 |- |[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355 |- |[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2 |- |[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1 |- |[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500 |- |[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712 |- |[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2 |- |[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467 |- |[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1 |- |[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136 |- |[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303 |- |[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2 |- |[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463 |- |[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1 |- |[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7 |- |[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767 |- |[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Portulacaria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4 |- |[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1 |- |[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623 |- |[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766 |- |[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226 |- |[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1 |- |[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769 |- |[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218 |- |[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719 |- |[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10 |- |[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604 |- |[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700 |- |[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2 |- |[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus<br />Wild cotton tree||464 |- |[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1 |- |[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina afra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242 |- |[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99 |- |[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1 |- |[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583 |- |[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11 |- |[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8 |- |[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1 |- |[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724 |- |[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2 |- |[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34 |- |[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441 |- |[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig<br />Wild fig||57 |- |[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711 |- |[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4 |- |[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297 |- |[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334 |- |[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587 |- |[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348 |- |[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475 |- |[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727 |- |[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65 |- |[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7 |- |[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23 |- |[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2 |- |[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5 |- |[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130 |- |[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9 |- |[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455 |- |[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton<br />Lavender fever-berry||328 |- |[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4 |- |[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7 |- |[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1 |- |[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4 |- |[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8 |- |[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327 |- |[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427 |- |[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria<br />Lebombo milktree||345 |- |[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191 |- |[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5 |- |[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane<br />Peelingbark ochna||483 |- |[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179 |- |[[Lekkervreet]] ||''[[Opilia campestris]]'' || Parasitebush ||100.5 |- |[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111 |- |[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420 |- |[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3 |- |[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418 |- |[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2 |- |[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98 |- |[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2 |- |[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53 |- |[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2 |- |[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2 |- |[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726 |- |[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3 |- |[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree<br />Feather-weight tree||337 |- |[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5 |- |[[Maputalandbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]''||Sand Brides-bush||721.3 |- |[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758 |- |[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1 |- |[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree<br />Swazi ordeal tree||196 |- |[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2 |- |[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764 |- |[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360 |- |[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122 |- |[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761 |- |[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn<br />Nala tree||153 |- |[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591 |- |[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3 |- |[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5 |- |[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684 |- |[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5 |- |[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324 |- |[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13 |- |[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585 |- |[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54 |- |[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198 |- |[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4 |- |[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1 |- |[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676 |- |[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5 |- |[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree|| |- |[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1 |- |[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa<br />Musasa||198.1 |- |[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7 |- |[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8 |- |[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3 |- |[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1 |- |[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135 |- |[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4 |- |[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351 |- |[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1 |- |[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1 |- |[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757 |- |[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370 |- |[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602 |- |[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273 |- |[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1 |- |[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51 |- |[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5 |- |[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369 |- |[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10 |- |[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1 |- |[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2 |- |[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9 |- |[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243 |- |[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2 |- |[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381 |- |[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1 |- |[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6 |- |[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1 |- |[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332 |- |[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2 |- |[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390 |- |[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2 |- |[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1 |- |[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5 |- |[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17 |- |[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292 |- |[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241 |- |[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5 |- |[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2 |- |[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6 |- |[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2 |- |[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672 |- |[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754 |- |[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670 |- |[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2 |- |[[Oleasterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3 |- |[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive<br>African olive||617 |- |[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2 |- |[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1 |- |[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227 |- |[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142 |- |[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194 |- |[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3 |- |[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1 |- |[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395 |- |[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2 |- |[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24 |- |[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum afrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8 |- |[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5 |- |[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5 |- |[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145 |- |[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1 |- |[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3 |- |[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750 |- |[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16 |- |[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520 |- |[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294 |- |[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2 |- |[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644 |- |[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768 |- |[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671 |- |[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4 |- |[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187 |- |[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278 |- |[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554 |- |[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157 |- |[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5 |- |[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399 |- |[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384 |- |[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2 |- |[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488 |- |[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281 |- |[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2 |- |[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood<br />False horsewood||265 |- |[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254 |- |[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom<br />Moth-fruit||302.2 |- |[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151 |- |[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668 |- |[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282 |- |[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1 |- |[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207 |- |[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7 |- |[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1 |- |[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1 |- |[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4 |- |[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681 |- |[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148 |- |[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3 |- |[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3 |- |[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73 |- |[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1 |- |[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3 |- |[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia<br />Powder-bark gardenia||690.3 |- |[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree<br />Powder-puff tree||524 |- |[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663 |- |[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615 |- |[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16 |- |[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4 |- |[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1 |- |[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8 |- |[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1 |- |[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407 |- |[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1 |- |[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1 |- |[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5 |- |[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1 |- |[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis afra]]''||Pondo coconut||27 |- |[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2 |- |[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1 |- |[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1 |- |[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1 |- |[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4 |- |[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46 |- |[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3 |- |[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1 |- |[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68 |- |[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6 |- |[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144 |- |[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481 |- |[[Pronkverfbos]]||''[[Indigofera jucunda]]''||Showy Indigo||226.4 |- |[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659 |- |[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2 |- |[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367 |- |[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664 |- |[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546 |- |[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534 |- |[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714 |- |[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459 |- |[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1 |- |[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3 |- |[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609 |- |[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660 |- |[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1 |- |[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1 |- |[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61 |- |[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10 |- |[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460 |- |[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3 |- |[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91 |- |[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6 |- |[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288 |- |[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470 |- |[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108 |- |[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12 |- |[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356 |- |[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1 |- |[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2 |- |[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2 |- |[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1 |- |[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1 |- |[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536 |- |[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4 |- |[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1 |- |[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4 |- |[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640 |- |[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372 |- |[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2 |- |[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre<br />Honey-scented sceptre ||72.6 |- |[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625 |- |[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55 |- |[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5 |- |[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364 |- |[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10 |- |[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532 |- |[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]'' ||Red thorn ||167 |- |[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140 |- |[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301 |- |[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2 |- |[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181 |- |[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317 |- |[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450 |- |[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408 |- |[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117 |- |[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496 |- |[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402 |- |[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3 |- |[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147 |- |[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2 |- |[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79 |- |[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1 |- |[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41 |- |[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4 |- |[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526 |- |[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480 |- |[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1 |- |[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468 |- |[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542 |- |[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286 |- |[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78 |- |[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5 |- |[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650 |- |[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36 |- |[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212 |- |[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535 |- |[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3 |- |[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186 |- |[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192 |- |[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1 |- |[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine<br />Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613 |- |[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223 |- |[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340 |- |[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272 |- |[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1 |- |[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683 |- |[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6 |- |[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive<br />Hopbush||437.1 |- |[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood ||255.1 |- |[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2 |- |[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1 |- |[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531 |- |[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5 |- |[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83 |- |[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1 |- |[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279 |- |[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751 |- |[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232 |- |[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453 |- |[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71 |- |[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5 |- |[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14 |- |[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190 |- |[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406 |- |[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770 |- |[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3 |- |[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia afra]]''||Septee tree||652 |- |[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1 |- |[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695 |- |[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755 |- |[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1 |- |[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7 |- |[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582 |- |[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77 |- |[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6 |- |[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4 |- |[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1 |- |[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1 |- |[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1 |- |[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa<br />Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2 |- ||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2 |- |[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6 |- |[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656 |- |[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275 |- |[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2 |- |[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1 |- |[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush ||96 |- |[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1 |- |[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5 |- |[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123 |- |[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2 |- |[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3 |- |[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1 |- |[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14 |- |[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5 |- |[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290 |- |[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8 |- |[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185 |- |[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466 |- ||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1 |- ||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596 |- |[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1 |- |[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6 |- |[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621 |- |[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush ||90.1 |- |[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38 |- |[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559 |- |[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492 |- |[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172 |- |[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753 |- |[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763 |- |[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1 |- |[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9 |- |[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104 |- |[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3 |- |[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5 |- |[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342 |- |[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137 |- |[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20 |- |[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581 |- |[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7 |- |[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316 |- |[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628 |- ||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5 |- |[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477 |- |[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1 |- |[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550 |- |[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9 |- |[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2 |- |[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1 |- |[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1 |- |[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124 |- |[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306 |- |[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118 |- |[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125 |- |[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4 |- |[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129 |- |[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7 |- |[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673 |- |[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1 |- |[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9 |- |[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737 |- |[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509 |- |[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2 |- |[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4 |- |[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103 |- |[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1 |- |[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1 |- |[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161 |- |[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5 |- |[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611 |- |[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630 |- |[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176 |- |[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425 |- |[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527 |- |[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10 |- |[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2 |- |[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2 |- |[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749 |- |[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1 |- |[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8 |- |[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398 |- |[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182 |- |[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3 |- |[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518 |- |[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2 |- |[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341 |- |[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365 |- |[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12 |- |[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74 |- |[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699 |- |[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3 |- |[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7 |- |[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9 |- |[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]'' ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7 |- |[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1 |- |[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131 |- |[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1 |- |[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4 |- |[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595 |- |[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97 |- |[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680 |- |[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170 |- |[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1 |- |[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371 |- |[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264 |- |[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2 |- |[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67 |- |[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5 |- |[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1 |- |[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9 |- |[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2 |- |[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66 |- |[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5 |- |[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8 |- |[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1 |- |[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6 |- |[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1 |- |[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4 |- |[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529 |- |[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2 |- |[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19 |- |[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205 |- |[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6 |- |[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4 |- |[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3 |- |[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551 |- |[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169 |- |[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3 |- |[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84 |- |[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4 |- |[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666 |- |[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462 |- |[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7 |- |[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1 |- |[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350 |- |[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5 |- |[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5 |- |[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577 |- |[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305 |- |[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138 |- |[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686 |- |[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715 |- |[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693 |- |[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566 |- |[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2 |- |[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1 |- |[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363 |- |[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704 |- |[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1 |- |[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8 |- |[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438 |- |[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499 |- |[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1 |- |[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413 |- |[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant<br />Bastard currant||423 |- |[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8 |- |[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448 |- |[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1 |- |[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302 |- |[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2 |- |[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4 |- |[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222 |- |[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49 |- |[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6 |- |[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3 |- |[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697 |- |[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4 |- |[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121 |- |[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160 |- |[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2 |- |[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545 |- |[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1 |- |[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2 |- |[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3 |- |[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3 |- |[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4 |- |[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240 |- |[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8 |- |[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746 |- |[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173 |- |[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318 |- |[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2 |- |[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1 |- |[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea<br />Sotho laburnum ||220.1 |- |[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe ||29.6 |- |[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86 |- |[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1 |- |[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12 |- |[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1 |- |[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7 |- |[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555 |- |[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica afra]]''||Water tree heath<br />Sweet scented heath||572 |- |[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1 |- |[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225 |- |[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear<br />Water berry||557 |- |[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614 |- |[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3 |- |[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378 |- |[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak<br />Water white alder||729 |- |[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635 |- |[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1 |- |[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1 |- |[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3 |- |[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2 |- |[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1 |- |[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72 |- |[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511 |- |[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22 |- |[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646 |- |[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688 |- |[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214 |- |[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612 |- |[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115 |- |[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256 |- |[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696 |- |[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216 |- |[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702 |- |[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503 |- |[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5 |- |[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262 |- |[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134 |- |[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494 |- |[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31 |- |[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar<br />River macaranga||335 |- |[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361 |- |[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637 |- |[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197 |- |[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105 |- |[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633 |- |[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1 |- |[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1 |- |[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7 |- |[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2 |- |[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309 |- |[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736 |- |[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667 |- |[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133 |- |[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141 |- |[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443 |- |[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576 |- |[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4 |- |[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397 |- |[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396 |- |[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405 |- |[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579 |- |[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636 |- |[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel<br />Natal hazel||143 |- |[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422 |- |[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458 |- |[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669 |- |[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267 |- |[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600 |- |[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180 |- |[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289 |- |[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39 |- |[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3 |- |[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90 |- |[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261 |- |[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1 |- |[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Portulacaria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1 |- |[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4 |- |[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10 |- |[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445 |- |[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1 |- |[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5 |- |[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1 |- |[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1 |- |[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319 |- |[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60 |- |[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5 |- |[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9 |- |[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10 |- |[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14 |- |[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678 |- |[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5 |- |[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150 |- |[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4 |- |[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618 |- |[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1 |- |[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206 |- |[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8 |- |[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2 |- |[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6 |- |[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8 |- |[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263 |- |[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561 |- |[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1 |- |[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586 |- |[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211 |- |[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156 |} {{clear}} == Bronne == * [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010] * [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }} * [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica] * [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }} * [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante] * [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg] * [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997] * [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park] * [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)] == Sien ook == * [[Bas]] * [[Blaar]] * [[Boom]] * [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]] * [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]] 6k1yahec0uxyths5fails0b6j21hrze 0 19032 2913758 1799535 2026-06-25T15:05:21Z Jcb 223 2913758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Thomas Kyd | bynaam = | beeld = Kyd.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = | geboortenaam = | geboortedatum = [[3 November]] [[1558]] | geboorteplek = [[Londen]], [[Engeland]] | sterfdatum = {{SDEO|1558|11|3|1594|7|16}} | sterfteplek = Londen, Engeland | ouers = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Engeland}} | beroep = Dramaturg, digter, romanskrywer en dokter | ander = | bekend = ''The Spanish Tragedy'' | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} [[Lêer:The Spanish Tragedy.jpg|duimnael|links|Voorblad van ''The Spanish Tragedy'' deur Thomas Kyd]] '''Thomas Kyd''' ([[3 November]] [[1558]] – [[16 Julie]] [[1594]]) was 'n [[Engeland|Engelse]] [[dramaturg]], die skrywer van ''The Spanish Tragedy'' ("Die Spaanse tragedie") en een van die belangrikste figure in die ontwikkeling van Engelse drama in sy leeftyd. Alhoewel hy beroemdheid verwerf het in sy eie leeftyd, het Kyd se bekendheid na sy dood vervaag tot en met [[1773]], toe 'n eermalige redigeerder van ''The Spanish Tragedy'', James Hawkins, ontdek het dat daar na Kyd as die outeur verwys word in "Apologie for Actors" ([[1612]]), deur Thomas Heywood. 'n Honderd jaar later het akademici in [[Duitsland]] en Engeland begin om lig te werp op sy lewe en sy werke, insluitende die omstrede bevinding dat hy miskien die outeur van 'n [[Hamlet]]-toneelstuk is wat voor [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] se weergawe geskryf is. {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kyd, Thomas}} [[Kategorie:Engelse digters]] [[Kategorie:Engelse dramaturge]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1558]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1594]] 1k3q0mlguunp5d92mw7v1u5m8kkfjyi 0 21210 2913736 2828611 2026-06-25T12:58:54Z BT1121 109898 Grammatika gekorriger, so ook "kalsiumjodied" wat "kadmiumjodied" moet wees. 2913736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementboks_opskrif | getal=48 | simbool=Cd | naam=kadmium | links=[[silwer]] | regs=[[indium]] | bo=[[sink|Zn]] | onder=[[kwik|Hg]] | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black }} {{Elementboks_reeks | [[oorgangsmetaal|oorgangsmetale]] }} {{Elementboks_groepperiodeblok | groep=12 | periode=5 | blok=d }} {{Elementboks_voorkoms_beeld | Cadmium-crystal_bar| silwerige grys metaal }} {{Elementboks_atoommassa_gpm | 112.411 [[Lys van elemente volgens atoommassa|(8)]] }} {{Elementboks_ekonfig | &#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d¹⁰ 5s² }} {{Elementboks_eperskil | 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 }} {{Elementboks_afdeling_fisieseiensk | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black }} {{Elementboks_fase | [[vastestof]] }} {{Elementboks_digtheid_gpcm3nkt | 8.65 }} {{Elementboks_digtheidvl_gpcm3sp | 7.996 }} {{Elementboks_smeltpunt | k=594.22 | c=321.07}} {{Elementboks_kookpunt | k=1040 | c=767 }} {{Elementboks_smeltwarm_kjpmol | 6.21 }} {{Elementboks_verdampwarm_kjpmol | 99.87 }} {{Elementboks_warmtekap_jpmolkteen25 | 26.020 }} {{Elementboks_dampdruk_katpa | 530 | 583 | 654 | 745 | 867 | 1040 | kommentaar= }} {{Elementboks_afdeling_atoomeiensk | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black }} {{Elementboks_kristalstruktuur | heksagonaal }} {{Elementboks Strukturbericht|A3}} {{Elementboks_oksiedtoest | 2<br />(matige [[basis|basiese]] oksied) }} {{Elementboks_elektroneg_pauling | 1.69 }} {{Elementboks_ioonenergie3 | 867.8 | 1631.4 | 3616 }} {{Elementboks_atoomradius_pm | 155 }} {{Elementboks_atoomradiusber_pm | 161 }} {{Elementboks_kovalenteradius_pm | 148 }} {{Elementboks_vanderwaalsradius_pm | 158 }} {{Elementboks_afdeling_diverse | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black }} {{Elementboks_magneties | geen data }} {{Elementboks_eweerstand_ohmm | (22&nbsp;°C) 72.7 n}} {{Elementboks_termiesegeleiding_wpmkteen300k | 96.6 }} {{Elementboks_termieseuitsetting_umpmkteen25 | 30.8 }} {{Elementboks_spoedvanklank_staafmpsteen20 | 2310 }} {{Elementboks_youngsemodulus_gpa | 50 }} {{Elementboks_skuifmodulus_gpa | 19 }} {{Elementboks_massamodulus_gpa | 42 }} {{Elementboks_poissonverhouding | 0.30 }} {{Elementboks_mohsehardheid | 2.0 }} {{Elementboks_brinellhardheid_mpa | 203 }} {{Elementboks_cas_nommer | 7440-43-9 }} {{Elementboks_isotope_begin | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black|isotopevan=Kadmium }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=106 | sim=Cd | nv=1.25% | hl=&gt;9.5&times;10¹⁷ y | vm=[[dubbele elektronvangs|ee2?]] | ve=- | pg=106 | ps=[[palladium|Pd]] }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=108 | sim=Cd | nv=0.89% | hl=&gt;6.7&times;10¹⁷ y | vm=[[dubbele elektronvangs|ee2?]] | ve=- | pg=108 | ps=[[palladium|Pd]] }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=109 | sim=Cd | nv=[[sintetiese radio-isotoop|sin]] | hl=462.6 d | vm=[[elektronvangs|e]] | ve=0.214 | pg=109 | ps=[[silwer|Ag]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_stabiel | mg=110 | sim=Cd | nv=12.49% | n=62 }} {{Elementboks_isotope_stabiel | mg=111 | sim=Cd | nv=12.8% | n=63 }} {{Elementboks_isotope_stabiel | mg=112 | sim=Cd | nv=24.13% | n=64 }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=113 | sim=Cd | nv=12.22% | hl=7.7&times;10¹⁵ y | vm=[[beta verval|ß^-]] | ve=0.316 | pg=113 | ps=[[indium|In]] }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval2 | mg=113[[kernisomeer|m]] | sim=Cd | nv=[[sintetiese radio-isotoop|sin]] | hl=14.1 y | vm1=[[beta verval|ß^-]] | ve1=0.580 | pg1=113 | ps1=[[indium|In]] | vm2=[[isomeriese oorgang|IO]] | ve2=0.264 | pg2=113 | ps2=Cd }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=114 | sim=Cd | nv=28.73% | hl=&gt;9.3&times;10¹⁷ y | vm=[[dubbele beta verval|ßß2?]] | ve=- | pg=114 | ps=[[tin|Sn]] }} {{elementboks_isotope_verval | mg=116 | vm=[[dubbele beta verval|ßß2?]] | ve=- | sim=Cd | nv=7.49% | hl=2.9&times;10¹⁹ y | pg=116 | ps=[[tin|Sn]] }} {{Elementboks_isotope_eindig}} {{Elementboks_voetskrif | kleur1=#ffc0c0 | kleur2=black }} '''Kadmium''' is 'n [[chemiese element]] met die simbool Cd en [[atoomgetal]] van 48. Kadmium is 'n betreklik skaars, blouerige wit oorgangsmetaal en is 'n bekende [[Karsinogeen|karsinogeniese]] (kankerwekkende) stof wat in [[sink]]ertse voorkom. Kadmium word hoofsaaklik in [[battery]]e en [[pigment]]e (byvoorbeeld in plastiekprodukte) gebruik. == Ontginning == Kadmium is 'n algemene onsuiwerheid in [[sink]] en word dikwels onttrek tydens die vervaardiging van sink. [[Sulfied|Sinksulfiedertse]] word in die teenwoordigheid van [[suurstof]] gerooster om die [[sinksulfied]] na die [[oksied]] om te skakel. Sinkmetaal word dan vervaardig deur die oksied saam met [[koolstof]] te smelt of deur [[elektrolise]] in [[swaelsuur]]. Kadmium word geïsoleer vanuit die sinkmetaal deur [[vakuumdistillasie]] van die gesmelte in sink of dit kan verkry word deur kadmiumsulfaat uit die elektrolitiese oplossing neer te slaan.<ref>[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/key.html Kadmium] artikel by WebElements.com</ref> == Kenmerkende eienskappe == Kadmium is 'n sagte, smeebare, pletbare, giftige, blouerig-wit bivalente metaal. Die eienskappe daarvan is soortgelyk aan [[sink]] maar dit reageer om meer komplekse verbindings te vorm. Die algemeenste [[oksidasietoestand]] van kadmium is +2, maar daar is seldsame voorbeelde van +1 verbindings met kadmium bekend. == Gebruike == Ongeveer driekwart kadmium word gebruik in [[battery]]e (veral [[nikkel-kadmium battery|Ni-Cd]] batterye) en die grootste hoeveelheid van die res word hoofsaaklik benut vir [[pigment]]e, bedekkings en platerings en as stabiliseerders vir [[plastiek]]e. Ander gebruike sluit in: * In baie laagsmeltende [[legering]]s * In legerings vir laers, vanweë 'n lae [[wrywingskoëffisiënt]] en baie goeie vermoeidheidsweerstand * In [[elektroplatering]] (6% kadmium) * In baie soorte [[soldeersel]] * As 'n versperring om [[kernfisie]] (kernsplitsing) te beheer * In swart en wit [[televisie|televisie-fosfors]] en in die blou en groen fosfors vir kleurtelevisiebuise * In verfpigmente: Kadmium vorm verskeie soute met [[kadmiumsulfied]] die algemeenste. Hierdie sulfied word gebruik as 'n geel pigment. [[Kadmiumselenied]] kan gebruik word as 'n rooi pigment. * In sommige [[halfgeleier]]s soos kadmiumsulfied, kadmiumselenied en kadmiumtelluried, wat gebruik kan word as ligbespeuring of [[sonsel]]le. HgCdTe is sensitief vir [[infrarooilig]]. * In [[PVC]] as stabiliseerders. * In molekulêre biologie word dit gebruik om die spanningsafhanklike kalsiumkanale te blokkeer teen kalsiumioonvloei. == Toksisiteit == Kadmium bind aanvanklik aan metallotioneïen en word na die niere vervoer. Toksiese effekte word waargeneem sodra die konsentrasie van kadmium dié van beskikbare metallotioneïen oorskry, maar dit is ook getoon dat die kadmium-metallotioneïenkompleks self skadelik kan wees. Ophoping van kadmium in die niere lei tot verhoogde uitskeiding van noodsaaklike [[proteïen]]e van lae en hoë molekulêre gewig. Kadmium is 'n sinkanaloog met hoë affiniteit en kan in [[sink]] se biologiese prosesse inmeng. Dit bind ook aan die estrogeenreseptor en aktiveer dit, wat waarskynlik die groei van sekere soorte kankerselle stimuleer en ander estrogeniese effekte veroorsaak, soos reproduktiewe disfunksie. Kadmium veroorsaak ook sel-apoptose (seldood) deur mitogeen-geaktiveerde proteïenkinases te aktiveer.<ref name="T3DB">{{cite web|url=http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0375|publisher=TMIC|title=Cadmium hydroxide (T3D0375)|access-date=24 Maart 2024|archive-date=24 Maart 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324211814/http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0375|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geskiedenis == Kadmium ([[Latyn]]s ''cadmia'', [[Grieks]] ''καδμεία'' wat "[[kalamyn]]" beteken, wat 'n kadmiumdraende mengsel van minerale is en vernoem is na die [[Griekse mitologie]]se karakter, Κάδμος ([[Kadmos]])) is in Duitsland ontdek in 1817 deur [[Friedrich Strohmeyer]]. Strohmeyer het die nuwe element in 'n onsuiwerheid van [[sinkkarbonaat]] (kalamyn) gevind en vir 100 jaar was Duitsland die enigste betekenisvolle produsent van die metaal gewees. Die metaal is vernoem na kalamyn omdat die metaal in hierdie verbinding ontdek is. Strohmeyer het opgemerk dat sommige onsuiwer kalamynmonsters die neiging gehad het om van kleur te verander as dit verhit is, anders as suiwer kalamyn. Ten spyte daarvan dat kadmium en sy verbindings baie giftig is, is kadmiumjodied in die verlede as 'n medisyne gebruik. In 1927 het die [[Internasionale Buro van Gewigte en Mates]] die [[meter]] in terme van die rooi kadmium spektrumlyn (1m = 1 553 164.13 golflengtes) gedefinieer. Hierdie definisie is sedertdien verander (sien [[krypton]]). == Verspreiding == [[Lêer:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg|duimnael|links|Kadmiummetaal]] [[Lêer:Cadmium - world production trend.svg|duimnael|links|Wêreldproduksietendense]] In 2001 was [[China]] die hoofprodusent van kadmium met byna 'n sesde aandeel van wêreldproduksie gevolg deur [[Suid-Korea]] en [[Japan]] volgens die British Geological Survey. Kadmiumdraende ertse is seldsaam en kom in klein hoeveelhede voor. [[Greenokiet]] (CDS), die enigste betekenisvolle mineraal kom bykans altyd saam met [[sfaleriet]] (ZNS) voor. Gevolglik word kadmium hoofsaaklik vervaardig as 'n byproduk van die ontginning van sulfiedertse van sink en tot 'n mindere mate van [[lood]] en [[koper]]. Klein hoeveelhede kadmium, ongeveer 10% van totale verbruik, word verkry vanuit sekondêre bronne, hoofsaaklik uit die stof wat vrygestel word deur die herwinning van [[yster]]- en [[staal]]skroot. == Isotope == [[Lêer:HeCd laser.jpg|duimnael|links|150px|Beeld van die pers lig vanaf 'n [[helium]]-kadmium [[laser|metaaldamplaser]]. Die hoogs [[monochromaties]]e kleur spruit uit die 441.563 nm [[spektrumlyn|oorgangslyn]] van kadmium.]] Kadmium wat in die natuur voorkom bestaan uit 8 [[isotoop|isotope]]. By twee van hierdie isotope is [[radio-aktiwiteit]] waargeneem en daar is voorspel dat drie ander radio-aktief moet wees maar daar is tot op hede geen verval waargeneem nie, vanweë hulle uiters lang [[halfleeftyd|halfleeftye]]. Die twee natuurlik radio-aktiewe isotope is ¹¹³Cd ([[beta-verval]], [[halfleeftyd]] van 7.7 × 10¹⁵ jaar) en ¹¹⁶Cd (twee-neutrino [[dubbele beta-verval]], [[halfleeftyd]] van 2.9 × 10¹⁹ jaar). Die ander drie is ¹⁰⁶Cd, ¹⁰⁸Cd ([[dubbele elektronvangs]] en ¹¹⁴Cd ([[dubbele beta-verval]]). Ten minste drie ander isotope - ¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd en ¹¹²Cd - is geheel en al stabiel. Van die isotope wat afwesig is in natuurlike kadmium is die langslewende ¹⁰⁹Cd met 'n halfleeftyd van 462.6 dae en ¹¹⁵Cd met 'n halfleeftyd van 53.46 uur. Al die oorblywende [[radio-aktiwiteit|radio-aktiewe]] isotope het halfleeftye van minder as 2.5 uur, en die meerderheid van hulle se halfleeftye is selfs korter as 5 minute. Hierdie element het ook 8 bekende [[metatoestande]] met die stabielste hiervan ^113mCd (t_½ 14.1 jaar), ^115mCd (t_½ 44.6 dae)en ^117mCd (t_½ 3.36 uur). Die bekende isotope van kadmium wissel in [[atoommassa]] van 94.950 (⁹⁵Cd) tot 131.946 (¹³²Cd). Die primêre [[vervalmodus]] voor die tweede volopste stabiele isotoop, ¹¹²Cd, is [[elektronvangs]] en die primêre modus daarna is [[betaverval]] en [[elektronvangs]]. Die primêre [[vervalproduk]] voor ¹¹²Cd is element 47 ([[silwer]]) en die primêre produk daarna is element 49 ([[indium]]). == Giftigheid == Kadmium hou 'n beroepsgevaar in wat verband hou met nywerheidsprosesse soos die metaalplatering en die vervaardiging van nikkel-kadmium batterye, pigmente, plastieke en ander sintetiese materiale. Die hoofroete vir blootstelling in nywerheidsomgewings is deur inaseming. Inaseming van kadmiumbevattende dampe kan aanvanklik [[koors]] tot gevolg hê maar later vererger tot chemiese [[pneumonitis]], [[pulmonary edema]] <!-- het die vertaling geken op 'n stadium maar dit ontgaan my nou --> en selfs die dood.<ref>[http://www.ijmt.net/ijmt/4_5/4_5_41.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321062344/http://www.ijmt.net/ijmt/4_5/4_5_41.html |date=21 Maart 2008 }} Principles and Methods of Toxicology (vierde uitgawe). A. Wallace Hayes. Taylor and Francis Publishing Inc.; Philadelphia, 2001.</ref> Kadmium is ook 'n element wat omgewingsgevare inhou. Menslike blootstelling tot kadmium in die omgewing is hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die verbranding van fossielbrandstowwe en munisipale afval.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/cadmium.html Die Amerikaanse departement vir omgewingsbeskerming se opsomming oor kadmium]</ref> Daar was noemenswaardige gevalle van vergiftiging wat die resultaat was van langtermyn blootstelling aan kadmium besmette voedsel en water. In die dekades na die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] het Japannese mynboubedrywighede die [[Jinzu-rivier]] met kadmium en spore van ander [[giftigheid|giftige]] metale besmet. As gevolg daarvan het kadmium opgebou in rysgewasse wat al langs die rivier afstroom van die myne gegroei het. Die plaaslike landelike gemeenskappe het die besmette rys geëet en [[Itai-tai]] siekte asook verskeie nierafwykings ontwikkel.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/n0773057mw738u05/]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Nogowa et al. Biometals. 2004 Okt; 17(5):581-7.</ref> Kadmium is een van ses stowwe wat deur die Europese Unie se ROHS lys van beperkte stowwe voorkom wat karsinogeniese stowwe in rekenaars verbied. Kadmium en verskeie kadmiumbevattende verbindings is ook bekende [[karsinogeen|karsinogene]] en kan vele soorte [[kanker]]s verwek.<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932 11th Report on Carcinogens] provided by the National Toxicology Program</ref> Huidige navorsing het bevind dat kadmiumtoksisiteit in die liggaam ingedra kan word deur [[sink]]verbindende proteïene. Sink en kadmium val in dieselfde groep in die periodieke tabel en bevat 'n gemeenskaplike (+2) oksidasietoestand en is bykans dieselfde grootte in 'n geïoniseerde toestand. Om hierdie rede kan kadmium vir sink in baie biologiese stelsels vervang, veral stelsels wat sagter [[ligand]]e soos swael bevat. Kadmium kan soveel as tien keer sterker aan sekere biologiese stelsels verbind en is buitengewoon moeilik om te verwyder. Verder kan kadmium ook vir [[magnesium]] en [[kalsium]] in sekere biologiese stelsels vervang. Sodanige vervangings is egter seldsaam. Die rook van [[tabak]] is die belangrikste enkele bron van kadmiumblootstelling onder bevolkings in die algemeen. Daar word geraam dat ongeveer 10% van die kadmium-inhoud van 'n sigaret ingeasem word. Die absorpsie van kadmium in die longe is baie meer doeltreffend as in die spysverteringskanaal en daar word sowat 50% van die kadmium wat in sigaretrook ingeasem word, geabsorbeer Rokers se kadmiumkonsentrasies in hul bloed is sowat 4-5 keer hoër en die konsentrasie kadmium in hul niere is sowat 2-3 keer meer as in dié van nie-rokers. Ten spyte van die hoë kadmium inhoud in sigaretrook wil dit voorkom asof daar min blootstelling aan kadmium voorkom as gevolg van passiewe rook. Geen beduidende effek in kadmiumkonsentrasies in bloed kon by kinders wat aan tabakrook in hul omgewing blootgestel word bespeur word nie. == Voorsorgmaatreëls == Wanneer daar met kadmium gewerk word is dit belangrik dat dit onder 'n [[dampkas]] gedoen word of dat daar van 'n geskikte asemhalingstoestel gebruik gemaak word om 'n mens teen die gevaarlike dampe te beskerm.<ref>[http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/solutions.html OSHA Solutions for workplace cadmium exposure]</ref> [[Soldeersel]] kan byvoorbeeld kadmium bevat en moet met sorg hanteer word. == Verbindings == *Sien [[:Kategorie:Verbindings van kadmium]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Cadmium}} {{Wikt|kadmium}} * [http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol58/mono58-2.htm IARC Monograph "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015082333/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol58/mono58-2.htm |date=15 Oktober 2005 }} * [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210213049/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html |date=10 Desember 2006 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Cadmium] * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/48.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Cadmium] * [http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=10690&Attachment_ID=25585] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609233824/http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=10690&Attachment_ID=25585 |date= 9 Junie 2009 }} Warning Moose and Deer Liver * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/Cadmium National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Cadmium Page] {{Navigasie Periodieke tabel}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Chemiese elemente]] ar23psdhfuan8or1v8q64iot0uyl3pj 0 28158 2913853 2861841 2026-06-25T23:29:53Z InternetArchiveBot 131157 Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2913853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Sir Edmund Hillary | bynaam = | beeld = Edmund Hillary by Kubik 2004.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = Edmund Hillary in 2004 | geboortenaam = Edmund Percival Hillary | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum|1919|7|20}} | geboorteplek = [[Auckland]], [[Nieu-Seeland]] | sterfdatum = {{Sterftedatum en ouderdom|1919|7|20|2008|1|11}} | sterfteplek = Auckland, Nieu-Seeland | ouers = Percival Augustus Hillary<br />Gertrude Hillary, née Clark | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} | alma_mater = | beroep = bergklimmer en ontdekkingsreisiger | ander = | bekend = eerste bestyging van [[Berg Everest]] saam met [[Tenzing Norgay]] op [[29 Mei]] [[1953]] | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = Louise Mary Rose (1953–75)<br />June Mulgrew (1989–2008) | kinders = Peter (* 1954)<br />Sarah (* 1955)<br />Belinda (1959–1975) | webblad = | handtekening = Edmund Hillary Signature.svg }} '''Sir Edmund Percival Hillary''' ([[20 Julie]] [[1919]] – [[11 Januarie]] [[2008]]) was 'n [[Nieu-Seeland]]se bergklimmer en ontdekkingsreisiger. Op [[29 Mei]] [[1953]] het Hillary saam met die [[Sjerpa]]-bergklimmer [[Tenzing Norgay]] die eerste mens geword wat die piek van [[Berg Everest]] bereik het. Hulle was deel van die negende Britse ekspedisie na Everest onder leiding van John Hunt. == Jeug == Edmund Hillary is op [[20 Julie]] [[1919]] in [[Auckland]] gebore as die seun van Percival Augustus Hillary en Gertrude Hillary (née Clark).<ref name="Christchurch">Christchurch City Libraries, [http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Kids/FamousNewZealanders/more/SirEdmundHillary.asp ''Famous New Zealanders''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517073005/http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Kids/FamousNewZealanders/more/SirEdmundHillary.asp |date=17 Mei 2008 }}. Verkry op 23 Januarie 2007.</ref> Sy grootouers was in die middel van die [[19de eeu]] setlaars aan die noordelike Wairoa-rivier nadat hulle uit [[Yorkshire]] in [[Engeland]] geëmigreer het.<ref>Tyler, Heather Tyler [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10349189 ''Authorised Hillary biography reveals private touches''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013339/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10349189 |date=30 September 2007 }}. NZ Herald. 8 Oktober 2005.</ref> Hillary het by die Auckland Grammar School skoolgegaan; sy busrit skool toe en terug was saam meer as vier uur en hy het dié tyd gebruik om te lees. Aangaande hy groter geword het was hy steeds kleiner as sy klasmaats en baie skaam; gevolglik het hy sy toevlug tot boeke geneem en gedroom van 'n lewe wat met avontuur gevul is. Op die ouderdom van 16 het hy begin belangstel in bergklim ná 'n skooluitstappie na [[Berg Ruapehu]]. Die lang, skraal Hillary het met verbasing geleer dat hy fisies sterk was en groter uithouvermoë as sy medeklimmers gehad het. In 1939 het hy sy eerste groot bergklim voltooi nadat hy die piek van Berg Oliver in die Suidelike [[Alpe]] bereik het. Hillary het saam met sy broer, Rex, 'n [[byeboerdery|byeboer]] geword,<ref name="Christchurch" /><ref name="time" /> 'n somerwerk wat hom toegelaat het om in die winter berg te klim.<ref name="natlgeo" /> == Tweede Wêreldoorlog == In 1943 het Hillary as 'n navigator by die Nieu-Seelandse lugmag aangesluit waar hy op PBY Catalina-vliegbote diens gedoen het. In 1945 is hy na [[Fidji]] en die [[Solomoneilande]] gestuur. Hy het daar ernstige brandwonde in 'n bootongeluk opgedoen en is na Nieu-Seeland teruggestuur. == Ekspedisies == Voor hy in 1953 by die suksesvolle Britse poging aangesluit het, was Hillary in 1951 deel van 'n Britse verkenningstog na Everest onder leiding van [[Eric Shipton]]. In 1952 was Hillary en George Lowe deel van die Britse span (weer eens onder leiding van Eric Shipton) wat probeer het om die sesde hoogste berg ter wêreld, [[Cho Oyu]] in die [[Himalaja]], te klim. Die poging het misluk weens die tekort aan 'n behoorlike roete vanaf die [[Nepal]]ese kant. Hillary en Lowe het [[Tibet]] deur die Lho-La-bergpas binnegegaan en die ou Kamp II aan die noordekant bereik waar alle vooroorlogse ekspedisies gekampeer het. === Everest-ekspedisie van 1953 === Die roete na Everest is deur die [[China|Chinees]]-beheerde Tibet gesluit en Nepal het slegs een ekspedisie per jaar toegelaat. 'n [[Switserland|Switserse]] ekspedisie (waaraan [[Tenzing Norgay]] ook deelgeneem het) het probeer om die piek in 1952 te bereik, maar moes as gevolg van slegte weer op 'n hoogte van 260&nbsp;m vanaf die piek omdraai. Tydens 'n 1952-toer in die Alpe het Hillary uitgevind dat hy en sy vriend George Lowe genooi is vir die goedgekeurde 1953- Britse probeerslag; hy het die uitnodiging onmiddellik aangeneem.<ref name="HighAdventure">Hillary, Edmund, ''High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest''</ref> Die poging sou oorspronklik onder leiding van Eric Shipton plaasvind, maar dié is later vervang deur John Hunt. Hillary het dit oorweeg om te onttrek, maar beide Hunt en Shipton het hom oorreed om deel van die groep te bly. Hillary het beplan om saam met George Lowe te klim, maar Hunt het twee spanne vir die aanslag aangekondig: Tom Bourdillon en Charles Evans; en Hillary en Tenzing. Ná die aankondiging het Hillary 'n doelbewuste poging aangewend om 'n vriendskap met Tenzing te sluit.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> Die Hunt-ekspedisie was, soos baie ander, 'n spanpoging. Lowe het toesig gehou oor die voorbereiding vir die [[Lhotse]]-wand, 'n reusagtige, styl yswand. Hillary het 'n roete deur die verraderlike Khumbu-ysval beplan.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> Die ekspedisie het hulle basiskamp in Maart 1953 opgerig. Hulle het die finale kamp by die Suidelike Pas op 'n hoogte van 7900&nbsp;m opgerig. Op [[26 Mei]] het Bourdillon en Evans die klimtog aangepak, maar hulle moes terugkeer nadat Evan se suurstofstelsel die gees gegee het. Hulle het die Suid-pas bereik, slegs 100&nbsp;m vanaf die piek.<ref name="nzedge" /> Daarna het Hunt Hillary en Tenzing aangesê om die piek te probeer bereik. Sneeu en wind het die twee vir twee dae by die Suid-pas vasgekeer. Hulle het op [[28 Mei]] vertrek met Lowe, Alfred Gregory en Ang Nyima as ondersteuning. Die twee het hulle tent op [[28 Mei]] op 'n hoogte van 8500&nbsp;m opgeslaan, terwyl hulle ondersteuningsgroep teruggekeer het. Hillary het die volgende oggend ontdek dat sy stewels geheel en al gevries was nadat hy hulle buite die tent gelos het. Hy het hulle twee uur lank verhit voor hy en Tenzing die finale klimtog met hulle 10&nbsp;kg sware rugsakke aangepak het.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> Die beslissende deel van die laaste deel van die klimtog was die 12&nbsp;m rotshang, wat later bekend sou staan as die Hillary-trap. Hillary het 'n manier gevind om in 'n skeur tussen die rotshang en die ys na bo te beur en Tenzing het hom gevolg.<ref>''Ascent: Two Lives Explored : The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary''</ref> Van daar af was die res van die poging relatief eenvoudig. Hulle het die piek om 11:30 bereik.<ref name="Christchurch" /> In Hillary se eie woorde: "Nog 'n paar houe met die yshamer in die ferm sneeu en toe staan ons bo".<ref>Oorspronklike Engelse aanhaling: ''A few more whacks of the ice axe in the firm snow, and we stood on top.'' vanuit PBS, NOVA, [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/history/firstsummit2.html ''First to Summit''], November 2000. Verkry op 31 Maart 2007.</ref> Hulle het slegs omtrent 15 minute op die piek deurgebring. Hulle het sonder sukses vir bewyse gesoek van die vroeëre ekspedisie onder leiding van George Mallory. Hillary het 'n foto van Tenzing geneem. Tenzing het sjokolade in die sneeu gelaat as 'n offer en Hillary 'n kruis.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> Daar is geen foto's van Hillary op die piek nie aangesien Tenzing nie geweet het hoe om 'n kamera te gebruik nie. Die afkoms is bemoeilik deurdat die drywende sneeu hulle spore uitgewis het. Die eerste persoon wat hulle tegemoetgekom het, was Lowe, wat hoër geklim het om hulle met warm sop te groet.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> {{cquote|Well George, we finally knocked the bastard off.}} : - ''Hillary se eerste woorde aan Lowe, na sy terugkoms van die piek van Everest.''</blockquote> Die nuus van die suksesvolle ekspedisie het Brittanje op die dag van [[Elizabeth II van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Elizabeth II]] se kroning bereik. Die groep was verbaas oor die internasionale toejuiging wat hulle ontvang het met hulle aankoms in [[Katmandoe]], die hoofstad van Nepal.<ref name="HighAdventure" /> === Ná Everest === [[Lêer:Edmund-Hillary.web.jpg|duimnael|Edmund Hillary in 1957, na hy die eerste vliegtuig wat by die Marble Point-landingsstrook in Antarktika geland het, vergesel het.]] Hillary het tien ander pieke in die Himalaja geklim tydens verdere besoeke in 1956, 1960–61 en 1963–65. Hy het ook die [[Suidpool]] op [[4 Januarie]] [[1958]] bereik as deel van die Statebond se Trans-Antarktiese Ekspedisie. Hy was die leier van die Nieu-Seelandse span. Hy het later, in [[1977]], 'n stralerbootekspedisie gelei met die naam Ocean to Sky wat van die mond van die 2&nbsp;510 km-lange [[Ganges]]-rivier tot by sy bron gestrek het. Hillary was in [[1979]] veronderstel om as kommentator op te tree tydens die noodlottige [[Air New Zealand]]-[[Erebus-vliegtuigramp|vlug 901]], 'n [[Antartika|Antarktiese]] besigtigingsvlug. Hy het egter onttrek weens werkverpligtinge elders. Hy is deur sy vriend, Peter Mulgrew, vervang wat gesterf het toe die vliegtuig teen die berg [[Erebus (berg)|Erebus]] gebots het.<ref>New Zealand Antarctic Veterans Association, [http://www.antarctic.homestead.com/mulsywyswgrew.html ''Operation Deep Freeze—The New Zealand Story'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Verkry op 20 Januarie 2007.</ref> Hillary het aan die algemene Nieu-Seelandse verkiesing van 1975 deelgeneem as lid van die "Burgers vir Rowling"-veldtog. Daar word gemeen dat sy betrokkenheid by dié veldtog sy benoeming as goewerneur-generaal in 1977 verhinder het<ref>''Rowling: The man and the myth'' by John Henderson, Australia New Zealand Press, 1980.</ref> en die posisie is aan Keith Holyoake gegee. Hy is egter in 1985 as die Nieu-Seelandse ambassadeur in Indië, Nepal en Bangladesj aangewys en het vier en 'n half jaar in Nieu-Delhi gewoon. In 1985 het hy [[Neil Armstrong]] vergesel in 'n klein tweelingmotor-skivliegtuig wat oor die [[Arktiese Oseaan]] gevlieg en op die [[Noordpool]] geland het. Hy was dus die eerste mens wat op albei pole en op die piek van die hoogste berg ter wêreld gestaan het. In Januarie 2007 het Hillary na Antarktika gereis om die 50ste herdenking van die stigting van die Scott-basis te vier. Hy het op [[18 Januarie]] na die basis gevlieg met 'n afvaardiging wat die eerste minister van Nieu-Seeland, [[Helen Clark]], ingesluit het.<ref>NDTV, [http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?slug=Sir+Edmund+Hillary+revisits+Antarctica&id=99755 ''Sir Edmund Hillary revisits Antarctica''], 20 Januarie 2007.</ref><ref>Claire Harvey, The New Zealand Herald, [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/466/story.cfm?c_id=466&objectid=10419569 ''Claire Harvey on Ice: Arriving at Scott Base''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122658/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/466/story.cfm?c_id=466&objectid=10419569 |date=29 September 2007 }}, 20 Januarie 2007.</ref><ref>Radio Network, [http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=110625 ''PM and Sir Edmund Hillary off to Scott Base''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126040918/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=110625 |date=26 Januarie 2009 }}, 15 Januarie 2007. URL besoek op 20 Januarie 2007.</ref> Hy het daar 'n oproep op die Britse regering gedoen om by te dra tot die instandhouding van die hutte van die ontdekkingsreisigers [[Robert Falcon Scott]] en [[Ernest Shackleton]].<ref>The Press [http://www.stuff.co.nz/3935442a10.html ''Hillary slates Brits over historic huts ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214070156/http://www.stuff.co.nz/3935442a10.html |date=14 Desember 2007 }}. Verkry op 12 Februarie 2007.</ref> Daar is berig dat Hillary op [[22 April]] [[2007]] 'n besering opgedoen het tydens 'n val terwyl hy besig was om na Katmandoe te reis. Niks is gemeld oor die aard van sy beserings nie en hy het nie dadelik vir behandeling gegaan nie. Ná sy terugkeer na Nieu-Seeland is hy in die hospitaal opgeneem.<ref>Stuart Dye, The New Zealand Herald, [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10435883 ''Clark sends goodwill message to Sir Edmund''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929224034/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10435883 |date=29 September 2007 }}. Dinsdag, 24 April 2007.</ref> Dit het egter geblyk dat sy beserings nie sy lewe in gevaar gestel het nie. Hillary het in latere jare sy misnoeë verkondig oor die houding van baie moderne bergklimmers. Hy het in besonder die Nieu-Seelander Mark Inglis en 40 ander klimmers gekritiseer, wat die Britse bergklimmer David Sharp in Mei 2006 op Everest agtergelaat het om te sterf. Hy het gesê: : "Ek dink die hele houding teenoor die klim van Berg Everest het nogal weersinwekkend geword. Die mense wil net die bopunt bereik; dit was verkeerd indien daar 'n man was wat hoogteprobleme gehad het en onder 'n rots neergehurk was, om net jou hoed te lig, goeie môre te sê en verby te gaan."<ref>Oorspronklike Engelse aanhaling: ''I think the whole attitude towards climbing Mount Everest has become rather horrifying. The people just want to get to the top, it was wrong if there was a man suffering altitude problems and was huddled under a rock, just to lift your hat, say good morning and pass on by.'' [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/05/24/1148150327071.html ''Death on Everest divides climbers''] by die webwerf van The Age. URL besoek op 11 Januarie 2008.</ref> Hy het ook aan die New Zealand Herald gesê hy is met afgryse vervul oor die gevoellose houding van moderne bergklimmers: : "Hulle gee nie 'n flenter om vir enigiemand wat in nood verkeer nie en dit beïndruk my hoegenaamd nie dat hulle iemand wat onder 'n rots lê, laat om te sterf nie."<ref>Oorspronklike Engelse aanhaling: ''They don’t give a damn for anybody else who may be in distress and it doesn’t impress me at all that they leave someone lying under a rock to die.'' [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/05/24/1148150327071.html ''Death on Everest divides climbers''] by die webwerf van The Age. Verkry op 11 Januarie 2008.</ref> == Openbare erkenning == [[Lêer:Hillary statue and Mount Cook.jpg|duimnael|'n Standbeeld van sir Hillary wat tuur na Nieu-Seeland se hoogste piek, Aoraki/[[Mount Cook]].]] Hillary het op [[16 Julie]] [[1953]] ridderskap gekry as ridder-kommandeur van die Orde van die Britse Ryk. In 1987 is tot lid van die Orde van Nieu-Seeland verhef en op [[23 April]] [[1995]] tot Ridder van die Orde van die Kousband. Verskeie strate, skole en instelling in Nieu-Seeland en die res van die wêreld is na hom genoem. 'n Paar voorbeelde is die Sir Edmund Hillary-kollege in Otara, Nieu-Seeland, die Primêre Skool Edmund Hillary in Papakura, Nieu-Seeland, en die Hillary-kommissie. In 1992 het Hillary se gesig op die nuwe Nieu-Seelandse vyfdollar-noot verskyn: Hy was die enigste lewende Nieu-Seelander wat nog op 'n banknoot verskyn het. Om die 50ste herdenking van die eerste suksesvolle klim van Everest te vier, het die Nepalese regering ere-burgerskap aan Hillary toegeken tydens 'n spesiale gouejubileum-viering in Katmandoe. Hy was die eerste buitelander wat dié eer te beurt geval het. 'n Standbeeld van 2,3&nbsp;m van sir Hillary is in 2003 in die dorpie by Aoraki (ook bekend as Berg Cook) opgerig. == Gesinslewe == Kort ná sy terugkeer van Everest, op [[3 September]] [[1953]], het Hillary met Louise Mary Rose getrou. Die skaam seun het 'n skaam man geword en sy skoonmoeder het namens hom sy vrou om haar hand gevra.<ref name="natlgeo" /><ref name="time" /><ref>[http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Kids/FamousNewZealanders/Edmund.asp ''Famous New Zealanders'']. Verkry op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref> Hulle het drie kinders gehad: Peter (1954), Sarah (1955) en Belinda (1959).<ref name="nzedge">The New Zealand Edge, [http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/hillary.html ''Sir Edmund Hillary—KING OF THE WORLD''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127050950/http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/hillary.html |date=27 November 2004 }}. Verkry op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref><ref name="Christchurch" /> In 1975 sterf Louise en Belinda in 'n vliegtuigongeluk naby Katmandoe kort nadat hul vliegtuig opgestyg het. Hulle was op pad na die klein dorpie Phaphlu, waar Edmund besig was om te help om 'n hospitaal te bou.<ref name="time">Robert Sullivan, [[Time Magazine]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20030921174835/http://www.time.com/time/2003/adventures/interview.html ''Sir Edmund Hillary—A visit with the world's greatest living adventurer''], 12 September, 2003. URL besoek op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref> Meer as twintig jaar later het Hillary op [[21 Desember]] [[1989]] met Jane Mulgrew getrou, die weduwee van sy vriend Peter Mulgrew.<ref name="natlgeo">[[National Geographic]], [http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0305/feature1/index.html?fs=www7.nationalgeographic.com ''Everest: 50 Years and Counting''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116102132/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0305/feature1/index.html?fs=www7.nationalgeographic.com |date=16 November 2006 }}. Verkry op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref><ref>Sailing Source, [http://www.sailingsource.com/newfeatures/article_2002_09_22_3044.php ''Sir Edmund Hillary to Start Rolex Sydney-Hobart Race''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103035717/http://www.sailingsource.com/newfeatures/article_2002_09_22_3044.php |date= 3 Januarie 2007 }}. URL besoek op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref> Sy seun, Peter Hillary, het ook 'n bergklimmer geword en Everest in 1990 verower. In April 2003 het Peter en Tenzing Norgay se seun, Jamling Tenzing Norgay, Everest geklim as deel van 'n 50ste herdenking.<ref>NPR, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030425165415/http://www.npr.org/programs/re/archivesdate/2003/apr/everest/index.html ''Everest: To the Top of the World'']. 25 April 2003. Verkry op 22 Januarie 2007.</ref> Hillary het ook ses kleinkinders; sy kleindogter, Amelia Hillary, is ook betrokke by Hillary se werk in die Himalaja. == Liefdadigheid == Hillary het sy lewe daaraan toegewy om die Sjerpa-bevolking van Nepal te help, deur middel van die Himalaja-trust wat hy gestig het. Hy het daarin geslaag om baie skole en hospitale in dié afgesonderde deel van die wêreld te bou. Hy was ere-president van die Amerikaanse Himalaja-stigting, 'n nie-winsgewende instelling wat help om die ekologie en lewenstoestande in die Himalaja te verbeter. Die Himalaja-trust het onder andere reeds twee hospitale, 13 klinieke en meer as 30 skole gebou. == Dood == Sir Edmund Hillary het op [[11 Januarie]] [[2008]] in die Auckland-stadshospitaal gesterf ná 'n hartaanval. Hy was 88 jaar oud. Sy dood is deur die Nieu-Seelandse eerste minister, Helen Clark, aangekondig waartydens sy verklaar het dat sy dood 'n geweldige verlies vir Nieu-Seeland was.<ref>CNN.com, [http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/10/edmund.clark/index.html ''Clark statement on Hillary death''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524061729/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/10/edmund.clark/index.html |date=24 Mei 2008 }}. URL besoek op 11 Januarie 2008.</ref> Vele instellings het sy dood gerou deur rouvlae te hang, waaronder by die Nieu-Seelandse parlementsgebou en die Scott-basis in Antarktika.<ref>Stuff.co.nz, [http://www.stuff.co.nz/4352066a10.html ''Flag flies at half-mast over a sad Scott Base''] Verkry op 11 Januarie 2008</ref> Hy was in die hospitaal tydens sy sterfte, maar daar is verwag dat hy dieselfde dag nog sou kon terugkeer na sy familie.<ref>Stuff.co.nz, [http://www.stuff.co.nz/4351997a10.html ''State funeral for Sir Ed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111132642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4351997a10.html |date=11 Januarie 2008 }} Verkry op 11 Januarie 2008</ref> 'n Staatsbegrafnis is beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200801111143/sir_edmund_hillary_is_dead |title=Radio New Zealand News webwerf. |access-date=11 Januarie 2008 |archive-date=26 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126084634/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200801111143/sir_edmund_hillary_is_dead |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10482156 New Zealand Herald News webswerf.]</ref> == Bibliografie == Edmund Hillary het 'n aantal boeke geskryf, waaronder: * ''High Adventure'' (1955), Oxford University Press (Sagteband) {{ISBN|1-932302-02-6}} * ''High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest'' (1955), Oxford University Press (Sagteband) {{ISBN|0-19-516734-1}} * ''East of Everest – An Account of the New Zealand Alpine Club Himalayan Expedition to the Barun Valley in 1954'', met George Lowe (1956), E. P. Dutton en Maatskappy, Inc. ASIN B000EW84UM * ''No Latitude for Error'' (1961), Hodder & Stoughton. ASIN B000H6UVP6. * ''The New Zealand Antarctic Expedition'' (1959), R.W. Stiles, drukkers. ASIN B0007K6D72. * ''The crossing of Antarctica; the Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition, 1955–1958'' saam met sir Vivian Fuchs (1958). Cassell ASIN B000HJGZ08 * ''High in the thin cold air; the story of the Himalayan Expedition, led by Sir Edmund Hillary, sponsored by World Book Encyclopedia'', met Desmond Doig (1963) ASIN B00005W121 * ''Schoolhouse in the Clouds'' (1965) ASIN B00005WRBB * ''Nothing Venture, Nothing Win'' (1975) Hodder & Stoughton General Division {{ISBN|0-340-21296-9}} * ''From the Ocean to the Sky: Jet Boating Up the Ganges'' Ulverscroft Large Print Books Ltd (November 1980) {{ISBN|0-7089-0587-0}} * ''Two Generations'' saam met Peter Hillary (1984) Hodder & Stoughton Ltd {{ISBN|0-340-35420-8}} * ''Ascent: Two Lives Explored: The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary'' (1992) Paragon House-uitgewers {{ISBN|1-55778-408-6}} * ''View from the Summit: The Remarkable Memoir by the First Person to Conquer Everest'' (2000) Pocket {{ISBN|0-7434-0067-4}} == Verwysings == : ''Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel, [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/183583606|"Edmund Hillary"]]'' {{Verwysings|2}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030921174835/http://www.time.com/time/2003/adventures/interview.html TIME: The Greatest Adventures of All Time – The Race to the Pole] (onderhoud met sir Edmund) * [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/edmund-hillary On top of the world: Ed Hillary] – biografie van Edmund Hillary by NZHistory.net.nz * [http://www.himalayantrust.co.uk/ ''Himalayan Trust''] – amptelike webwerf. {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hillary, Edmund}} [[Kategorie:Nieu-Seelandse bergklimmers]] [[Kategorie:Nieu-Seelandse ontdekkingsreisigers]] [[Kategorie:Byeboere]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1919]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2008]] m3h9fij69ib8p80hfefdxsb8mxrmlc8 0 38209 2913729 2913633 2026-06-25T12:36:50Z Oesjaar 7467 /* L */ Verbeter 2913729 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' == T == * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] ng6iapjbr69a1hjqp513mtj3q4q3q74 2913730 2913729 2026-06-25T12:38:01Z Oesjaar 7467 /* M */ Verbeter 2913730 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' == T == * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] pnqjjyaq64l0k5xz0t7d7aktozy73sy 2913731 2913730 2026-06-25T12:43:36Z Oesjaar 7467 /* P */ Verbeter 2913731 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' == T == * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] 7dyr74qq5qq1hjc6rxgrb5e59k6ojhz 2913732 2913731 2026-06-25T12:45:06Z Oesjaar 7467 /* R */ Verbeter 2913732 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' == T == * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] c9jxo8rvmbwr6nn2to9une0hkytkx2u 2913733 2913732 2026-06-25T12:45:58Z Oesjaar 7467 /* S */ Verbeter 2913733 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' {{div col end}} == T == * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] 4kiz50xhq79xeezfs1a4u2uuhaq4fk0 2913734 2913733 2026-06-25T12:46:24Z Oesjaar 7467 /* T */ Verbeter 2913734 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' {{div col end}} == U == * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] j87n5hpchwq1ijcua58gw4693l5ay1b 2913740 2913734 2026-06-25T13:01:57Z Oesjaar 7467 /* U */ verbeter 2913740 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele {{div col end}} == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] ssmdr6qi5qhg8iiwx6exogehz58ooeq 2913741 2913740 2026-06-25T13:02:39Z Oesjaar 7467 /* V */ Verbeter 2913741 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele {{div col end}} == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes {{div col end}} == W == * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] 1q6pexjzp5e9ngugqdtrm2bfhlbw12q 2913742 2913741 2026-06-25T13:03:16Z Oesjaar 7467 /* W */ Verbeter 2913742 wikitext text/x-wiki Hierdie is 'n lys van [[aalwyn]]spesies. {{indeks}} == A == [[Beeld:Aloeaculeata.jpg|duimnael|[[Doringaalwyn]]]] [[Beeld:Aloe africana 1.jpg|duimnael|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn|Ruigte-aalwyn]]]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- |''[[Aloe aaata]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos ||2014 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aageodonta]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1993 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe abyssicola]]'' || Lavranos et .S Bilaidi || 1971 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe abyssinica]]'' || Lam. || 1783 ||Ethiopië || NE |- |''[[Aloe aculeata]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1915 || || |- |''[[Aloe acutissima]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe adigratana]]'' || Reynolds || 1957 || || |- |''[[Aloe affinis]]'' || A.Berger || 1908 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe africana]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || LC |- |''[[Aloe ahmarensis]]'' || Favell, M.B.Mill. & Al-Gifri || 1999 || Jemen || |- |''[[Aloe alaotrensis]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2017 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albida]]'' || (Stapf) Reynolds || 1947 || || NT |- |''[[Aloe albiflora]]'' || Guillaumin || 1940 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albostriata]]'' || T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe albovestita]]'' || S.Carter & P.Brandham || 1983 || || |- |''[[Aloe aldabrensis]]'' ||(Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || [[Aldabra]] || |- |''[[Aloe alexandrei]]'' ||Ellert || 2006 || [[Comore-eilande]] || |- |''[[Aloe alfredii]]'' || Rauh || 1990 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe allochroa]]'' || L.E.Newton & Mwadime || 2019 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe alooides]]'' || (Bolus) Druten || 1956 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ambigens]]'' || Chiov. || 1928 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe ambositrae]]'' || J.-P.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ambrensis]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe amicorum]]'' || L.E.Newton || 1991 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe ammophila]]'' || Reynolds || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe ampefyana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2007 || Madagaskar |- |''[[Aloe amudatensis]]'' || Reynolds || 1956 || || |- |''[[Aloe analavelonensis]]'' || Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe andersonii]]'' || Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel || 2014 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe andongensis]]'' || Baker || 1878 || Angola || |- |''[[Aloe andringitrensis]]'' || H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe angelica]]'' || Pole-Evans || 1934 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- |''[[Aloe anivoranoensis]]'' || (Rauh & Hebding) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankaranensis]]'' ||Rauh & Mangelsdorff || 2000 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ankoberensis]]'' || M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe || 1997 || Ethiopië || |- |''[[Aloe anodonta]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- |''[[Aloe × anosyana]]'' ||J.-P.Castillon || 2012 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe ansoultae]]'' ||Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antandroi]]'' || (Decary) H.Perrier || 1926 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antoetrana]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2011 || Madagaskar || NE |- |''[[Aloe antonii]]'' ||J.-B.Castillon || 2006 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe antsingyensis]]'' || (Leandri) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley ||1996 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Kransaalwyn|Aloe arborescens]]'' || Mill. || 1768 || || |- |''[[Aloe archeri]]'' || Lavranos || 1977 || Kenia || |- |''[[Aloe arenicola]]'' || Reynolds || 1938 || Suid-Afrika || NT |- |''[[Aloe argenticauda]]'' || Merxm. & Giess || 1974 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe argentifolia]]'' ||T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista || 2017 || Mosambiek || |- |''[[Aloe argyrostachys]]'' ||Lavranos, Rakouth & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe armatissima]]'' ||Lavranos & Collen. || 2000 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe arneodoi]]'' || Rebmann || 2016 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe asperifolia]]'' || A.Berger || 1905 || Namibië || |- |''[[Aloe aufensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- |''[[Aloe aurelienii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2008 || Madagaskar || |- |''[[Aloe austroarabica]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2003 || || |- |''[[Aloe austrosudanica]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2016 || Soedan || |} == B == [[beeld:Aloe barberae flowers.JPG|duimnael|Blomme van die boomaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe babatiensis]]'' <small>Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]]</small> * ''[[Aloe bakeri]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> * ''[[Aloe ballii]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe ballyi]]'' <small>Reynolds</small> * ''[[Aloe barbara-jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe barbertoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe bargalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe beankaensis]]'' <small>Letsara, Rakotoar. & Almeda</small> * ''[[Aloe belavenokensis]]'' <small>(Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley</small> * ''[[Aloe belitsakensis]]'' <small>Rakotoaris.</small> * ''[[Aloe bella]]'' * ''[[Aloe bellatula]]'' * ''[[Aloe benishangulana]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Tesfaye</small> * ''[[Aloe berevoana]]'' <small>Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe bergeriana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bernadettae]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bernardii]]'' <small>J.-P.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bertemariae]]'' <small>Sebsebe & Dioli</small> * ''[[Aloe betsileensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bicomitum]]'' * ''[[Aloe boiteaui]]'' * ''[[Aloe boscawenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe bosseri]]'' <small>J.-B.Castillon</small> * ''[[Aloe bowiea]]'' * ''[[Aloe boylei]]'' * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brachystachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe branddraaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe brandhamii]]'' * ''[[Aloe brevifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe breviscapa]]'' * ''[[Aloe broomii]]'' – Broom se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe brunneodentata]]'' <small>Lavranos & Collen.</small> * ''[[Aloe brunneostriata]]'' * ''[[Aloe bruynsii]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> * ''[[Aloe buchananii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buchlohii]]'' * ''[[Aloe buettneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe buhrii]]'' – Buhr se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe bukobana]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bulbillifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe bullockii]]'' * ''[[Aloe burgersfortensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe bussei]]'' * ''[[Aloe butiabana]]'' <small>T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest</small> * ''[[Aloe × buzairiensis]]'' <small>Lodé</small> {{div col end}} == C == [[Beeld:Aloe candelabrum BotGardBln271207B.jpg|duimnael|Kandelaaraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe cryptopoda HabitusLeavesInflorescence BotGard1205.jpg|duimnael|Heuwelaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe × caesia]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe calcairophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calidophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe calliantha]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe cameronii]]'' * ''[[Aloe camperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe canarina]]'' * ''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' – Kandelaaraalwyn * ''[[Aloe canis]]'' S.Lane * ''[[Aloe cannellii]]'' * ''[[Aloe capitata]]'' * ''[[Aloe capmanambatoensis]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe carnea]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe carolineae]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe castanea]]'' – Katstertaalwyn * ''[[Aloe castellorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe castilloniae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cataractarum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe catengiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe chabaudii]]'' * ''[[Aloe challisii]]'' * ''[[Aloe charlotteae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe cheranganiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe chlorantha]]'' – Fraserburg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe chortolirioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe christianii]]'' * ''[[Aloe chrysostachys]]'' * ''[[Aloe cipolinicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe citrea]]'' (Guillaumin) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe citrina]]'' * ''[[Aloe clarkei]] L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe classenii]] Reynolds * ''[[Aloe claviflora]]'' – Kraalaalwyn; aanteelaalwyn :Verspreiding: Groot Karoo en wes-Vrystaat * ''[[Aloe collenetteae]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe collina]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe × commutata]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe comosa]]'' – Clanwilliamaalwyn :Verspreiding: Benoorde van Clanwilliam, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe compressa]]'' * ''[[Aloe comptonii]]'' – [[Robert Harold Compton|Compton]] se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe condyae]]'' van Jaarsv. & P.Nel * ''[[Aloe confusa]]'' * ''[[Aloe congdonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe conifera]]'' * ''[[Aloe cooperi]]'' * ''[[Aloe corallina]]'' * ''[[Aloe craibii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe crassipes]]'' * ''[[Aloe cremnophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptoflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe cryptopoda]]'' – Geelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe cyrtophylla]]'' Lavranos {{div col end}} == D == [[Beeld:Köcherbaum Köcherbaumwald 01.JPG|duimnael|Kokerboom]] [[Beeld:Aloe-distans-20080326.JPG|duimnael|Saldanha-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe dabenorisana]]'' – Pella-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe darainensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe davyana]]'' * ''[[Aloe dawei]]'' * ''[[Aloe debrana]]'' * ''[[Aloe decaryi]]'' * ''[[Aloe decorsei]]'' * ''[[Aloe decurva]]'' * ''[[Aloe deinacantha]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rakouth & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe delicatifolia]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe delphinensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe deltoideodonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe descoingsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe deserti]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe dewinteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dhufarensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe diolii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe distans]]'' – Saldanha-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe divaricata]]'' * ''[[Aloe djiboutiensis]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe doddsiorum]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe dominella]]'' * ''[[Aloe dorotheae]]'' * ''[[Aloe downsiana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe droseroides]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe duckeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe dyeri]]'' – Dyer se aalwyn {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ecklonis]]'' * ''[[Aloe edouardii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe × eileeniae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe elata]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegans]]'' * ''[[Aloe elegantissima]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe elgonica]]'' * ''[[Aloe elkerriana]]'' Dioli & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ellenbeckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe eremophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe erensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe ericahenriettae]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe ericetorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe erinacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe erythrophylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe esculenta]]'' * ''[[Aloe eumassawana]]'' S.Carter, M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe excelsa]]'' – Zimbabwe-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Nabye van Limpoporivier in Limpopo, benewens Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Zambië en Malawi * ''[[Aloe eximia]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy {{div col end}} == F == [[Beeld:Aloe ferox 1.jpg|[[Bitteraalwyn]]|duimnael]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe falcata]]'' :Verspreiding: Richtersveld in Noord-Kaap, suidwaarts tot Knersvlakte, Wes-Kaap * ''[[Bitteraalwyn|Aloe ferox]]'' – Bitteraalwyn, soms ook bekend as die Bergaalwyn of mak-aalwyn :Verspreiding: suidoostelike Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, suidoos-Vrystaat, suid-Lesotho en suidelike KwaZulu-Natal * ''[[Aloe fibrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe fievetii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fimbrialis]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe fleurentiniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe fleuretteana]]'' Rauh & Gerold * ''[[Aloe flexilifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe florenceae]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe forbesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe fosteri]]'' * ''[[Aloe fouriei]]'' * ''[[Aloe fragilis]]'' * ''[[Aloe framesii]]'' – Sandveldaalwyn * ''[[Aloe francombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe friisii]]'' Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert * ''[[Aloe fulleri]]'' {{div col end}} == G == [[Beeld:Aloe grandidentata02.jpg|duimnael|Karoo-bontaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe greenii 01 ies.jpg|duimnael|Green se aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe gariepensis]]'' – Gariepaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gautieri]]'' J.-P.Castillon & Nusb. * ''[[Aloe × gemmelliae]]'' [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & Figueiredo * ''[[Aloe gerstneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe ghibensis]]'' Sebsebe & Friis * ''[[Aloe gilbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe gillettii]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe glabrescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe glauca]]'' – Blou aalwyn * ''[[Aloe globuligemma]]'' – Knoppiesaalwyn * ''[[Aloe gneissicola]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe gossweileri]]'' * ''[[Aloe gradicaulis]]'' * ''[[Aloe graciliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe grandidentata]]'' – Karoo-bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe graniticola]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe grata]]'' * ''[[Aloe greatheadii]]'' – Gauteng-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe greenii]]'' – Green se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe grisea]]'' * ''[[Aloe guerrae]]'' * ''[[Aloe guillaumetii]]'' {{div col end}} == H == [[Lêer:Aloe humilis00.jpg|duimnael|Plaataalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe haggeherensis]]'' <small>T.A.McCoy & Lavranos</small> * ''[[Aloe hahnii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe hardyi]]'' :Verspreiding: Lydenburg in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe harlana]]'' * ''[[Aloe haroniensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Plowes & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe haworthioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe hazeliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe helenae]]'' * ''[[Aloe heliderana]]'' * ''[[Aloe hemmingii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hendrickxii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hereroensis]]'' – Herero-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe × hexapetala]]'' Salm-Dyck * ''[[Aloe heybensis]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe hildebrandtii]]'' * ''[[Aloe hlangapies]]'' * ''[[Aloe hoffmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe humbertii]]'' * ''[[Aloe humilis]]'' – Plaataalwyn, ook dwergkrimpvarkie-aalwyn of dwergaalwyn genoem * ''[[Aloe huntleyana]]'' van Jaarsv. & Swanepoel {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe ibitiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ifanadianae]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe ikiorum]]'' Dioli & G.Powys * ''[[Aloe imalotensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe × imerinensis]]'' Bosser * ''[[Aloe immaculata]]'' * ''[[Aloe inamara]]'' * ''[[Aloe inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Aloe inermis]]'' * ''[[Aloe inexpectata]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe × inopinata]]'' Gideon, F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Oosth. * ''[[Aloe integra]]'' * ''[[Aloe inyangensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe irafensis]]'' Lavranos, T.A.McCoy & Al-Gifri * ''[[Aloe iringaensis]]'' Starha & Pavelka * ''[[Aloe isaloensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe ithya]]'' T.A.McCoy & L.E.Newton {{div col end}} == J == * ''[[Aloe jacksonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe jawiyon]]'' S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. * ''[[Aloe jeppeae]]'' * ''[[Aloe jibisana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe johannis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-bernardii]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe johannis-philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe jucunda]]'' * ''[[Aloe juvenna]]'' == K == [[Beeld:Aloe karasbergensis 1.jpg|duimnael|Karasberg-aalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe kahinii]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe kamnelii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kaokoensis]]'' van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk * ''[[Aloe karasbergensis]]'' – Karasberg-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe keayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe kedongensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kefaensis]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe ketabrowniorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' – Namakwa-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe kilifiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kirkii]]'' * ''[[Aloe knersvlakensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kniphofioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe koenenii]]'' Lavranos & Kerstin Koch * ''[[Aloe komaggasensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe komatiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kouebokkeveldensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe krapohliana]]'' – Dwergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe kraussii]]'' * ''[[Aloe kulalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe kwasimbana]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe labiaflava]]'' Groenew. * ''[[Aloe labworana]]'' * ''[[Aloe laeta]]'' * ''[[Aloe lanata]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe latens]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe lateritia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lavranosii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leachii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leandrii]]'' * ''[[Aloe leedalii]]'' * ''[[Aloe lensayuensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe lepida]]'' * ''[[Aloe leptosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe lettyae]]'' * ''Aloe leucantha'' Naam is nie bevestig nie. * ''[[Aloe liliputana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lindenii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe linearifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe lineata]]'' – Streepaalwyn :Verspreiding: Riversdale in Wes-Kaap tot Grahamstad in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe lineata var. muirii]]'' – Muir se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' – Mopanie-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lephalale, en vanaf Blouberg tot Musina in Limpopo, noordwaarts na Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Angola * ''[[Aloe lolwensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe lomatophylloides]]'' Balf.f. * ''[[Aloe longibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe longistyla]]'' – Karoo-aalwyn, ook bekend as ramenas en vaalbesie * ''[[Aloe luapulana]]'' * ''[[Aloe lucile-allorgeae]]'' Rauh * ''[[Aloe lukeana]]'' T.C.Cole * ''[[Aloe luntii]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe lutescens]]'' {{div col end}} == M == [[Beeld:Aloe marlothii00.jpg|duimnael|Bergaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe mitriformis 1.jpg|duimnael|Myteraalwyn in blom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe macleayi]]'' * ''[[Aloe macra]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrocarpa]]'' * ''[[Aloe macroclada]]'' * ''[[Aloe macrosiphon]]'' * ''[[Aloe maculata]]'' – Bontaalwyn * ''[[Aloe mahraensis]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe manandonae]]'' J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandotoensis]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mandrarensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mangeaensis]]'' L.E.Newton & S.Carter * ''[[Aloe maningoryensis]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe marlothii]]'' – Bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe martialii]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe massawana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mawii]]'' * ''[[Aloe mayottensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mccoyi]]'' Lavranos & Mies * ''[[Aloe mcloughlinii]]'' Christian * ''[[Aloe medishiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe megalacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe melanacantha]]'' – Klein-bergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe x menachensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mendesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe menyharthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe metallica]]'' * ''[[Aloe meyeri]]'' – Meyer se aalwyn * ''[[Aloe micracantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe microdonta]]'' * ''[[Aloe microstigma]]'' – Worcester-aalwyn, ook bekend as die Spikkelaalwyn * ''[[Aloe millotii]]'' * ''[[Aloe milne-redheadii]]'' * ''[[Aloe minima]]'' * ''[[Aloe miskatana]]'' S.Carter * ''[[Aloe mitsioana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mkushiana]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe mocamedensis]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe modesta]]'' * ''[[Aloe moledarana]]'' * ''[[Aloe monotropa]]'' * ''[[Aloe monticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe montis-nabro]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe morijensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mossurilensis]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe mottramiana]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe mubendiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe mudenensis]]'' – Mudenaalwyn * ''[[Aloe multicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe munchii]]'' * ''[[Aloe murina]]'' * ''[[Aloe musapana]]'' * ''[[Aloe mutabilis]]'' :Verspreiding: Witwatersrand, Bankenveld, Magaliesberg en Chuniespoort * ''[[Aloe myriacantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe mzimbana]]'' {{div col end}} == N == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe namibensis]]'' || Giess|| 1970 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe namorokaensis]]'' || (Rauh) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1998 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe neilcrouchii]]'' || R.R.Klopper & [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || EN |- | ''[[Aloe neoqaharensis]]'' || T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Saoedi-Arabië || |- | ''[[Aloe neosteudneri]]'' || Lavranos & T.A.McCoy || 2007 || Eritrea || |- | ''[[Aloe newtonii]]'' || J.-B.Castillon || 2009 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe ngobitensis]]'' ||Reynolds || 1953 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngongensis]]'' || Christian || 1942 || || |- | ''[[Aloe ngutwaensis]]'' || T.Mwadime & Matheka || 2020 || Kenia || |- | ''[[Aloe nicholsii]]'' || [[Gideon Smith|Gideon F.Sm.]] & N.R.Crouch || 2010 || Suid-Afrika || CR |- | ''[[Aloe niebuhriana]]'' || Lavranos || 1965 || Jemen || |- | ''[[Aloe niensiensis]]'' || L.E.Newton || 2015 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nigrimontana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2015 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe nordaliae]]'' || Wabuyele|| 2006 || Tanzanië || |- | ''[[Aloe nubigena]]'' || Groenew. || 1936 || Suid-Afrika || LC |- | ''[[Aloe nuttii]]'' || Baker || 1897 || || |- | ''[[Aloe nyeriensis]]'' || Christian & [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|I.Verd.]] || 1952 || Kenia || |} == O == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taksonomie !! Outeur(s) !! Gepubliseer !! Endemies !! Bewaringstatus |- | ''[[Aloe occidentalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe officinalis]]'' || Forssk. || 1775 || || |- | ''[[Aloe oligophylla]]'' || Baker || 1883 || || |- | ''[[Aloe omavandae]]'' || van Jaarsv. || 2004 || Namibië || |- | ''[[Aloe omoana]]'' || T.A.McCoy & Lavranos || 2007 ||Ethiopië || |- | ''[[Aloe orientalis]]'' || (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley || 1996 || Madagaskar || |- | ''[[Aloe orlandi]]'' || Lavranos || 2006 || Somalië || |- | ''[[Aloe ortholopha]]'' || Christian & Milne-Redh. || 1933 || Zimbabwe || |- | ''[[Aloe otallensis]]'' || Baker. || 1898 || Ethiopië || |} == P == [[Beeld:Aloe pearsonii.JPG|duimnael|Pearson se aalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe plicatilis 1.jpg|duimnael|Waaieraalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe polyphylla 1.jpg|duimnael|Spiraalaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe pachydactylos]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pachygaster]]'' * ''[[Aloe paedogona]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe palmiformis]]'' * ''[[Aloe parallelifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvibracteata]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvicapsula]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe parvidens]]'' * ''[[Aloe parviflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe parvula]]'' * ''[[Aloe patersonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pavelkae]]'' [[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]], Swanepoel, [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|A.E.van Wyk]] & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pearsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peckii]]'' * ''[[Aloe peglerae]]'' * ''[[Aloe pembana]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe pendens]]'' * ''[[Aloe penduliflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe percrassa]]'' * ''[[Aloe perdita]]'' Ellert * ''[[Aloe perfoliata]]'' * ''[[Aloe perrieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe perryi]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe petricola]]'' * ''[[Aloe petrophila]]'' * ''[[Aloe peyrierasii]]'' * ''[[Aloe × philippei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pictifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe pienaarii]]'' Pole-Evans * ''[[Aloe pirottae]]'' * ''[[Aloe plowesii]]'' * ''[[Aloe pluridens]]'' * ''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'' * ''[[Aloe porphyrostachys]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe powysiorum]]'' * ''[[Aloe praetermissa]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe pratensis]]'' Baker * ''[[Aloe pretoriensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe prinslooi]]'' * ''[[Aloe procera]]'' * ''[[Aloe pronkii]]'' Lavranos Rakouth & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe propagulifera]]'' (Rauh & Razaf.) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe prostrata]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe pruinosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe pseudoparvula]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe pseudorubroviolacea]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe × puberula]]'' (Schweinf.) A.Berger * ''[[Aloe pubescens]]'' * ''[[Aloe pulcherrima]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe purpurea]]'' Lam. * ''[[Aloe pustuligemma]]'' {{div col end}} == R == [[Lêer:Nooienskokerboom.jpg|duimnael|Nooienskokerboom]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe rabaiensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe rakotonasoloi]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe rapanarivoi]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rauhii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rebmannii]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe reitzii]]'' – [[Reitz-aalwyn]] * ''[[Aloe rendilliorum]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe × retiefii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe retrospiciens]]'' * ''[[Aloe reynoldsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe rhodesiana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ribauensis]]'' T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe richardsiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe richaudii]]'' Rebmann * ''[[Aloe rigens]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivae]]'' * ''[[Aloe rivierei]]'' * ''[[Aloe rodolphei]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe roeoeslii]]'' Lavranos & T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe rosea]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe rouxii]]'' van Jaarsv. * ''[[Aloe rubrodonta]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe rubroviolacea]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe rugosquamosa]]'' (H.Perrier) J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe rulkensii]]'' T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista * ''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' – Borselaalwyn :Verspreiding: sentraal tot noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, laeveld van Eswatini en suidelike Mosambiek * ''[[Aloe rupicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruspoliana]]'' * ''[[Aloe ruvuensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos {{div col end}} == S == [[Lêer:AloeSpeciosa.jpg|duimnael|Slaphoringaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe striatula 1.jpg|duimnael|Strepiesaalwyn]] [[Beeld:Aloe suprafoliata 1.jpg|duimnael|Boekaalwyn]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe sanguinalis]]'' Awale & Barkworth * ''[[Aloe saudiarabica]]'' T.A.McCoy * ''[[Aloe saundersiae]]'' * ''[[Aloe scabrifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe schelpei]]'' * ''[[Aloe schilliana]]'' L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe × schimperi]]'' Tod. * ''[[Aloe schoelleri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schomeri]]'' * ''[[Aloe schweinfurthii]]'' * ''[[Aloe scobinifolia]]'' * ''[[Aloe scorpioides]]'' * ''[[Aloe secundiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe seibanica]]'' Orlando & El Azzouni * ''[[Aloe × selmarii]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & Klopper * ''[[Aloe sereti]]'' * ''[[Aloe sergoitensis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe serriyensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe shadensis]]'' Lavranos & Collen. * ''[[Aloe sharoniae]]'' N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe sheilae]]'' * ''[[Aloe silicicola]]'' * ''[[Aloe simii]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sinkatana]]'' * ''[[Aloe sobolifera]]'' (S.Carter) Wabuyele * ''[[Aloe socialis]]'' (H.Perrier) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe somaliensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe soutpansbergensis]]'' – Soutpansbergaalwyn * ''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' – Slaphoringaalwyn :Verspreiding: Swellendam in Wes-Kaap tot Keirivier in Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' – Natalaalwyn * ''[[Aloe spicata]]'' – Lebombo-aalwyn, ook genoem Spika-aalwyn :Verspreiding: Lemboboreeks van KwaZulu-Natal tot Eswatini, Mosambiek en Mpumalanga, noordwaarts vanaf Barberton en langs die noordelike Drakensberg tot in die Waterberg en Blouberg, Limpopo * ''[[Aloe spinitriaggregata]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe springatei-neumannii]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe squarrosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe steudneri]]'' * ''[[Aloe striata]]'' – Koraalaalwyn, ook bekend as die gladdeblaar-aalwyn of die Uitenhaagse aalwyn * ''[[Aloe suarezensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe subacutissima]]'' * ''[[Aloe subspicata]]'' * ''[[Aloe succotrina]]'' – Klippiesaalwyn :Verspreiding: Kaapse skiereiland, en van Kaap Hangklip tot Hermanus in Wes-Kaap * ''[[Aloe suffulta]]'' – Sandwoudaalwyn * ''[[Aloe suprafoliata]]'' – Boekaalwyn * ''[[Aloe swynnertonii]]'' {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe tartarensis]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tauri]]'' L.C.Leach * ''[[Aloe tegetiformis]]'' L.E.Newton * ''[[Aloe teissieri]]'' Lavranos * ''[[Aloe tewoldei]]'' M.G.Gilbert & Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe thompsoniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe thorncroftii]]'' * ''[[Strandaalwyn|Aloe thraskii]]'' – Strandaalwyn :Verspreiding: suidkus van KwaZulu-Natal tot noordelike Wildekus, Oos-Kaap * ''[[Aloe tomentosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe tormentorii]]'' (Marais) L.E.Newton & G.D.Rowley * ''[[Aloe tororoana]]'' * ''[[Aloe torrei]]'' * ''[[Aloe trachyticola]]'' * ''[[Aloe transvaalensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trichosantha]]'' A.Berger * ''[[Aloe trigonantha]]'' * ''[[Aloe trinervis]]'' * ''[[Aloe trothae]]'' * ''[[Aloe tsitongambarikana]]'' J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe turkanensis]]'' {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe uigensis]]'' Gideon F.Sm. & T.Lautenschl. * ''[[Aloe ukambensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe umfoloziensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe uncinata]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele {{div col end}} == V == [[Beeld:Aloe variegata 2.jpg|duimnael|Kanniedood]] {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe vacillans]]'' * ''[[Aloe vallaris]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanbalenii]]'' :Vespreiding: noordelike KwaZulu-Natal en baie lokaal in Mpumalanga * ''[[Aloe vandermerwei]]'' * ''[[Aloe vanrooyenii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaombe]]'' * ''[[Aloe vaotsanda]]'' * ''[[Aloe varimaculata]]'' – Humpata-aalwyn * ''[[Aloe vatovavensis]]'' Rakotoaris. * ''[[Aloe venenosa]]'' * ''[[Aloe vera]]'' * ''[[Aloe verdoorniae]]'' * ''[[Aloe verecunda]]'' – Gauteng-grasaalwyn * ''[[Aloe versicolor]]'' * ''[[Aloe veseyi]]'' * ''[[Aloe viguieri]]'' * ''[[Aloe virginieae]]'' J.-P.Castillon * ''[[Aloe viridiflora]]'' * ''[[Aloe vituensis]]'' * ''[[Aloe vogtsii]]'' * ''[[Aloe volkensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vossii]]'' * ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' :Verspreiding: Lokaal in heuwelland van noordelike KwaZulu-Natal, asook Wolkberg, Strydpoortberg, Waterberg en elders in Limpopo en Noordwes {{div col end}} == W == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Aloe wanalensis]]'' T.C.Cole & T.G.Forrest * ''[[Aloe welmelensis]]'' Sebsebe & Nordal * ''[[Aloe weloensis]]'' Sebsebe * ''[[Aloe welwitschii]]'' Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. * ''[[Aloe werneri]]'' J.-B.Castillon * ''[[Aloe whitcombei]]'' * ''[[Aloe wickensii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wildii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wilsonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wollastonii]]'' * ''[[Aloe woodii]]'' * ''[[Aloe wrefordii]]'' {{div col end}} == Y == * ''[[Aloe yavellana]]'' * ''[[Aloe yemenica]]'' == Z == * ''[[Aloe zebrina]]'' - Botaalwee * ''[[Aloe zombitsiensis]]'' Rauh & M.Teissier * ''[[Aloe zubb]]'' T.A.McCoy & Lavranos * ''[[Aloe zygorabaiensis]]'' L.E.Newton & Wabuyele == Voormalige ''Aloe''-spesies == * ''[[Aloestrela suzannae]]'' * ''[[Aloiampelos ciliaris]]'' – [[Oos-Kaapse rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos commixta]]'' – [[Fynbosaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos decumbens]]'' – [[Langeberg-rankaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos gracilis]]'' – [[Uitenhage rankaalwyn‎]] * ''[[Aloiampelos juddii]]'' – [[Baardskeerdersbosvuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos striatula]]'' – [[Drakensberg-vuurpylaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloiampelos tenuior]]'' – [[Heuningaalwyn]] * ''[[Aloidendron barberae]]'' – [[Boomaalwyn]] Verspreiding: Kusstrook noord van Oos-Londen, en binnelands tot Eswatini en Barberton * ''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' – [[Kokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron eminens]]'' * ''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' – [[Basterkokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' – [[Nooienskokerboom]] * ''[[Aloidendron sabaeum]]'' * ''[[Aristaloe aristata]]'' – [[Tarentaalaalwyn]] * ''[[Astroloba rubriflora]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe dinteri]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe sladeniana]]'' * ''[[Gonialoe variegata]]'' – [[Kanniedood (aalwyn)|Kanniedood]] * ''[[Kumara haemanthifolia]]'' – [[Krans-waaieraalwyn]] * ''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' – [[Waaieraalwyn]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] [[Kategorie:Aalwyne| ]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies|Aalwyn]] 0w5plfvrp3m57judeyfwv28mxw69r5k 0 42154 2913869 2908034 2026-06-26T04:32:58Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Land |noem_naam = '''République d'Haïti''' <small>([[Frans]])</small><br />'''Repiblik Ayiti''' <small>([[Haïtiaanse kreools]])</small> |volle_naam = '''Republiek Haïti''' |algemene_naam = Haïti |beeld_vlag = Flag of Haiti.svg |beeld_wapen = Coat of arms of Haiti.svg |simbool_tipe = Wapen |beeld_kaart = Haiti (orthographic projection).svg |leuse = ''[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |url=https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/histoire-et-societe/documents-historiques/constitutions/1987-texte/ |title=Artikel 4 van die Haïtiaanse Grondwet |publisher=Haiti-reference.com |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |archive-date=13 Maart 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313031357/https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/histoire-et-societe/documents-historiques/constitutions/1987-texte/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <small>{{fr}}</small><br />''Libète, Egalite, Fratènite'' <small>(Haïtiaanse kreools)</small><br /><small>''([[Afrikaans]]: "Vryheid, Gelykheid, Broederskap")''</small><br />Tradisionele leuse op die wapen:<br />''L'union fait la force'' <small>{{fr}}</small><br />''Inite se fòs''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.haitiobserver.com/blog/tag/election/after-the-group-of-g8-now-come-g30-headed-by-louko-desir.html |title=After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir |website=Haiti Observer |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902041131/http://www.haitiobserver.com/blog/tag/election/after-the-group-of-g8-now-come-g30-headed-by-louko-desir.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <small>(Haïtiaanse kreools)</small><br /><small>''(Afrikaans: "Eenheid is krag")''</small> |volkslied = ''[[La Dessalinienne]]'' <small>{{fr}}</small><br />''Desalinyèn'' <small>(Haïtiaanse kreools)</small><br /><small>''(Afrikaans: "Die Dessalinienne-lied")''</small><br /><center>[[Lêer:Haiti National Anthem.ogg]]</center> |amptelike_tale = [[Frans]] en [[Haïtiaanse kreools]] |hoofstad = [[Port-au-Prince]] {{Koördinate|18|32|N|72|20|W}} |latd = 18 |latm = 32 |latNS = N |longd = 72 |longm = 20 |longEW = W |grootste_stad = [[Port-au-Prince]] |regeringsvorm = Unitêre semi-presidensiële<br />grondwetlike [[republiek]] |leiertitels = <br />• [[President]]<br />• [[Eerste minister]] |leiername = [[Edgard Leblanc Fils]] (waarnemend)<br />[[Fritz Belizaire]] (waarnemend) |oppervlak_rang = 143^ste |oppervlak_grootte = |oppervlak = 27&nbsp;750 |oppervlakmi² = 10&nbsp;710 |persent_water = 0,7 |bevolking_skatting = 11&nbsp;123&nbsp;178<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |title=World Population prospects – Population division |work=Verenigde Nasies se Departement van Ekonomiese en Maatskaplike Sake, Bevolkingsafdeling |publisher=[[Verenigde Nasies]] |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517023805/https://population.un.org/wpp/ |archive-date=17 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |title=Overall total population – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision |type=custom data acquired via website |work=Verenigde Nasies se Departement van Ekonomiese en Maatskaplike Sake, Bevolkingsafdeling |publisher=[[Verenigde Nasies]] |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |format=xslx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054922/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date=18 Februarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2018 |bevolking_rang = 85^ste |bevolking_sensus = |bevolking_sensus_jaar = |bevolkingsdigtheid = 382 |bevolkingsdigtheidmi² = 989,4 |bevolkingsdigtheidrang = 32^ste |BBP_PPP = $21,801&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=80&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=263&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Haiti |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=Oktober 2019 |accessdate=30 Maart 2020}}</ref> |BBP_PPP_rang = 144^ste |BBP_PPP_jaar = 2020 |BBP_PPP_per_kapita = $1&nbsp;916<ref name=imf2 /> |BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 174^ste |BBP = $8,709&nbsp;miljard<ref name=imf2 /> |BBP_rang = 139^ste |BBP_jaar = 2020 |BBP_per_kapita = $765<ref name=imf2 /> |BBP_per_kapita_rang = 172^ste |onafhanklikheidstipe = • Verklaar<br />• Erken<br />• Eerste Keiserryk<br />• Suidelike Republiek<br />• Noordelike Staat<br />• Koninkryk<br />• Unifikasie van Hispaniola<br />• Tweede Keiserryk<br />• Republiek<br />• Huidige grondwet |onafhanklikheidsgebeure = |onafhanklikheidsdatums = van [[Frankryk]]<br />[[1 Januarie]] [[1804]]<br />[[17 April]] [[1825]]<br />[[22 September]] [[1804]]<br />[[9 Maart]] [[1806]]<br />[[17 Oktober]] [[1806]]<br />[[28 Maart]] [[1811]]<br />1822–1844<br />[[26 Augustus]] [[1849]]<br />[[15 Januarie]] [[1859]]<br />[[29 Maart]] [[1987]] |MOI = {{wins}} 0,503<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking |date=2019 |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516123624/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |archive-date=16 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |MOI_rang = 169^ste |MOI_jaar = 2018 |MOI_kategorie = {{kleur|#FF0000|laag}} |Gini = 41,1<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=HT |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421230828/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=HT |archive-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |Gini_rang = |Gini_jaar = 2012 |Gini_kategorie = {{kleur|#FF0000|baie hoog}} |geldeenheid = [[Haïtiaanse gourde|Gourde]] |geldeenheid_kode = HTG |land_kode = HT |tydsone = OTS |utc_afwyking = [[UTC-05:00|-5]] |tydsone_somer = ODT |utc_afwyking_DST = [[UTC-04:00|-4]] |internet_domein = [[.ht]] |skakelkode = 509 |voetskrif = }} '''Haïti''' ([[Frans]]: ''Haïti'', [a.iti]; [[Haïtiaanse kreools]]: ''Ayiti'', [ajiti]), amptelik die '''Republiek Haïti''' (Frans: ''République d'Haïti''; Haïtiaanse kreools: ''Repiblik Ayiti''),<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j |title=Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987 |publisher=Ufdc.ufl.edu |accessdate=30 Maart 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627002125/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j |archive-date=27 Junie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> is 'n [[eilandstaat]] met 'n oppervlakte van 27&nbsp;750 vierkante kilometer en 'n bevolking van 11&nbsp;123&nbsp;178 (2018) wat die westelike gedeelte van [[Hispaniola]], een van die eilande van die [[Groot Antille]] in die [[Karibiese See]], beslaan. Dit grens in die ooste aan die [[Dominikaanse Republiek]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hispaniola |title=Hispaniola |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=19 September 2022}}</ref> [[Lêer:Haiti OnEarth WMS.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-Satellietbeeld van Haïti]] Die landsnaam het sy oorsprong in die taal van die Taíno, die [[Indiane|indigene]] bevolking van Hispaniola, en beteken "bergagtige land". Die huidige bevolking is merendeels nakomelinge van swart [[Afrika]]ne. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Port-au-Prince]]. Haïti is die tweede mees bevolkte land van die Karibiese gebied, net ná [[Kuba]] en nog voor die buurland Dominikaanse Republiek. Haïti is die enigste staat in [[Noord-Amerika|Noord-]] en [[Suid-Amerika]] wat by die minste [[ontwikkelde land]]e (LDC) gereken word. Naas sy onderontwikkelde ekonomie word Haïti se onstabiele politieke klimaat en veiligheidssituasie as sorgwekkend beskou. Daar het onder meer voorvalle van onluste oor hoë voedselpryse voorgekom – die plaaslike [[landbou]]sektor kan nie in die land se basiese voedselbehoeftes voorsien nie sodat groot bedrae aan buitelandse valuta aan agrariese invoere bestee moet word (waaronder jaarliks sowat 800 miljoen VSA-$ vir [[rys]]).<ref name="alm211">{{de}} ''Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2009''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 2008, bl. 211</ref> Sowat drie miljoen Haïtiane was reeds genoodsaak om 'n heenkome in die buiteland te vind. Op 12 Januarie 2010 om 4:53 nm plaaslike tyd het 'n sterk [[aardbewing]] Haïti getref en die land se infrastruktuur grotendeels vernietig. Die episentrum was naby Port-au-Prince. == Geografie en klimaat == [[Lêer:Haiti map.png|duimnael|links|'n Kaart van Haïti]] [[Lêer:Haiti topographic map-fr.svg|duimnael|links|'n Topografiese kaart van Haïti]] Die Republiek Haïti beslaan die westelike derde van die [[Wes-Indië|Karibiese eiland]] Hispaniola asook 'n aantal eilande langs sy kuslyn soos die Île de la Tortue en die Île de la Gonâve. Die land bestaan hoofsaaklik uit twee lang gestrekte [[skiereiland]]e wat deur die Golf van Gonâve van mekaar geskei word. Die twee skiereilande word deur 'n aantal bergreekse en valleie oorheers. Die Morne de la Selle (2&nbsp;680 meter) is die hoogste bergpiek in Haïti en die vierde hoogste in die Karibiese eilandgroep. Dit is in die bergreeks Sierra de Bahoruco in die suidooste van die land geleë, naby die grens met die Dominikaanse Republiek waar die landskap al hoe meer bergagtig word. In die sentrale dele van Haïti bereik die bergpieke maksimale hoogtes van tussen 1&nbsp;500 en 1&nbsp;800 meter bo seevlak, terwyl hulle in die Massif du Sud op die Tiburon-skiereiland tot by hoogtes van sowat 2&nbsp;400 meter verrys. Die natuurlike [[flora]] is lankal as gevolg van grootskaalse ontbossing vernietig sodat bosgebiede tans nog slegs sowat een persent van die totale oppervlakte beslaan en groot dele van die land deur erosie bedreig word. Daarnaas vorm sterk tektoniese aktiwiteit met die gepaardgaande [[aardbewing]]s asook oorstromings en werwelstorms 'n konstante bedreiging vir die bewoners. Haïti is in 'n oorgangsgebied tussen die subtropiese en tropiese sone geleë en word deur 'n wisselvogtige (matig droë) klimaat met 'n droë seisoen tussen Desember en Maart gekenmerk. Die boslose berggebiede aan die lykant kry jaarliks tot by 2&nbsp;400 millimeter reën, terwyl in die vlaktes en valleie net omstreeks 300 millimeter neerslae aangeteken word. == Geskiedenis == === Die pad na onafhanklikheid === [[Lêer:Copia de Cacicazgos de la Hispaniola.png|duimnael|links|Die vyf caciquedoms van Hispaniola ten tyde van die aankoms van [[Christophorus Columbus]]]] Die eiland Hispaniola is in 1492 deur [[Christophorus Columbus]] namens die [[Spaanse Ryk|Spaanse Kroon]] in besit geneem. In 1697 is die [[Spanjaarde]] gedwing om die westelike gedeelte van die eiland (sowat 'n derde van die totale oppervlakte) aan [[Frankryk]] af te staan. Die grondgebruik het oorwegend uit suikerrietplantasies bestaan. Terwyl [[Slawerny|slawe]] uit Afrika vir die harde werk op die plantasies ingespan is, het die eienaars groot rykdomme verwerf. As gevolg van die [[Franse Rewolusie]] en die slawebevryding het die swart en kleurlingbevolking van Haïti in 1791 in opstand teen die [[Franse koloniale ryk|Franse koloniale bewind]] gekom. In 1804 het Jean-Jacques Dessalines homself tot [[keiser]] van Haïti laat uitroep. Toe hy later vermoor is, het [[Spanje]] sy kans gegryp om sy vroeëre besitting te herower. In die suide van die land het 'n kleurlingrepubliek tot stand gekom, terwyl die swart bevolking in die noorde 'n eie staat gestig het. Die twee landsdele is in 1820 in 'n gemeenskaplike staat verenig en het in 1822 ook die Spaanse gebiede in die ooste van Hispaniola ingeneem. Hierdie gebiede het nogtans in 1844 as Dominikaanse Republiek weer hul onafhanklikheid van Haïti verklaar. Haïti het tussen 1849 en 1859 weer na 'n monargiese stelsel met 'n keiser as staatshoof teruggekeer. Daarna is die land deur [[Burgeroorlog|burgeroorloë]] ontwrig. === Diktatuur en korrupsie === [[Lêer:Duvalier crop2.jpg|duimnael|links|upright|François Duvalier in 1968]] Die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] het Haïti vanweë sy politieke onstabiliteit in die tydperk tussen 1915 en 1934 beset. Tussen 1957 en 1986 het [[François Duvalier]] (wat in die volksmond "Papa Doc" genoem is, 1907–1971) en sy seun Jean-Claude ("Baby Doc", * 1951) die land as diktatore oorheers. Hul bewind het Haïti se ekonomie in chaos gedompel. Die opposisieleier [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], 'n [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Rooms-Katolieke]] priester, is in 1990 as nuwe staatshoof verkies, maar reeds een jaar later in 'n [[Militêre diktatuur|militêre staatsgreep]] ontmagtig. Danksy Amerikaanse steun het hy die presidentsamp vanaf 1994 weer beklee. In 1995 is Réné Préval as sy opvolger verkies, tog het Aristide die volgende verkiesing in 2000 weer gewen. Sy bewind was deur sistemiese korrupsie gekenmerk, en vanaf 2003 was Haïti die skouplek van massabetogings en gewelddadige onluste wat tot 'n ope rebellie teen die regering gegroei het. In 2004 het Aristide as staatshoof bedank en na die buiteland gevlug. Die [[Verenigde Nasies]] se [[Veiligheidsraad]] het 'n vredesmag in die land ontplooi om die oorgangsregering se stappe om demokrasie te konsolideer te steun. Réné Préval het die presidentsverkiesing van 2006 gewen en op 14 Mei 2011 word die sanger Michel Martelly president. Hy is op 7 Februarie 2017 deur die sakeman Jovenel Moïse opgevolg. == Demografie == [[Lêer:Bas-Ravine.jpg|duimnael|Die nedersetting Cap Haïtien]] Die huidige Haïtiaanse bevolking is oorwegend nakomelinge van slawe wat deur die koloniale Franse bewindhebbers as plantasiewerkers vanuit Afrika na die Karibiese land gebring is. Ook die plaaslike [[Voedoeïsme|Vodou-godsdiens]] het sy oorsprong in [[Wes-Afrika]]. Sowat 'n derde van die bevolking (35 persent) is kleurlinge, terwyl blankes 'n klein minderheid vorm.<ref name="alm211" /> Ander statistieke toon afwykende proporsies met tot 95 persent swartes en vyf persent kleurlinge en blankes.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|title=Haiti|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=19 September 2022|archive-date= 9 Februarie 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Byna veertig persent van die Haïtiaanse bevolking is verstedelik, terwyl vier vyfdes van die landelike bevolking onder die broodlyn leef. Die bevolkingsgroeikoers is die hoogste in [[Latyns-Amerika]] en word net deur 'n eweneens hoë babasterftekoers verminder. Met ruim 53 jaar het Haïtiane die laagste lewensverwagting van alle Karibiese lande. Meer as die helfte van die bevolking is [[Geletterdheid|ongeletterd]]. == Ekonomie == === Algemene situasie === [[Lêer:Cite Soleil Haiti.jpg|duimnael|'n Kind op 'n vullishoop in die krotbuurte van Cité Soleil]] Haiti word as die armste land in die [[Westelike Halfrond]] beskou – die jaarlikse per capita-inkomste het in 2007 sowat 600 VSA-$ beloop. Sowat tagtig persent van die bevolking moet met minder as 2 VSA-$ per dag oorleef, die helfte van alle Haïtiane het selfs minder as 1 VSA-$ per dag.<ref>{{de}} [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Haiti/Wirtschaft.html ''Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Haïti – Ekonomie''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116050654/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Haiti/Wirtschaft.html |date=16 Januarie 2010 }}</ref> Op die Verenigde Nasies se [[Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks|Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)]] word Haïti as die 146ste van 177 lande geranglys. Die land is tot 'n groot mate afhanklik van finansiële en tegniese steun uit die buiteland. Sowat tagtig persent van alle staatsbeleggings en veertig persent van die nasionale begroting word tans uit buitelandse bronne gefinansieer. Haïti se infrastruktuur, openbare dienste, onderwys- en gesondheidsstelsel is nog onderontwikkeld. Daarnaas het ook natuurrampe soos oorstromings en siklone, wat die land in 2008 getref het, en die sterk aardbewing van Januarie 2010 daartoe bygedra dat Haïti se ekonomiese situasie nie verbeter het nie. === Geldeenheid en bruto binnelandse produk === [[Lêer:HTI003.JPG|duimnael|10 Gourdes vanaf 1949]] Die nasionale geldeenheid, die Gourde, fluktueer sterk teenoor ander geldeenhede. Die inflasiekoers het in laat 2007 sowat tien persent beloop. Die [[bruto binnelandse produk]] (BBP) het in 2008 tot 6,7 miljard VSA-$ gestyg (in vergelyking met 6,1 miljard VSA-$ in 2007, 5,0 miljard VSA-$ in 2006 en 4,2 miljard VSA-$ in 2005). Sowat 'n vyfde van Haïti se BBP (meer as 1 miljard VSA-$) is afkomstig van geld wat Haïtiaanse burgers uit die buiteland huis toe stuur. In 2004 het die landbousektor (waarin sestig persent van die ekonomies aktiewe bevolking werksaam is) 27 persent tot die BBP bygedra, die nywerheidsektor 17 persent en die dienstesektor 55 persent.<ref name="alm211" /> In Junie 2009 is danksy die HIPC-inisiatief 1,2 miljard VSA-$ van Haïti se buitelandse skuldlas gekanselleer. Die amptelike skuldlas beloop tans nog 700 miljoen VSA-$. Daarnaas het die land se tekstielbedryf volgens die HOPE II-program (''Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement'') bevoorregte toegang tot die Amerikaanse mark. === Buitelandse handel === [[Lêer:Labadee.jpg|duimnael|Die Labadee]] Haïti se handelsbalans word deur 'n konstante tekort gekenmerk – in 2007 is goedere ter waarde van 1,837 miljard VSA-$ ingevoer, terwyl uitvoere slegs 558,9 miljoen VSA-$ beloop het. Belangrike invoergoedere sluit voedsel, verwerkte goedere en masjiene asook brandstowwe en onverwerkte hulpbronne in. Haïti se uitvoere bestaan hoofsaaklik uit tekstiele en landbouprodukte soos olies, [[Kakaoboon|kakao]], [[veselperske]]s en [[koffie]]. Die Verenigde State is steeds die beduidendste handelsvennoot – sowat die helfte van die Haïtiaanse invoere kom uit die VSA, en sowat tagtig persent van alle uitvoere is vir die Amerikaanse mark bestem. Ander beduidende handelsvennote ten opsigte van invoere is die [[Nederlandse Antille]] (15 persent), [[Colombia]] en [[Maleisië]] (vyf persent). Die belangrikste buitelandse markte vir Haïtiaanse uitvoere is die Dominikaanse Republiek (tien persent van alle uitvoere), [[Kanada]] (drie persent) en [[Meksiko]] (1,5 persent). == Sport == [[Sokker]] is Haïti se gewildste sport, hoewel [[atletiek]], [[basketbal]] en [[boks]] ook groot steun geniet. Die [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan]] het al twee keer vir die [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker|FIFA Wêreldbeker]] gekwalifiseer. Hul eerste verskyning was in [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974 in Wes-Duitsland]], wat die land se debuut op die wêreld se grootste sokkerverhoog was. Haïti het 52 jaar later na die toernooi teruggekeer deur vir die uitgebreide [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|FIFA Wêreldbeker van 2026]] te kwalifiseer, waar hulle in 'n groep saam met [[Brasiliaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Brasilië]], [[Marokkaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Marokko]] en [[Skotse nasionale sokkerspan|Skotland]] meegeding het.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/6/25/haitians-reflect-on-first-world-cup-experience-in-52-years|title=Haitians reflect on first World Cup experience in 52 years|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Bronnelys == ; Algemeen * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti|title=Haiti|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=19 September 2022}} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|title=Haiti|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=19 September 2022}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Haiti|Haïti}} * {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Haiti|Haïti}} {{Lande van Noord-Amerika}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haiti}} [[Kategorie:Haïti| ]] [[Kategorie:Voormalige Franse kolonies]] [[Kategorie:Voormalige Spaanse kolonies]] 4t08c5znrxfo8tpz9kd84tatd09lztg 0 43521 2913756 2660452 2026-06-25T15:01:17Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 133814 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Flag of Yangon Division.gif]] → [[File:Flag of Yangon Division.svg]] 2913756 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #FFFFFF; background: #003399; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;" | <span style="font-size:16pt">'''Yangon'''</span><br />ရန်ကုန်<br /> [[Lêer:Yangon View South.jpg|280px]] |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999" | '''Kaart''' |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| '''Vlag''' |- style="background:white" |rowspan=6| [[Lêer:Myanmar-Loc-Yangon-Division.png|180px|center]] |- style="background: white" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Lêer:Flag of Yangon Division.svg|90px|center|border]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"| '''Wapen''' |- style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| [[Lêer:Diocese of Rangoon.JPG|75px|center]] |- style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" |style="border-left:1px solid #999"| |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Land''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{vlag|Mianmar}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Divisie''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | Yangon |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Koördinate''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | {{Koördinate|16|48|00|N|96|09|00|E|type:city}} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Gestig op''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[6de eeu]] |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Oppervlakte:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 598,75 [[vierkante kilometer|vk km]] |- | &nbsp;'''Hoogte bo seevlak''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 15 m |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- |&nbsp;'''Bevolking:''' | style="background: #f7f8ff" | &nbsp; |- | &nbsp;- Totaal (2010) | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 4&nbsp;348&nbsp;000 |- | &nbsp;- Bevolkingsdigtheid | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | 7261,8/vk km |- |&nbsp;'''Tydsone''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [[UTC]] +6:30 |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |- |&nbsp;'''Burgemeester''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | Aung Thein Lynn |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |&nbsp;'''Amptelike webwerf''' | style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;" | [http://www.yangoncity.com.mm www.yangoncity.com.mm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522073713/http://www.yangoncity.com.mm/ |date=22 Mei 2010 }} |- style="border-top:1px solid #999;" |} '''Yangon''' (voorheen: ''Rangoen'', [[Birmaans]]: ရန်ကုန်) was tot 2005 die [[hoofstad]] van [[Mianmar]] (Birma) en is met 4&nbsp;348&nbsp;000 inwoners in 2010 die grootste stad in [[Mianmar]]. Yangon lê aan die suidkus van Mianmar aan die [[Indiese Oseaan]] en is met 598,75 km² die grootste hawestad in Mianmar. Yangon lê in Suid-Mianmar (Birma) in die Yangon-divisie. Net wes van die stad mond die [[Irrawaddy|Irrawaddyrivier]] in 'n groot delta in die [[Andamanse See]] uit. {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Mianmar]] cblufnd0l8s9vjuc2zmo93dlkrw8tvv 0 47428 2913787 2911680 2026-06-25T18:42:01Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Sterftes */ Verbeter 2913787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{jare|beeld=Meeting of the families of the martyrs of the authority with the Leader of the Revolution on the birthday of Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him) 58 (khamenei.ir, 2026) (cropped 3).jpg|teks=Die Irannese opperleier Ali Chamenei is in gekoördineerde Amerikaans-Israeliese lugaanvalle dood}} Die '''jaar 2026''' is 'n [[gewone jaar]] wat volgens die [[Gregoriaanse kalender]] op 'n [[Donderdag]] begin het. Dis is die 26ste jaar van die [[21ste eeu]] n.C. Soos ander gewone jare het die jaar 12 maande, 52 weke en 365 dae. == Gebeure == * [[1 Januarie]] – [[Siprus]] neem die voorsitterskap van die [[Europese Unie]] by [[Denemarke]] oor. * 1 Januarie – Bulgarye skakel na die [[euro]] oor en word die 21ste land in die Eurosone. * [[3 Januarie]] – Die [[Amerikaanse aanvalle in Venezuela in 2026|Verenigde State loods lugaanvalle]] op verskeie plekke in Noord-[[Venezuela]], waartydens die Venezolaanse president [[Nicolás Maduro]] en sy vrou [[Cilia Flores]] gevange geneem en uit die land gevlieg is. * [[15 Januarie]] – [[Wikipedia]] vier sy 25ste verjaarsdag. * [[22 Januarie]] – Die ondertekeningseremonie vir die stigtingshandves van die [[Vredesraad]] vind plaas op die kantlyn van die 56ste [[Wêreld- Ekonomiese Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switserland]]. * [[6 Februarie]] – Die [[Olimpiese Winterspele 2026|25ste Olimpiese Winterspele]] begin in [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italië]]. * [[7 Februarie]]–[[8 Maart]] – Die [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026|10de T20I-wêreldbeker]] word in [[Indië]] en [[Sri Lanka]] aangebied en deur [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indië]] gewen. * [[10 Februarie]] – 'n [[2026 Tumbler Ridge-skietery|Massaskietery]] vind plaas in Tumbler Ridge, [[Brits-Columbië]], [[Kanada]], met 36 totale ongevalle (9 dood en 27 beseer). * [[20 Februarie]] – Afsluitingseremonie van die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026. * [[23 Februarie]] – Die [[Nederland]]se [[Jetten-kabinet]] word saamgestel. * [[28 Februarie]] – [[Israel]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] loods grootskaalse [[Aanvalle op Iran in 2026|lugaanvalle]] op Iran wat onder andere tot die dood van die Irannese opperleier [[Ali Chamenei]] lei. * [[4 Maart]]–[[13 Maart]] – Die [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026|14de Paralimpiese Winterspele]] word in Milaan en Cortina d'Ampezzo gehou. * [[25 Maart]] – Sarah Mullally word die eerste vroulike [[aartsbiskop van Kantelberg]] en daarmee van die [[Kerk van Engeland]]. * [[25 April]] – 'n [[Withuis Korrespondente aandete-skietery in 2026|Aanvaller trek skote af naby die hoofsekuriteitsondersoekarea]] tydens die jaarlikse ete vir [[Withuis]]korrespondente by die Washington Hilton in [[Washington, D.C.]], wat deur president [[Donald Trump]], [[Eerste Dame]] [[Melania Trump]], Visepresident [[J.D. Vance]] en lede van die kabinet bygewoon is. * [[14 Mei]] – [[Hemelvaartsdag]]. * [[16 Mei]] – Die [[Kakkerlak Volksparty]], word in [[Indië]] gestig na 'n uitlating van die hoofregter van Indië, Surya Kant waarin hy werklose jeug met "kakkerlakke" en "parasiete van die samelewing" vergelyk het. Binne dae het die beweging honderduisende ondersteuners gekry en aanlyn en vanlyn protesoptogte en gemeenskapsdiensaktiwiteite georganiseer. * [[10 Junie]] – [[Antoni Gaudí]] is 100 jaar gelede oorlede. * [[11 Junie]]–[[19 Julie]] – Die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|23ste Sokker-Wêreldkampioenskap]] word in [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] aangebied. * [[12 Junie]]–[[5 Julie]] – Die [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026|10de T20I-vrouewêreldbeker]] word in [[Engeland]] aangebied. * [[1 Julie]] – [[Republiek Ierland|Ierland]] neem die voorsitterskap van die Europese Unie by Siprus oor. * [[4 Julie]] – Presies 250 jaar gelede word die [[Verenigde State van Amerika]] onafhanklik deur hulle ''Onafhanklikheidsverklaring''. * [[16 November]] – Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] vier sy 25ste verjaarsdag. == Sterftes == * [[18 Januarie]] – [[Patsy King]], [[Australië|Australiese]] aktrise (* [[1930]]). * [[30 Januarie]] – [[Diana Ferrus]], Afrikaanse digter en skrywer (* [[1953]]). * [[11 Februarie]] – [[James van der Beek]], Amerikaanse akteur en skrywer (* [[1977]]). * [[15 Februarie]] – [[Robert Duvall]], Amerikaanse akteur (* [[1931]]). * [[17 Februarie]] – [[Jesse Jackson]] sr., Amerikaanse burgerregte-aktivis (* [[1941]]). * [[18 Februarie]] – [[Clem Sunter]], [[Suid-Afrikaanse]] [[toekomskundige]], [[Scenariobeplanning|scenario-beplanner]], sakeleier en skrywer (* [[1944]]). * [[19 Februarie]] – [[Eric Dane]], Amerikaanse [[akteur]] en vervaardiger (* [[1972]]). * [[4 Maart]] – [[Mosiuoa Lekota]], Suid-Afrikaanse politikus (* [[1948]]). * 4 Maart – [[Soli Philander]], Suid-Afrikaanse akteur, komediant, regisseur en televisie-aanbieder (* [[1961]]). * [[8 Maart]] – [[Walid Khalidi]], Palestynse historikus (* [[1925]]). * [[14 Maart]] – [[Jürgen Habermas]], Duitse filosoof en sosioloog (* [[1929]]). * [[17 Maart]] – [[Ali Larijani]], [[Iran]]se politikus, militêre offisier en filosoof (* [[1958]]). * [[19 Maart]] – [[Chuck Norris]], Amerikaanse akteur en vegkunstenaar (* [[1940]]). * 19 Maart – [[Nicholas Haysom]], Suid-Afrikaanse prokureur, anti-apartheidsaktivis en diplomaat (* [[1952]]). * [[3 April]] – [[Ruan Fourie]], Afrikaanse digter (* [[1994]]). * [[7 April]] – [[J.C.M.D. du Plessis]], Suid-Afrikaanse leksikograaf en akademikus (* 1940). * 7 April – [[Mircea Lucescu]], [[Roemenië|Roemeense]] [[sokker]]speler en afrigter (* [[1945]]). * [[19 April]] – [[Jan Wilkens]], Suid-Afrikaanse professionele stoeier (* [[1942]]). * [[27 April]] – [[Mimi Coertse]], Suid-Afrikaanse koloratuursopraan (* [[1932]]). * [[29 April]] – [[Craig Venter]], Amerikaanse molekulêre bioloog en sakeman (* [[1946]]). * [[8 Mei]] – [[Festus Mogae]], [[Botswana]]-politikus en derde president van Botswana (1998–2008) (* [[1939]]). * [[2 Junie]] – Peabo Bryson, Amerikaanse Sanger (* [[1951]]). * [[12 Junie]] – [[Portchie]], Suid-Afrikaanse skilder en entrepreneur (* [[1963]]). * [[15 Junie]] – [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], Suid-Afrikaanse pianis en komponis (* [[1934]]). * [[22 Junie]] – [[Alan Greenspan]], Amerikaanse ekonoom (* [[1926]]). [[Kategorie:2026| ]] [[Kategorie:21ste eeu]] 1wrganvte7ijahc21hag9e8hsgpolmp 0 47893 2913875 2907667 2026-06-26T04:59:32Z ProtoplasmaKid 64143 /* Stadions */ 2913875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas internasionale sokkerkompetisie | titel = FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbeker | jaar = 1986 | bo = Copa Mundial de Fútbol – México ’86 | beeld = FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986.svg | grootte = 200px | onderskrif = | land = Meksiko | land-vlagpar = | stad = | datums = 31 Mei – 29 Junie | konfederasies = 5 | num_spanne = 24 | stadions = 12 | stede = 9 | kampioen = Argentinië | aantal = 2 | tweede = Wes-Duitsland | derde = Frankryk | vierde = België | wedstryde = 52 | doele = 132 | bywoning = 2394031 | top_puntemaker = {{vlagikoon|Engeland}} [[Gary Lineker]] (6 doele)<ref name="Goals_scored">{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/mexico1986/statistics/players/goal-scored.html |title=Goals scored |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=6 Junie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606093523/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/mexico1986/statistics/players/goal-scored.html |archive-date=6 Junie 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | speler = {{vlagikoon|Argentinië}} [[Diego Maradona]] | vorige = [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]] | volgende = [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990|1990]] }} Die 13de '''[[FIFA]] [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker]]toernooi''' ([[Spaans]]: ''Copa Mundial de Fútbol – México ’86''; [[Engels]]: ''FIFA World Cup'') is vanaf 31 Mei tot 29 Junie 1986 in [[Meksiko]] aangebied. Dit was die tweede [[Sokker]]-Wêreldbekertoernooi wat in Meksiko en [[Noord-Amerika]] gehou is, ná die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970-toernooi]]. Meksiko het daarmee die eerste land geword wat die toernooi vir ’n tweede keer gehuisves het. Daarbenewens was dit die derde agtereenvolgende Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi wat in ’n Spaanstalige land beslis is, ná die toernooie van [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]] in [[Argentinië]] en [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]] in [[Spanje]]. [[Lêer:FIFA World Cup Icon (Campionato mondiale di calcio).svg|duimnael|links|upright|Die Sokker-Wêreldbekertrofee waarom meegeding is]] 24 nasionale sokkerspanne het aan die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 deelgeneem. Die spanne is in ses groepe verdeel, waarvan die twee beste spanne van elke groep en die vier beste derde plek spanne na die agtste eindrondte deurgedring het. Argentinië het die trofee gewen nadat hulle [[Wes-Duitsland]] met 3–2 in die eindstryd geklop en sodoende hul tweede wêreldbekertitel ingepalm het. [[Diego Maradona]] is as die beste speler van die toernooi aangewys en hy word veral vir sy “hand van god” en “doel van die eeu” tydens die kwarteindrondte teen [[Engeland]] onthou; Maradona het altesaam vyf doele vir Argentinië aangeteken en ’n verdere vyf vir sy spanmaats voorberei.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/maradona-lights-the-world-with-helping-hand-502188 |title=1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico – Overview |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=23 Maart 2007 |accessdate=14 Julie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112328/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/maradona-lights-the-world-with-helping-hand-502188 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Frankryk]] het in die derde en [[België]] in die vierde plek geëindig. Die verdedigende kampioen [[Italië]] is in die agtste eindrondte uitgeskakel, terwyl die gasheer Meksiko die kwarteindrondte gehaal het. Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale sokkerspan]] het nie aan die toernooi deelgeneem nie omdat hulle nie ’n lid van FIFA was nie. Die nasionale sokkerspanne van [[Denemarke]], [[Irak]] en [[Kanada]] het vir die eerste keer aan ’n Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi deelgeneem. Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 word ook vir die “Meksikaanse golf” (''la ola'', “die golf”) onthou wat deur ondersteuners tydens dié toernooi uitgevind is en in wêreldwye sokker gewild geraak het. == Toewysing == Oorspronklik is [[Colombia]] op 9 Junie 1974 in [[Frankfurt am Main]], net voor die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974]] in [[Wes-Duitsland]], as gasheerland aangewys, maar nadat die aantal spanne van 16 na 24 verhoog is, was dié land nie meer in staat om die toernooi te organiseer nie. Op 5 November 1982 het Colombia amptelik onttrek. FIFA het op 20 Mei 1983 in [[Stockholm]] Meksiko as gasheerland aangewys. Daarmee het dit die eerste land geword, wat die Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi vir ’n tweede keer aangebied het. Ander kandidaatlande was [[Kanada]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201_13a_fwc-bidding.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup™ host announcement decision |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=14 Julie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412114258/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/fs-201_13a_fwc-bidding.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Kwalifisering == Die gasheer Meksiko en die verdedigende kampioen [[Italië]] het regstreeks vir die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 gekwalifiseer. Van die 22 oorblywende plekke is twaalf vir nasionale sokkerspanne van [[UEFA]] ([[Europa]]) gereserveer, vier vir [[CONMEBOL]] ([[Suid-Amerika]]), twee elk vir [[CAF]] ([[Afrika]]) en [[AFC]] ([[Asië]]) asook een vir [[CONCACAF]] ([[Karibiese gebied]], [[Noord-Amerika|Noord]]- en [[Sentraal-Amerika]]). Een plek is tydens ’n uitspeelwedstryd tussen UEFA en [[OFC]] ([[Oseanië]]) beslis. === Kwalifiserende spanne === Die volgende 24 spanne het vir die finale toernooi gekwalifiseer:<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/75/fs-201_19a_fwc-prel-history.pdf |title=History of the FIFA World Cup™ preliminary competition (by year) |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=November 2009 |accessdate=23 Oktober 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023161459/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/75/fs-201_19a_fwc-prel-history.pdf |archive-date=23 Oktober 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Lêer:Qualification for the 1986 FIFA World Cup.png|duimnael|400px|Uitslag van die kwalifisering: {{sleutel|#ababab|Geen deelname}} {{sleutel|#c1e994|Land het homself onttrek of is nie deur FIFA aanvaar nie}} {{sleutel|#78cc6a|Land het nie gekwalifiseer nie}} {{sleutel|#00984a|Land het gekwalifiseer}}]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !width=165|Span !width=80|Verskynings by eindstryde !width=50|Agtereen-volgende deelnames !width=80|Laaste verskyning !width=80|Vorige beste prestasie |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Algerië}} |2de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Argentinië}} |9de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|België}} |7de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Tweede rondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}} |13de||13||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1962|1962]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}} |5de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1962|1962]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Denemarke}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Engeland}} |8ste||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Frankryk}} |9de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Hongarye}} |9de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Naaswenner <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1938|1938]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Irak|1963}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Italië}} |11de||7||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1934|1934]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1938|1938]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Kanada}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Marokko}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Meksiko}} |9de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}} |3de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}} |4de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1930|1930]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1950|1950]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Pole}} |5de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Portugal}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Skotland}} |6de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}} |6de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Vierde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Spanje}} |7de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||Vierde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1950|1950]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} |8ste||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1930|1930]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1950|1950]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}} |11de||9||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]])</small> |} == Stadions == Wedstryde is in die volgende stede gespeel: <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !colspan=2| [[Meksikostad]] ! [[Guadalajara]] ! [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |- | [[Estadio Azteca]] | [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]] | [[Estadio Jalisco]] | [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|19|18|10.7|N|99|9|1.8|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Azteca}} | <small>{{Koördinate|19|19|55|N|99|11|32|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Olímpico Universitario}} | <small>{{Koördinate|20|42|18.1|N|103|19|41.5|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Jalisco}} | <small>{{Koördinate|19|4|41|N|98|9|52|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Cuauhtémoc}} |- | Kapasiteit: '''114&nbsp;600''' | Kapasiteit: '''72&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''66&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''46&nbsp;000''' |- | [[Lêer:Vista aérea del Estadio Azteca - 2026 - 02.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio Olímpico Universitario - 2026 - 04.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio jalisco.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla.jpg|200px]] |- ! [[San Nicolás de los Garza]] !colspan="2" rowspan="10"| {{Location map+|Meksiko|width=700|float=center|places= {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=20.666667|lon_deg=-103.35|position=left|label=[[Guadalajara]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=20.666667|lon_deg=-101.35|position=bottom|label=[[Irapuato]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=21.116667|lon_deg=-101.683333|position=right|label=[[León, Meksiko|León]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=19.433333|lon_deg=-99.133333|position=top|label=[[Meksikostad]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=25.666667|lon_deg=-100.3|position=right|label=[[Monterrey]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=19.4|lon_deg=-98.988889|position=right|label=[[Nezahualcóyotl]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=19.051389|lon_deg=-98.217778|position=bottom|label=[[Puebla de Zaragoza]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=20.5875|lon_deg=-100.392778|position=right|label=[[Querétaro]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=25.75|lon_deg=-100.283333|position=left|label=[[San&nbsp;Nicolás de&nbsp;los&nbsp;Garza]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=19.2925|lon_deg=-99.656944|position=left|label=[[Toluca]]}} {{Location map~|Meksiko|mark=red pog.svg|lat_deg=20.716667|lon_deg=-103.4|position=top|label=[[Zapopan]]}} }} ! [[Santiago de Querétaro|Querétaro]] |- | [[Estadio Universitario]] | [[Estadio La Corregidora]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|25|43|21.2|N|100|18|43.1|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Universitario}} | <small>{{Koördinate|20|34|39.6|N|100|21|58.8|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio La Corregidora}} |- | Kapasiteit: '''44&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''40&nbsp;785''' |- | [[Lêer:Estadio Universitario UANL.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio la Corregidora.JPG|200px]] |- ! [[Monterrey]] ! [[León, Meksiko|León]] |- | [[Estadio Tecnológico]] | [[Estadio Nou Camp]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|25|39|8.2|N|100|17|11.1|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Tecnológico}} | <small>{{Koördinate|21|6|56|N|101|39|27.5|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Nou Camp}} |- | Kapasiteit: '''38&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''35&nbsp;000''' |- | [[Lêer:ITESM Estadio Tecnologico.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:EstadioLeon.jpg|200px]] |- ! [[Nezahualcóyotl]] ! [[Irapuato]] ! [[Zapopan]] ! [[Toluca]] |- | [[Estadio Neza 86]] | [[Estadio Sergio León Chávez]] | [[Estadio Tres de Marzo]] | [[Estadio Nemesio Díez]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|19|24|20.8|N|98|59|13.4|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Neza 86}} | <small>{{Koördinate|20|41|4.5|N|101|21|23|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Sergio León Chávez}} | <small>{{Koördinate|20|41|37.5|N|103|24|58.1|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Tres de Marzo}} | <small>{{Koördinate|19|17|14.3|N|99|40|0.5|W|type:landmark_region:MX|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Nemesio Díez}} |- | Kapasiteit: '''35&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''32&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''30&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''30&nbsp;000''' |- | [[Lêer:Estadio Neza 86 - 2026 - 05.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio SLC Irapuato.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Tecos stadium.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:B4GameTolChivas.JPG|200px]] |}</center> == Formaat == Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 is oor 30 dae tussen 24 verskillende nasies oor 52 wedstryde uitgespeel. Dit het op 31 Mei 1986 op die Estadio Azteca in Meksikostad met ’n wedstryd tussen Bulgarye en die verdedigende kampioen Italië afgeskop. Die toernooi het geëindig by dieselfde stadion op 29 Junie met die eindstryd tussen Argentinië en Wes-Duitsland, waartydens Argentinië die Sokker-Wêreldbekertrofee ingepalm het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_04e_fwc_formats_slots_8821.pdf |title=Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions |publisher=[[FIFA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227032244/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_04e_fwc_formats_slots_8821.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 Februarie 2008}}</ref> === Kalender === Die volgende tabel dui die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 se daaglikse program aan. ’n Pers blokkie dui op wedstryde tydens die groepfase, ’n groen blokkie op wedstryde tydens die uitklopfase, ’n blou blokkie op die bronseindstryd en ’n geel blokkie op die eindstryd. {| | {| class="wikitable left center" "style=margin:0.5em auto;font-size:95%;line-height:1.25em" |+ Aantal daaglikse wedstryde tydens die toernooi |- ! scope=col |Groepfase<br />Mei/Junie ! scope=col |Sa<br />31 ! scope=col |So<br />1 ! scope=col |Ma<br />2 ! scope=col |Di<br />3 ! scope=col |Wo<br />4 ! scope=col |Do<br />5 ! scope=col |Vr<br />6 ! scope=col |Sa<br />7 ! scope=col |So<br />8 ! scope=col |Ma<br />9 ! scope=col |Di<br />10 ! scope=col |Wo<br />11 ! scope=col |Do<br />12 ! scope=col |Vr<br />13 ! scope=col |Sa<br />14 |- align=center |align=left|Seremonies <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#d6325b|'''{{Afkorting|OS|Openingseremonie}}''' <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center | align=left|Groep A <!-- 31 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 6 -->| <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep B <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 4 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| <!-- 7 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 8 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep C <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 6 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep D <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 7 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep E <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 14 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep F <!-- 31 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 7 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| |- ! scope=col |Uitklopfase<br />Junie ! scope=col |So<br />15 ! scope=col |Ma<br />16 ! scope=col |Di<br />17 ! scope=col |Wo<br />18 ! scope=col |Do<br />19 ! scope=col |Vr<br />20 ! scope=col |Sa<br />21 ! scope=col |So<br />22 ! scope=col |Ma<br />23 ! scope=col |Di<br />24 ! scope=col |Wo<br />25 ! scope=col |Do<br />26 ! scope=col |Vr<br />27 ! scope=col |Sa<br />28 ! scope=col |So<br />29 |- align=center |align=left|Seremonies <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#d6325b|'''{{Afkorting|SS|Sluitingseremonie}}''' |- align=center |align=left|Uitklopfase <!-- 15 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 16 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 17 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 18 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 22 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff| 1 <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00| '''1''' |} | {| style="margin:0.5em auto;" wikitable right | colspan=2 |'''Legende''' |- | {{sleutel|#d6325b|Seremonies}} |- | {{sleutel|#c364f3|Groepwedstryde}} |- | {{sleutel|#00cc33|Uitklopfase}} |- | {{sleutel|#3399ff|Derde plek}} |- | {{sleutel|#ffcc00|Eindstryd}} |} |} === Groepfase === Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 is deur 24 nasionale sokkerspanne uitgespeel. Vir die groepfase is die 24 deelnemende spanne in ses groepe van vier spanne elk verdeel; elke span het een wedstryd teen elk van die ander spanne in dieselfde groep gespeel, dus het elke span drie wedstryde in die groepfase gespeel. Twee punte is vir ’n oorwinning toegeken, een vir ’n gelykop en geen punte vir ’n nederlaag: spanne wat met dieselfde aantal punte geëindig het, is volgens aangetekende doele gerangskik. Klassifisering binne elke groep was gegrond op die volgende puntestelsel: * Twee wedstrydpunte vir ’n oorwinning; * Een vir ’n gelykop; * geen vir ’n nederlaag. Aan die einde van die groepfase is die spanne gerangskik van die eerste na die vierde posisie, gegrond op versamelde wedstrydpunte, met die twee top spanne en die vier beste derde-plek-spanne wat na die uitklopfase deurgedring het. As twee spanne gelyk op punte was, is die rangorde deur hul aantal aangetekende doele bepaal. === Uitklopfase === Van die begin van dié fase af het die toernooi ’n uitklopformaat aangeneem wat uit 16 wedstryde bestaan het: agt agtste eindstryde, vier kwarteindstryde, twee halfeindstryde, ’n derdeplekwedstryd en die eindstryd. Die wenner en naaswenner van elk van die groepe het saam met die vier beste derde-plek-spanne na die uitklopfase deurgedring. Elke wedstryd in die uitklopstadium moes met ’n oorwinning vir een van die spanne eindig. As daar ná negentig minute van gewone spel ’n gelykopuitslag was, is daar verder gespeel om die wenner te bepaal. Aanvanklik is daar twee periodes van [[ekstra tyd]] gespeel, 15 minute in elke rigting. As daar steeds nie ’n wenner was ná 120 minute nie, is die wenner deur ’n [[Strafskop (sokker)|strafskopkompetisie]] bepaal. == Wedstryde == {| class="infobox bordered" | style="background:#cfc;"|Kwalifiseer vir die tweede rondte. |- | style="background:;"|Uit die toernooi geskakel. |} Die wedstryde is in twee fases opgedeel, naamlik die groep- en die uitklopfase. Die loting is op 15 Desember 1985 in die ''Televisa San Ángel'' in Meksikostad gehou. === Groepfase === 24 spanne het aan die groepfase deelgeneem. Die boonste twee spanne in elke groep en die vier beste spanne van die ses derde plekke het na die uitklopfase deurgedring. ==== Groep A ==== [[Lêer:Valdano gol bulgaria 86.jpg|duimnael|Wedstryd tussen Argentinië en Bulgarye]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Argentinië}} |3||2||1||0||6||2||+4||'''5''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Italië}} |3||1||2||0||5||4||+1||'''4''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}} |3||0||2||1||2||4||–2||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} |3||0||1||2||4||7||–3||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[31 Mei]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/459 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Italië}}''' |goals1 = [[Nasko Sirakof|Sirakof]] {{goal|85}} |goals2 = {{goal|43}} [[Alessandro Altobelli|Altobelli]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 96&nbsp;000 |referee = Erik Fredriksson (Swede)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 3–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/395 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |goals1 = [[Jorge Valdano|Valdano]] {{goal|6}}, {{goal|46}}<br />[[Oscar Ruggeri|Ruggeri]] {{goal|18}} |goals2 = {{goal|73}} [[Park Chang-sun]] |stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 60&nbsp;000 |referee = Victoriano Sánchez Arminio (Spanje)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[5 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Italië}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/394 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |goals1 = [[Alessandro Altobelli|Altobelli]] {{goal|6|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|34}} [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]] |stadium = [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |attendance = 32&nbsp;000 |referee = Jan Keizer (Nederland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[5 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/460 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}}''' |goals1 = [[Kim Jong-boo]] {{goal|70}} |goals2 = {{goal|11}} [[Plamen Getof|Getof]] |stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;000 |referee = Fallaj Al Shanar (Saoedi-Arabië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[10 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |score = 2–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/643 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Italië}}''' |goals1 = [[Choi Soon-ho]] {{goal|62}}<br />[[Huh Jung-moo]] {{goal|83}} |goals2 = {{goal|17}}, {{goal|73}} [[Alessandro Altobelli|Altobelli]]<br />{{goal|82|e.d.}} [[Cho Kwang-rae]] |stadium = [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |attendance = 20&nbsp;000 |referee = David Socha (VSA)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[10 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/389 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}}''' |goals1 = [[Jorge Valdano|Valdano]] {{goal|3}}<br />[[Jorge Burruchaga|Burruchaga]] {{goal|76}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 65&nbsp;000 |referee = Berny Ulloa Morera (Costa Rica)}} ==== Groep B ==== [[Lêer:Cruz vs cabanas.jpg|duimnael|Wedstryd tussen Meksiko en Paraguay]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Meksiko}} |3||2||1||0||4||2||+2||'''5''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}} |3||1||2||0||4||3||+1||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|België}} |3||1||1||1||5||5||±0||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Irak|1963}} |3||0||0||3||1||4||–3||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |score = 1–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/428 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |goals1 = [[Erwin Vandenbergh|Vandenbergh]] {{goal|45}} |goals2 = {{goal|23}} [[Fernando Quirarte|Quirarte]]<br />{{goal|39}} [[Hugo Sánchez|Sánchez]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 110&nbsp;000 |referee = Carlos Espósito (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[4 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/628 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Irak|1963}}''' |goals1 = [[Julio César Romero|Romero]] {{goal|35}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Nemesio Díez]], [[Toluca]] |attendance = 24&nbsp;000 |referee = Edwin Picon-Ackong (Mauritius)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[7 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/680 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}}''' |goals1 = [[Luis Flores|Flores]] {{goal|3}} |goals2 = {{goal|85}} [[Julio César Romero|Romero]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 114&nbsp;600 |referee = George Courtney (Engeland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[8 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Irak|1963}}''' |score = 1–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/427 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Ahmed Radhi|Radhi]] {{goal|59}} |goals2 = {{goal|16}} [[Enzo Scifo|Scifo]]<br />{{goal|21|straf}} [[Nico Claesen|Claesen]] |stadium = [[Estadio Nemesio Díez]], [[Toluca]] |attendance = 20&nbsp;000 |referee = Jesús Díaz (Colombia)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}}''' |score = 2–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/429 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Roberto Cabañas|Cabañas]] {{goal|50}}, {{goal|76}} |goals2 = {{goal|30}} [[Franky Vercauteren|Vercauteren]]<br />{{goal|59}} [[Daniel Veyt|Veyt]] |stadium = [[Estadio Nemesio Díez]], [[Toluca]] |attendance = 16&nbsp;000 |referee = Bogdan Dotchev (Bulgarye)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Irak|1963}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/627 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|54}} [[Fernando Quirarte|Quirarte]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 103&nbsp;763 |referee = Zoran Petrović (Joego-Slawië)}} ==== Groep C ==== [[Lêer:Luis fernandez vs canada.jpg|duimnael|Wedstryd tussen Kanada en Frankryk]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}} |3||2||1||0||9||1||+8||'''5''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Frankryk}} |3||2||1||0||5||1||+4||'''5''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Hongarye}} |3||1||0||2||2||9||–7||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Kanada}} |3||0||0||3||0||5||–5||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[1 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/468 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|79}} [[Jean-Pierre Papin|Papin]] |stadium = [[Estadio León|Estadio Nou Camp]], [[León, Meksiko|León]] |attendance = 36&nbsp;000 |referee = Hernán Silva (Chili)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}''' |score = 6–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/610 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Hongarye}}''' |goals1 = [[Pawlo Jakowenko|Jakowenko]] {{goal|2}}<br />[[Sergei Aleinikof|Aleinikof]] {{goal|4}}<br />[[Igor Belanof|Belanof]] {{goal|24|straf}}<br />[[Iwan Jaremtsjoek|Jaremtsjoek]] {{goal|66}}, {{goal|73}}<br />[[Sergej Rodionof|Rodionof]] {{goal|80}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Sergio León Chávez|Estadio Sergio León Chavez]], [[Irapuato]] |attendance = 16&nbsp;500 |referee = Luigi Agnolin (Italië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[5 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/571 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}''' |goals1 = [[Luis Fernández|Fernández]] {{goal|60}} |goals2 = {{goal|53}} [[Wasyl Rats|Rats]] |stadium = [[Estadio León|Estadio Nou Camp]], [[León, Meksiko|León]] |attendance = 36&nbsp;540 |referee = Romualdo Arppi Filho (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[6 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Hongarye}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/475 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |goals1 = [[Márton Esterházy|Esterházy]] {{goal|2}}<br />[[Lajos Détári|Détári]] {{goal|75}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Sergio León Chávez|Estadio Sergio León Chavez]], [[Irapuato]] |attendance = 13&nbsp;800 |referee = Jamal Al Sharif (Sirië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[9 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Hongarye}}''' |score = 0–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/567 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|29}} [[Yannick Stopyra|Stopyra]]<br />{{goal|62}} [[Jean Tigana|Tigana]]<br />{{goal|84}} [[Dominique Rocheteau|Rocheteau]] |stadium = [[Estadio León|Estadio Nou Camp]], [[León, Meksiko|León]] |attendance = 31&nbsp;420 |referee = Carlos Silva Valente (Portugal)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[9 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/476 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |goals1 = [[Oleh Blokhin|Blokhin]] {{goal|58}}<br />[[Aleksander Zawarof|Zawarof]] {{goal|74}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Sergio León Chávez|Estadio Sergio León Chavez]], [[Irapuato]] |attendance = 14&nbsp;200 |referee = Idriss Traore (Mali)}} ==== Groep D ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}} |3||3||0||0||5||0||+5||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Spanje}} |3||2||0||1||5||2||+3||'''4''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}} |3||0||1||2||2||6||–4||'''1''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Algerië}} |3||0||1||2||1||5||–4||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[1 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/439 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|62}} [[Sócrates]] |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 35&nbsp;748 |referee = Chris Bambridge (Australië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/379 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}}''' |goals1 = [[Djamel Zidane|Zidane]] {{goal|59}} |goals2 = {{goal|6}} [[Norman Whiteside|Whiteside]] |stadium = [[Estadio Tres de Marzo]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 22&nbsp;000 |referee = Waleri Butenko (Sowjetunie)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[6 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/377 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |goals1 = [[Careca]] {{goal|66}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 48&nbsp;000 |referee = Rómulo Méndez (Guatemala)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[7 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}}''' |score = 1–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/551 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |goals1 = [[Colin Clarke|Clarke]] {{goal|46}} |goals2 = {{goal|1}} [[Emilio Butragueño|Butragueño]]<br />{{goal|18}} [[Julio Salinas|Salinas]] |stadium = [[Estadio Tres de Marzo]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 28&nbsp;000 |referee = Horst Brummeier (Oostenryk)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[12 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}}''' |score = 0–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/441 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|15}}, {{goal|87}} [[Careca]]<br />{{goal|42}} [[Josimar]] |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 51&nbsp;000 |referee = Siegfried Kirschen (DDR)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[12 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |score = 0–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/378 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|15}}, {{goal|68}} [[Ramón Calderé|Calderé]]<br />{{goal|70}} [[Eloy Olaya|Eloy]] |stadium = [[Estadio Tecnológico]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 23&nbsp;980 |referee = Shizuo Takada (Japan)}} ==== Groep E ==== [[Lêer:Alzamendi gol alemania.jpg|duimnael|Wedstryd tussen Uruguay en Wes-Duitsland]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Denemarke}} |3||3||0||0||9||1||+8||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}} |3||1||1||1||3||4||–1||'''3''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} |3||0||2||1||2||7||–5||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Skotland}} |3||0||1||2||1||3||–2||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[4 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/585 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = [[Antonio Alzamendi|Alzamendi]] {{goal|4}} |goals2 = {{goal|84}} [[Klaus Allofs|Allofs]] |stadium = [[Estadio Corregidora]], [[Santiago de Querétaro]] |attendance = 30&nbsp;500 |referee = Vojtěch Christov (Tsjeggo-Slowakye)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[4 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/517 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Denemarke}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|57}} [[Preben Elkjær Larsen|Elkjær Larsen]] |stadium = [[Estadio Neza 86]], [[Nezahualcóyotl]] |attendance = 18&nbsp;000 |referee = Lajos Nemeth (Hongarye)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[8 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/580 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |goals1 = [[Rudi Völler|Völler]] {{goal|23}}<br />[[Klaus Allofs|Allofs]] {{goal|49}} |goals2 = {{goal|18}} [[Gordon Strachan|Strachan]] |stadium = [[Estadio Corregidora]], [[Santiago de Querétaro]] |attendance = 30&nbsp;000 |referee = Ioan Igna (Roemenië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[8 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Denemarke}}''' |score = 6–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/522 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |goals1 = [[Preben Elkjær Larsen|Elkjær Larsen]] {{goal|11}}, {{goal|67}}, {{goal|80}}<br />[[Søren Lerby|Lerby]] {{goal|41}}<br />[[Michael Laudrup|Laudrup]] {{goal|52}}<br />[[Jesper Olsen|J. Olsen]] {{goal|88}} |goals2 = {{goal|45|straf}} [[Enzo Francescoli|Francescoli]] |stadium = [[Estadio Neza 86]], [[Nezahualcóyotl]] |attendance = 26&nbsp;500 |referee = Antonio Márquez Ramírez (Meksiko)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Denemarke}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/512 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = [[Jesper Olsen|J. Olsen]] {{goal|43|straf}}<br />[[John Eriksen|Eriksen]] {{goal|62}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Corregidora]], [[Santiago de Querétaro]] |attendance = 36&nbsp;000 |referee = Alexis Ponnet (België)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/712 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Neza 86]], [[Nezahualcóyotl]] |attendance = 20&nbsp;000 |referee = Joël Quiniou (Frankryk)}} ==== Groep F ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Marokko}} |3||1||2||0||3||1||+2||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Engeland}} |3||1||1||1||3||1||+2||'''3''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Pole}} |3||1||1||1||1||3||–2||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Portugal}} |3||1||0||2||2||4||–2||'''2''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/674 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Pole}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Universitario]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 19&nbsp;900 |referee = José Luis Martínez Bazán (Uruguay)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/538 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |goals1 = [[Carlos Manuel]] {{goal|76}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Tecnológico]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 23&nbsp;000 |referee = Volker Roth (Wes-Duitsland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[6 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/533 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Tecnológico]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 20&nbsp;200 |referee = Gabriel González (Paraguay)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[7 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Pole}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/701 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |goals1 = [[Włodzimierz Smolarek|Smolarek]] {{goal|68}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Universitario]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 19&nbsp;915 |referee = Ali Bin Nasser (Tunisië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |score = 3–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/537 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Pole}}''' |goals1 = [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] {{goal|9}}, {{goal|14}}, {{goal|34}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Tecnológico]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 22&nbsp;700 |referee = André Daina (Switserland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |score = 1–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/675 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |goals1 = [[Diamantino Miranda|Diamantino]] {{goal|80}} |goals2 = {{goal|19}}, {{goal|26}} [[Abderrazak Khairi|Khairi]]<br />{{goal|62}} [[Abdelkrim Merry|Merry Krimau]] |stadium = [[Estadio Tres de Marzo]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 28&nbsp;000 |referee = Alan Snoddy (Noord-Ierland)}} ==== Ranglys van die derde plek spanne ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=30|Groep !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|België}} |B||3||1||1||1||5||5||±0||'''3''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Pole}} |F||3||1||1||1||1||3||–2||'''3''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}} |A||3||0||2||1||2||4||–2||'''2''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} |E||3||0||2||1||2||7||–5||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Hongarye}} |C||3||1||0||2||2||9||–7||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}} |D||3||0||1||2||2||6||–4||'''1''' |} === Uitklopfase === [[Lêer:Maradona shilton mano dios.jpg|duimnael|[[Diego Maradona]] se bekende “hand van god”-doel vir Argentinië in die kwarteindstryd teen Engeland]] [[Lêer:Maradona vs england.jpg|duimnael|Maradona nadat hy sy beslissende “doel van die eeu” in dieselfde wedstryd teen Engeland aangeteken het]] [[Lêer:Burruchaga goal germany.jpg|duimnael|Jorge Burruchaga teken in die eindstryd die wendoel vir Argentinië teen Wes-Duitsland aan]] {{Wedstrydskema laatste 16 | RD1 = Agtste eindrondte | RD2 = Kwarteindrondte | RD3 = Halfeindrondte | RD4 = Eindstryd | RD1-header-01 = 16 Junie – Puebla de Zaragoza | RD1-team01 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' | RD1-score01 = '''1''' | RD1-team02 = {{vlagland|Uruguay}} | RD1-score02 = 0 | RD1-header-02 = 18 Junie – Meksikostad | RD1-team03 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' | RD1-score03 = '''3''' | RD1-team04 = {{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}} | RD1-score04 = 0 | RD1-header-03 = 18 Junie – Santiago de Querétaro | RD1-team05 = {{vlagland|Denemarke}} | RD1-score05 = 1 | RD1-team06 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' | RD1-score06 = '''5''' | RD1-header-04 = 15 Junie – León | RD1-team07 = {{vlagland|Sowjetunie}} | RD1-score07 = 3 | RD1-team08 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' | RD1-score08 = '''4''' | RD1-header-05 = 16 Junie – Guadalajara | RD1-team09 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' | RD1-score09 = '''4''' | RD1-team10 = {{vlagland|Pole}} | RD1-score10 = 0 | RD1-header-06 = 17 Junie – Meksikostad | RD1-team11 = {{vlagland|Italië}} | RD1-score11 = 0 | RD1-team12 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' | RD1-score12 = '''2''' | RD1-header-07 = 17 Junie – Monterrey | RD1-team13 = {{vlagland|Marokko}} | RD1-score13 = 0 | RD1-team14 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' | RD1-score14 = '''1''' | RD1-header-08 = 15 Junie – Meksikostad | RD1-team15 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' | RD1-score15 = '''2''' | RD1-team16 = {{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}} | RD1-score16 = 0 | RD2-header-01 = 22 Junie – Meksikostad | RD2-team01 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' | RD2-score01 = '''2''' | RD2-team02 = {{vlagland|Engeland}} | RD2-score02 = 1 | RD2-header-02 = 22 Junie – Puebla de Zaragoza | RD2-team03 = {{vlagland|Spanje}} | RD2-score03 = 1<br />(4) | RD2-team04 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' | RD2-score04 = '''1<br />(5)''' | RD2-header-03 = 21 Junie – Guadalajara | RD2-team05 = {{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}} | RD2-score05 = 1<br />(3) | RD2-team06 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' | RD2-score06 = '''1<br />(4)''' | RD2-header-04 = 21 Junie – Monterrey | RD2-team07 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' | RD2-score07 = '''0<br />(4)''' | RD2-team08 = {{vlagland|Meksiko}} | RD2-score08 = 0<br />(1) | RD3-header-01 = 25 Junie – Meksikostad | RD3-team01 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' | RD3-score01 = '''2''' | RD3-team02 = {{vlagland|België}} | RD3-score02 = 0 | RD3-header-02 = 25 Junie – Guadalajara | RD3-team03 = {{vlagland|Frankryk}} | RD3-score03 = 0 | RD3-team04 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' | RD3-score04 = '''2''' | RD4-header-01 = 29 Junie – Meksikostad | RD4-team01 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' | RD4-score01 = '''3''' | RD4-team02 = {{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}} | RD4-score02 = 2 | RD4-header-02 = 28 Junie – Puebla de Zaragoza | RD4-team03 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' | RD4-score03 = '''4''' | RD4-team04 = {{vlagland|België}} | RD4-score04 = 2 }} ==== Agtste eindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/463 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}}''' |goals1 = [[Manuel Negrete Arias|Negrete]] {{goal|34}}<br />[[Raúl Servín|Servín]] {{goal|61}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 114&nbsp;580 |referee = Romualdo Arppi Filho (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}''' |score = 3–4 ([[Ekstra tyd|e.t.]]) |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/432 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Igor Belanof|Belanof]] {{goal|27}}, {{goal|70}}, {{goal|111|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|56}} [[Enzo Scifo|Scifo]]<br />{{goal|77}} [[Jan Ceulemans|Ceulemans]]<br />{{goal|102}} [[Stéphane Demol|Demol]]<br />{{goal|110}} [[Nico Claesen|Claesen]] |stadium = [[Estadio León|Estadio Nou Camp]], [[León, Meksiko|León]] |attendance = 32&nbsp;277 |referee = Erik Fredriksson (Swede)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' |score = 4–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/444 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Pole}}''' |goals1 = [[Sócrates]] {{goal|30|straf}}<br />[[Josimar]] {{goal|55}}<br />[[Edino Nazareth Filho|Edinho]] {{goal|79}}<br />[[Careca]] {{goal|83|straf}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;000 |referee = Volker Roth (Wes-Duitsland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/398 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |goals1 = [[Pedro Pasculli|Pasculli]] {{goal|42}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |attendance = 26&nbsp;000 |referee = Luigi Agnolin (Italië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Italië}}''' |score = 0–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/568 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|15}} [[Michel Platini|Platini]]<br />{{goal|57}} [[Yannick Stopyra|Stopyra]] |stadium = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;000 |referee = Carlos Espósito (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/574 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|87}} [[Lothar Matthäus|Matthäus]] |stadium = [[Estadio Universitario]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 19&nbsp;800 |referee = Zoran Petrović (Joego-Slawië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |score = 3–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/536 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}}''' |goals1 = [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] {{goal|31}}, {{goal|73}}<br />[[Peter Beardsley|Beardsley]] {{goal|56}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 98&nbsp;728 |referee = Jamal Al Sharif (Sirië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Denemarke}}''' |score = 1–5 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/511 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |goals1 = [[Jesper Olsen|J. Olsen]] {{goal|33|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|43}}, {{goal|56}}, {{goal|80}}, {{goal|88|straf}} [[Emilio Butragueño|Butragueño]]<br />{{goal|68|straf}} [[Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga|Goikoetxea]] |stadium = [[Estadio Corregidora]], [[Santiago de Querétaro]] |attendance = 38&nbsp;500 |referee = Jan Keizer (Nederland)}} ==== Kwarteindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}}''' |score = 1–1 ([[Ekstra tyd|e.t.]]) |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/440 Verslag]<br />[[Strafskop (sokker)|Strafskoppe]]<br />'''3–4''' |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |goals1 = [[Careca]] {{goal|17}}<br />'''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />[[Sócrates]] {{penmiss}}<br />[[Alemão]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Zico]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Branco]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Júlio César da Silva|Júlio César]] {{penmiss}} |goals2 = {{goal|40}} [[Michel Platini|Platini]]<br />'''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />{{pengoal}} [[Yannick Stopyra|Stopyra]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Manuel Amoros|Amoros]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Bruno Bellone|Bellone]]<br />{{penmiss}} [[Michel Platini|Platini]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Luis Fernández|Fernández]] |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 65&nbsp;000 |referee = Ioan Igna (Roemenië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |score = 0–0 ([[Ekstra tyd|e.t.]]) |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/575 Verslag]<br />[[Strafskop (sokker)|Strafskoppe]]<br />'''4–1''' |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |goals1 = '''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />[[Klaus Allofs|Allofs]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Lothar Matthäus|Matthäus]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Pierre Littbarski|Littbarski]] {{pengoal}} |goals2 = '''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />{{pengoal}} [[Manuel Negrete Arias|Negrete]]<br />{{penmiss}} [[Fernando Quirarte|Quirarte]]<br />{{penmiss}} [[Raúl Servín|Servín]] |stadium = [[Estadio Universitario]], [[Monterrey]] |attendance = 41&nbsp;700 |referee = Jesús Díaz (Colombia)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/392 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |goals1 = [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]] {{goal|51}}, {{goal|55}} |goals2 = {{goal|81}} [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 114&nbsp;580 |referee = Ali Bin Nasser (Tunisië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |score = 1–1 ([[Ekstra tyd|e.t.]]) |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/421 Verslag]<br />[[Strafskop (sokker)|Strafskoppe]]<br />'''4–5''' |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Juan Antonio Señor|Señor]] {{goal|85}}<br />'''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />[[Juan Antonio Señor|Señor]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Eloy Olaya|Eloy]] {{penmiss}}<br />[[Chendo]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Emilio Butragueño|Butragueño]] {{pengoal}}<br />[[Víctor Muñoz|Víctor]] {{pengoal}} |goals2 = {{goal|35}} [[Jan Ceulemans|Ceulemans]]<br />'''''Strafskoppe'''''<br />{{pengoal}} [[Nico Claesen|Claesen]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Enzo Scifo|Scifo]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Hugo Broos|Broos]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Patrick Vervoort|Vervoort]]<br />{{pengoal}} [[Leo Van der Elst|L. Van der Elst]] |stadium = [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;000 |referee = Siegfried Kirschen (DDR)}} ==== Halfeindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |score = 0–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/564 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|9}} [[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]]<br />{{goal|89}} [[Rudi Völler|Völler]] |stadium = [[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;000 |referee = Luigi Agnolin (Italië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 16:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/388 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]] {{goal|51}}, {{goal|63}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 114&nbsp;500 |referee = Antonio Márquez Ramírez (Meksiko)}} ==== Klein finale (om die derde plek) ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[28 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |score = 4–2 ([[Ekstra tyd|e.t.]]) |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/422 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = [[Jean-Marc Ferreri|Ferreri]] {{goal|27}}<br />[[Jean-Pierre Papin|Papin]] {{goal|43}}<br />[[Bernard Genghini|Genghini]] {{goal|104}}<br />[[Manuel Amoros|Amoros]] {{goal|111|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|11}} [[Jan Ceulemans|Ceulemans]]<br />{{goal|73}} [[Nico Claesen|Claesen]] |stadium = [[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza]] |attendance = 21&nbsp;000 |referee = George Courtney (Engeland)}} ==== Eindstryd ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[29 Junie]] [[1986]] |time = 12:00 |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 3–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico/match-center/393 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = [[José Luis Brown|Brown]] {{goal|23}}<br />[[Jorge Valdano|Valdano]] {{goal|55}}<br />[[Jorge Burruchaga|Burruchaga]] {{goal|83}} |goals2 = {{goal|74}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge|Rummenigge]]<br />{{goal|80}} [[Rudi Völler|Völler]] |stadium = [[Estadio Azteca]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 114&nbsp;600 |referee = Romualdo Arppi Filho (Brasilië)}} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Sokkerwêreldkampioen 1986 |- |align=center|'''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |} == FIFA se terugwerkende ranglys == In 1986 het FIFA ’n verslag gepubliseer waarin al die deelnemende spanne van elke Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi insluitende die destydse FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986 geranglys is volgens vordering in die toernooi, algehele resultate en kwaliteit van die meedinger.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf |title=page 45 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |format=PDF |accessdate=14 Julie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421072521/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc%5Fmexico%5F1986%5Fen%5Fpart4%5F279.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/55/171012-statisticalkit-fifaworldcup-milestonesfactsfigures-statusafterfwc2010.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=26 Maart 2013 |accessdate=21 Mei 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521092116/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/55/171012-statisticalkit-fifaworldcup-milestonesfactsfigures-statusafterfwc2010.pdf |archive-date=21 Mei 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die ranglys vir die 1986-toernooi is soos gevolg: [[Lêer:1986 world cup.png|duimnael|400px|Deelnemende spanne volgens ranglys: {{columns-list|3| {{sleutel|#2b42a3|Kampioen}} {{sleutel|#34c0be|Tweede plek}} {{sleutel|#269c5a|Derde plek}} {{sleutel|#81c846|Vierde plek}} {{sleutel|#e4e454|Kwarteindrondte}} {{sleutel|#f4d4ac|Agtste eindrondte}} {{sleutel|#b94954|Groepfase}} {{sleutel|#ababab|Geen deelname}}}} {{Kleurkas|#ffff00}} Gasheerland [[Meksiko]]]] [[Lêer:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|duimnael|upright|[[Diego Maradona]] wys die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertrofee nadat Argentinië die toernooi gewen het]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !width=25|Rang !width=165|Span !width=25|Groepe !width=25|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=25|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:gold" | 1 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Argentinië}} || A || 7 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 14 || 5 || +9 || 13 |- style="background:silver;" | 2 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}} || E || 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 8 || 7 || +1 || 8 |- style="background:#c96;" | 3 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Frankryk}} || C || 7 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 12 || 6 || +6 || 10 |- style="background:beige;" | 4 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|België}} || B || 7 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 12 || 15 || −3 || 6 |- | colspan="11"| '''In die kwarteindrondte uitgeskakel''' |- | 5 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Brasilië|1968}} || D || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 10 || 1 || +9 || 9 |- | 6 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Meksiko}} || B || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 2 || +4 || 8 |- | 7 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Spanje}} || D || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 || 4 || +7 || 7 |- | 8 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Engeland}} || F || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 7 || 3 || +4 || 5 |- | colspan="11"| '''In die agtste eindrondte uitgeskakel''' |- | 9 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Denemarke}} || E || 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 6 || +4 || 6 |- | 10 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Sowjetunie}} || C || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 12 || 5 || +7 || 5 |- | 11 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Marokko}} || F || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 2 || +1 || 4 |- | 12 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Italië}} || A || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 5 || 6 || −1 || 4 |- | 13 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Paraguay|1954}} || B || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 6 || −2 || 4 |- | 14 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Pole}} || F || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 7 || −6 || 3 |- | 15 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Bulgarye|1971}} || A || 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 6 || −4 || 2 |- | 16 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} || E || 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 8 || −6 || 2 |- | colspan="11"| '''In die groepfase uitgeskakel''' |- | 17 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Portugal}} || F || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4 || −2 || 2 |- | 18 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Hongarye}} || C || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 9 || −7 || 2 |- | 19 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Skotland}} || E || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || −2 || 1 |- | 20 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} || A || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 7 || −3 || 1 |- | 21 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Noord-Ierland}} || D || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 6 || −4 || 1 |- | 22 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Algerië}} || D || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 5 || −4 || 1 |- | 23 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Irak|1963}} || B || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 4 || −3 || 0 |- | 24 || style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Kanada}} || C || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 5 || −5 || 0 |} == Meeste doele aangeteken == Meeste doele aangeteken:<ref name="Goals_scored" /> {| class="toptextcells" |style=padding-right:20px| {| class="wikitable" ! Rang !! style="width:160px" | Speler !! Doele |- ! 1 | {{vlagikoon|Engeland}} [[Gary Lineker]] || align="center" | 6 |- ! 2 | {{vlagikoon|Spanje}} [[Emilio Butragueño]] || align="center" | 5 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Brasilië|1968}} [[Careca]] || align="center" | 5 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Argentinië}} [[Diego Maradona]] || align="center" | 5 |- ! 5 | {{vlagikoon|Italië}} [[Alessandro Altobelli]] || align="center" | 4 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Sowjetunie}} [[Igor Belanof]] || align="center" | 4 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Denemarke}} [[Preben Elkjær Larsen]] || align="center" | 4 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Argentinië}} [[Jorge Valdano]] || align="center" | 4 |- ! 9 | {{vlagikoon|België}} [[Jan Ceulemans]] || align="center" | 3 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|België}} [[Nico Claesen]] || align="center" | 3 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Denemarke}} [[Jesper Olsen]] || align="center" | 3 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Wes-Duitsland}} [[Rudi Völler]] || align="center" | 3 |} | {| class="wikitable" |-class="hintergrundfarbe5" ! Rang !! style="width:160px" | Speler !! Doele |- ! 13 | {{vlagikoon|Frankryk}} [[Jean-Pierre Papin]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Marokko}} [[Abderrazak Khairi]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Brasilië|1968}} [[Josimar]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Spanje}} [[Ramón Calderé]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Brasilië|1968}} [[Sócrates]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Paraguay|1954}} [[Julio César Romero|Romero]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Paraguay|1954}} [[Roberto Cabañas]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Argentinië}} [[Jorge Burruchaga]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Frankryk}} [[Yannick Stopyra]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Meksiko}} [[Fernando Quirarte]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Frankryk}} [[Michel Platini]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|België}} [[Enzo Scifo]] || align="center" | 2 |- ! | {{vlagikoon|Wes-Duitsland}} [[Klaus Allofs]] || align="center" | 2 |} | [[Lêer:Gary Lineker (cropped).jpg|duimnael|upright|Gary Lineker]] |} == Sien ook == * [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970]] * [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026]], saam met Kanada en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Verdere leesstof == * {{en}} {{cite book |author=Clemente Angelo Lisi |title=A history of the World Cup: 1930–2006 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |year=2007 |isbn=0-8108-5905-X |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=yX3l3vrNZSwC&redir_esc=y |accessdate=14 Julie 2018}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|1986 FIFA World Cup|FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986}} * {{en}} [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1986mexico fifa.com: ''Mexico 1986: Maradona shines''] * {{en}} [https://www.worldcup-history.com/?siden=VM&aaret=1986 worldcup-history.com: ''Mexico, 1986''] * {{en}} [http://www.rsssf.com/tables/86full.html rsssf.com: ''World Cup 1986''] {{Navigasie Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:FIFA Sokker-Wereldbekertoernooi in 1986}} [[Kategorie:FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi|1986]] [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Meksiko]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerkompetisies in Meksiko]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1986]] oceoecfqths7edgi214rp2850hsqkja 0 54568 2913905 2908932 2026-06-26T08:29:55Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Staatsbestuur */ Verbeter 2913905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] c56dn68k9yogjuiabjmghejz7nimohh 2913910 2913905 2026-06-26T08:40:54Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Staatsbestuur */ Verbeter 2913910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 8bouj74kcq3xb9mun0oj38x25yctb7h 2913911 2913910 2026-06-26T08:55:55Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Kom ons kyk. 2913911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] anrq133ijf2pingoa9sjf5o9026lwvz 2913912 2913911 2026-06-26T09:14:09Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Kom ons kyk. 2913912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die mediaanouderdom van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 2r5g4je7gxopmrxvv06019v7vjwfdqy 2913913 2913912 2026-06-26T09:21:36Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Skakel 2913913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] bclt4n7dm6r8mwoysqitbg9ap4dwcnq 2913914 2913913 2026-06-26T09:23:13Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Kom ons kyk... 2913914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australian Bureau of Statistics<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] elpr2r3odkgx9mmajkwxfzqi7yl5r9x 2913916 2913914 2026-06-26T09:24:01Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 5b2mbbj8qdsxk6pxogx6gt807v68dyj 2913917 2913916 2026-06-26T09:26:07Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van Inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] mfo0d7rx95fer7jbgtkh37umlji2uyl 2913921 2913917 2026-06-26T09:31:59Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die inheemse bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van Inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat Inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru / Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] t3yyuu1nx1zj3czl7hmhwr5bq0q25q4 2913922 2913921 2026-06-26T09:32:44Z Oesjaar 7467 Skakel 2913922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van Inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat Inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru / Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] kpyqmfecpzfusu2r4z8fh20lxizt628 2913923 2913922 2026-06-26T09:34:09Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru / Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] k3eo3knt5z3hath983l5lycg81scqw0 2913924 2913923 2026-06-26T09:35:17Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] leu0vlr12a6i7qbjg63d398s6e5rnvl 2913927 2913924 2026-06-26T09:38:07Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Verbeter 2913927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] iea9hgoear5tspovwlwuj8w890zssfp 2913929 2913927 2026-06-26T09:44:21Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Demografie */ Kom ons kyk... 2913929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede{{refn|group="N"|According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.}}{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7002|link=yes}} |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7001|link=yes}} |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 5lcon8fyhrvghrtdoymxzlptm06rxoi 2913930 2913929 2026-06-26T09:44:48Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Verbeter 2913930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {|+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede{{refn|group="N"|According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.}}{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7002|link=yes}} |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7001|link=yes}} |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] m55ykd5znurr6hwzgzpan4mzgh2erc2 2913931 2913930 2026-06-26T09:45:32Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Ai! 2913931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede{{refn|group="N"|According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.}}{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7002|link=yes}} |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |{{Census 2021 AUS|id=7001|link=yes}} |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] oqbvuh9wk7j2ajv2drid6aqmlrb94gw 2913932 2913931 2026-06-26T09:47:39Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Verbeter 2913932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede{{refn|group="N"|According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.}}{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 9ltigxkdwha44aedcutg3m4d85adthk 2913933 2913932 2026-06-26T09:48:49Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Ai! 2913933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede{{refn|group="N"|According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.}}{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] fznvxgeml6zihzx5yoc5baahevolm6h 2913934 2913933 2026-06-26T09:51:45Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Kom ons kyk... 2913934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref>{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] nmxy0xh0m4v3khe5tr0l1756kkracnk 2913935 2913934 2026-06-26T09:52:30Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Verbeter 2913935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref>{{refn|group="N"|The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.}} |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] tk6qbzdbo5uklc4bc51myu56lyi3bag 2913936 2913935 2026-06-26T09:54:06Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Verbeter 2913936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). == Stede en dorpe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref><ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] tnvi9uly3y80fbuddwr1dxalviy7xbd 2913939 2913936 2026-06-26T09:57:49Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ Ai! 2913939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref><ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] ix5g2z2cnipv7d0oiyymx250n0wtk1o 2913940 2913939 2026-06-26T09:59:24Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Stede en dorpe */ En... 2913940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{Saadjie}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] fbl2dqyfoiiv86jt59z4pwumgs6s4sp 2913941 2913940 2026-06-26T10:00:20Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Eksterne skakels */ Definitief nie meer 'n saadjie nie! 2913941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = [[Aboriginal History]] | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] oltemt04rgbvwbka00pe2yryd9nobts 2913942 2913941 2026-06-26T10:01:27Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Voor koloniale tydperk */ verwyder rooi skakel 2913942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 4c8flqacei6l9ets97n7y1lh674hj0l 2913943 2913942 2026-06-26T10:02:12Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Koloniale administrasie */ Verwyder rooi skakel 2913943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]]|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 4uc1cmgpkriufvb613sir9h514vbkwk 2913944 2913943 2026-06-26T10:04:06Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Federale gebied */ Verwyder rooi skakel 2913944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] sg3i22oeys2a20v2hiufas2zvpt48uh 2913951 2913944 2026-06-26T10:28:32Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group=nota>According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 2l9hd87xp8nao8ijykni8yo0mt70a6q 2913952 2913951 2026-06-26T10:29:28Z Sobaka 328 /* Parlement */ 2913952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] pjhyg0hmun7olu2u4ggzdft9e5jtzf7 2913953 2913952 2026-06-26T10:32:51Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 1qupbg1ag78ij6ckqv12cop9w8l76q0 2913955 2913953 2026-06-26T10:34:20Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] ek3uvpvqts4v9f3xj2sjpzab2gsgu5e 2913958 2913955 2026-06-26T10:36:22Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 6w7h88uaxrjlx1w3pvpltzqhb8zz062 2913960 2913958 2026-06-26T10:37:36Z Sobaka 328 /* Federale regering */ Beeld 2913960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 0pgvjfnrg2h7qo6b7c8lnm9nonoikgt 2913961 2913960 2026-06-26T10:40:24Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ 2913961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 98ciwv6emkw33m13qa0qfcm942kkdqr 2913963 2913961 2026-06-26T10:41:16Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 98bxt428re4ocodrinn7u659l91arwz 2913965 2913963 2026-06-26T10:42:21Z Sobaka 328 /* Inheemse Australiërs */ Beeld 2913965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] 2r6jbjpjvzfo0mbazfbtdq4dyncvnqs 2913966 2913965 2026-06-26T10:43:18Z Sobaka 328 /* Staatsbestuur */ bywerk 2913966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Politieke partye=== Die twee histories dominante politieke partye in die Noordelike Gebied is die konserwatiewe Country Liberal Party wat die Gebied van 1974 tot 2001, van 2012 tot 2016 en sedert 2024 regeer het, en die sosiaal-demokratiese Australiese Arbeidersparty wat die Gebied van 2001 tot 2012 en van 2016 tot 2024 regeer het. Kleiner partye wat ook aktief is in die NT sluit in die Northern Territory Greens, die Shooters and Fishers Party en verskeie ander. Dit is algemeen dat onafhanklike politici verkiesings wen. Die CLP se bewind was eens so streng dat 'n voormalige minister eens gesê het die CLP het 'n "'regmatige erfenis om die party te wees wat hierdie plek bestuur'".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | title=After eight years in the political wilderness, the CLP hopes it can return to power in the NT | newspaper=ABC News | date=8 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | title=Arcadian populism. The Country Liberal Party and Self-Government in the Northern Territory | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827092455/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] day2mbkriv9f27lzjq4jc32seiiwgr1 2913967 2913966 2026-06-26T10:44:48Z Sobaka 328 /* Inheemse Australiërs */ skakel 2913967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Aborigines|Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Politieke partye=== Die twee histories dominante politieke partye in die Noordelike Gebied is die konserwatiewe Country Liberal Party wat die Gebied van 1974 tot 2001, van 2012 tot 2016 en sedert 2024 regeer het, en die sosiaal-demokratiese Australiese Arbeidersparty wat die Gebied van 2001 tot 2012 en van 2016 tot 2024 regeer het. Kleiner partye wat ook aktief is in die NT sluit in die Northern Territory Greens, die Shooters and Fishers Party en verskeie ander. Dit is algemeen dat onafhanklike politici verkiesings wen. Die CLP se bewind was eens so streng dat 'n voormalige minister eens gesê het die CLP het 'n "'regmatige erfenis om die party te wees wat hierdie plek bestuur'".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | title=After eight years in the political wilderness, the CLP hopes it can return to power in the NT | newspaper=ABC News | date=8 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | title=Arcadian populism. The Country Liberal Party and Self-Government in the Northern Territory | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827092455/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | url-status=live }}</ref> == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] lir5yl0o9zkbhtrv0ua5plcriqenb6t 2913968 2913967 2026-06-26T10:46:05Z Sobaka 328 /* Politieke partye */ bywerk 2913968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Aborigines|Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Politieke partye=== Die twee histories dominante politieke partye in die Noordelike Gebied is die konserwatiewe Country Liberal Party wat die Gebied van 1974 tot 2001, van 2012 tot 2016 en sedert 2024 regeer het, en die sosiaal-demokratiese Australiese Arbeidersparty wat die Gebied van 2001 tot 2012 en van 2016 tot 2024 regeer het. Kleiner partye wat ook aktief is in die NT sluit in die Northern Territory Greens, die Shooters and Fishers Party en verskeie ander. Dit is algemeen dat onafhanklike politici verkiesings wen. Die CLP se bewind was eens so streng dat 'n voormalige minister eens gesê het die CLP het 'n "'regmatige erfenis om die party te wees wat hierdie plek bestuur'".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | title=After eight years in the political wilderness, the CLP hopes it can return to power in the NT | newspaper=ABC News | date=8 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | title=Arcadian populism. The Country Liberal Party and Self-Government in the Northern Territory | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827092455/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | url-status=live }}</ref> Die algemene verkiesing van die Noordelike Gebied in 2024 het die NT Greens hul eerste setel ooit in die Wetgewende Vergadering besorg toe Kat McNamara die voormalige hoofminister Natasha Fyles in die kiesafdeling Nightcliff verslaan het. Dit was die eerste keer in die geskiedenis dat die Groenes 'n setel in die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gewen het. Ná McNamara se bedanking in Februarie 2026 het Arbeid egter die setel tydens 'n tussenverkiesing herower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tallyroom.com.au/56505|title=Greens win Nightcliff from third place|author=Ben Raue|work=The Tally Room|date=4 September 2024 }}</ref> Aangesien minder partye en kandidate aan die algemene verkiesings van die Noordelike Gebied deelneem as aan die Australiese federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied, het die CLP, Arbeid en onafhanklikes gewoonlik 'n hoër stemaandeel by gebiedsverkiesings as by federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied as gevolg van die afwesigheid van regse kleiner partye soos Pauline Hanson se One Nation en die feit dat die Groenes nie in elke setel by gebiedsverkiesings staan nie. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] age4vh4q6z1sbmg1rdjjy3kxghzi59k 2913969 2913968 2026-06-26T10:49:12Z Sobaka 328 /* Parlement */ bywerk 2913969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. Vyf-en-twintig lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering word verkies vir vierjaartermyne uit enkellid-kiesers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2017-06-16 |title=Members |url=https://parliament.nt.gov.au/members |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parliament.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023750/https://parliament.nt.gov.au/members |url-status=live }}</ref> Verskeie kere sedert selfregering toegestaan is, was daar agitasie vir volle staatskap binne die streek.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-13 |title=The Northern Territory worked for decades to become a state. Could it ever happen? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-14/northern-territory-statehood-future/101292860 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023749/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-14/northern-territory-statehood-future/101292860 |url-status=live }}</ref> 'n Referendum van kiesers in die Noordelike Gebied is in 1998 oor die kwessie gehou, wat gelei het tot 'n 'nee'-stem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs |date=2007-05-01 |title=The long road to statehood: Report of the inquiry into the federal implications of statehood for the Northern Territory |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/house/committee/laca/ntstatehood/report/fullreport.pdf |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> Dit was 'n skok vir beide die Noordelike Gebied en die Statebondsregerings, aangesien meningspeilings getoon het dat die meeste Territoriane staatskap ondersteun het. Maar onder die Australiese Grondwet kan die federale regering die voorwaardes vir toetrede tot volle staatskap bepaal. Die Noordelike Gebied is drie senatore aangebied, eerder as die twaalf wat aan oorspronklike state gewaarborg is (as gevolg van die verskil in bevolkings, sou gelyke getalle Senaatsetels beteken dat 'n Territoriaan se stem vir 'n senator meer werd sou gewees het as 30 sulke stemme in Nieu-Suid-Wallis of Victoria). Behalwe vir wat as 'n arrogante benadering deur die destydse hoofminister Shane Stone aangehaal is, word geglo dat die meeste Territoriane, ongeag hul algemene sienings oor staatskap, huiwerig was om die spesifieke aanbod wat gemaak is, te aanvaar.<ref>{{cite video |title=ABC Lateline Discussion |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s13445.htm |url-status=dead |medium=Current Affairs |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |location=Australia |date=15 Oktober 1998 |access-date=10 Februarie 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519013129/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s13445.htm |archive-date=19 Mei 2006}}</ref> ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Aborigines|Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Politieke partye=== Die twee histories dominante politieke partye in die Noordelike Gebied is die konserwatiewe Country Liberal Party wat die Gebied van 1974 tot 2001, van 2012 tot 2016 en sedert 2024 regeer het, en die sosiaal-demokratiese Australiese Arbeidersparty wat die Gebied van 2001 tot 2012 en van 2016 tot 2024 regeer het. Kleiner partye wat ook aktief is in die NT sluit in die Northern Territory Greens, die Shooters and Fishers Party en verskeie ander. Dit is algemeen dat onafhanklike politici verkiesings wen. Die CLP se bewind was eens so streng dat 'n voormalige minister eens gesê het die CLP het 'n "'regmatige erfenis om die party te wees wat hierdie plek bestuur'".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | title=After eight years in the political wilderness, the CLP hopes it can return to power in the NT | newspaper=ABC News | date=8 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | title=Arcadian populism. The Country Liberal Party and Self-Government in the Northern Territory | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827092455/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | url-status=live }}</ref> Die algemene verkiesing van die Noordelike Gebied in 2024 het die NT Greens hul eerste setel ooit in die Wetgewende Vergadering besorg toe Kat McNamara die voormalige hoofminister Natasha Fyles in die kiesafdeling Nightcliff verslaan het. Dit was die eerste keer in die geskiedenis dat die Groenes 'n setel in die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gewen het. Ná McNamara se bedanking in Februarie 2026 het Arbeid egter die setel tydens 'n tussenverkiesing herower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tallyroom.com.au/56505|title=Greens win Nightcliff from third place|author=Ben Raue|work=The Tally Room|date=4 September 2024 }}</ref> Aangesien minder partye en kandidate aan die algemene verkiesings van die Noordelike Gebied deelneem as aan die Australiese federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied, het die CLP, Arbeid en onafhanklikes gewoonlik 'n hoër stemaandeel by gebiedsverkiesings as by federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied as gevolg van die afwesigheid van regse kleiner partye soos Pauline Hanson se One Nation en die feit dat die Groenes nie in elke setel by gebiedsverkiesings staan nie. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] gkvd2ehu6n6rlgq3wuyb5lkc21n2b6x 2913979 2913969 2026-06-26T11:42:11Z Sobaka 328 /* Politieke partye */ 2913979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Deelstaat of gebied van Australië | Plaaslike naam=Northern Territory| Afrikaanse naam=Noordelike Gebied| beeld_vlag=Flag of the Northern Territory.svg | beeld_wapen=Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg| bynaam=The Territory, The NT, The Top End | leuse= | beeld=Beeld:Tigris-Australia location Northern Territory.svg{{!}}300px| hoofstad=[[Darwin]] | koördinate van hoofstad= {{Koördinate|12|27|00|S|130|50|00|O}} | grootste stad=[[Darwin]] | goewerneur=[[Tom Pauling]] | Premier=[[Paul Henderson]] | Party_van_die_Premier=[[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] | oppervlakte_totaal=1 420 970 | oppervlakte_land=1 349 129 | oppervlakte_water=71 839 | persentasie_water=5,06 | bevolking_jaar=2010 | bevolking_totaal=229 675<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|title=National, state and territory population – December 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=28 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022248/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/dec-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | digtheid=0,17 | posafkorting=NT | tydsone= +9:30 | webwerf= [http://www.nt.gov.au/ www.nt.gov.au] | notes= }} Die '''Noordelike Gebied''' ([[Engels]]: ''Northern Territory'', afgekort as NT); amptelik bekend as die '''Noordelike Gebied van Australië'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://australiasnorthernterritory.com.au |title=Australia's Northern Territory is Powering What's Next |publisher=Noordelike Gebied |accessdate=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> en in [[Australië]] nie-amptelik '''die Gebied''' genoem)<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://theterritory.com.au/ |title=The Territory, Australia |accessdate=25 Augustus 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825031743/https://theterritory.com.au/ |archive-date=25 Augustus 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is 'n [[Deelstate en gebiede van Australië|Australiese interne gebied]] in die sentrale en sentraal-noordelike streke van Australië. Die Noordelike Gebied grens in die weste aan [[Wes-Australië]] (129ste [[lengtegraad]] oos), in die suide aan [[Suid-Australië]] (26ste [[breedtegraad]] suid) en in die ooste aan [[Queensland]] (138ste lengtegraad oos). In die noorde word die Noordelike Gebied begrens deur die [[Timorsee]], die [[Arafurasee]] en die [[Golf van Carpentaria]], met Wes-[[Nieu-Guinee]] en verskeie ander eilande van [[Indonesië]] wat oorkant geleë is. Die NT beslaan 1&nbsp;420&nbsp;970&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | title=Area of Australia – States and Territories | date=27 June 2014 | access-date=18 February 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories | url-status=live }}</ref> wat dit die derde grootste Australiese federale divisie en die 11de grootste landelike onderafdeling ter wêreld maak. Dit is yl bevolk, met 'n bevolking van slegs 260&nbsp;400<ref name="ABSPop" /> vanaf Maart 2025 – minder as die helfte van die bevolking van [[Tasmanië]].<ref name="ABSPop" /> Die grootste bevolkingsentrum is die hoofstad [[Darwin]], met ongeveer 52,6% van die gebied se bevolking. Die grootste binnelandse nedersetting is [[Alice Springs]] met 'n bevolking van ongeveer 25&nbsp;000 mense. Die argeologiese geskiedenis van die Noordelike Gebied het moontlik meer as 60&nbsp;000 jaar gelede begin toe mense hulle vir die eerste keer in hierdie streek van die Sahul-kontinent gevestig het. Van ten minste die 18de eeu af het Makassan-handelaars 'n verhouding met die [[inheems]]e bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied begin rondom die handel in [[seekomkommer]]s. Die kus van die Noordelike Gebied is die eerste keer in die 17de eeu deur Europeërs gesien.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did the Spanish land in Australia before James Cook? {{!}} National Library of Australia|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|access-date=2020-08-14|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134353/https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/did-the-spanish-land-in-australia-before-james-cook|url-status=live}}</ref> Die Britte was die eerste Europeërs wat probeer het om hulle in die kusstreke te vestig. Na drie mislukte pogings om 'n nedersetting te stig (1824–1828, 1838–1849 en 1864–1866), is sukses in 1869 behaal met die stigting van 'n nedersetting by die hawe van Darwin. Die ekonomie is grootliks gebaseer op [[mynbou]] en [[petroleum]], wat gedurende 2018–2019 23% van die bruto staatsproduk, of $5,68 miljard, bygedra het, wat 92,4% van uitvoere uitmaak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164342/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/industry-analysis/mining-and-manufacturing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International trade |url=https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |website=Northern Territory Economy |publisher=Department of Treasury and Finance, Northern Territory Government |access-date=31 August 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210853/https://nteconomy.nt.gov.au/international-trade#exports |url-status=live }}</ref> Die bevolking van die Gebied is gekonsentreer in kusstreke en langs die Stuart-snelweg. Behalwe die hoofstad Darwin, is die belangrikste nedersettings (in volgorde van grootte) [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]], [[Alice Springs]], Katherine, Nhulunbuy en Tennant Creek. Inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied staan ​​dikwels bekend as "Territorians".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Territorian |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917224456/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Territorian |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geskiedenis == === Voor koloniale tydperk === Mense het sedert ten minste 48 400 tot 68 700 jaar gelede in die huidige gebied van die Noordelike Gebied gewoon.<ref name="Clarkson Jacobs Marwick Fullagar 2017 pp. 306–310">{{cite journal | last1=Clarkson | first1=Chris | last2=Jacobs | first2=Zenobia | last3=Marwick | first3=Ben | last4=Fullagar | first4=Richard | last5=Wallis | first5=Lynley | last6=Smith | first6=Mike | last7=Roberts | first7=Richard G. | last8=Hayes | first8=Elspeth | last9=Lowe | first9=Kelsey | last10=Carah | first10=Xavier | last11=Florin | first11=S. Anna | last12=McNeil | first12=Jessica | last13=Cox | first13=Delyth | last14=Arnold | first14=Lee J. | last15=Hua | first15=Quan | last16=Huntley | first16=Jillian | last17=Brand | first17=Helen E. A. | last18=Manne | first18=Tiina | last19=Fairbairn | first19=Andrew | last20=Shulmeister | first20=James | last21=Lyle | first21=Lindsey | last22=Salinas | first22=Makiah | last23=Page | first23=Mara | last24=Connell | first24=Kate | last25=Park | first25=Gayoung | last26=Norman | first26=Kasih | last27=Murphy | first27=Tessa | last28=Pardoe | first28=Colin | title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=547 | issue=7663 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature22968 | pmid=28726833 | pages=306–310 | bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | hdl=2440/107043 | s2cid=205257212 | hdl-access=free | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=25 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025030937/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Vanaf die 17de of 18de eeu n.C. het handelaars van Sulawesi stewige seisoenale handelsbande met die inheemse volke van die Kimberley-streek, die hedendaagse Noordelike Gebied en Arnhemland gesmee.<ref name="Macknight-2011">{{cite journal | title = The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries | last = Macknight | first = Charles Campbell | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2011 | volume = 35 | pages = 121–143 | jstor = 24046930 | doi = 10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Hulle het seekomkommers vir Chinese markte versamel en verskeie goedere en tegnologieë aan die inheemse volke bekendgestel. Daar is beduidende bewyse van kontak met Makassan-vissers in voorbeelde van inheemse Australiese rotskuns en basskilderkuns van Noord-Australië, met die Makassan-prou 'n prominente kenmerk.{{sfn|Taçon|May|Fallon|Travers|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodford |first=J. |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 September 2008 |title=The Rock Art That Redraws Our History |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920040854/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-rock-art-that-redraws-our-history/2008/09/19/1221331206960.html |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> [[Lêer:Northern Territory (MODIS 2018-07-30).jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van die Noordelike Gebied]] === Koloniale administrasie === Met die koms van die Britte was daar vier vroeë pogings aangewend om in die strawwe omgewing van die noordelike kus nedersettings te vestig, waarvan drie weens hongersnood en wanhoop misluk het. Die gebied wat nou deur die Noordelike Gebied beset word, was van 1825 tot 1863 deel van koloniale [[Nieu-Suid-Wallis]], behalwe vir 'n kort tydjie van Februarie tot Desember 1846, toe dit deel van die kortstondige kolonie Noord-Australië was. Die Noordelike Gebied was deel van [[Suid-Australië]] van 1863 tot 1911, en onder sy administrasie is die ''Overland Telegraph Line'' tussen 1870 en 1872 gebou.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Museum of Australia |author-link=National Museum of Australia |date=2022-09-28 |title=National Museum of Australia – Overland telegraph |publisher=National Museum of Australia |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330000552/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/overland-telegraph |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=2025-04-28 }}</ref> Vanaf sy stigting in 1869 was die Port Darwin vir baie dekades die belangrikste voorsieningspunt vir die gebied. 'n Spoorweg is tussen 1883 en 1889 tussen Palmerston en Pine Creek gebou as deel van die Noord-Australiese Spoorweg. Die ekonomiese patroon van veeteelt en mynbou is so gevestig dat daar teen 1911 513 000 beeste was. Victoria River Downs-stasie, 686 kilometer wes van Darwin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Darwin to Victoria River Downs (DRW – VCD) |url=https://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/drw-to-vcd/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Air Miles Calculator |language=en}}</ref> was eens die grootste veeplaas ter wêreld. [[Goud]] is in 1872 by Grove Hill en in 1871 by Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burundi ontdek en [[koper]] is by Dalyrivier ontdek.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Otterman|first=D.|date=2004|title=Daly River Project, Annual report for EL 22495, EL 22496, EL 22498 and EL 23595, for the period 6 September 2003 to 5 September 2004|url=https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183556/https://geoscience.nt.gov.au/gemis/ntgsjspui/handle/1/83631|url-status=live}}</ref> === Federale gebied === Op 1 Januarie 1911, 'n dekade na Federasie, is die Noordelike Gebied van Suid-Australië geskei, saam met die Australiese Hoofstadgebied van NSW en aan federale beheer oorgedra. Alfred Deakin het destyds gemeen: “[V]ir my was die vraag nie soseer kommersieel van aard nie, maar nasionaal — eerstens, tweedens, derdens en laastens. Óf ons moes daarin slaag om die noordelike gebied te bevolk, óf ons moes ons onderwerp aan die oordrag daarvan aan ’n ander nasie.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David|title=Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia, 1850–1939|year=1999|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0702231315|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spS6AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Teen die einde van 1912 was daar 'n groeiende gevoel dat die naam "Noordelike Gebied" onbevredigend was.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5351157|title=The Territory: Federal Policy Criticised|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15375411|title=House of Representatives|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 November 1912}}</ref> Die name "Kingsland" (na Koning George V en om met Queensland ooreen te stem), "Centralia" en "Territoria" is voorgestel, met Kingsland wat in 1913 die voorkeurkeuse geword het. Die naamsverandering is egter nooit deurgevoer nie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253861|title=Territoria or Kingsland!|newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]]|date=16 April 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|title=Kingsland: New name for the Northern Territory|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|date=22 April 1913|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053040/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5396815|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Verdeling in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië ==== Vir 'n kort tydjie, tussen 1927 en 1931, was die Noordelike Gebied verdeel in Noord-Australië en Sentraal-Australië met die 20ste breedtegraad suid as grens. Kort na hierdie tyd is dele van die Noordelike Gebied in die Kimberley-plan oorweeg as 'n moontlike terrein vir die vestiging van 'n Joodse Tuisland, wat verstaanbaar as die "Onbeloofde Land" beskou word.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18097828 |title=Wasted Years |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=34,577 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 October 1948 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43802260 |title=Immigration Scheme That Failed |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |volume=91 |issue=28178 |location=South Australia |date=29 January 1949 |access-date=20 July 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gedurende die vroeë 20ste eeu is die suidelike deel van die gebied as die "laaste grens" van Australiese nedersetting beskou, waar 'simpatieke blankes' gehoop het dat Aboriginale tradisies steeds beoefen sou word.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite journal |date=2015 |title=Hunger and the humanitarian frontier |last=O'Brien |first=Anne |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |journal=Aboriginal History |publisher=Aboriginal History Inc. ANU Press |volume=39 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131320/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p332783/html/article05.xhtml?referer=1790&page=11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konflikte het ontstaan ​​as gevolg van die hulpbronskaarste en die broosheid van die veebedryf, en die gebied was vol inheemse 'bosbandiete' wat beeste vir voedsel gejaag het weens werkskaarste by veeboere. Dit is vererger deur 'n droogte tussen 1925 en 1929 wat gelei het tot die dood van 85 persent van die kinders by die Hermannsburg-sendingstasie in Sentraal-Australië. Intussen was wit houdings teenoor Aboriginale mense paternalisties, verskeur tussen die begeerte om hulle in tye van honger te help en die vrees om hulle te "verarm" en hul aansporings om te werk te verminder. In die Coniston-slagting van 1928 is strafekspedisies deur wit koloniste onder leiding van die Noordelike Gebiedspolisiekonstabel William George Murray uitgevoer in reaksie op die moord op 'n dingojagter, wat gelei het tot die dood van dosyne tot honderde mense van die Warlpiri-, Anmatyerre- en Kaytetye-groepe.<ref name="Bradley">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Michael |title=Coniston |date=2019 |publisher=UWA Press |location=Perth|isbn=9781760801045}}</ref> Dit was een van vele slagtings van Aboriginale mense in die streek.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Some Known Frontier Conflicts in the Northern Territory |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Australian Frontier Conflicts |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917230217/https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-frontier-conflicts-in-the-northern-territory/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ==== Tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is die grootste deel van die Noordelike Helfte onder militêre regering geplaas. Dit is die enigste keer sedert die Federasie dat 'n deel van 'n Australiese staat of gebied onder militêre beheer was. Na die oorlog is beheer oor die hele gebied teruggegee aan die Statebond. Die bombardement van Darwin het op 19 Februarie 1942 plaasgevind. Dit was die grootste enkele aanval ooit deur 'n buitelandse moondheid op Australië uitgevoer. Bewyse van Darwin se Tweede Wêreldoorlog-geskiedenis word gevind by 'n verskeidenheid bewaarde terreine in en om die stad, insluitend ammunisiebunkers, landingsbane, olietonnels en museums. Die hawe is beskadig in die Japannese lugaanvalle van 1942. Dit is daarna herstel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiem |first1=David |title=Semaphore: 75 Years After the Bombing of Darwin a Story of Reconciliation Hope and Peace |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |website=Semaphore |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614125410/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In die laat 1960's het verbeterde paaie in aangrensende state wat met die gebied verbind het, hawevertragings en vinnige ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot onsekerheid in hawe- en streeksinfrastruktuurontwikkeling gelei. As gevolg van die Kommissie van Ondersoek, wat deur die Administrateur<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Records/a590549]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> ingestel is, is hawewerkreëlings verander, vasmeer belegging uitgestel en 'n hawemeesterplan opgestel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|title=Darwin and Northern Territory freight transport study|editor-last=Australia|date=30 April 1977|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=9780642033512|access-date=30 April 2019|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152242/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2794315|url-status=live}}</ref> Uitbreiding van spoorvervoer was toe nie oorweeg nie weens lae vragvolumes. [[Aborigines]] in die gebied het gesukkel vir regte op grond en billike lone. In 1963 het die Yolngu-mense van Arnhemland twee petisies, bekend as die Yirrkala-baspetisies, by die Australiese Parlement ingedien om te protesteer teen die feit dat hul grond sonder voorafgaande konsultasie vir die ontginning van [[bauxiet]] oorgeneem is.<ref name=founding>{{cite web| url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-104.html|title= Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)|website= Documenting A Democracy|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]]|access-date = 8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wright | first=Clare|author-link = Clare Wright | title=Näku Dhäruk: The Bark Petitions: How the People of Yirrkala Changed the course of Australian democracy | publisher=Text Publishing Company | date=1 October 2024 | isbn=978-1-922330-86-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRG00AEACAAJ}}</ref> Nog 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in hierdie stryd was die staking en wegstap deur die Gurindji-mense by Wave Hill-veestasie in 1966. Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' (NTCAR) het die stakers ondersteun en publisiteit verskaf.<ref name=ntcar>{{cite web | title=Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights | publisher=National Museum of Australia | date=26 November 2018 | url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | access-date=30 November 2020 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125342/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#! | url-status=dead }}</ref> Die federale regering van Gough Whitlam het die ''Woodward Royal Commission'' in Februarie 1973 op die been gebring om ondersoek in te stel na hoe grondregte in die Noordelike Gebied bereik kan word. Regter Woodward se eerste verslag in Julie 1973 het aanbeveel dat 'n Sentrale Landraad en 'n Noordelike Landraad op die been gebring word om die sienings van die inheemse bevolking aan hom voor te lê. 'n Wetsontwerp op Grondregte is opgestel, en die Wet op Aboriginale Grondregte (Noordelike Gebied) van 1976 is op 16 Desember 1976 deur die Fraser-regering aangeneem en het op 26 Januarie 1977 in werking getree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=legislation.gov.au|archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074252/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00111/Html/Text |url-status=live }}</ref> Die ''Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights'' is in 1976 ontbind.<ref name="ntcar" /> In 1974, van Kersaand tot Kersdag, is Darwin deur die tropiese [[sikloon]] Tracy verwoes. Ses-en sestig mense sterf tydens Sikloon Tracy, skade van A$837 miljoen word veroorsaak (ongeveer A$8,38 miljard vanaf 2024 {{As of|2024|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|title=Inflation Calculator|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Reserve Bank of Australia|date=30 October 2015|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625131710/https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220943/https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.bom.gov.au |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> en vernietig ongeveer 70% van Darwin se geboue, waarvan 80% huise is. Die sikloon het meer as 41&nbsp;000 van die 47&nbsp;000 inwoners van die stad dakloos gelaat. Die stad is herbou met baie verbeterde konstruksiekodes en is vandag 'n moderne, aangelegde metropool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-2017 Annual Report |url=https://www.darwin.nt.gov.au/council/about-council/publications-and-forms/2016-2017-annual-report |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=City of Darwin {{!}} Darwin Council, Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref> === Selfregering === In 1978 is selfregering aan die Gebied verleen deur die Wet op die Noordelike Gebied (Selfregering) van 1978, met 'n Wetgewende Vergadering onder leiding van 'n Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Northern Territory - Indigenous, Autonomy, Self-Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory/Government-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=History of Self Government |url=https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Territory Day |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909023053/https://territoryday.nt.gov.au/history-of-self-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die Administrateur van die Noordelike Gebied is nog 'n belangrike posisie in die regering en hulle tree op as die Koning se verteenwoordiger in die Gebied en 'n deel van hul rol is die aanstelling van die Hoofminister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2023-09-22 |title=Role of the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/role-of-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Die Gebied publiseer ook amptelike kennisgewings in sy eie Staatskoerant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-07-18 |title=Government Gazettes |url=https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205148/https://nt.gov.au/about-government/gazettes |url-status=live }}</ref> In die 1980's is bewaringsgerigte gebiede in die Noordelike Gebied soos die Kakadu Nasionale Park en die Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park op die UNESCO-wêrelderfenislys opgeneem vir hul mengsel van natuurlike erfenis en Aboriginale kultuur. Gedurende 1995–96 was die Noordelike Gebied kortliks een van die min plekke in die wêreld met wettige vrywillige genadedood, totdat die Federale Parlement die wetgewing omvergewerp het.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|title=Select Committee on Euthanasia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302220134/http://nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml|archive-date=2 March 2011|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory}}</ref> Voordat die oorheersende wetgewing uitgevaardig is, het vier mense die wet, ondersteun deur dr. Philip Nitschke, gebruik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Robert |date=2024-02-11 |title=How the Northern Territory trailblazed Australia's voluntary assisted dying laws |url=https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907121453/https://anmj.org.au/how-the-northern-territory-trailblazed-australias-voluntary-assisted-dying-laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitland-Newcastle |first=Catholic Diocese of |title=Philip Nitschke and 'rational suicide' {{!}} Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle |url=https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.mn.catholic.org.au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918002224/https://www.mn.catholic.org.au/news-events/news/philip-nitschke-and-rational-suicide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2016-04-22 |title=Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008060404/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/apr/22/philip-nitschke-choose-when-to-die-euthanasia-advocate |url-status=live }}</ref> == Geografie == Daar is baie klein nedersettings versprei oor die gebied, maar die groter bevolkingsentrums is geleë op die enkele geplaveide pad wat Darwin met Suid-Australië verbind, die Stuart-snelweg, wat aan die plaaslike bevolking eenvoudig as "die spoor" bekend staan. Die Noordelike Gebied is die tuiste van baie skouspelagtige natuurlike rotsformasies, insluitend [[Uluru|Uluru/Ayers Rock]] en Kata Tjuta/The Olgas in die Sentraal-Australiese streek en Kakadu Nasionale Park in die noorde. Elke een van hierdie terreine word as heilig geag deur die plaaslike Aboriginale bevolking en het belangrike internasionale toeriste-aantreklikhede en erkende UNESCO- [[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e geword.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/highlights/world-heritage/#:~:text=Uluru-Kata%20Tjuta%20National%20Park%20is%20included%20on%20the%20UNESCO,animals,%20and%20outstanding%20natural%20beauty. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Heritage: Kakadu |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parksaustralia.gov.au |language=en-au |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022631/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/world-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Die noordelike gedeelte van die gebied bestaan ​​hoofsaaklik uit tropiese [[savanne]]s, wat uit verskeie afsonderlike [[Ekostreek|ekostreke]] bestaan ​​– Arnhem Land tropiese savanne, Carpentaria tropiese savanne, Kimberley tropiese savanne, Victoria Plains tropiese savanne en Mitchell Grass Downs. Die suidelike gedeelte van die gebied is bedek met [[woestyn]] en [[Xerofiet|xerofitiese]] struikgewasse, insluitend die Groot Sandy-Tanami-woestyn, Simpson-woestyn en die xerofitiese struikgewasse van die Sentrale Reekse. Daar is ook 'n uitgebreide reeks rivierstelsels in die gebied. Hierdie riviere sluit in: die Alligatorriviere, Dalyrivier, Finkerivier, McArthurrivier, Roperrivier, Toddrivier en Victoriarivier. Die Hayrivier is 'n rivier suidwes van [[Alice Springs]], met die Marshallrivier, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek en Bore Creek wat daarin vloei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|title=Hay River|website=Bonzle.com|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193944/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=212462&cmd=sp|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nasionale parke === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Barranyi (North Island) Nasionale Park * Casuarina Kus Reserwe * Daly Rivier Natuur Park * Djukbinj Nasionale Park * Dulcie Reeks Nasionale Park * Elsey Nasionale Park * Finke Gorge Nasionale Park * Garig Gunak Barlu Nasionale Park * Howard Springs Nasionale Park * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Reekse Nasionale Park * Judbarra / Gregory Nasionale Park * Kakadu Nasionale Park * Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Bewarings Reserwe * Keep River Nasionale Park * Litchfield Nasionale Park * Mary River Nasionale Park * Nitmiluk Nasionale Park * Tjoritja / West MacDonnell Nasionale Park * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park * Watarrka Nasionale Park {{div col end}} <gallery> Lêer:Mount Sonder.JPG|Mount Sonder, die vierde hoogste berg in die Noordelike Gebied na die naby geleë Berg Zeil, in die West MacDonnell Nasionale Park Lêer:Kakadu 2488.jpg|Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Jim jim falls.jpg|Jim Jim Waterval, Kakadu Nasionale Park Lêer:Uluru NT Australia.JPG|[[Uluru|Uluru / Ayers Rock]], een van die bekendste bakens van die Noordelike Gebied Lêer:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|Uluru / Ayers Rock uit die lug gesien </gallery> [[Lêer:Kata Tjuta pan.jpg|duimnael|upright=3.75|center|Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa Nasionale Park]] === Klimaat === Die Noordelike Gebied het twee kenmerkende klimaatsones. Die noordelike punt, insluitend Darwin, het 'n tropiese klimaat met hoë humiditeit en twee seisoene, die nat (Oktober tot April) en droë seisoen (Mei tot September). Gedurende die droë seisoen is byna elke dag warm en sonnig, en die humiditeit in die middag is gemiddeld ongeveer 30%. Daar is baie min reënval tussen Mei en September. In die koelste maande van Junie en Julie kan die daaglikse minimum [[temperatuur]] so laag as 14&nbsp;°C daal, maar baie selde laer, en [[ryp]] is nog nooit aangeteken nie. Die nat seisoen word geassosieer met tropiese siklone en moessonreën. Die meeste reënval vind plaas tussen Desember en Maart (die [[Suidelike halfrond]] somer), wanneer [[donderstorm]]s algemeen voorkom en die middag se relatiewe humiditeit gemiddeld meer as 70% gedurende die natste maande is. Gemiddeld val meer as 1&nbsp;570 mm&nbsp;reën in die noorde. Reënval is die hoogste in noordwestelike kusgebiede, waar reënval gemiddeld van 1&nbsp;800 tot 2&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm is. Die sentrale streek is die woestynsentrum van die land, wat Alice Springs en Uluru (Ayers Rock) insluit, en is semi-droog met min reën wat gewoonlik gedurende die warmste maande van, Oktober tot Maart, val. Seisoene is meer duidelik in sentraal-Australië, met baie warm somers en koel winters. Ryp word 'n paar keer per jaar aangeteken. Die streek ontvang minder as 250&nbsp;mm reën per jaar. Die hoogste temperatuur wat in die gebied aangeteken is, is 48,3 °C (118,9 °F) by Finke op 1 en 2 Januarie 1960. Die laagste temperatuur is −7,5 °C (18,5 °F) by Alice Springs op 17 Julie 1976. {{Weerkas |metric first = y |single line = y |location = die Noordelike Gebied. |jan1={{{Jan_48.3_°C|{{#if:{{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}|{{#expr:({{{Jan_REC_Hi_°F|}}}-32)/1.8 round 0}}}}}}} |Feb record high C = 46.4 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 40.2 |Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 39.7 |Sep record high C = 42.0 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 46.1 |Dec record high C = 47.2 |Jan record low C = 6.7 |Feb record low C = 8.5 |Mar record low C = 4.7 |Apr record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -4.2 |Jun record low C = -6.0 |Jul record low C = -7.5 |Aug record low C = -5.4 |Sep record low C = -2.8 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 3.5 |Dec record low C = 7.5 |source=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191051/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?area=nt |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=November 2019}} == Staatsbestuur == === Parlement === [[Lêer:Darwin (AU), Parliament House -- 2019 -- 4336-8.jpg|duimnael|Die Parlementsgebou in Darwin.]] Die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied is een van die drie eenkamerparlemente in die land. Gebaseer op die [[Westminster-stelsel]], bestaan ​​dit uit die Northern Territory Wetgewende Vergadering wat in 1974 geskep is en die Northern Territory Wetgewende Raad vervang het. Dit produseer ook die ''Northern Territory of Australia'' Staatskoerant. Die Wetgewende Raad van die Noordelike Gebied was die gedeeltelik verkose regerende liggaam van 1947 tot die vervanging daarvan deur die volledig verkose Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied in 1974. Die totale inskrywing vir die 1947-verkiesing was 4 443. Die Noordelike Gebied is in vyf kiesafdelings verdeel: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor en Stuart. Alhoewel hierdie vergadering bevoegdhede uitoefen soortgelyk aan dié van die parlemente van die state van Australië, doen dit dit deur wetgewende devolusie van bevoegdhede van die Statebondsregering, eerder as deur enige grondwetlike reg. As sodanig behou die Statebondsregering die reg om wetgewing vir die gebied te maak, insluitend die mag om wetgewing wat deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem is, te tersyde te stel. Vyf-en-twintig lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering word verkies vir vierjaartermyne uit enkellid-kiesers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2017-06-16 |title=Members |url=https://parliament.nt.gov.au/members |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=parliament.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023750/https://parliament.nt.gov.au/members |url-status=live }}</ref> Verskeie kere sedert selfregering toegestaan is, was daar agitasie vir volle staatskap binne die streek.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-13 |title=The Northern Territory worked for decades to become a state. Could it ever happen? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-14/northern-territory-statehood-future/101292860 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023749/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-14/northern-territory-statehood-future/101292860 |url-status=live }}</ref> 'n Referendum van kiesers in die Noordelike Gebied is in 1998 oor die kwessie gehou, wat gelei het tot 'n 'nee'-stem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs |date=2007-05-01 |title=The long road to statehood: Report of the inquiry into the federal implications of statehood for the Northern Territory |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/house/committee/laca/ntstatehood/report/fullreport.pdf |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> Dit was 'n skok vir beide die Noordelike Gebied en die Statebondsregerings, aangesien meningspeilings getoon het dat die meeste Territoriane staatskap ondersteun het. Maar onder die Australiese Grondwet kan die federale regering die voorwaardes vir toetrede tot volle staatskap bepaal. Die Noordelike Gebied is drie senatore aangebied, eerder as die twaalf wat aan oorspronklike state gewaarborg is (as gevolg van die verskil in bevolkings, sou gelyke getalle Senaatsetels beteken dat 'n Territoriaan se stem vir 'n senator meer werd sou gewees het as 30 sulke stemme in Nieu-Suid-Wallis of Victoria). Behalwe vir wat as 'n arrogante benadering deur die destydse hoofminister Shane Stone aangehaal is, word geglo dat die meeste Territoriane, ongeag hul algemene sienings oor staatskap, huiwerig was om die spesifieke aanbod wat gemaak is, te aanvaar.<ref>{{cite video |title=ABC Lateline Discussion |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s13445.htm |url-status=dead |medium=Current Affairs |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |location=Australia |date=15 Oktober 1998 |access-date=10 Februarie 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519013129/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s13445.htm |archive-date=19 Mei 2006}}</ref> ===Hoofminister en kabinet=== Die hoofminister is die regeringshoof van die selfregerende Noordelike Gebied (die ekwivalent van 'n premier in 'n Australiese deelstaat). Die hoofminister word deur die administrateur aangestel, wat volgens grondwetlike gebruik die leier aanstel van die party of koalisie wat die meerderheid setels in die Wetgewende Vergadering van die Noordelike Gebied het. Die huidige hoofminister is Lia Finocchiaro van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). Die CLP het die Australiese Arbeidersparty tydens die algemene verkiesing van 24 Augustus 2024 verslaan en Finocchiaro het daarna die eerste vroulike CLP-hoofminister van die Noordelike Gebied geword.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title='The important work has begun': NT chief minister-elect outlines new government's first steps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/lia-finocchiaro-outlines-new-nt-governments-first-steps/104254328 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Who is Lia Finocchiaro, the woman who will become the NT's next chief minister? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-25/lia-finocchiaro-clp-leader-chief-minister-nt-election/104266424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2024-08-26 |title=First female Country Liberal Party chief minister of the Northern Territory. Who is Lia Finocchiaro? |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918023929/https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/local/first-female-country-liberal-party-chief-minister-of-the-northern-territory-who-is-lia-finocchiaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrateur=== Die Noordelike Gebied het op 1 Julie 1978 selfregering verkry onder 'n administrateur wat deur die Goewerneur-generaal van Australië aangestel word. Die federale regering, en nie die regering van die Noordelike Gebied nie, adviseer die goewerneur-generaal oor die aanstelling van die administrateur, hoewel die regering van die Noordelike Gebied volgens konvensie vooraf geraadpleeg word. Die huidige administrateur is David Connolly, wat sy amp op 27 Februarie 2026 aanvaar het.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-02-05 |title=About the Administrator |url=https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=govhouse.nt.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024550/https://govhouse.nt.gov.au/the-administrator/about-the-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Federale regering=== [[Lêer:Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston, Australia, April 25, 2013, as U.S. Marines with the 1st Platoon, Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Marine Rotational 130425-M-AL626-014.jpg|duimnael|Kinders swaai Australiese vlae tydens 'n Anzac-dagparade in [[Palmerston, Noordelike Gebied|Palmerston]].]] Die Noordelike Gebied word in die federale parlement verteenwoordig deur twee lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers en twee senatore. Ná die federale verkiesing van 2025 dien Marion Scrymgour van die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP) as lid vir Lingiari en Luke Gosling van die ALP as lid vir Solomon in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Die Noordelike Gebied se twee senatore is Malarndirri McCarthy (ALP) en Jacinta Nampijinpa Price van die Country Liberal Party (CLP). ===Plaaslike regering=== Die Noordelike Gebied is verdeel in 18 plaaslike regeringsgebiede, bestaande uit vier munisipaliteite (''municipal councils''), drie shires en elf streeksrade (''regional councils''). Hierdie rade is verantwoordelik vir plaaslike funksies wat deur die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gedelegeer word, waaronder padinstandhouding, afvalbestuur, gemeenskapsfasiliteite en plaaslike beplanning. Hul inkomste is hoofsaaklik afkomstig van eiendomsbelasting, diensgelde en regeringstoelaes.<ref>LGANT, 2026. Local Government in the NT. https://lgant.asn.au/about-lg/local-government-in-the-nt/?utm Besoek 26 Junie 2026</ref> === Inheemse Australiërs === [[Lêer:Australia Aboriginal Culture 011.jpg|duimnael|[[Aborigines|Inheemse Australiërs]] besit ongeveer 49% van die Noordelike Gebied se grond']] Inheemse grondrade in die Noordelike Gebied is groepe Inheemse grondeienaars, gestig kragtens die Wet op Inheemse Grondregte van 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.clc.org.au/the-alra/#:~:text=The%20Land%20Rights%20Act%20mandated,form%20a%20new%20land%20council. |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Central Land Council |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aboriginal Land Rights Act |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024900/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/aboriginal-land-rights-act |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Politieke partye=== Die twee histories dominante politieke partye in die Noordelike Gebied is die konserwatiewe Country Liberal Party wat die Gebied van 1974 tot 2001, van 2012 tot 2016 en sedert 2024 regeer het, en die sosiaal-demokratiese Australiese Arbeidersparty wat die Gebied van 2001 tot 2012 en van 2016 tot 2024 regeer het. Kleiner partye wat ook aktief is in die Noordelike Gebied sluit in die Northern Territory Greens, die Shooters and Fishers Party en verskeie ander. Dit is algemeen dat onafhanklike politici verkiesings wen. Die CLP se bewind was eens so streng dat 'n voormalige minister eens gesê het die CLP het 'n "'regmatige erfenis om die party te wees wat hierdie plek bestuur'".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | title=After eight years in the political wilderness, the CLP hopes it can return to power in the NT | newspaper=ABC News | date=8 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/nt-election-clp-seeking-return-after-two-terms-in-opposition/104185102 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | title=Arcadian populism. The Country Liberal Party and Self-Government in the Northern Territory | access-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-date=27 Augustus 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827092455/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/462324/0/89 | url-status=live }}</ref> Die algemene verkiesing van die Noordelike Gebied in 2024 het die NT Greens hul eerste setel ooit in die Wetgewende Vergadering besorg toe Kat McNamara die voormalige hoofminister Natasha Fyles in die kiesafdeling Nightcliff verslaan het. Dit was die eerste keer in die geskiedenis dat die Groenes 'n setel in die parlement van die Noordelike Gebied gewen het. Ná McNamara se bedanking in Februarie 2026 het Arbeid egter die setel tydens 'n tussenverkiesing herower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tallyroom.com.au/56505|title=Greens win Nightcliff from third place|author=Ben Raue|work=The Tally Room|date=4 September 2024 }}</ref> Aangesien minder partye en kandidate aan die algemene verkiesings van die Noordelike Gebied deelneem as aan die Australiese federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied, het die CLP, Arbeid en onafhanklikes gewoonlik 'n hoër stemaandeel by gebiedsverkiesings as by federale verkiesings in die Noordelike Gebied as gevolg van die afwesigheid van regse kleiner partye soos Pauline Hanson se One Nation en die feit dat die Groenes nie in elke setel by gebiedsverkiesings staan nie. == Demografie == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;" |+ Beraamde populasie<br />vir die Noordelike Gebied ! Jaar !! Populasie |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1901 || style="text-align:center;"| 4,765 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1956 || style="text-align:center;"| 19,556 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"| 44,481 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1974 || style="text-align:center;"| 102,924 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1976 || style="text-align:center;"| 97,090 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1981 || style="text-align:center;"| 122,616 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1991 || style="text-align:center;"| 165,493 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 1996 || style="text-align:center;"| 181,843 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2001 || style="text-align:center;"| 200,019 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"| 192,900 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| 211,945 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2016 || style="text-align:center;"| 228,833 |- | style="text-align:right;"| 2021 || style="text-align:center;"| 232,605 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| Bron: Australiese Buro vir Statistiek<br />(Est Resident Pop) |} Die bevolking van die Noordelike Gebied tydens die Australiese sensus van 2011 was 211 945,<ref name=2011census>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 2011 Census QuickStats: Northern Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015221/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/7?opendocument&navpos=220 |date=13 March 2018 }}, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9 August 2011.</ref> 'n toename van 10 persent vanaf die sensus van 2006. Die Australiese Buro vir Statistiek het 'n inwonersbevolking van 244 300 in Junie 2015 geraam, met inagneming van inwoners oorsee of tussen state. Die gebied se bevolking verteenwoordig 1% van die totale bevolking van Australië.<ref name=abs>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| title = 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2016| access-date = 1 November 2016| publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]| date = 22 September 2016| archive-date = 11 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105412/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Northern Territory|date=29 March 2016|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310034527/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features502014-15|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|title=3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2011|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122148/http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view=|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Die Noordelike Gebied se bevolking is die jongste in Australië en het die grootste proporsie (23,2%) onder 15 jaar en die kleinste proporsie (5,7%) van 65 jaar en ouer. Die [[Mediaan|mediaanouderdom]] van inwoners van die Noordelike Gebied is 31 jaar, ses jaar jonger as die nasionale mediaanouderdom.<ref name=2011census /> [[Lêer:Alice Springs (2049606825).jpg|alt=|duimnael|[[Alice Springs]]]] Inheemse Australiërs maak 30,3% van die bevolking uit<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 30 June 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227124201/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> en besit sowat 49% van die grond. Die lewensverwagting van inheemse Australiërs is heelwat laer as dié van nie-inheemse Australiërs in die Noordelike Gebied, 'n feit wat elders in Australië weerspieël word. ABS-statistieke dui daarop dat inheemse Australiërs ongeveer 11 jaar vroeër sterf as die gemiddelde nie-inheemse Australiër. Daar is inheemse gemeenskappe in baie dele van die gebied, waarvan die grootste die Pitjantjatjara naby Uluru/Ayers Rock, die Arrernte naby Alice Springs, die Luritja tussen daardie twee, die Warlpiri verder noord, en die Yolngu in oostelike Arnhem Land is. In 2019 het 147 255<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |title=Regional population, 2018-19 financial year |website=abs.gov.au |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408103747/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2018-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> mense in Darwin gewoon, 'n oorweldigende meerderheid van die Gebied se bevolking. Ten spyte hiervan is die Noordelike Gebied die mins verstedelikte jurisdiksie in die Statebond (gevolg deur Tasmanië). === Stede en dorpe === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Bevolking volgens Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede<ref group="nota">According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.</ref> <ref group=nota>The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.</ref> |- ! Rank ! Beduidende Stedelike Gebiede ! Populasie (2021 Sensus) ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 1 |[[Darwin]] |align="right" | 127,215 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7002 Sensus 2021] |- | 2 |[[Alice Springs]] |align="right" | 25,912 |[https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7001 Sensus 2021] |- |} == Notas == <references group="nota" /> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|3}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Northern Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{Wikivoyage-inlyn|Northern_Territory|Noordelike Gebied}} * {{en}} [https://nt.gov.au/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Territory|title=Northern Territory|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 Mei 2026}} {{State van Australië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Noordelike Gebied| ]] tjqgak02pkbwarri59hgk9wglav2vhe 0 55159 2913823 2872765 2026-06-25T20:13:07Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Distrik */ Verbeter 2913823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Suid-Afrikaanse dorp | naam = Richmond | inheemse_naam = | ander_naam = | beeld_stadsilhoeët = | beeldbyskrif = | duimdrukkeretiketposisie= regs | latd = 29 |latm = 52 |lats = 30 | longd = 30 |longm = 16 |longs = 0 | provinsie = KwaZulu-Natal | distrik = UMgungundlovu | munisipaliteit = Richmond | stigtingsdatum = | regeringstipe = | leier_party = | leiertitel = | leiernaam = | oppervlakvoetnotas = | oppervlak_totaal_km2 = | hoogte_m = | bevolking_totaal = | bevolking_soos_op = 2011 | bevolkingvoetnotas = | demografie1_voetnotas = | persent_swart = 62.7% | persent_kleurling = 9.6% | persent_asiër = 16.8% | persent_wit = 9.9% | persent_ander = 1.0% | demografie2_voetnotas = | demografie2_titel1 = [[Zoeloe]] | demografie2_info1 = 49.2% | demografie2_titel2 = [[Engels]] | demografie2_info2 = 38.2% | demografie2_titel3 = [[Xhosa]] | demografie2_info3 = 3.3% | demografie2_titel4 = [[Afrikaans]] | demografie2_info4 = 2.0% | demografie2_titel5 = Ander | demografie2_info5 = 7.4% | poskode = | poskode2 = 3760 | skakelkode = | sensuskode = 568001 | webwerf = }} '''Richmond''' is 'n dorp in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Suid-Afrika]] en is 40&nbsp;km noord van [[Ixopo]]. == Geskiedenis == Joseph Byrne het in [[1850]] duisende Britse [[Byrne-Setlaars|setlaars]] na Natal gebring. Van die setlaars het hulle gevestig op die oewers van die Illovorivier (nuwer spelling ''Lovu'') waar Richmond tans is. Die setlaars was hoofsaaklik arbeiders van Beaulieu, setel van die hertog van Buccleugh van Engeland. Die nedersetting was aanvanklik Beaulieu-on-the-Illovo genoem maar dit was gou deur die plaaslike mense na Richmond verander; 'n ander landgoed van die Hertog. 'n Takspoorlyn van [[Thornville]] het die dorp in [[1897]] bereik. ==Distrik== Die distrik is 1 331&nbsp;km² groot en is waterryk. Wattel, suikerriet, [[pluimvee]] en [[suiwelproduk|suiwel]] is die belangrikste ekonomiese aktiwitiete. Die plaaslike mense is die amaBacha (dit beteken ''mense wat wegkruip''). == Sien ook == * [[Lys van dorpe in Suid-Afrika]] == Bronne == * [[Op Pad in Suid-Afrika]]. [[B.P.J. Erasmus]]. 1995. {{ISBN|1-86842-026-4}} {{Verwysings}} {{Suid-Afrikaanse distriksmunisipaliteit navbox|DC22}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in KwaZulu-Natal]] imcxziws8qx9rn1st51ggzoqslpxtdh 2913828 2913823 2026-06-25T20:20:24Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Suid-Afrikaanse dorp | naam = Richmond | inheemse_naam = | ander_naam = | beeld_stadsilhoeët = | beeldbyskrif = | duimdrukkeretiketposisie= regs | latd = 29 |latm = 52 |lats = 30 | longd = 30 |longm = 16 |longs = 0 | provinsie = KwaZulu-Natal | distrik = UMgungundlovu | munisipaliteit = Richmond | stigtingsdatum = | regeringstipe = | leier_party = | leiertitel = | leiernaam = | oppervlakvoetnotas = | oppervlak_totaal_km2 = | hoogte_m = | bevolking_totaal = | bevolking_soos_op = 2011 | bevolkingvoetnotas = | demografie1_voetnotas = | persent_swart = 62.7% | persent_kleurling = 9.6% | persent_asiër = 16.8% | persent_wit = 9.9% | persent_ander = 1.0% | demografie2_voetnotas = | demografie2_titel1 = [[Zoeloe]] | demografie2_info1 = 49.2% | demografie2_titel2 = [[Engels]] | demografie2_info2 = 38.2% | demografie2_titel3 = [[Xhosa]] | demografie2_info3 = 3.3% | demografie2_titel4 = [[Afrikaans]] | demografie2_info4 = 2.0% | demografie2_titel5 = Ander | demografie2_info5 = 7.4% | poskode = | poskode2 = 3760 | skakelkode = | sensuskode = 568001 | webwerf = }} '''Richmond''' is 'n dorp in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Suid-Afrika]] en is 40&nbsp;km noord van [[Ixopo]]. == Geskiedenis == Joseph Byrne het in [[1850]] duisende Britse [[Byrne-Setlaars|setlaars]] na Natal gebring. Van die setlaars het hulle gevestig op die oewers van die Illovorivier (nuwer spelling ''Lovu'') waar Richmond tans is. Die setlaars was hoofsaaklik arbeiders van Beaulieu, setel van die hertog van Buccleugh van Engeland. Die nedersetting was aanvanklik Beaulieu-on-the-Illovo genoem maar dit was gou deur die plaaslike mense na Richmond verander; 'n ander landgoed van die Hertog. 'n Takspoorlyn van [[Thornville]] het die dorp in [[1897]] bereik. ==Distrik== Die distrik is 1 331&nbsp;km² groot en is waterryk. Wattel, suikerriet, [[pluimvee]] en [[suiwelproduk|suiwel]] is die belangrikste ekonomiese aktiwitiete. Die plaaslike mense is die amaBacha (dit beteken ''mense wat wegkruip''). == Sien ook == * [[Lys van dorpe in Suid-Afrika]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [[Op Pad in Suid-Afrika]]. [[B.P.J. Erasmus]]. 1995. {{ISBN|1-86842-026-4}} {{Suid-Afrikaanse distriksmunisipaliteit navbox|DC22}} [[Kategorie:Nedersettings in KwaZulu-Natal]] q4pztwdntmuztdq1drrgt2urrb4w731 0 59613 2913728 2902662 2026-06-25T12:32:16Z JMK 649 teksdetails 2913728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Tamil Nadu |ander_naam= |inheemse_naam=தமிழ் நாடு <small>([[Tamil]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=''Vaymaiye Vellum''<br /><small>''([[Tamil]] vir: "Waarheid alleen triomfeer")''</small><br />Volkslied: ''Tamil Thai Valthu''<br /><small>''(Tamil vir: "Aanroeping van Moeder Tamil")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=0 Tamil Nadu Collage.jpg |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Besienswaardighede in Tamil Nadu |beeld_vlag= |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël=Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Tamil Nadu in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Tamil Nadu in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1=[[Chennai]] |onderafdelingnaam2=Chennai |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Tamil Nadu |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=RN Ravi |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiertitel4= |leiernaam1=MK Stalin (DMK) |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=26 Januarie 1950 |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas= |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=130058 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=50216 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|13|5|24|N|80|16|12|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Regering van Indië |accessdate=6 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234157/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=72147030 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=550 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=1400 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=6de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal|Amptelike tale]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (Julie 2014 tot Junie 2015) |page=132 |date=29 Maart 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs (Government of India) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 Mei 2017 }}</ref> |leë_inligting=[[Tamil]]<br />[[Engels]] (sekondêre ampstaal) |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.tn.gov.in/ www.tn.gov.in] }} '''Tamil Nadu''' ([[Tamil]]: தமிழ் நாடு, ''Tamil Nāṭu'', [t̪ɐmɨɻ na ː ɽɯ], {{Audio|Tamil Nadu.ogg|luister}}), tot in 1969 '''Madras''', is een van die 28 [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstate]] van [[Indië]]. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Chennai]] (met 'n bevolking van 6&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 in 2010). Van die ander groot stede is [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]] en [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Volgens die 2011-sensus het Tamil Nadu 'n bevolking van 72&nbsp;147&nbsp;030 gehad en is dus die sesde mees bevolkte deelstaat in die land. Tamil Nadu lê in die suidelike deel van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] en word deur die uniegebied [[Puducherry]] en die deelstate [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] en [[Andhra Pradesh]] begrens. Dit word ingeperk deur die [[Oos-Ghats]] in die noorde, die Oos-Ghats, die Nilgiri ("blou berge"), die Anamalai-heuwels ("olifantheuwels") en Palakkad in die weste, deur die [[Golf van Bengale]] in die ooste, die [[Golf van Mannar]], die Lonen-seestraat in die suidooste en deur die [[Indiese Oseaan]] in die suide. Tamil Nadu is die elfde grootste deelstaat in Indië en die sewende mees bevolkte deelstaat. Die vierde grootste bydraer (2010) aan Indië se [[Bruto binnelandse produk]] en lê tiende in [[Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks]] vanaf 2006. Tamil Nadu is ook die mees verstedelike deelstaat in Indië. Die deelstaat het die hoogste aantal (10,56%) sake-ondernemings en staan tweede in die totale indiensneming (9,97%) in Indië, in vergelyking met die bevolkingaandeel van ongeveer 6%. Die streek is die tuiste van die [[Tamils|Tamil-bevolking]] sedert ten minste 500 v.C. Die amptelike taal Tamil word gebruik in inskripsies en letterkunde al vir meer as 2000 jaar. Tamil Nadu is die tuiste van baie natuurlike hulpbronne, Hindoetempels van Drawidiese argitektuur, heuweldryf, strandtoevlugte, multi-religieuse bedevaartsoorde en agt [[Unesco]]-[[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * {{en}} {{ta}} [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=23 Maart 2021}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Tamil Nadu| ]] 5mzv69g7h9wcnr5i4seukg8powki5k4 2913822 2913728 2026-06-25T20:08:00Z JMK 649 korr, vertaal 2913822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Tamil Nadu |ander_naam= |inheemse_naam=தமிழ் நாடு <small>([[Tamil]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=''Vaymaiye Vellum''<br /><small>''([[Tamil]] vir: "Waarheid alleen triomfeer")''</small><br />Volkslied: ''Tamil Thai Valthu''<br /><small>''(Tamil vir: "Aanroeping van Moeder Tamil")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=0 Tamil Nadu Collage.jpg |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Besienswaardighede in Tamil Nadu |beeld_vlag= |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël=Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Tamil Nadu in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Tamil Nadu in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1=[[Chennai]] |onderafdelingnaam2=Chennai |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Tamil Nadu |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=RN Ravi |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiertitel4= |leiernaam1=MK Stalin (DMK) |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=26 Januarie 1950 |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas= |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=130058 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=50216 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|13|5|24|N|80|16|12|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Regering van Indië |accessdate=6 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234157/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=72147030 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=550 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=1400 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=6de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal|Amptelike tale]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (Julie 2014 tot Junie 2015) |page=132 |date=29 Maart 2016 |publisher=Ministerium vir Minderheidsake (Indiese Regering) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 Mei 2017 }}</ref> |leë_inligting=[[Tamil]]<br />[[Engels]] (sekondêre ampstaal) |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.tn.gov.in/ www.tn.gov.in] }} '''Tamil Nadu''' ([[Tamil]]: தமிழ் நாடு, ''Tamil Nāṭu'', [t̪ɐmɨɻ na ː ɽɯ], {{Audio|Tamil Nadu.ogg|luister}}), tot in 1969 '''Madras''', is een van die 28 [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstate]] van [[Indië]]. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Chennai]] (met 'n bevolking van 6&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 in 2010). Van die ander groot stede is [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]] en [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Volgens die 2011-sensus het Tamil Nadu 'n bevolking van 72&nbsp;147&nbsp;030 gehad en is dus die sesde mees bevolkte deelstaat in die land. Tamil Nadu lê in die suidelike deel van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] en word deur die uniegebied [[Puducherry]] en die deelstate [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] en [[Andhra Pradesh]] begrens. Dit word ingeperk deur die [[Oos-Ghats]] in die noorde, die Oos-Ghats, die Nilgiri ("blou berge"), die Anamalai-heuwels ("olifantheuwels") en Palakkad in die weste, deur die [[Golf van Bengale]] in die ooste, die [[Golf van Mannar]], die Lonen-seestraat in die suidooste en deur die [[Indiese Oseaan]] in die suide. Tamil Nadu is die elfde grootste deelstaat in Indië en die sewende mees bevolkte deelstaat. Die vierde grootste bydraer (2010) aan Indië se [[Bruto binnelandse produk]] en lê tiende in [[Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks]] vanaf 2006. Tamil Nadu is ook die mees verstedelike deelstaat in Indië. Die deelstaat het die hoogste aantal (10,56%) sake-ondernemings en staan tweede in die totale indiensneming (9,97%) in Indië, in vergelyking met die bevolkingaandeel van ongeveer 6%. Die streek is die tuiste van die [[Tamils|Tamil-bevolking]] sedert ten minste 500 v.C. Die amptelike taal Tamil word gebruik in inskripsies en letterkunde al vir meer as 2000 jaar. Tamil Nadu is die tuiste van baie natuurlike hulpbronne, Hindoetempels van Drawidiese argitektuur, aanskoulike bergpasse, strandtoevlugte, multi-religieuse bedevaartsoorde en agt [[Unesco]]-[[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * {{en}} {{ta}} [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=23 Maart 2021}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Tamil Nadu| ]] fkjny92p0onvx9usxogfcz0z1ogxtgb 2913837 2913822 2026-06-25T21:04:51Z JMK 649 2913837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Tamil Nadu |ander_naam= |inheemse_naam=தமிழ் நாடு <small>([[Tamil]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=''Vaymaiye Vellum''<br /><small>''([[Tamil]] vir: "Waarheid alleen triomfeer")''</small><br />Volkslied: ''Tamil Thai Valthu''<br /><small>''(Tamil vir: "Aanroeping van Moeder Tamil")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=0 Tamil Nadu Collage.jpg |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Besienswaardighede in Tamil Nadu |beeld_vlag= |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël=Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Tamil Nadu in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Tamil Nadu in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1=[[Chennai]] |onderafdelingnaam2=Chennai |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Tamil Nadu |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=RN Ravi |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiertitel4= |leiernaam1=MK Stalin (DMK) |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=26 Januarie 1950 |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas= |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=130058 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=50216 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|13|5|24|N|80|16|12|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Regering van Indië |accessdate=6 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234157/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=72147030 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=550 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=1400 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=6de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal|Amptelike tale]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (Julie 2014 tot Junie 2015) |page=132 |date=29 Maart 2016 |publisher=Ministerium vir Minderheidsake (Indiese Regering) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 Mei 2017 }}</ref> |leë_inligting=[[Tamil]]<br />[[Engels]] (sekondêre ampstaal) |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.tn.gov.in/ www.tn.gov.in] }} '''Tamil Nadu''' ([[Tamil]]: தமிழ் நாடு, ''Tamil Nāṭu'', [t̪ɐmɨɻ na ː ɽɯ], {{Audio|Tamil Nadu.ogg|luister}}), tot in 1969 '''Madras''', is een van die 28 [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstate]] van [[Indië]]. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Chennai]] (met 'n bevolking van 6&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 in 2010). Van die ander groot stede is [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]] en [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Volgens die 2011-sensus het Tamil Nadu 'n bevolking van 72&nbsp;147&nbsp;030 gehad en is dus die sesde mees bevolkte deelstaat in die land. Tamil Nadu lê in die suidelike deel van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] en word deur die uniegebied [[Puducherry]] en die deelstate [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] en [[Andhra Pradesh]] begrens. Dit word ingeperk deur die [[Oos-Ghats]] in die noorde, die Oos-Ghats, Nilgiri ("blou berge"), Anamalai ("olifantheuwels") en Palakkad-distrik ("palaboomwoud") in die weste, deur die [[Golf van Bengale]] in die ooste, die [[Golf van Mannar]], die Lonen-seestraat in die suidooste en deur die [[Indiese Oseaan]] in die suide. Tamil Nadu is die elfde grootste deelstaat in Indië en die sewende mees bevolkte deelstaat. Die vierde grootste bydraer (2010) aan Indië se [[Bruto binnelandse produk]] en lê tiende in [[Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks]] vanaf 2006. Tamil Nadu is ook die mees verstedelike deelstaat in Indië. Die deelstaat het die hoogste aantal (10,56%) sake-ondernemings en staan tweede in die totale indiensneming (9,97%) in Indië, in vergelyking met die bevolkingaandeel van ongeveer 6%. Die streek is die tuiste van die [[Tamils|Tamil-bevolking]] sedert ten minste 500 v.C. Die amptelike taal Tamil word al vir meer as 2000 jaar in inskripsies en letterkunde gebruik. Tamil Nadu is die tuiste van baie natuurlike hulpbronne, Hindoetempels van Drawidiese argitektuur, aanskoulike bergpasse, strandtoevlugte, multi-religieuse bedevaartsoorde en agt [[Unesco]]-[[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * {{en}} {{ta}} [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=23 Maart 2021}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Tamil Nadu| ]] 2gsiym1yw0k0nw33b4nzjipyiahio4j 2913838 2913837 2026-06-25T21:08:34Z JMK 649 2913838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Tamil Nadu |ander_naam= |inheemse_naam=தமிழ் நாடு <small>([[Tamil]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=''Vaymaiye Vellum''<br /><small>''([[Tamil]] vir: "Waarheid alleen triomfeer")''</small><br />Volkslied: ''Tamil Thai Valthu''<br /><small>''(Tamil vir: "Aanroeping van Moeder Tamil")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=0 Tamil Nadu Collage.jpg |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Besienswaardighede in Tamil Nadu |beeld_vlag= |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël=Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Tamil Nadu in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Tamil Nadu in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1=[[Chennai]] |onderafdelingnaam2=Chennai |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Tamil Nadu |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=RN Ravi |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiertitel4= |leiernaam1=MK Stalin (DMK) |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=26 Januarie 1950 |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas= |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=130058 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=50216 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|13|5|24|N|80|16|12|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Regering van Indië |accessdate=6 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234157/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=72147030 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=550 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=1400 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=6de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal|Amptelike tale]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (Julie 2014 tot Junie 2015) |page=132 |date=29 Maart 2016 |publisher=Ministerium vir Minderheidsake (Regering van Indië) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 Mei 2017 }}</ref> |leë_inligting=[[Tamil]]<br />[[Engels]] (sekondêre ampstaal) |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.tn.gov.in/ www.tn.gov.in] }} '''Tamil Nadu''' ([[Tamil]]: தமிழ் நாடு, ''Tamil Nāṭu'', [t̪ɐmɨɻ na ː ɽɯ], {{Audio|Tamil Nadu.ogg|luister}}), tot in 1969 '''Madras''', is een van die 28 [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstate]] van [[Indië]]. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Chennai]] (met 'n bevolking van 6&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 in 2010). Van die ander groot stede is [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]] en [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Volgens die 2011-sensus het Tamil Nadu 'n bevolking van 72&nbsp;147&nbsp;030 gehad en is dus die sesde mees bevolkte deelstaat in die land. Tamil Nadu lê in die suidelike deel van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] en word deur die uniegebied [[Puducherry]] en die deelstate [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] en [[Andhra Pradesh]] begrens. Dit word ingeperk deur die [[Oos-Ghats]] in die noorde, die Oos-Ghats, Nilgiri ("blou berge"), Anamalai ("olifantheuwels") en Palakkad-distrik (na die palaboomwoud vernoem) in die weste, deur die [[Golf van Bengale]] in die ooste, die [[Golf van Mannar]], die Lonen-seestraat in die suidooste en deur die [[Indiese Oseaan]] in die suide. Tamil Nadu is die elfde grootste deelstaat in Indië en die sewende mees bevolkte deelstaat. Die vierde grootste bydraer (2010) aan Indië se [[Bruto binnelandse produk]] en lê tiende in [[Menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks]] vanaf 2006. Tamil Nadu is ook die mees verstedelike deelstaat in Indië. Die deelstaat het die hoogste aantal (10,56%) sake-ondernemings en staan tweede in die totale indiensneming (9,97%) in Indië, in vergelyking met die bevolkingaandeel van ongeveer 6%. Die streek is die tuiste van die [[Tamils|Tamil-bevolking]] sedert ten minste 500 v.C. Die amptelike taal Tamil word al vir meer as 2000 jaar in inskripsies en letterkunde gebruik. Tamil Nadu is die tuiste van baie natuurlike hulpbronne, Hindoetempels van Drawidiese argitektuur, aanskoulike bergpasse, strandtoevlugte, multi-religieuse bedevaartsoorde en agt [[Unesco]]-[[wêrelderfenisgebied]]e. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} * {{en}} {{ta}} [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=23 Maart 2021}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Tamil Nadu| ]] k83np4vun6ypc7oubfjas10aotvtkm8 0 59948 2913852 2913157 2026-06-25T23:19:41Z HermanvanAswegen988 200973 /* Foneties geïnduseerde spellingsverskille */ 2913852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:DutchAfrikaans.svg|duimnael|300px|Verspreiding van Afrikaans en Nederlands]] '''[[Afrikaans]]''' is 'n dogtertaal van '''[[Nederlands]]'''<ref name="jansen">{{en}}{{cite web |url=http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/bitstream/2066/56692/1/56692_JS&N20070001.pdf |title=The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch. |first1=Carel |last1=Jansen |first2=Robert |last2=Schreuder |first3=Anneke |last3=Neijt |work=Written Language & Literacy 10:2 |page=5 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Radboud University Nijmegen]] |accessdate=2010-05-19 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011926/http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/bitstream/2066/56692/1/56692_JS%26N20070001.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mennen">{{cite web |url=http://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/152/1/wp-10.pdf |title=Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview. |first1=Ineke |last1=Mennen |first2=Clara |last2=Levelt |first3=Ellen |last3=Gerrits |work=Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10 |page=1 |year=2006 |publisher=Queen Margaret University College |access-date=19 Mei 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010205853/http://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/152/1/wp-10.pdf |archive-date=10 Oktober 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="booij">{{cite web |url=http://cs.engr.uky.edu/~gstump/periphrasispapers/Progressive.pdf |title=Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch. |first=Geert |last=Booij |work=Paradigms and Periphrasis |page=5 |year=2003 |publisher=Universiteit van Kentucky |access-date=19 Mei 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221175738/http://cs.engr.uky.edu/~gstump/periphrasispapers/Progressive.pdf |archive-date=21 Desember 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> en anders as [[Vlaams]] en [[Suriname|Surinaamse]] Nederlands, is dit 'n aparte taal, in stede van 'n dialek. Aangesien 'n geskatte 90 tot 95% van Afrikaans se woordeskat van Nederlandse oorsprong is, is daar weinig leksikale verskille tussen die twee tale. Afrikaans het egter 'n aansienlik meer eenvoudige [[Morfologie (taalkunde)|morfologie]], [[grammatika]] en stel spelreëls. Daar is 'n graad van onderlinge verstaanbaarheid tussen die twee tale, veral in die geskrewe vorm. Afrikaans het sekere leksikale en sintaktiese verlenings van ander tale soos [[Maleis]], [[Khoisan]]-tale, [[Portugees]], [[Nguni-taalfamilie|Ngunitale]] en tot 'n mindere mate, [[Frans]] bekom. Afrikaans is ook beduidend deur Suid-Afrikaanse Engels beïnvloed. Nietemin het Nederlandse sprekers met minder [[kognaat|nie-kognate]] te doen wanneer hulle na Afrikaans luister. Wedersydse verstaanbaarheid is dus redelik asimmetries, aangesien dit makliker vir Nederlandstaliges is om Afrikaans te verstaan as anders om. Navorsing suggereer dat wedersydse verstaanbaarheid tussen Nederlands en Afrikaans beter is as tussen Nederlands en [[Wes-Fries]],<ref name="thije">{{en}} {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8gIEN068J3gC |title=Receptive Multilingualism: Linguistic analyses, language policies and didactic concepts |accessdate=19 Mei 2010 |first1= Jan D. |last1=ten Thije |first2=Ludger |last2=Zeevaert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |page=17 |year=2007}}</ref> of tussen [[Deens]] en [[Sweeds]]. == Ortografiese verskille == [[Lêer:Nederlandse taalmonument.jpg|duimnael|Die [[Nederlandse Taalmonument]] te [[Burgersdorp]], [[Suid-Afrika]].]] [[Lêer:AfrikaanseTaalmonumentObelisks.jpg|duimnael|Die [[Afrikaanse Taalmonument]] te [[Paarl]], [[Suid-Afrika]].]] [[Ortografie]]se verskille tussen Nederlands en Afrikaans is meestal weens die fonetiese ontwikkelings en spelreëlvereenvoudigings van Afrikaans, en die meer konserwatiewe karakter van die moderne Nederlandse ortografie. == Spellingsverskille == Die spellingsverskille tussen Afrikaans en Nederlands is hoofsaaklik die gevolg van evolusies in die fonetiese spelling en die doelbewuste vereenvoudiging van spelreëls in Afrikaans. Daarenteen was die onlangse verandering in die moderne Nederlandse spelreëls meer konserwatief van aard. Die eerste spellingsverskille ontstaan in [[1905]] met die invoering van die ''Vereenvoudigde Nederlandse Spelling'' in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie spelling is grotendeels op die voorstelle van die taalkundige [[Roeland Anthonie Kollewijn|R.A. Kollewijn]] gebaseer. Hy het in [[1891]] in sy artikel ''Onze lastige spelling'', met verskeie voorgestelde spelreël-vereenvoudigings vorendag gekom. In [[1917]] word die eerste grondbeginsels vir Afrikaans deur die [[Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns|Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap, Lettere en Kuns]] vasgelê. Hierdie grondbeginsels is vasgestel om 'n leidraad te vorm vir die verdere ontwikkeling van 'n Afrikaanse spelwyse: {{Cquote|"Die Grondbeginsels van die Afrikaanse spelling word soos volg uiteengesit: # Elke klank word deur 'n aparte letter voorgestel en geen onnodige letters word gebruik nie. # Dieselfde woord, voor- of agtervoegsel word so ver moontlik dieselfde gespel. # Die geskiedenis word net in ag geneem waar dit prakties moontlik is. # Daar moet so weinig moontlik van die ''Vereenvoudigde Nederlandse Spelling'' afgewyk word. # Die gebruiklikste uitspraak word as norm aanvaar."|''Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls'', 1917}} === Vereenvoudigings in die Afrikaanse spelwyse === * Die Nederlandse digraaf '''<ij>''' is in Afrikaans na '''<y>''' verander, alhoewel die uitspraak steeds {{IPA|[ɛi]}} is. 'n Voorbeeld is "<tt>prijs</tt>", wat "<tt>prys</tt>" in Afrikaans gespel word. Nederlandse woorde wat in '''<lijk>''' eindig, eindig in '''<lik>''' in Afrikaans, en nie '''<lyk>''' nie. Ter voorbeeld, "<tt>lelijk</tt>" in Nederlands word "<tt>lelik</tt>" in Afrikaans. In beide tale word hierdie agtervoegsel as {{IPA|[lək]}} uitgespreek, met 'n [[schwa]]. * Afrikaans gebruik '''<k>''' vir die harde '''<c>''' in Nederlands, in albei gevalle as {{IPA|[k]}} uitgespreek. Vergelyk die Nederlandse spelling "<tt>cultuur</tt>" met die Afrikaans, "<tt>kultuur</tt>". Voor die groot Nederlandse spellinghervorming in die 1990's, was laasgenoemde spelling ook in Nederlands aanvaarbaar. * Afrikaans het die Nederlandse trigrawe '''<tie>''' en '''<cie>''' na 'n enkele spelling van '''<sie>''' saamgesmelt. Behalwe vir '''<tie>''', wat {{IPA|[tsi]}} in Nederlands uitgespreek word, is daar geen verskille in uitspraak nie. Vergelyk die Nederlandse woorde "<tt>provincie</tt>" en "<tt>politie</tt>" met "<tt>provinsie</tt>" en "<tt>polisie</tt>" in Afrikaans. * Die Nederlandse greep '''<tion>''' word '''<sion>''' in Afrikaans. Vergelyk "<tt>nationaal</tt>" met "<tt>nasionaal</tt>". Die uitspraak verskil van plek tot plek, en sluit {{IPA|[tsiɔn]}}, {{IPA|[siɔn]}}, en {{IPA|[ʃon]}} in. * Afrikaans het die Nederlandse trigrawe '''<ou>''', '''<ouw>''', '''<au>''' en '''<auw>''' – wat almal dieselfde uitspraak in Nederlands het – na 'n enkele spelling '''<ou>''' saamgesmelt. Vergelyk Nederlands se "<tt>vrouw</tt>" en "<tt>dauw</tt>" met "<tt>vrou</tt>" en "<tt>dou</tt>" in Afrikaans. * Aan die einde van woorde het Afrikaans gereeld die '''<n>''' in die Nederlandse greep '''<en>''' verwyder, wat veral in enkel- en meervoudige saamgestelde naamwoorde voorkom, om slegs '''<e>''' daar te laat. Vergelyk Nederlands se "<tt>leven</tt>" en "<tt>mensen</tt>" met "<tt>lewe</tt>" en "<tt>mense</tt>" in Afrikaans. ==== Foneties geïnduseerde spellingsverskille ==== [[Lêer:Huisdialekt.png|150px|duimnael|Die uitspraak van ''Huis''.]] [[Lêer:Muisindialekt.png|150px|duimnael|Die uitspraak van ''Muis''.]] [[Lêer:IJs - dialect.png|150px|duimnael|Die uitspraak van ''IJs'' of ''Ys''.]] [[Lêer:Brengendialect.png|150px|duimnael|Die uitspraak van ''brengen'' of ''gebring''.]] Afrikaans maak gereeld gebruik van vereenvoudigde medeklinkers, terwyl in Nederlands nog die oorspronklike vorme aanwesig is. * Afrikaans het die Nederlandse [[medeklinker]]s '''<z>''' en '''<nowiki><s></nowiki>''' saamgevoeg tot een klank: {{IPA|[s]}}, gespel as '''<nowiki><s></nowiki>'''. Nederlandse "<tt>zorg</tt>" word op hierdie manier "<tt>sorg</tt>" in Afrikaans. * Indien die Nederlandse letters '''<v>''' en'''<w>''' in die middel van woorde geplaas word, word hierdie letters saamgevoeg as die klank {{IPA|[v]}} en konsekwent omgeskakel na die spelling '''<w>'''. Vergelyk die Nederlandse "<tt>haven</tt>" met Afrikaans se "<tt>hawe</tt>", alhoewel beide woorde as {{IPA|[ɦaːvə]}} uitgespreek word. * Afrikaans voeg die Nederlandse [[frikatief]] '''<ch>''' en '''<g>''' saam tot die klank {{IPA|[χ]}}, gespel as '''<g>''', behalwe as dit voorafgegaan word deur die letter '''<nowiki><s></nowiki>'''. In daardie geval word '''<sk>''' gebruik. 'n Vergelykbare fonetiese evolusie is te vinde in Noord-Nederland, waar die klanke ook saamgevoeg word tot {{IPA|[χ]}} of {{IPA|[x]}}, hoewel die spellingsverskil daar behou is. In Vlaandere and Suriname het die fonetiese onderskeid tussen '''<ch>''' en '''<g>''' egter bewaar gebly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf |title=De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands. |first1=Pieter |last1=van Reenen |first2=Nanette |last2=Huijs |year=2000 |work=Taal en Tongval, 52 |pages=159–181 |access-date=4 Mei 2011 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091355/https://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * Die eerste lettergreep spel mens in Afrikaans '''<sk>''' (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[sk]}}), terwyl Nederlands '''<sch>''' (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[sx]}} of {{IPA|[sç]}}) gebruik: vergelyk die Nederlandse "<tt>school</tt>" met Afrikaans se "<tt>skool</tt>". In sommige Nederlandse dialekte, veral in Wes-Vlaams, word wel dieselfde <sk>-klank ook gebruik. * Aan die einde van die woorde word die Nederlandse lettergroepe '''<cht>''' en '''<st>''' in Afrikaans vereenvoudig tot '''<g>''' en '''<nowiki><s></nowiki>''' respektiewelik. Vergelyk Nederlands se "<tt>lucht</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[lʏxt]}}) en "<tt>dienst</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[dinst]}}) met "<tt>lug</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[ləχ]}}) en "<tt>diens</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[dins]}}) in Afrikaans. * Tussen twee klinkers word in Afrikaans die Nederlandse letters '''<g>''' en '''<v>''' weggelaat. Vergelyk Nederlands se "<tt>hoger</tt>" en "<tt>regen</tt>" met Afrikaans se "<tt>hoër</tt>" en "<tt>reën</tt>", waar die tweede klinker 'n deelteken ontvang om aan te dui dat die twee naasstaande klinkers afsonderlik uitgespreek moet word, en nie met die digrawe <oe> en <ee> verwar moet word nie. * Soms word ook die Nederlandse medeklinker '''<g>''' aan die einde van Afrikaanse woorde weggelaat, waardeur die voorgaande klinker aan die einde van die woord staan. In so 'n geval word hierdie laaste klinker met 'n kappie geskryf. Byvoorbeeld, die Nederlandse woord "<tt>zeg</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[zɛɣ]}}) word in Afrikaans verander na "<tt>sê</tt>" (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[seː]}}). * Afrikaans maak veel gebruik van die kappie op klinkers: '''<ê>''', '''<ô>''', '''<û>'''. Dit in teenstelling tot Nederlands, waar die gebruik daarvan veral beperk word tot Franse [[leenwoord]]e. 'n Kappie word in Afrikaans bo 'n klinker in 'n oop lettergreep gebruik. Die klank word vervolgens uitgespreek gebruikmakend van 'n lang monotone uitspraak, soos /eː/ of /ɛː/, /ɔː/ en /œː/, terwyl die klinkers sonder 'n kappie respektiewelik as /eə/, /oə/ en /y/ uitgespreek word. Voorbeelde is die Afrikaanse "<tt>wêreld</tt>" (Nederlands "<tt>wereld</tt>"), "<tt>môre</tt>" (Nederlands "<tt>morgen</tt>"), en "<tt>brûe</tt>" (Nederlands "<tt>bruggen</tt>"). * By [[verkleinwoord]]e gebruik Afrikaans '''<tjie>''' (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[ki]}}), terwyl Standaardnederlands gebruik maak van '''<tje>''' (uitgespreek as {{IPA|[cə]}}). In België en Suid-Nederland word die verkleinwoord wel ook as {{IPA|[kə]}} uitgespreek. === Fonetiese verskille === Die uitspraak van Afrikaans stem die meeste ooreen met dialekte uit die Nederlandse provinsie [[Zuid-Holland]], in besondere die dialek wat rondom die [[Zoetermeer]] gepraat word.<ref name="heeringa">{{cite web |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/dialectology/papers/prasa08.pdf |title=The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects |author=Wilbert Heeringa, Febe de Wet |pages=445–467 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Rijksuniversiteit Groningen]] |access-date=19 Mei 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221175834/http://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/dialectology/papers/prasa08.pdf |archive-date=21 Desember 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><!--see page 3--> * Aan die begin van Afrikaanse woorde, is die in Nederlands uitgesproke '''{{IPA|[v]}}''' saamgevoeg met die skaars uitgesproke '''{{IPA|[f]}}''', soos in "<tt>ver</tt>", wat in Afrikaans as {{IPA|[fɛr]}} en in Standaardnederlands as {{IPA|[vɛr]}} uitgespreek word. * Ook het Afrikaans die in Nederlands uitgesproke '''{{IPA|[w]}}''' met die uitgesproke '''{{IPA|[v]}}''' saamgevoeg, soos in "<tt>werk</tt>". Dit word in Afrikaans uitgespreek as {{IPA|[vɛrk]}}; in België en Suriname as {{IPA|[wɛrk]}} en in Nederland as {{IPA|[ʋɛrk]}}. == Grammatikale verskille == [[Grammatika]]le verskille tussen Afrikaans en Nederlands vorm waarskynlik die grootste verskille tussen die twee tale. === Geslag === Afrikaans ken, in teenstelling tot Nederlands, geen [[grammatikale geslag]] nie. As gevolg daarvan het Afrikaans slegs een bepaalde lidwoord, "die", terwyl Nederlands twee bepaalde lidwoorde het ("de" vir manlike en vroulike woorde, en "het" vir onsydige woorde). Die manlike en die vroulike geslag word in die geskrewe Nederlands nie meer onderskei nie, maar die gesproke Vlaams ken nog altyd drie bepaalde lidwoorde: "den" vir manlike, "de" vir vroulike, en "het" vir onsydige woorde. === Werkwoorde === By Afrikaanse [[werkwoord]]e word dikwels dieselfde vorm gebruik vir die infinitief sowel as die teenwoordige tyd en werkwoorde word in Afrikaans nie verbuig nie. Van alle werkwoorde het slegs "wees" en "hê" 'n persoonsvorm in die teenwoordige tyd wat anders as die infinitief is, naamlik "is" en "het".<ref name="dbnl" /> {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |+ '''Werkwoordverbuigings''' |- ! style="background: #efefef;" | Afrikaans ! style="background: #ffdead;" | Nederlands |- |ek '''is''' || ik '''ben''' |- |jy/u '''is''' || jij/u '''bent''' |- |hy/sy/dit '''is''' || hij/zij/het '''is''' |- |ons/julle/hulle '''is''' || wij/jullie/zij '''zijn''' |- |{{lang|af|ek '''loop'''}} || {{lang|nl|ik '''loop'''}} |- |{{lang|af|jy/hy '''loop'''}} || {{lang|nl|jij/hij '''loopt'''}} |- |{{lang|af|ons/julle/hulle '''loop'''}} || {{lang|nl|wij/jullie/zij '''lopen'''}} |} === Die verlede tyd === Afrikaans maak geen gebruik van die onvoltooide verlede tyd nie (behalwe vir 'n aantal uitsonderings) en gebruik hiervoor afhangende van die konteks, die teenwoordige tyd of die voltooide verlede tyd. Die gevolg is dat Nederlandse [[literatuur]] moeiliker verstaanbaar vir Afrikaanse lesers is, aangesien hulle selde die Nederlandse onvoltooide verlede tyd (die sogenaamde imperfek) herken. En die imperfek is die tyd waarin die meeste Nederlandse literêre tekste geskryf word. In Afrikaans is die normale verteltyd die historiese presens, omdat die "het ge-" van die voltooide verlede tyd so lomp is.<ref>{{af}}[http://www.litnet.co.za/cgi-bin/giga.cgi?cmd=print_article&news_id=48875&cause_id=1270| Valse vriende — die gevaarlike avontuur van vertaal uit Nederlands]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Geraadpleeg op 13 Desember 2011</ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |+ '''Die verlede tyd in Afrikaans en Nederlands''' |- ! style="background: #efefef;" | Afrikaans ! colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;" | Nederlands |- ! | Verlede tyd ! | Verlede tyd ! | Onvoltooide verlede tyd |- |{{lang|af|Ek / Jy /Hy '''het geslaap'''}} || {{lang|nl|Ik '''heb''' / Jij '''hebt''' / Hij '''heeft geslapen'''}} || {{lang|nl|Ik /Jij /Hij '''sliep'''}} |- |{{lang|af|Ons / Julle / Hulle '''het geslaap'''}} || {{lang|nl|Wij /Jullie / Zij '''hebben geslapen'''}} || {{lang|nl|Wij /Jullie / Zij '''sliepen'''}} |} Hier volg die uitsonderings van onvoltooide verlede tyd in Afrikaans, en in die tabel daaronder 'n paar verklarende voorbeelde: # '''is''' word '''was''' # '''wil''' word '''wou''' # '''het''' word '''had''' # '''sal''' word '''sou''' # '''kan''' word '''kon''' # '''moet''' word '''moes''' # '''mag''' word '''mog''' # '''dink''' word '''dag''' of '''dog''' # '''weet''' word '''wis''' (aan die uitsterf; gelyk aan 'het geweet', byvoorbeeld "As jy wis hoeveel geld hy het, sou jy hom nie jammer kry nie") <ref name="dbnl">{{nl}}(Woubrugge 1989) [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_han001198801_01/_han001198801_01_0027.php| Colloquium Neerlandicum 10]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Handelingen Tiende Colloquium Neerlandicum. Colloquium van docenten in de neerlandistiek aan buitenlandse universiteiten. Internationale Vereniging voor Neerlandistiek.</ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" ! colspan="2" style="background: #efefef;" | Afrikaans ! colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;" | Nederlands |- ! | Onvoltooide Verlede tyd ! | Verlede tyd ! | Onvoltooide verlede tyd ! | Verlede tyd |- |{{lang|af|Ek / Jy /Hy '''wou'''}} || {{lang|af|Ek / Jy /Hy '''het gewil'''}} || {{lang|nl|Ik / Jij / Hij '''wou / wilde'''}} || {{lang|nl|Ik '''heb''' / Jij '''hebt''' / Hij '''heeft gewild'''}} |- |{{lang|af|Ons / Julle / Hulle '''wou'''}} || {{lang|af|Ons / Julle / Hulle '''het gewil'''}} || {{lang|nl|Wij /Jullie / Zij '''wouden / wilden'''}} || {{lang|nl|Wij /Jullie / Zij '''hebben gewild'''}} |} In die voltooide verlede tyd word in Afrikaans slegs 'het' (Nederlands: 'hebben') as hulpwerkwoord gebruik, behalwe in die geval van 'wees' (Nederlands: 'wezen', 'zijn'), waar die hulpwerkwoord 'is' gebruik word. In teenstelling word in Nederlands 'zijn', en sy verbuigings, meermale as hulpwerkwoord benut. Dit is die geval vir Nederlandse werkwoorde wat 'n proses (en nie 'n aksie nie) uitdruk, soos "het ijs smelt -> het ijs is gesmolten" en ook vir werkwoorde wat 'n gerigte beweging uitdruk: "ik loop naar huis -> ik ben naar huis gelopen" <ref name="dbnl" /> ''Wees'' word in Afrikaans basies net vir die lydende vorm gebruik. ''Zijn'' as werkwoord het basies in Afrikaans uitgesterf, behalwe in "samesyn" (saamwees), soos in ''geselskap tussen vriende'' en die deelwoord "synde". {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |+ '''Verskille t.o.v hulpwerkwoorde''' |- ! colspan="1" style="background: #efefef;" | Afrikaans ! colspan="1" style="background: #ffdead;" | Nederlands |- | Hy '''het''' gedoen. || Hij '''heeft''' gedaan. |- | Hy '''het''' gekom. || Hij '''is''' gekomen. |- | Hy '''is''' gewees. || Hij '''is''' geweest. |- |} Die verlede tyd van die lydende vorm gebruik in Afrikaans "is" in plaas van "werd". * {{af}}"Hy is geroep" <> {{nl}}"Hij werd geroepen" (onvoltooide tyd) "Hij is geroepen" (voltooide tyd) * {{af}}"Die geskenk is gegee" <> {{nl}}"Het geschenk werd gegeven" (onvoltooide tyd) "Het geschenk is gegeven" (voltooide tyd) === Voornaamwoorde === Afrikaans maak by die meervoudsvorme van die persoonlike [[voornaamwoord]] geen verskil tussen die onderwerp en voorwerp (in beide akkusatief en datief) nie. * Dus is die Nederlandse persoonlike voornaamwoorde "wij" en "ons" in Afrikaans slegs "ons". Die Nederlandse refleksiewe (of wederkerende) voornaamwoord ''zich'', wat volgens Afrikaanse spelreëls ''sig'' gespel word, kom bykans glad nie meer in Afrikaans voor nie. Dit word normaalweg vervang deur ''hom'', ''haar'', of ''jou''. Byvoorbeeld: * {{nl}}Hij warmt zich bij het vuur <> {{af}} Hy warm sig by die vuur ''(verouder)'' <> {{af}} Hy warm hom by die vuur * {{nl}}Donna schaamt zich dood <> {{af}}Donna skaam sig dood ''(verouder)'' <> {{af}}Donna skaam haar dood Voorbeeld in die [[poësie]]: ''Kerm / om die dood sig nie oor mens óf lig ontferm'' ([[Lucas Malan]]) In Middelnederlands is ''sig'' egter eintlik net in die oostelike dialekte gebruik en het laat (in die 17e eeu) in die westelike gebiede van Holland deurgedring. === Dubbele negatief === {{hoof|Dubbele ontkenning}} Afrikaans maak gebruik van 'n dubbele negatief, wat nie in Nederlands gebruik word nie. Nederlandse ''Ik spreek geen Engels'' word byvoorbeeld ''Ek praat nie Engels nie'' of ''Ek praat geen Engels nie''. Vergelykbare konstruksies kan gevind word in Frans ("Je ne parle pas anglais"), maar ook in die Nederlandse dialek Wes-Vlaams ("Ek ''en'' praat ''geen'' Engels") en in andere dialekte in Suid-Nederland ("Ik praat ''geen'' Engels ''nie''"). Ook tans nog word die dubbele negatief in Vlaamse dialekte gebruik byvoorbeeld in: "K'hem(ek het)dees ding nog nooit nie gezien." of "Is daar al iemand? Nieje, nog niemand nie" "Leid er hier ieverans een spons? Ik kan er nieverans geen vinden" (lê hier êrens 'n spons? Ek kan dit nêrens vind) === Byvoeglike naamwoorde === Net soos Nederlands verbuig Afrikaans byvoeglike naamwoorde in die attributiewe posisie (indien hulle 'n byvoeglike bepaling is). In beide tale gebeur dit nie in die predikatiewe posisie, oftewel by 'n dubbelverbonde bepaling nie. In teenstelling tot Nederlands is hierdie verbuiging in Afrikaans net afhanklik van die posisie en nie van ander parameters soos die grammatikale geslag nie. Aan die ander kant ken Afrikaans baie byvoeglike naamwoorde wat nooit verbuig word nie (''′n swart skoen''), terwyl in Nederlands byna alle byvoeglike naamwoorde verbuig kan word (''een zwarte schoen''). == Anderstalige invloede op Afrikaans == Afrikaans het 'n aantal leksikale en sintaktiese eenhede vanuit ander tale oorgeneem. Onder hierdie tale tel [[Maleis]], die [[Khoisan-tale]], [[Portugees]],<ref name="deumert">{{en}} {{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.be/books?id=8ciimg5gGqQC |title=Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch |accessdate=10 November 2008 |work=Ana Deumert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=22 }}</ref> die [[Nguni-taalfamilie|Nguni-tale]]<ref name="niesler">{{en}} {{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf |first1=Thomas |last1=Niesler |first2=Philippa |last2=Louw |first3=Justus |last3=Roux |year=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474}}</ref> en in mindere mate het [[Frans]]. Afrikaans is ook sterk beïnvloed deur Suid-Afrikaanse Engels.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html Standaard Afrikaans op Lycos.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120182430/http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |date=20 November 2011 }} Geraadpleeg op 3 April 2010</ref> === Duits === Aan die Kaap het Duitse huursoldate gereeld gekom en gegaan, maar ook Duitse koloniste het 'n geringe stempel afgedruk op die Afrikaanse taal. ==== Duitse ontlenings via Nederlands ==== Die meeste Duitse woorde en uitdrukkings het reeds voor 1800 via Nederlands in die Afrikaanse taal beland: * afhandel; afvaardig ; armsalig; baanbreker; bemoeiing; beledig; beraadslaag; beroemd; beskawing; besoedel; bespreek; bestendig; betwyfel; bevoeg; bewonder; bouvallig; bloemlesing; byval; diefstal; doelmatig; dolk; eensaam; eerstens tweedens, derdens, vierdens...; eienaardig; ervaring; grens; gril; halt; handelaar; heers; hoogstens; huldig; indruk; ingryp; inslag; invloed; koeël; kroeg; leidraad; lewensgevaarlik; morsdood; navorsing; nederig; noodwendig; omgewing; onstuimig; oorskat; oorweldig; oproer; opval; owerheid; rit; selfsug; skelm; skerpsinnig; skof; skurk; smaakvol; smul; spannend; spitsvondig; stewel; talryk; toevallig; uitoefen; veelsydig; verskaf; vertwyfeling; werda * '''aanstaltes maak''' * '''agter slot en grendel''' * '''êrens op ingaan''' * '''tot sy reg kom''' * '''in die reël''' * '''spoorloos verdwyn''' * '''gans en gaar''' * '''afgesien van''' * '''dan en wan''' word uitdruklik as 'n Germanisme geëien. Baie van bogenoemde was reeds deel van die woordeskat wat na die Kaap toe gebring is. Deur verdere kontak met Europese Nederlands in die 1800's het hierdie woorde en uitdrukkings so deel van Afrikaans geword dat dit nie meer as Germanismes geëien word nie.<ref>Raidt, E.H. 1976. ''Duitse ontlenings via Nederlands''. Afrikaans en sy Europese Verlede. Kaapstad: Nasou Beperk.</ref> Vanweë die nou verwantskap van Duits met Nederlands en Afrikaans word Germanismes in hierdie tale dikwels nie as vreemd aangevoel nie. ==== Duitse ontlenings aan die Kaap ==== Party woorde is wel direk aan die Kaap ontlee:<ref>Raidt, E.H. 1976. ''Duitse ontlenings aan die Kaap''. Afrikaans en sy Europese Verlede. Kaapstad: Nasou Beperk.</ref> * '''blas''' (''blass'') teenoor Nederlandse ''bleek'' * '''blits''' (''Blitz'') teenoor Nederlandse ''bliksem'' * '''bloot''' het dieselfde hulpwerkwoord-betekenis as ''bloß'' bv. ek het ''bloot'' 'n fotokopie gemaak. In Nederlands beteken ''bloot'' naak. * '''kots''' (''kotzen'') braak, opgooi, naarword, vomeer, jongosse leer (inspan). * '''laer''' * '''liederlik''' (slordig) -- Nederlands het dit ook ontleen maar met 'n anderse betekenis * '''oorwaks''' = oorvyg * '''peits''' (''Peitsche'') teenoor Nederlandse ''zweep'' * '''sak en pak''' teenoor Nederlandse ''pak en zak'' * '''(skoen)waks''' (''Wachs'') teenoor Nederlandse ''schoencrème'' * '''stewel''' (''Stiefel'') teenoor Nederlandse ''laars'' * '''swaap''' > Afgelei van Swaab, inwoner van Swabe, Duitsland, wat as dom gestereotipeer is.<ref>Prinsloo, A. 2004. ''Spreekwoorde en waar hulle vandaan kom''. Kaapstad: Pharos-uitgewers. pp. 366-367</ref> * '''sweis''' (''schweissen'') teenoor Nederlandse ''lassen'' * '''swernoot''' * '''verfoes''' (''verpfuschen'') bederf, verknoei * '''vervlaks''' * '''vroegstuk''' (''Frühstück'') ontbyt * '''werskaf''' (''wirtschaften'') werk, jou besighou Sommige woorde is moeilik om te bepaal of dit uit Duits of Nederlands ontleen is: * '''kopsku''' * '''misoes''' * '''niks''' * '''werda''' === Frans === Direkte Franse ontlenings aan die Kaap deur kontak met die Franse Hugenote was bitter skraal, moontlik weens die VOC se streng taalbeleid. Daar is slegs 'n paar vrugtename wat gewis Kaapse ontlenings is :<ref>Raidt, E.H. 1976. Franse ontlenings aan die Kaap. Afrikaans en sy Europese Verlede. Kaapstad: Nasou Beperk.</ref> * bermotpeer * pawieperske * pompe(l)moer (appelliefie) * sermeinpeer * sersanpeer Dan is daar ook:<ref name="aie">{{Cite web |url=https://aie.ned.univie.ac.at/node/13021 |title=argiefkopie |access-date= 1 Junie 2015 |archive-date=18 Desember 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218072815/https://aie.ned.univie.ac.at/node/13021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ommelet * kommandeur === Maleis === Tydens die vroeë vestiging van die [[Kaap-Maleiers]] in [[Kaapstad]], wat nou [[Kleurling]]e genoem word, word verskillende [[Maleis]]e woorde tot Afrikaans toegevoeg. Onder hierde woorde is:<ref name="safariafrica.co.za">{{en}} [http://www.safariafrica.co.za/tourist-information/afrikaans.htm Toerisme-informasie omtrent Afrikaans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917052132/http://www.safariafrica.co.za/tourist-information/afrikaans.htm |date=17 September 2011 }} Geraadpleeg op 3 April 2010</ref><ref name="http://www.taaloord.co.za">{{af}}[http://www.taaloord.co.za/taalberigte.htm Taalberigte], taaloord.co.za Geraadpleeg op 14 Desember 2011</ref><ref>Raidt, Edith h. 1989. Ontwikkeling van vroeë Afrikaans, uit ''Inleiding tot die Afrikaanse Taalkunde'', tweede hersiene uitgawe, pp.96-112, TJR Botha (redakteur). Van Schaik.</ref> * '''Amok''', vanuit ''amuk'' * '''Amper''', vir "byna", of "omtrent", kom vanaf die Maleise woord ''Ampir''. Die Nederlandse gebruik van die woord is basies die teenoorgestelde, dus hul gebruik beteken "amper glad nie", in plaas van "byna". * '''Baar''' vanuit ''baharu'' of ''beharoe''; onervare, dom ('n ''Baar'' werker); kontant (Met ''baar'' geld betaal) of tasbaar (Die ''bare'' duiwel > in lewende lywe) * '''Baie''', wat "veel" beteken. Die woord word kom glad nie in Nederlands voor nie. Daar is altyd aanvaar dat dit van ''banja(k)'' kom en dit staan ná 1750 verskeie kere in briewe van veldwagmeesters en ander latere bronne. ''Baie'' is ook al geskryf as ''banje'', ''baiing'', ''banjang''. Daar is egter wel die woord "bannig" in Nedersaksies of Platduits. Dit beteken ''baie'', in al die betekenisse van die woord. Dit laat die vraag ontstaan of die ou aanname dat ''baie'' Afrikaans slegs uit Maleis binnegekom het nie herdink moet word nie. In watter mate het die menigte Duitsers uit die teenswoordige Noordwes-Duitsland wat vir die Kompanjie kom werk het (in werklikheid veel meer as die Nederlanders) meegewerk om dalk hul ''bannig'' saam met die Maleise ''banja'' tot die Afrikaanse ''baie'' te laat saamsmelt? Is twee eenders klinkende woorde met dieselfde betekenis uit verskillende wêrelddele hier tot een gereduseer? Daar is vandag kenners wat reken dat hierdie teorie beslis 'n indringende nuwe studie regverdig.<ref>G. Olwagen, met verwysing na bevindings soos reeds in 1957 gemaak deur Eva-Margarete Jenny Siegling, in haar verhandeling Verwandtschaft zwischen Afrikaans und den niederdeutschen Dialekten Norddeutschlands (in Duits voorgelê ter vervulling van 'n deel van die vereistes vir die graad D. Litt. in die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte Universiteit van Pretoria, Pretoria, 30 Januarie 1957). Siegling het o.m. op die volgende gewys: Afrikaans: Al baie op sy kerfstok hê. Plattdeutsch: All bannig up sin Kerfstock hebben. Dit lyk egter nie of die werk destyds enige groot taalkundige rimpels veroorsaak het met die bevindings oor "baie" nie. Of omdat dit in Duits was, is dit bes moontlik net nie raakgelees nie, wie sou weet! Verhandeling by: http://docplayer.org/42628000-Verwandtschaft-zwischen-afrikaans-und-den-niederdeutschen-dialekten-norddeutschlands-deur-eva-margarete-jenny-siegling.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601055106/http://docplayer.org/42628000-Verwandtschaft-zwischen-afrikaans-und-den-niederdeutschen-dialekten-norddeutschlands-deur-eva-margarete-jenny-siegling.html |date= 1 Junie 2020 }} G.Olwagen se bespreking op Netwerk24 en in Die Volksbladː https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/MyStem/kom-die-woord-baie-al-die-tyd-uit-duitsland-20171003</ref> * '''Baadjie'''. Die Nederlandse woord ''baadje'' word as verouderd beskou en slegs nog in geskrewe vorm gebruik. Dit was reeds in 16de-eeuse Nederlands bekend, oorspronklik 'n benaming vir 'n Indiese kledingstuk. In 1720 word dit as ''badju'' neergepen. * '''Baklei''', vir "veg" of "stry". Dit is afgelei van ''berkalahi'' – ''veg, veral met die hande''. * '''Blatjang''', die naam vir 'n oorspronklik [[Suid-Asië|Suid-Asiese]] toespys. Dit is ontleen uit ''b(e)lachan''. In Nederlands word die Engelse woord ''Chutney'' gebruik. * '''Bobotie''' is weer uit Soendanees (Wes-Java) ''bobotoh'' * '''Doepa''' * '''Kabaai''', vanuit ''cabaya''; dit was eers 'n benaming vir 'n Oosterse rok- of hempagtige bokleed. * '''Kapok''', vanuit ''kapuk''. * '''Katel''', vanuit ''kātīl''. * '''Katjiepiering''', uit ''katjapiring'' * '''Nooi/Nôi/Nonna''' vanuit ''njonjah/nonah'' vanuit Portugese ''dona''. * '''Oorkrabbetjie''' vanuit ''kerabu'' (plat knoop). * '''[[Piesang]]'''. Desondanks ken ook Nederlands die woord ''pisang'' wat eweneens uit Maleis kom. * '''Oorlams''' vanuit ''orang lama''. In Jan van Riebeeck se dagboek word ''orang lammen'' geskryf; 'n Nederlander wat uit die Ooste terugkeer, na aanleiding van die Maleis ''orang'' "mens" + ''lama'' "lank gelede" - iemand wat dus lank terug na die Ooste gegaan het. So 'n persoon het gewoonlik baie ervaring gehad en was daarom baie ''slim''.<ref>Prinsloo. A. 2004. ''Spreekwoorde en waar hulle vandaan kom. Kaapstad: Pharos-uitgewers. pp. 258-259''</ref> * '''Paljas''', vanuit ''peljas'' * '''Piering''', vanuit ''piring'' (in Nederlands is 'n piering 'n ''schoteltje'') * '''Rottang''', vanuit ''rota'' * '''Soebat''' vanuit ''sobat'' (vriend) * '''[[Sosatie]]''' kom van die Maleisiese ''sate'' === Portugees === Sommige Afrikaanse woorde kom oorspronklik uit [[Portugees]]. Hul aanwesigheid is te danke aan die Portugese teenwoordigheid in Suider-Afrika. Hierdie woorde word dikwels in Suid-Afrika gebruik aangesien hulle ook in ander Suid-Afrikaanse tale aanwesig is. * '''aia''', "naam en aanspreekvorm van 'n nie-blanke vrou" kom van Portugees ''aia'' wat ''kindermeisie'' of ''verpleegster'' beteken. Dit is ook in Indies-Engels bekend, en vroeër ook in die Indies-Nederlands. Tans kwetsend beskou. * '''asgaai''', assegaai > Berbers ''azagaya''. werpspies * '''brinjal''' > ''beringela'' * '''bredie'''<ref name="aie" /> * '''karba''' > ''carabá'' * '''karga''' > ''carga, cargo'' (vrag) * '''katel''' > ''catel'', bed; oorspronklik uit Tamil. * '''kapater''' > ''capado'', ontman. Bokkapater is dus 'n manlike gekastreerde bok. * '''kiepersol''' > ''quitasol'', "boom met 'n sambreelagtige kruin". In die 17de eeu kry die woord in Nederland en die Kaap die betekenis ''sonskerm'', ''[[sambreel]]'' soos dit o.a. uit Kaapse inventarisse van 1676 en 1691 blyk, waar dit ''kiepesol'' en ''kippesol'' gespel word. In 'n reisverhaal wat uit 1710 dateer en in 'n Kaapse argiefstuk uit 1730 staan die Afrikaanse vorm (r); ''cipersol'' en ''kupersol'' * '''kombers''' > ''coberta'' * '''koperkapel''' > ''cobra de capelo'' * '''[[kraal]]''', vir 'n omheining om vee in te hou, kom van die Portugese ''curral''. * '''mandoor''', voorman, opsigter, ploegbaas * '''[[mielie]]''', vanuit ''milho''. * '''ramkie''', vanuit ''rabequinha'' * '''ronkadoor''' vanuit ''roncador'' * '''sambreel'''> ''sombrelo'' > ''sombreiro'' (''paraplu'', ''regenscherm'' in Nederlands) * '''sambok''' > ''sjambok''<ref name="aie" /> * '''tamaai''' > ''tamaajo'' > ''tamanho''. Enorm, baie groot. Die vroegste bewysstuk is 'n inventaris uit die jaar 1796: ''1 tamaaye bybel met platen'' * '''tasal''' > repies wildsvleis wat met sout, peper, asyn en koljander besprinkel en in die son winddroog gemaak is; vroeër gebruik vir [[padkos]]. * '''tjalie''' > ''xaile'' * '''[[trawal]]''', moeilikheid * '''tronk''' > ''tronco'' (gevangenis) Oorspronklik 'n blok waarin misdadigers gesluit word. Maar in verskeie 18de-eeuse Kaapse stukke word tronk alreeds in die betekenis ''gevangenis'' gebruik. * '''maai''' en '''paai''' vir ''ma'' en ''pa'' is omstrede, maar moontlik uit Portugees. Plant- en dierename soos '''malgas''', '''tjokka''' en '''tarentaal''' stam ook uit die tydperk van Portugese seevaarders.<ref>Raidt, Edith H. 1989. Ontwikkeling van vroeë Afrikaans, uit ''Inleiding tot die Afrikaanse Taalkunde'', tweede hersiene uitgawe, pp 96 -126. TJR Botha (redakteur). Van Schaik.</ref><ref>Raidt, E.H. 1976.''Afrikaans en sy Europese Verlede''. Kaapstad: Nasou Beperk.</ref> === Khoisan-tale === Die volgende bekende Afrikaanse woorde, het hul oorsprong vanaf die [[Khoisan-tale]]. * '''Abba''' om iemand op die rug te dra.<ref name="theories_smith">{{en}}Theories about the origin of Afrikaans. 1952. Professor J.J. Smith. Witwatersrand University Press</ref> * '''Gogga''', wat ''insek'' beteken, kom van 'n Khoisan woord met dieselfde betekenis: ''xo-xo''. * '''Assegaai''', vir 'n spies. * '''Karos''', vir 'n kombers van diervel. * '''Kierie''', vir 'n stapstok of staf. Daar is ook heelwat name vir plante en diere wat vanaf Khoisan-tale stam.<ref name="theories_smith" /> * '''[[Dagga]]''' vir marihuana. * '''[[Koedoe]]''', 'n soort wildsbok. * '''[[Karee]]''', 'n tipe boom. * '''[[Ghaap]]''', 'n plant endemies aan Suider-Afrika. * '''[[Boegoe]]''', 'n krui met medisinale eienskappe. === Nguni-tale === Die volgende woorde dien as enkele voorbeelde van die vele Nguni-woorde wat in Afrikaans en dikwels ook in Suid-Afrikaanse Engels opgeneem is. * '''Donga''', 'n droë spoelsloot. * '''Fundi''', van die [[Zoeloe]] woord ''umfundisi''.<ref>{{en}}[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/umfundisi| Oxford dictionaries]{{Dooie skakel|date=Oktober 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Geraadpleeg 4 Januarie 2012</ref> Die woord word gebruik om 'n kenner op 'n bepaalde gebied mee aan te dui, soos in ''"Hy is 'n fundi in tale."'' * '''Tjaila / tjailatyd''', 'n implementasie van die Zoeloe woord ''Chaila'', wat ''"huis toe gaan"'' beteken. === (Suid-Afrikaanse) Engels === {{hoof|Anglisisme}} In die omgangstaal sal vele Afrikaanse mense dikwels [[Engels]]e woorde of begrippe gebruik, alhoewel hierdie woorde nie in Standaardafrikaans opgeneem is nie, en ook gewoonlik hul Afrikaanse gelyke het. Nietemin is daar ook heelwat woorde van Engelse afkoms wat uiteindelik in Standaardafrikaans opgeneem is. Enkele voorbeelde: * '''Tjip''' vanuit ''Chip'', vir 'n aartappelskyfie. * '''Tjommie''' vanuit ''Chum'', vir 'n maat of vriend. * '''Tjop''' vanuit ''Chop'', die ribbetjie van 'n [[skaap]], gewild as braaivleis. Die Engelse invloed kan ook dikwels gesien word in die gebruik van woorde in Afrikaans. Soos byvoorbeeld: * '''braaf''' het 'n verskuiwing van ''goed'' en ''deugsaam'' na ''dapper'' ondergaan. Die oorspronklike betekenis kry 'n mens nog in die ou spottender uitdrukking '' 'n brawe Hendrikkie/Maria'' ('n seun of dogter wat (kastig) baie voorbeeldig is). Volgens Van Dale kan ''braaf'' in Nieu-Nederlands nog die betekenis ''dapper'' hê, maar daarnaas beteken dit tog hoofsaaklik ''regskape''. (Engels ''noble''). Hierteenoor word ''braafheid'' in Nieu-Nederlands slegs in die betekenis ''regskapenheid'' gebruik, en vir ''dapperheid'' nie. Dit hang nog saam met die betekenisontwikkeling van hierdie woord in Romaans: woes > dapper > bekwaam/regskape/deugsaam (< Frans ''brave''< Italiaans bravo; laasgenoemde het ons nog in Afrikaans wanneer ons iemand toejuig: ''bravo''! = mooi so!). : In Afrikaans het ''braaf'' in die betekenis ''dapper'' óf nooit bestaan nie (dis die waarskynlikste), óf heeltemal in die vergetelheid geraak totdat dit onder Engelse invloed na vore gekom het. In Engels is bogenoemde betekenisse vereng tot slegs ''dapper''; terwyl dit in Afrikaans slegs die betekenis ''regskape'' tot onlangs behou het. Om dus in Afrikaans te praat van ''brawe'' (= dapper) man, sou, uit 'n eng oogpunt, beteken dat jy jou skuldig maak aan 'n Anglisisme, want die Afrikaans ''brawe man = regskape man'' (Eng. ''noble''), en die Engelse ''brave man'' is in Afrikaans 'n ''dapper man''.<ref>[[H.J.J.M. van der Merwe|Van der Merwe, H.J.J.M.]] 1981. ''Die Korrekte Woord: Afrikaanse Taalkwessies'' Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik (Edms.) Bpk. bl. 54</ref> == Vergelykings van verskeie woorde en frases in Nederlands en Afrikaans == {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:28%;" | Afrikaans ! Nederlands |- |'''{{lang|af|Verstaan jy my?}}''' || Versta je mij? |- |'''{{lang|af|Ek verstaan dit}}''' || Ik begrijp het<br /><small>Minder algemeen: ''Ik versta het'' </small> <small>Vlaams: '' 'K verstaan'et'' </small> |- |'''{{lang|af|Wat is jou naam?}}''' || Hoe heet jij?<br /><small>Minder algemeen: ''Wat is jouw naam?'' </small> |- |'''{{lang|af|Wat maak jy?}}''' || Wat ben je aan het doen? |- |'''{{lang|af|Ek is lief vir jou}}''' (meer platonies)<br />'''Ek het jou lief''' (meer romanties)|| Ik hou van je/jou.<br /><small>Minder algemeen: ''Ik heb je lief''. </small> |- |'''{{lang|af|Is jy honger?}}''' || Heb je honger? |- |'''{{lang|af|Dié boek is vir jou}}''' || Dit boek is voor jou |- |'''{{lang|af|Ek het al geëet}}''' || Ik heb al gegeten |- |'''{{lang|af|Stem jy saam?}}''' || Ben je het daarmee eens?<br /><small>Minder algemeen: ''Stem jij daarmee in?'' </small> |- |'''{{lang|af|Stem jy [daartoe] in?}}''' || Ga je daarmee akkoord? |- |'''{{lang|af|Oop vanaand}}''' || Open vanavond |- |'''{{lang|af|Hulle woon hier}}''' || Ze wonen hier |- |'''{{lang|af|Kan ons die middestad besoek?}}''' || Kunnen we de binnenstad bezoeken? |- |'''{{lang|af|piesang}}''' || banaan<br /><small>Minder algemeen: ''pisang'' </small> |- |'''{{lang|af|baadjie}}''' || colbert, jasje, vest |- |'''{{lang|af|Ek is halfpad daar}}''' || Ik ben halverwege |- |'''{{lang|af|Hierdie vrug smaak sleg}}''' || Deze vrucht smaakt slecht |- |'''{{lang|af|Het jy dit gesê?}}''' || Heb jij dat gezegd? Vlaams: Het gij da' gezei? |- |'''{{lang|af|Hy het op die lughawe aangekom}}''' || Hij is op de luchthaven aangekomen |- |'''{{lang|af| As dit reën, sal dié sambreel jou beskerm}}''' || Als het regent, zal deze paraplu je beschermen |- |'''{{lang|af| 'n Lemoen is 'n oranjekleurige vrug}}''' || Een sinaasappel is een oranjekleurige vrucht |- |'''{{lang|af| 'n Lemmetjie is 'n klein groen sitrusvrug}}''' || Een limoen is een kleine groene citrusvrucht |- |'''{{lang|af| Ons hou daarvan om te braai}}''' || Wij houden ervan om te barbecueën |- |} == Vergelyking van voorbeeld teks == Onder is 'n vergelyking van die Afrikaanse woorde van ''[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]'' (die voormalige Volkslied van [[Suid-Afrika]]) met die Nederlandse weergawe. {| - |'''Afrikaans''' |'''Nederlands''' |- |''Uit die blou van onse hemel,'' |''Uit het blauw van onze hemel'' |- |''Uit die diepte van ons see,'' |''Uit de diepte van onze zee,'' |- |''Oor ons ewige gebergtes'' |''Over onze eeuwige gebergten,'' |- |''Waar die kranse antwoord gee.'' |''Waar de rotsen antwoord geven.'' |- |''Deur ons vêr verlate vlaktes'' |''Door onze ver verlaten vlakten'' |- |''Met die kreun van ossewa.'' |''Met het gekreun van ossenwagens'' |- |''Ruis die stem van ons geliefde,'' |''Ruist de stem van ons geliefde,'' |- |''Van ons land Suid-Afrika.'' |''Van ons land Zuid-Afrika.'' |- |''Ons sal antwoord op jou roepstem,'' |''We zullen antwoorden op je roepen'' |- |''Ons sal offer wat jy vra:'' |''We zullen offeren wat jij vraagt'' |- |''Ons sal lewe, ons sal sterwe,'' |''We zullen leven, we zullen sterven'' |- |''Ons vir jou, Suid-Afrika.'' |''Wij voor jou, Zuid-Afrika.'' |- |} == Sien ook == * [[Geskiedenis van Afrikaans]] * [[Erkenning van Afrikaans]] * [[Nederlandse dialekte]] * [[Valse vriende]] * [[Taalfossiel]] * [[Eerste Taalmonument]] (ook Nederlandse Taalmonument genoem) * [[Afrikaanse Taalmonument]] (ook Tweede Taalmonument genoem) * [[Wikipedia:Afrikaans-Nederlandse samewerking]] == Bronne == * [[Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal]] [5de uitgawe], [[F.F. Odendal]] & R.H. Gouws (2010) == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{nl-vertaal|Verwantschap tussen Afrikaans en Nederlands}} {{en-vertaal|Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaans]] [[Kategorie:Nederlands]] [[Kategorie:Taalkunde]] [[fr:Afrikaans#Prononciation et intercompréhension]] {{Voorbladster}} 71trm5k54ssryu0018wmuc6fta0bps4 0 62227 2913726 2913576 2026-06-25T12:14:45Z JMK 649 ligging 2913726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Odisha |ander_naam=Orissa |inheemse_naam=ଓଡ଼ିଶା <small>([[Oriya]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=Volkslied: ''Bande Utkala Janani''<br /><small>''([[Oriya]] vir: "Ek aanbid U, o moeder Utkala!")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=ORISSA SECRETARIAT.jpg |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Odisha se regeringsetel in Bhubaneswar |beeld_vlag=Flag of Odisha.svg |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël=Seal of Odisha.svg |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Orissa in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Odisha in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1=[[Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |publisher=Regering van Indië |accessdate=2 Februarie 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125040030/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> |onderafdelingnaam2=Bhubaneswar |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Odisha |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=Kambhampati Hari Babu |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiernaam1=Mohan Charan Majhi |leiertitel4= |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=1 April 1936<br />(Utkala Divasa) |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas= |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=155707 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=60119 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|20|16|12|N|85|49|12|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |title=Population, Size and Decadal Change |work=Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, Census of India |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |date=2018 |accessdate=16 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019035341/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=19 Oktober 2019}}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=41974218 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=259,57 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=698,19 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=11de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal]] |leë_inligting=[[Oriya]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |pages=122–126 |accessdate=16 Februarie 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 Mei 2012 }}</ref> |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.odisha.gov.in/ www.odisha.gov.in] }} '''Odisha''' ([[Oriya]]: ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ''oṛiśā'', [oˈɽisa], {{Audio|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga|luister}}), tot in 2011 amptelik '''Orissa''',<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxQHTN0wGaU6x_Ux?e=VwyO2n |title=Odisha Name Alteration Act, 2011 |publisher=Staatskoerant van Indië |accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref> is 'n [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstaat]] in die ooste van [[Indië]], aan die [[Golf van Bengale]]. Die hoofstad en grootste stad is [[Bhubaneswar]]. Die deelstaat het 'n bevolking van sowat 42 miljoen in 2011 gehad en beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 155&nbsp;820&nbsp;km². Naas die [[Amptelike taal|ampstaal]] Oriya word veral [[Ho]], [[Moendari]] en [[Santali]] in die deelstaat gepraat. [[Lêer:Mahanadi.jpg|duimnael|links|250px|Skets van die benede-Mahanadi- en Brahmaniriviere wat konvergeer op die kusdorpe Dhamra en Paradeep]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Odisha}} * {{en}} [http://www.odisha.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha|title=Odisha|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=26 Maart 2021}} {{Indiësaadjie}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Odisha| ]] 9yzvc18injujk11z5kil1wvjf7yuor4 0 62820 2913976 2895646 2026-06-26T11:22:24Z Makenzis 94013 2913976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sokkerklub infoboks | beeld = [[Lêer:Fudbalski Klub Crvena Zvezda (logo, 80s).svg|150px]]<br/><small>Klublogo in die 1980's</small> | klubnaam = Rooi Ster Belgrado| | vollenaam = Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда<br /> (Rooi Ster Belgrado)| | stigting = {{Start date and age|1945|3|4|df=yes}}| | stadion = Rooi Ster Stadion, <br />[[Belgrado]] | | kapasiteit = 51 755<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/klub/stadion-rajko-mitic|title=Stadium "Rajko Mitić"|website=crvenazvezdafk.com|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>| | | afrigter = {{vlagikoon|SER}} [[Dejan Stanković]]| | liga = [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]] | | seisoen = 2025/26 | posisie = 1. posisie | patroon_la1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_b1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_ra1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_sh1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_so1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | linkerarm1 = FF0000 | liggaam1 = FFFFFF | regterarm1 = FF0000 | broek1 = FF0000 | kouse1 = FFFFFF | patroon_la2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_b2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_ra2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_sh2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_so2 = _redtop | linkerarm2 = 121421 | liggaam2 = 121421 | regterarm2 = 121421 | broek2 = 121421 | kouse2 = 121421 ||president={{vlagikoon|SER}} Svetozar Mijailović}} '''Rooi Ster Belgrado''' is 'n [[Serwië|Serwiese]] [[sokker]]span in [[Belgrado]], [[Serwië]]. Die span speel in die [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]]. ''Rooi Ster'' is die enigste span in Serwië wat al die [[UEFA Champions League|Europabeker]] gewen het (in [[1991]]). Hulle het sterk mededinging met die ander span in Belgrado naamlik [[Partizan Belgrado]]. Die [[Derby (sport)|derby]] tussen die spanne staan as die ''Eternal''- of Suidoos-Europese derby bekend. In 1958 is hulle deur [[Manchester United]] uit die [[UEFA Champions League|Europese Beker]] geskop, maar tydens Manchester United se terugreis vanaf [[München]] na Engeland het agt spelers gesterf toe die vliegtuig waarop hul teruggereis het met opstyging neergestort het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-air-disaster |title = Munich air disaster: plane crash, Munich, Germany [1958] |first = Fid |last = Blackhouse |publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate = 27 Augustus 2022}}</ref> == Erelys == * '''Kampioen Serwië (11)''' : 2006/07, 2013/14, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25. * '''Serwiese Beker (7)''' : 2006/07, 2009/10, 2011/12, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24 * '''Champions League (1)''' : 1991 * '''UEFA Beker''' : (naaswenner (1): 1979) * '''Supercup''' : (naaswenner (1): 1991) * '''Wêreldbeker (1)''' : 1991 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Belgrado]] [[Kategorie:Serwiese sokkerklubs]] aiuw3a7t4ks7nw7f8bayobdmfkk95cj 2913977 2913976 2026-06-26T11:22:36Z Makenzis 94013 /* Erelys */ 2913977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sokkerklub infoboks | beeld = [[Lêer:Fudbalski Klub Crvena Zvezda (logo, 80s).svg|150px]]<br/><small>Klublogo in die 1980's</small> | klubnaam = Rooi Ster Belgrado| | vollenaam = Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда<br /> (Rooi Ster Belgrado)| | stigting = {{Start date and age|1945|3|4|df=yes}}| | stadion = Rooi Ster Stadion, <br />[[Belgrado]] | | kapasiteit = 51 755<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/klub/stadion-rajko-mitic|title=Stadium "Rajko Mitić"|website=crvenazvezdafk.com|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>| | | afrigter = {{vlagikoon|SER}} [[Dejan Stanković]]| | liga = [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]] | | seisoen = 2025/26 | posisie = 1. posisie | patroon_la1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_b1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_ra1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_sh1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | patroon_so1 = _crvenazvezda2526h | linkerarm1 = FF0000 | liggaam1 = FFFFFF | regterarm1 = FF0000 | broek1 = FF0000 | kouse1 = FFFFFF | patroon_la2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_b2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_ra2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_sh2 = _crvenazvezda2526a | patroon_so2 = _redtop | linkerarm2 = 121421 | liggaam2 = 121421 | regterarm2 = 121421 | broek2 = 121421 | kouse2 = 121421 ||president={{vlagikoon|SER}} Svetozar Mijailović}} '''Rooi Ster Belgrado''' is 'n [[Serwië|Serwiese]] [[sokker]]span in [[Belgrado]], [[Serwië]]. Die span speel in die [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]]. ''Rooi Ster'' is die enigste span in Serwië wat al die [[UEFA Champions League|Europabeker]] gewen het (in [[1991]]). Hulle het sterk mededinging met die ander span in Belgrado naamlik [[Partizan Belgrado]]. Die [[Derby (sport)|derby]] tussen die spanne staan as die ''Eternal''- of Suidoos-Europese derby bekend. In 1958 is hulle deur [[Manchester United]] uit die [[UEFA Champions League|Europese Beker]] geskop, maar tydens Manchester United se terugreis vanaf [[München]] na Engeland het agt spelers gesterf toe die vliegtuig waarop hul teruggereis het met opstyging neergestort het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-air-disaster |title = Munich air disaster: plane crash, Munich, Germany [1958] |first = Fid |last = Blackhouse |publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate = 27 Augustus 2022}}</ref> == Erelys == * '''Kampioen Serwië (12)''' : 2006/07, 2013/14, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25, 2025/26. * '''Serwiese Beker (7)''' : 2006/07, 2009/10, 2011/12, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24 * '''Champions League (1)''' : 1991 * '''UEFA Beker''' : (naaswenner (1): 1979) * '''Supercup''' : (naaswenner (1): 1991) * '''Wêreldbeker (1)''' : 1991 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Belgrado]] [[Kategorie:Serwiese sokkerklubs]] 2obcngxuxmfs3v4hm3z5zdktxgpoda1 0 68268 2913778 2872147 2026-06-25T17:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 131157 Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2913778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Militêre konflik |konflik = Dwelmoorlog in Meksiko |deelvan = |beeld = [[Lêer:Mexican States with mafia conflicts.png|300px]] |byskrif = Uitbreiding van die dwelmoorlog in Meksiko. |datum = [[11 Desember]] [[2006]] <small>(Begin van die ''Operasie Michoacan''<ref name= war>{{en}} {{cite news | first=Ioan | last=Grillo | title=Mexico cracks down on violence | date=11 Desember 2006 | url =http://www.seattlepi.com/national/295578_mexico12.html | work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|agency=Associated Press | pages = | accessdate = 29 November 2006| language = }}</ref>)</small> – ''onlangs'' |plek = [[Deelstate van Meksiko|Meksikaanse deelstaate]] [[Baja California]], [[Durango]], [[Sinaloa]], [[Guerrero]], [[Chihuahua (deelstaat)|Chihuahua]], [[Michoacán]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Veracruz]], [[Coahuila]], [[Jalisco]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Nayarit]], [[Zacatecas]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Morelos]] en [[Sonora]].<ref>{{es}} {{cite news|title=El narco se expande en México|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=937be705b8bb9a53102ce6df63c36ec1|accessdate=7 April 2013|newspaper=New America Media|archive-date=25 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125160412/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=937be705b8bb9a53102ce6df63c36ec1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |gebied = |resultaat = ''Voortdurend'' |party1 = {{vlagland|Meksiko}} * Weermag * Lugmag * Vloot * Mariniers * Federale polisie * Staats- en Munisipale polisiedienste * Prokureur-generaal * Ministeriële federale polisie <hr /> '''Ondersteun deur:'''<br />{{vlagland|Colombia}}<br />{{vlagland|Kanada}}<br />{{vlagland|Verenigde State}} |party2 = Dwelmkartelle* * Sinaloa-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC">{{en}} [http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107# Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062922/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107 |date= 3 Junie 2013 }}. UCDP. Besoek op 21 September 2013.</ref> * Golf-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Juárez-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Tempelridders-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Tijuana-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * <s>La Familia-kartel</s><ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Los Zetas-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * <s>Beltrán-Leyva-kartel</s><ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Jalisco Nuwe generasiekartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * Onafhanklike kartel van Acapulco<ref name="ReferenceC" /> * La Barredora-kartel<ref name="ReferenceC" /> <hr /> <small>''* Die groepe wat hier gelys word werk nie noodwendig saam nie, maar is almal betrokke in 'n stryd teen mekaar.''</small> |party3 = |aanvoerder1 = Enrique Peña Nieto<br /> Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz<br /> Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda<br /> Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong<br /> Jesús Murillo Karam<br /> Felipe Calderón<br /> Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza<br /> Guillermo Galván Galván<br /> Marisela Morales<br /> Sergio Aponte Polito<ref name=Aponte>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2008/04/mexican-general.html |title=Mexican general makes explosive accusations |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=12 Mei 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414010220/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2008/04/mexican-general.html |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |aanvoerder2 = Joaquín Guzmán Loera<br /> Ismael Zambada García<br /> Ignacio Coronel Villarreal (†)<br /> Antonio Cárdenas Guillén (†)<br /> Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez<br /> Vicente Carrillo Fuentes<br /> Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano<br /> Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (†)<br /> Miguel Treviño Morales<br /> Arturo Beltrán Leyva (†)<br /> Héctor Beltrán Leyva<br /> Nazario Moreno González (†) |aanvoerder3 = |sterkte1 = 270&nbsp;000 soldate<ref>{{en}} {{cite news | title=Four Gunmen Die in Clash with Mexican Troops | date=4 Maart 2010 | publisher=Latin American Herald Tribune | url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352959&CategoryId=14091 | work= | pages= | accessdate=7 April 2013 | archive-date=13 Julie 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713182220/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352959&CategoryId=14091 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />35&nbsp;000 federale polisie<ref>{{cite news |first=Rafael |last=Romo |title=Mexico sees hope among drug violence |date=9 Februarie 2011 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/02/09/mexico.violence/index.html?hpt=C2 |work=CNN News |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414010258/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/02/09/mexico.violence/index.html?hpt=C2 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |sterkte2 = 100&nbsp;000 voetsoldate<ref>{{en}} [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/ EXCLUSIVE: 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels]</ref><ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118011648/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/93311 Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city]</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,504139,00.html U.S. Says Threat of Mexican Drug Cartels Approaching 'Crisis Proportions']</ref> |sterkte3 = |ongevalle1 = +1&nbsp;000 polisielede en aanklaers vermoor<ref>{{cite news |first=Maria de la Luz |last=Gonzales |title=Suman 10 mil 475 ejecuciones en esta administracion: PGR |date=25 Maart 2009 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/166613.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101120527/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/166613.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> 138 soldate vermoor<ref name='conteo agosto 2011'>{{cite news |first=Silvia |last=Otero |title=Con 'La Teniente', Marina tendra su serie de TV |date=19 Augustus 2011 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/787223.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225233256/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/787223.html |archive-date=25 Desember 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> 14 Marines vermoor<ref name='conteo agosto 2011' /><br /> 318 Federale polisie vermoor<ref name='conteo agosto 2011' /><br /> 58 joernaliste vermoor<ref>{{cite news |title=Alarmante, situación de periodistas en México |date=10 Januarie 2010 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/columnas/81750.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301143708/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/columnas/81750.html |archive-date=1 Maart 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> ~1&nbsp;000 kinders vermoor<ref>{{es}} {{cite document | first = Valeria |last = Geremia | author2 = Juan Martín Pérez García | title = INFORME ALTERNATIVO SOBRE EL PROTOCOLO FACULTATIVO DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LOS DERECHOS DEL NIÑO | publisher = Red por los Derechos de la Infancia en México | page = 25 | date = Januarie 2011 | url = http://www.derechosinfancia.org.mx/iaespanol.pdf| access-date = 23 Augustus 2012 | archive-date = 12 Augustus 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110812204630/http://www.derechosinfancia.org.mx/iaespanol.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{es}} {{cite news | title = En menos de 5 años han muerto más de mil niños a manos del narco | date = 19 Maart 2011 | url = http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=723220 | work = Excelsior | accessdate = 7 April 2013 | archive-date = 22 Maart 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322160703/http://excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=723220 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |ongevalle2 = 121&nbsp;199 kartellede aangehou<ref>{{cite news |title=Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia |date=13 April 2010 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/672485.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095427/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/672485.html |archive-date= 3 Januarie 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />8&nbsp;500 skuldig bevind<ref>{{cite news |first=José Luis |last=Ruiz |title=Guerra al narco asfixia penales |date=10 Januarie 2011 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736097.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102201204/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736097.html |archive-date=2 Januarie 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |ongevalle3 = 62 vermoor in 2006<ref name=governmentStatistics>{{es}} El Universal [http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/672485.html Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095427/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/672485.html |date= 3 Januarie 2015 }}</ref><br /> 2&nbsp;837 vermoor in 2007<ref name= governmentStatistics /><br /> 6&nbsp;844 vermoor in 2008<ref name= governmentStatistics /><br /> 11&nbsp;753 vermoor in 2009<ref name= governmentStatistics /><br /> 19&nbsp;546 vermoor in 2010<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jorge Ramos |last1=Pérez |title=La lucha anticrimen deja 34 mil muertes en 4 años |date=13 Januarie 2011 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/183027.html |work=El Universal |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102084840/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/183027.html |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mexico's Drug War: Number of dead passes 30,000 |date=16 Desember 2010 |publisher=The BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12012425 |work=BBC |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414010412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12012425 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> 24&nbsp;068 vermoor in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.google.com/site/policereform/ |title=Mexico Total Dead (2011) |publisher=WM Consulting |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802202021/https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/ |archive-date=2 Augustus 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Mariano |last1=Castillo |title=2011 drug violence kills nearly 13,000 in Mexico, new figures show |date=11 Januarie 2011 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/11/world/americas/mexico-death-toll/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |work=CNN News |access-date=7 April 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163107/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/11/world/americas/mexico-death-toll/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |archive-date=19 Oktober 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=newyear>{{en}} {{cite news | first1 = William | last1=Booth | title = In Mexico, 12,000 killed in drug violence in 2011 | date = 2 Januarie 2012 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-mexico-12000-killed-in-drug-violence-in-2011/2012/01/02/gIQAcGUdWP_story.html | work = Washington Post | accessdate = 7 April 2013}}</ref><br /> 18&nbsp;061 vermoor tot 31 Oktober 2012<ref>{{es}} {{cite news | title = El narco asesina a tres mil 810 en lo que va del año | date = 5 Mei 2012 | url = http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&seccion=seccion-nacional&cat=1&id_nota=831842 | work = Excelsior | accessdate = 7 April 2013 | archive-date = 4 Junie 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120604121940/http://excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&seccion=seccion-nacional&cat=1&id_nota=831842 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br /> Totaal: 90&nbsp;000-106&nbsp;000 vermoor<br /> +6&nbsp;800 vermoor in 2013 onder president Nieto<ref name="excelsior.com">{{es}} {{cite web |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/leo-zuckermann/2013/07/15/908880 |title=Siete meses del sexenio de Peña: casi siete mil ejecuciones |publisher=Excelsior |date= |accessdate=2013-07-15 }}{{Dooie skakel|date=Januarie 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /> Totale skatting van sterfgevalle (wisselend): 83&nbsp;191+ tydens die presidentskap van Felipe Calderon. 6&nbsp;800+ vermoor tydens die eerste drie maande onder president Enrique Nieto<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/03/201333042622382309.html |title=Shooting at Mexico bar leaves many dead – Americas |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=22 April 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114451/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/03/201333042622382309.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> = 90&nbsp;000+<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |title=Mexico's drug war is at a stalemate as Calderon's presidency ends |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/calderon-finishes-his-six-year-drug-war-at-stalemate/2012/11/26/82c90a94-31eb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story_1.html |access-date=1 Desember 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=26 November 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CZeogKMw?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/calderon-finishes-his-six-year-drug-war-at-stalemate/2012/11/26/82c90a94-31eb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story_1.html |archive-date= 1 Desember 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com" /><br /> Totaal verplaas: 1,6 miljoen<ref>{{cite news |title=Desplazados, tragedia silenciosa en México |url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/seguridad-publica/2012/01/07/desplazados-tragedia-silenciosa-mexico |access-date=7 April 2013 |newspaper=El Economista |date=7 Januarie 2012 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701025822/http://eleconomista.com.mx/seguridad-publica/2012/01/07/desplazados-tragedia-silenciosa-mexico |archive-date=1 Julie 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |notas = }} [[Lêer:Mexico cartel map May 2010.svg|duimnael|links|Gebiede van die Meksikaanse dwelmkartelle in 2010: {{legend|red|Tijuana-kartel}} {{legend|orange|Beltrán Leyva-kartel}} {{legend|yellow|Sinaloa-kartel}} {{legend|olive|Juárez-kartel}} {{legend|green|La Familia Michoacana}} {{legend|cyan|Golfkartel}} {{legend|blue|Los Zetas}} {{legend|lightgray|Omstrede gebiede}}]] [[Lêer:Drug-War Related Murders in Mexico 2006-2011.png|duimnael|links|Moorde in Meksiko sedert 2006 met betrekking in die dwelmoorlog.]] Die '''Dwelmoorlog in Meksiko''' ([[Spaans]]: ''Guerra contra el narcotráfico en México'') is 'n [[Asimmetriese oorlogvoering|asimmetriese oorlog]] tussen die [[Meksiko|Meksikaanse staat]] en die Meksikaanse dwelmkartelle, wat amptelik op [[11 Desember]] [[2006]] met ''Operasie Michoacan'' onder president Felipe Calderón begin het. Reeds in die 1990's en vroeë 2000's het gewelddadige konflikte tussen die dwelmkartelle en die regering onder president Vicente Fox plaasgevind. Die belangrikste rede vir die oorlog is die dwelmhandel na die [[Verenigde State]] en [[Kanada]], wat die kartelle tot 90% oorheers. Intussen is die kartelle ook in onwettige transaksies soos smokkelhandel van mense, wapensmokkelary en [[prostitusie]] betrokke. Die invloedsfeer van die kartelle strek van [[Vancouver]] in Kanada tot die VSA, vanaf [[Guatemala]] tot [[Colombia]] en [[Wes-Afrika]]. In Noord-Meksiko aan die grens met die VSA het die kartelle die staat se houvas op vrede en geregtigheid geneutraliseer. So is [[Ciudad Juárez]], aan die grens met die VSA, sedert die begin van die oorlog die stad met die meeste moorde per jaar. Elke dag word gemiddeld sewe mense vermoor. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * {{en}} Vulliamy, Ed, ''Amexica: War Along the Borderline'', Bodley Head, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-84792-128-4}} * {{en}} Grillo, Ioan, ''El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency'', Bloomsburry Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-60819-211-3}} * {{en}} Gutierrez Aire, Jose, ''Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico'' CreateSpace, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4775-9227-4}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|Mexican Drug War|Dwelmoorlog in Meksiko}} * {{es}} [http://www.sedena.gob.mx/pdf/ocn/1808.pdf Resultate gerapporteer deur die Ministerie van Verdediging, oorsig van 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616032749/http://www.sedena.gob.mx/pdf/ocn/1808.pdf |date=16 Junie 2013 }} * {{es}} [http://www.seguridadpublicaenmexico.org.mx/ Misdaadstatistiek in Meksiko] * {{en}} [http://stanford.edu/~dkronick/mexico_crime/ Interaktiewe kaart van die dwelmoorlog volgens deelstate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314192134/http://stanford.edu/~dkronick/mexico_crime/ |date=14 Maart 2012 }} {{Geskiedenis van Meksiko}} [[Kategorie:Dwelms]] [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Meksiko]] [[Kategorie:Oorloë]] [[Kategorie:Politiek van Meksiko]] dcyj6v05rrrlo9hq0j0q451tn9yovg9 0 70589 2913789 2847236 2026-06-25T18:51:00Z JMK 649 +prent 2913789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = Kibonde (Chrysichthys brachynema) 4034579391, crop.jpg | image_caption = Salmstertkatvis (''A. brachynema'', of ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | subphylum_authority = ([[Cuvier]], [[1812]]) | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | superclassis_authority = ([[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[1880]]) | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = [[Siluriformes]] | familia = [[Claroteidae]] | genus = ''Amarginops'' | genus_authority = [[John Treadwell Nichols|Nichols]] & [[Ludlow Griscom|Griscom]], 1917 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = Sien teks }} '''Amarginops''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[vis]]se wat aan die [[familie (biologie)|familie]] [[Claroteidae]] behoort. Die visse het groot oë, 'n wye snoet, kort baarde en vinne. Daar is sewentien [[spesie]]s in die genus waarvan die meeste in [[Sentraal-Afrika]] in die [[Kongorivier]]-stelsel voorkom en een spesie kom in [[Suider-Afrika]] voor. == Spesie == Spesie wat hoort tot die genus: ::* ''Amarginops hildae'' - [[Buzi-baber]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van visse]] * [[Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse visse volgens wetenskaplike name]] * [[Lys van varswater visfamilies]] * [[Lys van visfamilies]] == Bron == * ''A Complete Guide to the FRESHWATER FISHES of Southern Africa.'' [[Paul Skelton]]. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-86872-643-1}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Beenvisse]] e10bx9ne1gyt0r4pb3jlw3579iymw64 2913790 2913789 2026-06-25T18:56:27Z JMK 649 formaat 2913790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = Kibonde (Chrysichthys brachynema) 4034579391, crop.jpg | image_caption = 'n Salmstertkatvis (''A. brachynema'', of ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') in Zambië | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | subphylum_authority = ([[Cuvier]], [[1812]]) | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | superclassis_authority = ([[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[1880]]) | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = [[Siluriformes]] | familia = [[Claroteidae]] | genus = '''''Amarginops''''' | genus_authority = [[John Treadwell Nichols|Nichols]] & [[Ludlow Griscom|Griscom]], 1917 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = Sien teks }} '''''Amarginops''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[vis]]se wat aan die [[familie (biologie)|familie]] [[Claroteidae]] behoort. Die visse het groot oë, 'n wye snoet, kort baarde en vinne. Daar is sewentien [[spesie]]s in die genus waarvan die meeste in [[Sentraal-Afrika]] in die [[Kongorivier]]-stelsel voorkom en een spesie kom in [[Suider-Afrika]] voor. == Spesie == Spesie wat hoort tot die genus: ::* ''Amarginops hildae'' - [[Buzi-baber]] == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van visse]] * [[Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse visse volgens wetenskaplike name]] * [[Lys van varswater visfamilies]] * [[Lys van visfamilies]] == Bron == * ''A Complete Guide to the FRESHWATER FISHES of Southern Africa.'' [[Paul Skelton]]. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-86872-643-1}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Beenvisse]] 3qd9lwhu5om7tu9eq9e6qtzcblr4ias 2913791 2913790 2026-06-25T19:05:19Z JMK 649 sp-lys 2913791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = Kibonde (Chrysichthys brachynema) 4034579391, crop.jpg | image_caption = 'n Salmstertbaber (''A. brachynema'', of ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') in Zambië | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | subphylum_authority = ([[Cuvier]], [[1812]]) | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | superclassis_authority = ([[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[1880]]) | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = [[Siluriformes]] | familia = [[Claroteidae]] | genus = '''''Amarginops''''' | genus_authority = [[John Treadwell Nichols|Nichols]] & [[Ludlow Griscom|Griscom]], 1917 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = Sien teks }} '''''Amarginops''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[vis]]se wat aan die [[familie (biologie)|familie]] [[Claroteidae]] behoort. Die visse het groot oë, 'n wye snoet, kort baarde en vinne. Daar is sewentien [[spesie]]s in die genus waarvan die meeste in [[Sentraal-Afrika]] in die [[Kongorivier]]-stelsel voorkom en een spesie kom in [[Suider-Afrika]] voor. == Spesie == Daar is tans vier erkende spesies in die genus:<ref>{{Cof genus|genus=Amarginops|access-date=21 Augustus 2025}}</ref> * ''[[Amarginops hildae]]'' (Bell-Cross, 1973) – [[Buzi-baber]] * ''[[Amarginops mabusi]]'' (Boulenger, 1905) * ''[[Amarginops ornatus]]'' (Boulenger, 1902) * ''[[Amarginops platus]]'' Nichols & Griscom, 1917 Die salmstertbaber (''A. brachynema'', óf ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') word soms hierby gereken. Die genus was voorheen [[monotipies]], en het slegs uit ''A. platus'' bestaan.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Amarginops| month = December | year = 2011}}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van visse]] * [[Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse visse volgens wetenskaplike name]] * [[Lys van varswater visfamilies]] * [[Lys van visfamilies]] ==Verwysing== {{verwysings}} == Bron == * ''A Complete Guide to the FRESHWATER FISHES of Southern Africa.'' [[Paul Skelton]]. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-86872-643-1}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Beenvisse]] 0fy5huwzbqdsnr5l5yko86d0gqwgtj5 2913792 2913791 2026-06-25T19:08:23Z JMK 649 2913792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksoboks | name = | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = Kibonde (Chrysichthys brachynema) 4034579391, crop.jpg | image_caption = 'n Salmstertbaber (''A. brachynema'', of ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') in Zambië | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | subphylum_authority = ([[Cuvier]], [[1812]]) | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | superclassis_authority = ([[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[1880]]) | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = [[Siluriformes]] | familia = [[Claroteidae]] | genus = '''''Amarginops''''' | genus_authority = [[John Treadwell Nichols|Nichols]] & [[Ludlow Griscom|Griscom]], 1917 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = Sien teks }} '''''Amarginops''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[vis]]se wat aan die [[familie (biologie)|familie]] [[Claroteidae]] behoort. Die visse het groot oë, 'n wye snoet, kort baarde en vinne. Daar is sewentien [[spesie]]s in die genus waarvan die meeste in [[Sentraal-Afrika]] in die [[Kongorivier]]-stelsel voorkom en een spesie kom in [[Suider-Afrika]] voor. == Spesie == Daar is tans vier erkende spesies in die genus:<ref>{{Cof genus|genus=Amarginops|access-date=21 Augustus 2025}}</ref> * ''[[Amarginops hildae]]'' (Bell-Cross, 1973) – [[Buzi-baber]] * ''[[Amarginops mabusi]]'' (Boulenger, 1905) * ''[[Amarginops ornatus]]'' (Boulenger, 1902) * ''[[Amarginops platus]]'' Nichols & Griscom, 1917 Die salmstertbaber (''A. brachynema'', óf ''Chrysichthys brachynema'') word soms hierby gereken. Die genus was voorheen [[monotipies]], en het slegs uit ''A. platus'' bestaan.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Amarginops| month = Desember | year = 2011}}</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van visse]] * [[Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse visse volgens wetenskaplike name]] * [[Lys van varswater visfamilies]] * [[Lys van visfamilies]] ==Verwysing== {{verwysings}} == Bron == * ''A Complete Guide to the FRESHWATER FISHES of Southern Africa.'' [[Paul Skelton]]. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-86872-643-1}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Beenvisse]] 0kj64ib33fnwp5da71nypatgeiz0v51 0 72324 2913945 2895643 2026-06-26T10:05:12Z Makenzis 94013 2913945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sokkerklub infoboks | | beeld = [[Lêer:Logo Partizan 1958.png|150px]]<br/><small>Klublogo van 1958</small> | klubnaam = Partizan Belgrado | vollenaam = Fudbalski klub Partizan Beograd | stigting = {{start date and age|1945}} | stadion = Partizan Stadion, <br/>[[Belgrado]] | kapasiteit = 29 775<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://partizan.rs/stadion/ |title=STADIUM |website=partizan.rs |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502124153/http://partizan.rs/stadion/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | afrigter = Srđan Blagojević | liga = [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]] | seisoen = 2025/26 | posisie = 3-e | patroon_la1 = _partizan2526h | patroon_b1 = _partizan2526h | patroon_ra1 = _partizan2526h | patroon_sh1 = _partizan2526h | patroon_so1 = | linkerarm1 = 000000 | liggaam1 = 000000 | regterarm1 = 000000 | broek1 = 000000 | kouse1 = 000000 | patroon_la2 = _partizan2526a | patroon_b2 = _partizan2526a | patroon_ra2 = _partizan2526a | patroon_sh2 = _partizan2526a | patroon_so2 = | linkerarm2 = 003d90 | liggaam2 = 003d90 | regterarm2 = 003d90 | broek2 = 003d90 | kouse2 = 003d90 ||president=Rasim Ljajić|eienaar=''Jugoslovensko sportsko društvo Partizan'' (Joego-Slawiese Sportvereniging Partizan)}} '''Partizan Belgrado''' is 'n [[Serwië|Serwiese]] [[sokker]]span wat in [[Belgrado]], [[Serwië]] gebaseer is. Die span speel in die [[Serwiese SuperLiga|SuperLiga]]. Hulle sterkste mededinger is [[Rooi Ster Belgrado]], wat ook in Belgrado gebaseer is. Die [[Derby (sport)|derby]] tussen die twee spanne staan bekend as die [[Ewige Derby (Belgrado)|Ewige Derby]]. == Erelys == * '''Kampioen Serwië (25)''' :1947, 1949, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1976, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 * '''Serwiese Beker (12)''' :1947, 1952, 1954, 1957, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2009, 2011 == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.partizan.rs Partizan Belgrado se webwerf] [[Kategorie:Belgrado]] [[Kategorie:Serwiese sokkerklubs]] b1j6l5h1hbu56lhrt0uqvnaqrziv2vj 0 100979 2913754 2825929 2026-06-25T14:49:43Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Vorige wenners */ 2913754 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''Belgiese Grand Prix''' is 'n motorwedren wat sedert 1925 in [[België]] plaasvind. Die wedren het in 1950 deel geword van die [[Formule Een]]wêreldkampioenskap, en sedert 1925 (behalwe in 1971–1984) word dit by die "[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]]" in [[Stavelot]], België, gehou. Sedert sy ingebruikneming is Spa-Francorchamps bekend vir sy onvoorspelbare weer. Op 'n stadium in sy geskiedenis het dit elke jaar gereën by die Belgiese Grand Prix vir twintig jaar opeenvolgend. Renjaers bevind hulself soms op 'n skoon, droë deel van die baan, net om op 'n ander deel reën en 'n glibberige oppervlak te ondervind. == Vorige wenners == [[Lêer:Spa-Francorchamps of Belgium.svg|regs|360px]] {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Jaar ! Renjaer ! Vervaardiger ! Plek |- ! [[2025 Belgiese Grand Prix|2025]] | {{vlagikoon|AU}} [[Oscar Piastri]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] | rowspan="41"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]] |- ! [[2024 Belgiese Grand Prix|2024]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2023 Belgiese Grand Prix|2023]] | {{vlagikoon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|Honda RBPT]] |- ! [[2022 Belgiese Grand Prix|2022]] | {{vlagikoon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|RBPT]] |- ! [[2021 Belgiese Grand Prix|2021]] | {{vlagikoon|NED}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull-Honda]] |- ! [[2020 Belgiese Grand Prix|2020]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2019 Belgiese Grand Prix|2019]] | {{vlagikoon|MON}} [[Charles Leclerc]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2018 Belgiese Grand Prix|2018]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2017 Belgiese Grand Prix|2017]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2016 Belgiese Grand Prix|2016]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Nico Rosberg]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2015 Belgiese Grand Prix|2015]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2014 Belgiese Grand Prix|2014]] | {{vlagikoon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[2013 Belgiese Grand Prix|2013]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[2012 Belgiese Grand Prix|2012]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Jenson Button]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2011 Belgiese Grand Prix|2011]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]] | {{vlagikoon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[2010 Belgiese Grand Prix|2010]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2009 Belgiese Grand Prix|2009]] | {{vlagikoon|FIN}} [[Kimi Räikkönen]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2008 Belgiese Grand Prix|2008]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Felipe Massa]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2007 Belgiese Grand Prix|2007]] | {{vlagikoon|FIN}} [[Kimi Räikkönen]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 2006 | colspan="2"| ''nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! [[2005 Belgiese Grand Prix|2005]] | {{vlagikoon|FIN}} [[Kimi Räikkönen]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[2004 Belgiese Grand Prix|2004]] | {{vlagikoon|FIN}} [[Kimi Räikkönen]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! 2003 | colspan="2"| ''nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! [[2002 Belgiese Grand Prix|2002]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2001 Belgiese Grand Prix|2001]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[2000 Belgiese Grand Prix|2000]] | {{vlagikoon|FIN}} [[Mika Häkkinen]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[1999 Belgiese Grand Prix|1999]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[David Coulthard]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[1998 Belgiese Grand Prix|1998]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Damon Hill]] | [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Mugen-Honda]] |- ! [[1997 Belgiese Grand Prix|1997]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[1996 Belgiese Grand Prix|1996]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[1995 Belgiese Grand Prix|1995]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Benetton Formula-span|Benetton]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1994 Belgiese Grand Prix|1994]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Damon Hill]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1993 Belgiese Grand Prix|1993]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Damon Hill]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1992 Belgiese Grand Prix|1992]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Benetton Formula-span|Benetton]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- ! [[1991 Belgiese Grand Prix|1991]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] |- ! [[1990 Belgiese Grand Prix|1990]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] |- ! [[1989 Belgiese Grand Prix|1989]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] |- ! [[1988 Belgiese Grand Prix|1988]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] |- ! [[1987 Belgiese Grand Prix|1987]] | {{vlagikoon|FRA}} [[Alain Prost]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-TAG |- ! [[1986 Belgiese Grand Prix|1986]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] |- ! [[1985 Belgiese Grand Prix|1985]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1984 Belgiese Grand Prix|1984]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] |- ! [[1983 Belgiese Grand Prix|1983]] | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Renault F1|Renault]] | [[Spa-Francorchamps]] |- ! [[1982 Belgiese Grand Prix|1982]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Watson]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | rowspan="8"| [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] |- ! [[1981 Belgiese Grand Prix|1981]] | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Carlos Reutemann]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |- ! [[1980 Belgiese Grand Prix|1980]] | {{FR-VLAG}} Didier Pironi | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |- ! 1979 | {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika|1928}} [[Jody Scheckter]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1978 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |- ! 1977 | {{SE-VLAG}} Gunnar Nilsson | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |- ! 1976 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1975 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1974 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | Circuit Nijvel |- ! 1973 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jackie Stewart]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] |- ! 1972 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | Circuit Nijvel |- ! 1970 | {{MX-VLAG}} Pedro Rodriguez | {{GB-VLAG}} [[British Racing Motors|BRM]] | rowspan="18"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]] |- ! 1968 | {{NZ-VLAG}} Bruce McLaren | {{GB-VLAG}} [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |- ! 1967 | {{US-VLAG}} Dan Gurney | Eagle-Weslake |- ! 1966 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Surtees]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1965 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jim Clark]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |- ! 1964 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jim Clark]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |- ! 1963 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jim Clark]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |- ! 1962 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jim Clark]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |- ! 1961 | {{US-VLAG}} Phil Hill | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1960 | {{AU-VLAG}} [[Jack Brabham]] | {{GB-VLAG}} Cooper-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |- ! 1958 | {{GB-VLAG}} Tony Brooks | Vanwall |- ! 1956 | {{GB-VLAG}} Peter Collins | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Lancia]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1955 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes-Benz]] |- ! 1954 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Maserati]] |- ! 1953 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alberto Ascari | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1952 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alberto Ascari | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! 1951 | {{IT-VLAG}} Giuseppe Farina | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] |- ! 1950 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] |- |} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix| ]] [[Kategorie:Formule Een Grands Prix]] de1y5hua291wio36u7zx2wth7ntgaof 0 101631 2913770 2569843 2026-06-25T15:47:36Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Jaarlikse wenners */ 2913770 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''Argentynse Grand Prix''' ([[Spaans]]: ''Gran Premio de Argentina'') was 'n rondte van die [[Formule Een]]-wêreldkampioenskap, met tussenposes gehou van 1953-1998, almal op dieselfde renbaan in Argentinië se [[hoofstad]] [[Buenos Aires]]. Hoewel dit nie meer op die Formule Een-kalender verskyn nie, het die wedren 'n lang en uiteenlopende geskiedenis. Die Argentynse president Juan Perón was self die dryfkrag agter die skepping van die baan, nadat hy die sukses van die land se eie Juan Manuel Fangio beleef het. == Jaarlikse wenners == [[Lêer:Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez Circuito N° 6 por Senna.svg|duimnael|regs|No.6 uitleg (1995-1998)]] [[Lêer:Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez Circuito N° 15.svg|duimnael|regs|No.15 uitleg (1974-1981)]] [[Lêer:Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez Circuito N° 9 xT.svg|duimnael|regs|No.9 uitleg (1971-1973)]] [[Lêer:Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez Circuito N° 2 (Histórico).svg|duimnael|regs|No.2 uitleg (1953-1960)]] {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Jaar ! Renjaer ! Vervaardiger ! Baanuitleg |- |- ! [[1998 Argentynse Grand Prix|1998]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="4"| Buenos Aires No.6 |- ! [[1997 Argentynse Grand Prix|1997]] | {{vlagikoon|CAN}} [[Jacques Villeneuve]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1996 Argentynse Grand Prix|1996]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Damon Hill]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- ! [[1995 Argentynse Grand Prix|1995]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Damon Hill]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]] |- style="background:#DDDDDD;" ! 1994<br />–<br />1982 | colspan=4| ''Nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! [[1981 Argentynse Grand Prix|1981]] | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Brabham]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |rowspan="5"| Buenos Aires No.15 |- ! [[1980 Argentynse Grand Prix|1980]] | {{vlagikoon|AUS}} Alan Jones | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- ! 1979 | {{vlagikoon|FRA}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | {{vlagikoon|FRA}} [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- ! 1978 | {{vlagikoon|VSA}} [[Mario Andretti]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lotus F1-span|Lotus]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- ! 1977 | {{vlagikoon|ZAF|1928}} [[Jody Scheckter]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} Wolf-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- style="background:#DDDDDD;" ! 1976 | COLSPAN=4| ''Nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! 1975 | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |rowspan="2"| Buenos Aires No.15 |- ! 1974 | {{vlagikoon|NZL}} Denny Hulme | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[McLaren]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- ! 1973 | {{vlagikoon|BRA}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Lotus F1-span|Lotus]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |rowspan="3"| Buenos Aires No.9 |- ! 1972 | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Jackie Stewart]] | {{vlagikoon|IRE}} [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Cosworth|Ford]] |- style="background:#ffcccc;" ! 1971 | {{vlagikoon|NZL}} Chris Amon | {{vlagikoon|VK}} Matra |- style="background:#DDDDDD;" ! 1970<br />–<br />1961 | COLSPAN=4| ''Nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! 1960 | {{vlagikoon|NZL}} Bruce McLaren | {{vlagikoon|VK}} Cooper-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] | Buenos Aires No.2 |- style="background:#DDDDDD;" ! 1959 | COLSPAN=4| ''Nie plaasgevind nie'' |- ! [[1958]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} [[Stirling Moss]] | {{vlagikoon|VK}} Cooper-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]] |rowspan="6"| Buenos Aires No.2 |- ! [[1957]] | {{vlagikoon|ARG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Maserati]] |- ! [[1956]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} Luigi Musso<br />{{vlagikoon|ARG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |- ! [[1955]] | {{vlagikoon|ARG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{vlagikoon|GER}} [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |- ! [[1954]] | {{vlagikoon|ARG}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Maserati]] |- ! [[1953]] | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} Alberto Ascari | {{vlagikoon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |} [[Kategorie:Formule Een Grands Prix]] nzb76rb91uv6g3au9veod24aybffbj9 0 104600 2913946 2493144 2026-06-26T10:07:56Z JackyM59 198437 Photograph update 2913946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:CathedralofLearningLawinWinter.jpg|duimnael|280px|'n Park wat in die winter met sneeu bedek is.]] [[Lêer:Fosse n° 1 - 3 des mines d'Azincourt (78051).jpg|duimnael|280x280px|Landskap van 'n winterdag op die ou mynterrein van die Saint-Robert-groef in Monchecourt, Frankryk]] '''Winter''' is een van die vier seisoene waarin die [[jaar]] verdeel word. Winter volg na [[herfs]] en kom voor die [[lente]]. Dit is die koudste tyd van die jaar. Gedurende die wintermaande is die [[dag|dae]] korter en die [[nag]]te langer (dit word vroeg donker). [[Meteorologie|Meteorologies gesproke]] val die maande [[Junie]], [[Julie]] en [[Augustus]] in die winter ([[Suidelike Halfrond]]). Terwyl dit winter in die Suidelike Halfrond is, is dit [[somer]] in die [[Noordelike Halfrond]]. [[Sterrekunde|Astronomies gesproke]] begin die winter egter met die [[wintersonstilstand]]. In die Suidelike Halfrond vind die wintersonstilstand gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Junie plaas. In die Noordelike Halfrond vind dit gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Desember plaas. Winter word met sneeu, ryp en snerpende koue geassosieer. Mense trek warmer aan en bly eerder binnenshuis om warm te bly. Sekere sportsoorte, soos [[ski]], kan net in die winter beoefen word. [[Bladwisselend|Bladwisselende plante]] verloor hulle [[blaar|blare]] in die herfs en het dus geen blare in die winter nie. Sommige [[dier]]e (soos [[beer|bere]]) hiberneer gedurende die winter, terwyl ander (soos sommige [[haas|hase]] en [[jakkals]]e) 'n dik pels ontwikkel om hulle teen die koue te beskerm. == Eksterne skakels == * {{Commonskat-inlyn|Winter}} * {{Wikt-inlyn|winter}} {{Saadjie}} {{Seisoene}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Winter| ]] 7z15s2ny0lui048k1uu7g5in4qlyosp 2913947 2913946 2026-06-26T10:09:51Z Oesjaar 7467 Rooi word blou! 2913947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:CathedralofLearningLawinWinter.jpg|duimnael|280px|'n Park wat in die winter met sneeu bedek is.]] [[Lêer:Fosse n° 1 - 3 des mines d'Azincourt (78051).jpg|duimnael|280x280px|Landskap van 'n winterdag op die ou mynterrein van die Saint-Robert-groef in Monchecourt, Frankryk]] '''Winter''' is een van die vier seisoene waarin die [[jaar]] verdeel word. Winter volg na [[herfs]] en kom voor die [[lente]]. Dit is die koudste tyd van die jaar. Gedurende die wintermaande is die [[dag|dae]] korter en die [[nag]]te langer (dit word vroeg donker). [[Meteorologie|Meteorologies gesproke]] val die maande [[Junie]], [[Julie]] en [[Augustus]] in die winter ([[Suidelike Halfrond]]). Terwyl dit winter in die Suidelike Halfrond is, is dit [[somer]] in die [[Noordelike Halfrond]]. [[Sterrekunde|Astronomies gesproke]] begin die winter egter met die [[wintersonstilstand]]. In die Suidelike Halfrond vind die wintersonstilstand gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Junie plaas. In die Noordelike Halfrond vind dit gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Desember plaas. Winter word met sneeu, ryp en snerpende koue geassosieer. Mense trek warmer aan en bly eerder binnenshuis om warm te bly. Sekere sportsoorte, soos [[ski]], kan net in die winter beoefen word. [[Bladwisselend|Bladwisselende plante]] verloor hulle [[blaar|blare]] in die herfs en het dus geen blare in die winter nie. Sommige [[dier]]e (soos [[beer|bere]]) hiberneer gedurende die winter, terwyl ander (soos sommige [[hase]] en [[jakkals]]e) 'n dik pels ontwikkel om hulle teen die koue te beskerm. == Eksterne skakels == * {{Commonskat-inlyn|Winter}} * {{Wikt-inlyn|winter}} {{Saadjie}} {{Seisoene}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Winter| ]] 4czv217b2zs4uaapbkr3nq44wekq53c 2913949 2913947 2026-06-26T10:10:50Z Oesjaar 7467 Skakel 2913949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:CathedralofLearningLawinWinter.jpg|duimnael|280px|'n Park wat in die winter met sneeu bedek is.]] [[Lêer:Fosse n° 1 - 3 des mines d'Azincourt (78051).jpg|duimnael|280x280px|Landskap van 'n winterdag op die ou mynterrein van die Saint-Robert-groef in Monchecourt, Frankryk]] '''Winter''' is een van die vier seisoene waarin die [[jaar]] verdeel word. Winter volg na [[herfs]] en kom voor die [[lente]]. Dit is die koudste tyd van die jaar. Gedurende die wintermaande is die [[dag|dae]] korter en die [[nag]]te langer (dit word vroeg donker). [[Meteorologie|Meteorologies gesproke]] val die maande [[Junie]], [[Julie]] en [[Augustus]] in die winter ([[Suidelike Halfrond]]). Terwyl dit winter in die Suidelike Halfrond is, is dit [[somer]] in die [[Noordelike Halfrond]]. [[Sterrekunde|Astronomies gesproke]] begin die winter egter met die [[wintersonstilstand]]. In die Suidelike Halfrond vind die wintersonstilstand gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Junie plaas. In die Noordelike Halfrond vind dit gewoonlik op 21 of 22 Desember plaas. Winter word met sneeu, ryp en snerpende koue geassosieer. Mense trek warmer aan en bly eerder binnenshuis om warm te bly. Sekere sportsoorte, soos [[ski]], kan net in die winter beoefen word. [[Bladwisselend|Bladwisselende plante]] verloor hulle [[blaar|blare]] in die herfs en het dus geen blare in die winter nie. Sommige [[dier]]e (soos [[beer|bere]]) [[Hibernasie|hiberneer]] gedurende die winter, terwyl ander (soos sommige [[hase]] en [[jakkals]]e) 'n dik pels ontwikkel om hulle teen die koue te beskerm. == Eksterne skakels == * {{Commonskat-inlyn|Winter}} * {{Wikt-inlyn|winter}} {{Saadjie}} {{Seisoene}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Winter| ]] 2wfyppl2l8tzng2h98wpp4wt5j4n5n6 0 106732 2913773 2895963 2026-06-25T16:48:23Z InternetArchiveBot 131157 Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2913773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Hawe | naam=Durban-hawe | beeld=Durban harbor.jpg | breedte=280px | onderskrif= | land=[[Suid-Afrika]] | ligging=[[Durban]] | skepe=4 500 handelsvaartuie | ton_vrag=80 miljoen | houers=2&nbsp;568&nbsp;124 TEU's (2012) | passasiers= | inkomste= | invoer= | uitvoer= | webtuiste=[http://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/OurPorts/Durban/Pages/Overview.aspx Transnet] }} [[Lêer:Durban, South Africa by Planet Labs, Port of Durban.jpg|duimnael|regs|285px|Satellietbeeld van die hawe en hawe-ingang]] Die '''Durban-hawe''' in [[Durban]], [[Suid-Afrika]], is die grootste en besigste [[hawe]] in [[Afrika]].<ref name="iss-shipping1">[http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf Inchcape Shipping Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064148/http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf |date=21 Oktober 2013 }} (pdf) URL besoek op 30 Januarie 2016</ref> Dit is strategies aan groot internasionale skeepsroetes geleë en is die land se grootste houerhawe.<ref name="iss-shipping1" /> Dit hanteer jaarliks tot 80&nbsp;miljoen ton vrag. Dit is die vierde grootste houerterminaal in die [[Suidelike Halfrond]]; dit het in 2012 altesaam 2&nbsp;568&nbsp;124 houers van sowat ses meter lank (TEU's) hanteer. == Statistiek == * Durban is die besigste hawe in Suid-Afrika en hanteer meer as 60% van die land se in- en uitvoer. * Dit is die tweede grootste houerhawe in Afrika (naas [[Port Said]] in [[Egipte]]). * Dit is die vierde grootste houerterminaal in die [[Suidelike Halfrond]]. * Die omtrek van die hawe is sowat 21&nbsp;km. * Daar is treinspore van sowat 302&nbsp;km. * Dit het meer as 58 ankerplekke wat deur meer as 20 operateurs beheer word. * Elke jaar doen sowat 4&nbsp;500 handelsvaartuie die hawe aan. * Die ingang is 19&nbsp;meter diep en 222&nbsp;m breed by sy smalste punt.<ref>[http://ports.co.za/durban-harbour.php Ports & Ships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127100640/http://ports.co.za/durban-harbour.php |date=27 November 2011 }} URL besoek op 30 Januarie 2016</ref> Die hawe is 24 uur per dag, sewe dae per week oop. Op openbare vakansiedae kan werkure egter beperk word. ==Lees ook== *[[CPPI-indeks]] *[[Maydon Wharf]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * Leverton, B.J.: The Romance of the Durban Harbour. In: Lantern. Tydskrif vir Kennis en Kultuur. Jaargang 13, nr. 3, Maart 1964 * [http://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/OurPorts/Durban/Pages/Overview.aspx Amptelike webtuiste] {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Port of Durban}} * [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Port of Durban|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Koördinate|29.8732|S|31.0245|O|aansig=titel}} [[Kategorie:Geboue en strukture in Durban]] [[Kategorie:Hawens in Suid-Afrika]] 6m9xdxm8lbk55dh72xu52gxx925397k 0 108540 2913919 2855312 2026-06-26T09:29:02Z Johanthan Jones 209999 Verwyder onbevestigde bewering teen Victor Couzyn — geen bron ooit verskaf nie. Hoofbron [5] (Die Burger) is sedert 2021 deur InternetArchiveBot as dooie skakel gemerk; geen argief of ander bevestiging gevind nie. 2913919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Outeur | naam = Dawie Couzyn | bynaam = | beeld = | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = | geboortenaam = Mauritz David Wilhelmus Couzyn | geboortedatum = [[27 Junie]] [[1925]] | geboorteplek = [[Pretoria]] | dood_datum = [[17 Junie]] [[2010]] | sterfteplek = [[Johannesburg]] | ouers = | titel = | nasionaliteit = [[Suid-Afrika]] | beroep = Sanger, skrywer | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | genre = | bekende_werke = | party = | godsdiens = | huweliksmaat = Eugenie Chopin-Couzyn | kinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} '''Dawie Couzyn''' (1925–2010) was 'n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[sanger]] en [[skrywer]]. Hy verwerf bekendheid as internasionale operasanger (bariton), maar keer in die 1970's op 'n permanente basis na Suid-Afrika terug. Hy was ’n solis van die Weense Kämmeroper en het gereeld aan programme van die [[BBC]] in [[Londen]] en Radio Wien deelgeneem. As skrywer is hy bekend vir sy digkuns. Hy het ook talle gewilde liedjies vir Afrikaanse kinders saam met die sopraan [[Doris Brasch]] opgeneem.<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids">HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, Desember 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}</ref> == Lewe en werk == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Mauritz David Wilhelmus (Dawie) Couzyn is op [[27 Junie]] [[1925]] in [[Pretoria]] gebore en matrikuleer op [[Pietersburg]].<ref>Pretorius, Danie C. ''Musieksterre van gister en vandag'' J.P. van der Walt, Pretoria. Eerste Uitgawe, 1998.</ref> === Sangloopbaan en musikale studies === Vir twaalf jaar lank is hy joernalis en hy stig selfs en is redakteur van die sosialistiese Afrikaanse tydskrif ''Die nuwe stem'' in [[Johannesburg]], wat tot niet gaan net voor die [[1948]] verkiesings. Gedurende hierdie tyd neem hy as bariton sangles in Pretoria by die bekende skrywer [[Stella Blakemore]] en later in Johannesburg onder Margaret Roux, [[Bruce Anderson]] en veral Olga Ryss. In 1948 neem hy vir die eerste keer deel aan opera uitvoerings en gaan dan in [[1955]] na [[Wene]] in [[Oostenryk]] waar hy verder studeer en in [[1957]] sy Meestersgraad in sang met lof aan die Staatsakademie für Musik und Darstellende Kunst aflê. Hy sit sy sangstudies hierna voort in [[Salzburg]] en [[Milaan]]. In hierdie tyd tree hy reeds op in programme op Radio Wien in Wenen, terwyl hy ook per geleentheid solis is by die Viennese Kameroper. In Junie 1957 maak hy sy buiging as professionele konsertsanger in die [[Royal Albert Hall|Albert Hall]] in [[Londen]]. Hierdie is die eerste van 'n reeks uitvoerings wat hy op die verhoog en oor die [[BBC]] in [[Engeland]] aanbied. In [[1959]] word hy die hoofbariton van die Landestheater in [[Salzburg]] en sing vanaf [[1964]] rolle vir die Salzburger Mozartoper op hulle uitgebreide jaarlikse toere deur [[Italië]], [[Frankryk]], [[Switserland]], [[Luxemburg]] en [[Duitsland]]. Intussen sit hy sy studies aan die Mozarteum voort en word onder Bernhard Paumgartner 'n spesialis in die operas van [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. Hy vertolk onder andere die rol van Figaro meer as honderd kere, die rol van Gugliemo uit ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' meer as sestig kere en Don Giovanni meer as twintig kere. Gedurende [[1969]] en [[1971]] gaan hy [[Amerika]] toe waar hy sewe baritonleierrolle vertolk. Vanaf Augustus 1971 is hy vir 'n jaar verbonde aan die Linz Opera<ref>S.A. Opera singers: http://saoperasingers.homestead.com/Dawie_Couzyn.html</ref> in Oostenryk. === Suid-Afrika === Sedert [[1960]] besoek hy [[Suid-Afrika]] gereeld elke jaar en tree op in produksies aangebied deur die streekskunsterade. Hy maak ook kommersiële opnames en sy opnames van ''Op my ou ramkietjie'', ''O, boereplaas'', ''Oom Bossie van die Bosveld'' en ''Huisie in die berge'' word groot treffers, terwyl hy ook saam met Doris Brasch bekendheid verwerf met die opnames van verskeie Afrikaanse kinderliedjies, insluitende ''[[Die Dapper Muis|Die dapper muis]]'', ''Sal jy dit glo?,'' ''Die olifant'', ''Almal dra 'n jas'' en ''Die krokodil''. Sy oorsese sangloopbaan kom in [[1974]] tot 'n einde wanneer hy aangestel word as hoof van die operaskool aan die Kollege vir Gevorderde Tegniese Onderwys in Pretoria. Hy bedank uit hierdie pos in [[1977]]. Hierna open hy sy eie sangskool<ref>Esat: http://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Dawie_Couzyn</ref> in Johannesburg en hy tree gereeld op in operas en operettes, hoofsaaklik in Suid-Afrika. In sy latere jare is hy ook operaregisseur, veral vir produksies deur Pro Musica in [[Roodepoort]], waar hy gereeld saamwerk met Weiss Doubell, gewese artistieke direkteur van Pro Musica. === Persoonlike lewe en sterfte === Op [[2 Oktober]] [[1989]] word hy in die landdroshof in [[Randburg]] tot twee jaar opgeskorte tronkstraf gevonnis asook 'n boete van R2000 of 'n jaar tronkstraf nadat hy skuld erken dat hy tussen [[1986]] en [[1988]] onsedelike dade<ref>Die Burger: http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1988/11/22/1/3.html{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> met 'n seun onder die ouderdom van sewentien jaar gepleeg het. Die seun was ten tyde van die voorvalle verbonde aan 'n koor en het by Couzyn se huis in Sandton spesiale sangklasse geneem. Sy tweede vrou, Eugenie Chopin-Couzyn, skei sowat 'n jaar na sy skuldigbevinding van hom. Hy bly die laaste jare van sy lewe in Observatory in Johannesburg. Op Donderdag, [[17 Junie]] [[2010]] is hy in die [[Charlotte Maxeke-hospitaal]] in [[Johannesburg]] oorlede<ref>Muller, Wayne. ''Bekende SA bariton sterf.'' Beeld, 19 Junie 2010.</ref> weens 'n besering wat hy opdoen nadat hy by sy huis in Observatory geval het.<ref>Kannemeyer, J.C. ''Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur 2''. Academica. Pretoria, Kaapstad en Johannesburg. Eerste uitgawe. Eerste druk, 1983.</ref> == Skryfwerk == Van sy gedigte word opgeneem<ref>Louw, W.E.G. ''Van die stiebeuel in die saal''. Standpunte. Jaargang 2, no. 1, 1946.</ref> in ''Stiebeuel'' in [[1946]], maar hy volg dit nie op met 'n selfstandige bundel nie. Sy gedig ''Diagonaalstraat'' word opgeneem in ''Groot verseboek'' en ook in ander versamelbundels soos ''Die Afrikaanse poësie in 'n duisend en enkele gedigte''. [[W.E.G. Louw]] prys die kleurryke,<ref>Thomas, Lize''. Outentieke kunstenaar Couzyn was so kleurvol soos sy stem.'' Beeld, 25 Junie 2010.</ref> impressionistiese siening in hierdie gedig. == Eerbewyse == Die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] vereer hom vir sy rol in die bevordering van Afrikaanse liedere, opera en operettes. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Couzyn, Dawie}} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse operasangers]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1925]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2010]] nwmnu5f7pegwtxwb3u0ukmq5xsdf608 2913937 2913919 2026-06-26T09:54:10Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Outeur | naam = Dawie Couzyn | bynaam = | beeld = | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = | geboortenaam = Mauritz David Wilhelmus Couzyn | geboortedatum = [[27 Junie]] [[1925]] | geboorteplek = [[Pretoria]] | dood_datum = {{SDEO|2010|6|17|1925|6|27|df=y}} | sterfteplek = [[Johannesburg]] | ouers = | titel = | nasionaliteit = [[Suid-Afrika]]ner | beroep = Sanger, skrywer | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | genre = | bekende_werke = | party = | godsdiens = | huweliksmaat = Eugenie Chopin-Couzyn | kinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} '''Dawie Couzyn''' (1925–2010) was 'n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[sanger]] en [[Afrikaanse skrywer|skrywer]]. Hy verwerf bekendheid as internasionale operasanger (bariton), maar keer in die 1970's op 'n permanente basis na Suid-Afrika terug. Hy was ’n solis van die Weense Kämmeroper en het gereeld aan programme van die [[BBC]] in [[Londen]] en Radio Wien deelgeneem. As skrywer is hy bekend vir sy digkuns. Hy het ook talle gewilde liedjies vir Afrikaanse kinders saam met die sopraan [[Doris Brasch]] opgeneem.<ref name="HAT Taal-en-feitegids">HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, Desember 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}</ref> == Lewe en werk == === Herkoms en vroeë lewe === Mauritz David Wilhelmus (Dawie) Couzyn is op [[27 Junie]] [[1925]] in [[Pretoria]] gebore en matrikuleer in [[Pietersburg]].<ref>Pretorius, Danie C. ''Musieksterre van gister en vandag'' J.P. van der Walt, Pretoria. Eerste Uitgawe, 1998.</ref> === Sangloopbaan en musikale studies === Vir twaalf jaar lank is hy joernalis en hy stig selfs en is redakteur van die sosialistiese Afrikaanse tydskrif ''Die nuwe stem'' in [[Johannesburg]], wat tot niet gaan net voor die [[1948]] verkiesings. Gedurende hierdie tyd neem hy as bariton sangles in Pretoria by die bekende skrywer [[Stella Blakemore]] en later in Johannesburg onder Margaret Roux, [[Bruce Anderson]] en veral Olga Ryss. In 1948 neem hy vir die eerste keer deel aan opera uitvoerings en gaan dan in 1955 na [[Wene]] in [[Oostenryk]] waar hy verder studeer en in 1957 sy Meestersgraad in sang met lof aan die Staatsakademie für Musik und Darstellende Kunst aflê. Hy sit sy sangstudies hierna voort in [[Salzburg]] en [[Milaan]]. In hierdie tyd tree hy reeds op in programme op Radio Wien in Wenen, terwyl hy ook per geleentheid solis is by die Viennese Kameroper. In Junie 1957 maak hy sy buiging as professionele konsertsanger in die [[Royal Albert Hall|Albert Hall]] in [[Londen]]. Hierdie is die eerste van 'n reeks uitvoerings wat hy op die verhoog en oor die [[BBC]] in Engeland aanbied. In 1959 word hy die hoofbariton van die Landestheater in [[Salzburg]] en sing vanaf [[1964]] rolle vir die Salzburger Mozartoper op hulle uitgebreide jaarlikse toere deur [[Italië]], [[Frankryk]], [[Switserland]], [[Luxemburg]] en [[Duitsland]]. Intussen sit hy sy studies aan die Mozarteum voort en word onder Bernhard Paumgartner 'n spesialis in die operas van [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. Hy vertolk onder andere die rol van Figaro meer as honderd kere, die rol van Gugliemo uit ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' meer as sestig kere en Don Giovanni meer as twintig kere. Gedurende 1969 en 1971 gaan hy [[Amerika]] toe waar hy sewe baritonleierrolle vertolk. Vanaf Augustus 1971 is hy vir 'n jaar verbonde aan die Linz Opera in Oostenryk.<ref>S.A. Opera singers: http://saoperasingers.homestead.com/Dawie_Couzyn.html</ref> === Suid-Afrika === Sedert 1960 besoek hy Suid-Afrika gereeld elke jaar en tree op in produksies aangebied deur die streekskunsterade. Hy maak ook kommersiële opnames en sy opnames van ''Op my ou ramkietjie'', ''O, boereplaas'', ''Oom Bossie van die Bosveld'' en ''Huisie in die berge'' word groot treffers, terwyl hy ook saam met Doris Brasch bekendheid verwerf met die opnames van verskeie Afrikaanse kinderliedjies, insluitende ''[[Die Dapper Muis]]'', ''Sal jy dit glo?,'' ''Die olifant'', ''Almal dra 'n jas'' en ''Die krokodil''. Sy oorsese sangloopbaan kom in 1974 tot 'n einde wanneer hy aangestel word as hoof van die operaskool aan die Kollege vir Gevorderde Tegniese Onderwys in Pretoria. Hy bedank uit hierdie pos in [[1977]]. Hierna open hy sy eie sangskool<ref>Esat: http://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Dawie_Couzyn</ref> in Johannesburg en hy tree gereeld op in operas en operettes, hoofsaaklik in Suid-Afrika. In sy latere jare is hy ook operaregisseur, veral vir produksies deur Pro Musica in [[Roodepoort]], waar hy gereeld saamwerk met Weiss Doubell, gewese artistieke direkteur van Pro Musica. === Persoonlike lewe en sterfte === Op 2 Oktober 1989 word hy in die landdroshof in [[Randburg]] tot twee jaar opgeskorte tronkstraf gevonnis asook 'n boete van R2000 of 'n jaar tronkstraf nadat hy skuld erken dat hy tussen 1986 en 1988 onsedelike dade<ref>Die Burger: http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1988/11/22/1/3.html{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> met 'n seun onder die ouderdom van sewentien jaar gepleeg het. Die seun was ten tyde van die voorvalle verbonde aan 'n koor en het by Couzyn se huis in Sandton spesiale sangklasse geneem. Sy tweede vrou, Eugenie Chopin-Couzyn, skei sowat 'n jaar na sy skuldigbevinding van hom. Hy bly die laaste jare van sy lewe in Observatory in Johannesburg. Op Donderdag, [[17 Junie]] [[2010]] is hy in die [[Charlotte Maxeke-hospitaal]] in [[Johannesburg]] oorlede<ref>Muller, Wayne. ''Bekende SA bariton sterf.'' Beeld, 19 Junie 2010.</ref> weens 'n besering wat hy opdoen nadat hy by sy huis in Observatory geval het.<ref>Kannemeyer, J.C. ''Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur 2''. Academica. Pretoria, Kaapstad en Johannesburg. Eerste uitgawe. Eerste druk, 1983.</ref> == Skryfwerk == Van sy gedigte word opgeneem<ref>Louw, W.E.G. ''Van die stiebeuel in die saal''. Standpunte. Jaargang 2, no. 1, 1946.</ref> in ''Stiebeuel'' in [[1946]], maar hy volg dit nie op met 'n selfstandige bundel nie. Sy gedig ''Diagonaalstraat'' word opgeneem in ''Groot verseboek'' en ook in ander versamelbundels soos ''Die Afrikaanse poësie in 'n duisend en enkele gedigte''. [[W.E.G. Louw]] prys die kleurryke,<ref>Thomas, Lize''. Outentieke kunstenaar Couzyn was so kleurvol soos sy stem.'' Beeld, 25 Junie 2010.</ref> impressionistiese siening in hierdie gedig. == Eerbewyse == Die [[Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging|ATKV]] vereer hom vir sy rol in die bevordering van Afrikaanse liedere, opera en operettes. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Couzyn, Dawie}} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse operasangers]] [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1925]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2010]] qhrn6sfi7js4dwvgpppki3wpmfktnwd 0 116640 2913926 2771286 2026-06-26T09:36:46Z ~2026-36779-03 210001 2913926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Maatskappy |naam = Swissquote Group Holding Ltd |kenteken = [[Lêer:Image014_Swissquote.png|220px]] |tipe = Aandelemaatskappy |stigting = 2000 |ligging_stad = Gland |ligging_land = [[Switserland]] |ligging = |liggings = |sleutelpersone = Marc Bürki <small>(hoof uitvoerende beampte)</small><br />Paolo Buzzi <small>(tegniese direkteur)</small><br />Michael Ploog <small>(finansiële hoof)</small> |gebied_bedien = Wêreldwyd |industrie = Finansiële dienste |produkte = |dienste = |inkomste = |bedryfsinkomste = |netto_inkomste = |getal_werknemers = 1448<small>(2025)</small> |ouer = |afdelings = |dogtermaatskappye = |slagspreuk = |tuisblad = [http://de.swissquote.com/ ''de.swissquote.com''] |ontbind = |voetnotas = |intl = yes }} Die '''Swissquote Group Holding S. A.''' is 'n [[Switserland|Switserse]] finansiële dienste-maatskappy wat in bankdienste en aanlyn-handel spesialiseer. Sy hoofsetel is in die dorp Gland, net buitekant die stad [[Genève]]. Soos op 31 Desember 2025 het Swissquote kliëntebates van CHF 88,7 miljard gerapporteer oor 750 089 kliënterekeninge en het 1 448 werknemers gehad.<ref name="report2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.swissquote.com/en/group/annual-report/2025|title=Swissquote Group Holding: ANNUAL REPORT 2025}}</ref> == Besigheidsveld == Die dienste wat aangebied word, sluit hoofsaaklik die elektroniese verhandeling van [[Aandeel|aandele]], beleggingsfondse, indeksfondse, [[Opsie (Finansies)|opsies]] en effekte in. Naas die verhandelings-funksies bied Swissquote ook bankrekeninge en beleggings-funksionaliteite vir individue, batebestuurders en korporatiewe kliënte. Op sy webblad stel die maatskappy aanlyn 'n verskeidenheid grafieke en mark-analise-gereedskap aan die publiek beskikbaar. Volgens die maatskappy se eie verklarings is die webblad/finansiële portaal van die maatskappy die mees gebruikte finansiële aanlyn-platform in Switserland. == Geskiedenis == Die maatskappy het sy oorsprong in die finansiële aanlyn-diens wat ''Marvel Communications S. A.'' in 1997 van stapel gestuur het. Oor hierdie aanlyn-diens is finansiële nuus, navorsingsverslae en pryse van gelyste aandele versprei ("Quotes"). Marvel Communications S. A. is in 1990 deur Marc Bürki en Paolo Buzzi gestig met die fokus om finansiële inligting-sagteware te ontwikkel. Sewe jaar later is op die webblad "swissquote.ch" vir die eerste keer die pryse van alle effekte wat op die SWX Swiss Exchange verhandel is, gratis en "eg-tyd" aan die publiek beskikbaar gestel. Deur die loop van die jaar 1999 word Swissquote Trade S. A. en Swissquote Info S. A. gestig, wat die operasionele aktiwiteite in verband met die swissquote.ch-projek oorneem. Die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerde Web-oplossings vir internet-kommunikasie en e-Besigheid het deel van Marvel Communications se operasionele besigheid gebly. In 2000 is die Swissquote Group Holding S. A. gestig, die houer-maatskappy van die ondernemings-groep. In Mei 2000 word die ondernemings-groep op die Switserse aandelebeurs SWX Swiss Exchange gelys en word die aandele sedertdien aktief in Switserland verhandel. In Oktober 2000 het Swissquote Bank wat toe nog in die registrasieproses was, die bank-lisensie van die Eidgenössische Bankenkommission (Switserse Federale Bank Kommissie) ontvang. In November 2000 is Swissquote in die Switserse Handelsregister geregistreer en in Mei 2001 het die bank sy bedrywighede begin. Die ondernemings-groep vereenvoudig sy besigheid-struktuur in 2002 en verkoop Marvel Communications S. A. aan sy bestuur. Die Swissquote Info S. A. word in Junie 2004 ontbind. Sedertdien bestaan die ondernemings-groep uit die Swissquote Group Holding S. A. en sy twee filiale Swissquote Bank en Swissquote Trade S. A. Op 4 Julie 2025 het Swissquote [[PostFinance|PostFinance]] se oorblywende 50% belang in Yuh verkry, wat sy aandeel van 50% tot 100% verhoog het en volle beheer oor die toepassing oorgeneem het. Die toepassing is in Mei 2021 as ’n 50/50 gesamentlike onderneming tussen die twee maatskappye geloods.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Swissquote Secures Full Ownership of Yuh After Four Years, Buying Out PostFinance's 50% Stake |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/swissquote-secures-full-ownership-of-yuh-after-four-years-buying-out-postfinances-50-stake/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=Finance Magnates}}</ref> Yuh se vorige uitvoerende hoof, Markus Schwab, het vroeg in Augustus 2025 bedank, en in November 2025 is Jan De Schepper, ’n lid van Swissquote se uitvoerende bestuur, as nuwe CEO van Yuh aangestel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fintechnews Switzerland |date=2025-11-04 |title=Swissquote Names Jan De Schepper as Yuh CEO |url=https://fintechnews.ch/roboadvisor_onlinewealth/jan-de-schepper-yuh-ceo/79063/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boughedda |first=Sam |date=2025-11-03 |title=Swissquote Appoints Jan De Schepper as New CEO of Yuh |url=https://www.leaprate.com/forex/executives/swissquote-appoints-jan-de-schepper-as-new-ceo-of-yuh/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Verkryging van MIG Bank == Swissquote Bank koop op 25 September 2013 100 persent van die MIG Bank. Deur die Verkryging van hierdie groot valuta-makelaar word Swissquote Bank een van die grootste verskaffers van valuta-dienste by die verhandeling van valuta. Die MIG Bank is met Swissquote Bank saamgesmelt.<ref>[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsnachrichten/swissquote-kauft-online-devisenhaendlerin-mig-1.18156391 Swissquote kauft Online-Devisenhändlerin MIG, NZZ vom 25.]</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.swissquote.ch/ Amptelike webwerf] * [http://www.swissquote.ch/sqw-group-resources/doc/pdf/presentation/presentation_2012_Q3_d.pdf 3de Kwartaal van 2012] (PDF; 903&nbsp;kB) * [http://www.swissquote.ch/sqw-group-resources/doc/pdf/press/press_release_25092013_d.pdf Pers verslag] (PDF; 37&nbsp;kB) [[Kategorie:Aandelebeurs]] [[Kategorie:Aandeleindeks]] [[Kategorie:Switserse maatskappye]] f74jw1hkf7hb0lrq9ns0clgq96kgpmp 2913928 2913926 2026-06-26T09:38:29Z ~2026-36779-03 210001 /* Geskiedenis */ 2913928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Maatskappy |naam = Swissquote Group Holding Ltd |kenteken = [[Lêer:Image014_Swissquote.png|220px]] |tipe = Aandelemaatskappy |stigting = 2000 |ligging_stad = Gland |ligging_land = [[Switserland]] |ligging = |liggings = |sleutelpersone = Marc Bürki <small>(hoof uitvoerende beampte)</small><br />Paolo Buzzi <small>(tegniese direkteur)</small><br />Michael Ploog <small>(finansiële hoof)</small> |gebied_bedien = Wêreldwyd |industrie = Finansiële dienste |produkte = |dienste = |inkomste = |bedryfsinkomste = |netto_inkomste = |getal_werknemers = 1448<small>(2025)</small> |ouer = |afdelings = |dogtermaatskappye = |slagspreuk = |tuisblad = [http://de.swissquote.com/ ''de.swissquote.com''] |ontbind = |voetnotas = |intl = yes }} Die '''Swissquote Group Holding S. A.''' is 'n [[Switserland|Switserse]] finansiële dienste-maatskappy wat in bankdienste en aanlyn-handel spesialiseer. Sy hoofsetel is in die dorp Gland, net buitekant die stad [[Genève]]. Soos op 31 Desember 2025 het Swissquote kliëntebates van CHF 88,7 miljard gerapporteer oor 750 089 kliënterekeninge en het 1 448 werknemers gehad.<ref name="report2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.swissquote.com/en/group/annual-report/2025|title=Swissquote Group Holding: ANNUAL REPORT 2025}}</ref> == Besigheidsveld == Die dienste wat aangebied word, sluit hoofsaaklik die elektroniese verhandeling van [[Aandeel|aandele]], beleggingsfondse, indeksfondse, [[Opsie (Finansies)|opsies]] en effekte in. Naas die verhandelings-funksies bied Swissquote ook bankrekeninge en beleggings-funksionaliteite vir individue, batebestuurders en korporatiewe kliënte. Op sy webblad stel die maatskappy aanlyn 'n verskeidenheid grafieke en mark-analise-gereedskap aan die publiek beskikbaar. Volgens die maatskappy se eie verklarings is die webblad/finansiële portaal van die maatskappy die mees gebruikte finansiële aanlyn-platform in Switserland. == Geskiedenis == Die maatskappy het sy oorsprong in die finansiële aanlyn-diens wat ''Marvel Communications S. A.'' in 1997 van stapel gestuur het. Oor hierdie aanlyn-diens is finansiële nuus, navorsingsverslae en pryse van gelyste aandele versprei ("Quotes"). Marvel Communications S. A. is in 1990 deur Marc Bürki en Paolo Buzzi gestig met die fokus om finansiële inligting-sagteware te ontwikkel. Sewe jaar later is op die webblad "swissquote.ch" vir die eerste keer die pryse van alle effekte wat op die SWX Swiss Exchange verhandel is, gratis en "eg-tyd" aan die publiek beskikbaar gestel. Deur die loop van die jaar 1999 word Swissquote Trade S. A. en Swissquote Info S. A. gestig, wat die operasionele aktiwiteite in verband met die swissquote.ch-projek oorneem. Die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerde Web-oplossings vir internet-kommunikasie en e-Besigheid het deel van Marvel Communications se operasionele besigheid gebly. In 2000 is die Swissquote Group Holding S. A. gestig, die houer-maatskappy van die ondernemings-groep. In Mei 2000 word die ondernemings-groep op die Switserse aandelebeurs SWX Swiss Exchange gelys en word die aandele sedertdien aktief in Switserland verhandel. In Oktober 2000 het Swissquote Bank wat toe nog in die registrasieproses was, die bank-lisensie van die Eidgenössische Bankenkommission (Switserse Federale Bank Kommissie) ontvang. In November 2000 is Swissquote in die Switserse Handelsregister geregistreer en in Mei 2001 het die bank sy bedrywighede begin. Die ondernemings-groep vereenvoudig sy besigheid-struktuur in 2002 en verkoop Marvel Communications S. A. aan sy bestuur. Die Swissquote Info S. A. word in Junie 2004 ontbind. Sedertdien bestaan die ondernemings-groep uit die Swissquote Group Holding S. A. en sy twee filiale Swissquote Bank en Swissquote Trade S. A. Op 4 Julie 2025 het Swissquote [[PostFinance|PostFinance]] se oorblywende 50% belang in Yuh verkry, wat sy aandeel van 50% tot 100% verhoog het en volle beheer oor die toepassing oorgeneem het. Die toepassing is in Mei 2021 as ’n 50/50 gesamentlike onderneming tussen die twee maatskappye geloods.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Swissquote Secures Full Ownership of Yuh After Four Years, Buying Out PostFinance's 50% Stake |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/swissquote-secures-full-ownership-of-yuh-after-four-years-buying-out-postfinances-50-stake/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=Finance Magnates}}</ref> Yuh se vorige uitvoerende hoof, Markus Schwab, het vroeg in Augustus 2025 bedank, en in November 2025 is Jan De Schepper, ’n lid van Swissquote se uitvoerende bestuur, as nuwe CEO van Yuh aangestel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fintechnews Switzerland |date=2025-11-04 |title=Swissquote Names Jan De Schepper as Yuh CEO |url=https://fintechnews.ch/roboadvisor_onlinewealth/jan-de-schepper-yuh-ceo/79063/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boughedda |first=Sam |date=2025-11-03 |title=Swissquote Appoints Jan De Schepper as New CEO of Yuh |url=https://www.leaprate.com/forex/executives/swissquote-appoints-jan-de-schepper-as-new-ceo-of-yuh/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> Op 4 Julie 2025 het Swissquote [[PostFinance|PostFinance]] se oorblywende 50% belang in Yuh verkry, wat sy aandeel van 50% tot 100% verhoog het en volle beheer oor die toepassing oorgeneem het. Die toepassing is in Mei 2021 as ’n 50/50 gesamentlike onderneming tussen die twee maatskappye geloods.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Swissquote Secures Full Ownership of Yuh After Four Years, Buying Out PostFinance's 50% Stake |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/swissquote-secures-full-ownership-of-yuh-after-four-years-buying-out-postfinances-50-stake/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=Finance Magnates}}</ref> Die transaksie het die 50%-belang op CHF 90 miljoen gewaardeer, wat ’n totale waardasie van CHF 180 miljoen impliseer het. ’n Deel van die betaling is in Swissquote-tesourieaandele vereffen, wat PostFinance se belang in Swissquote vergroot het.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Swiss online bank Swissquote acquires full ownership of Yuh finance app in CHF 180m deal |url=https://www.mainsights.io/ma-news/swiss-online-bank-swissquote-acquires-full-ownership-of-yuh-finance-app-in-chf-180m-deal |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=M&A Insights}}</ref> Yuh se vorige uitvoerende hoof, Markus Schwab, het vroeg in Augustus 2025 bedank, en in November 2025 is Jan De Schepper, ’n lid van Swissquote se uitvoerende bestuur, as nuwe CEO van Yuh aangestel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fintechnews Switzerland |date=2025-11-04 |title=Swissquote Names Jan De Schepper as Yuh CEO |url=https://fintechnews.ch/roboadvisor_onlinewealth/jan-de-schepper-yuh-ceo/79063/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boughedda |first=Sam |date=2025-11-03 |title=Swissquote Appoints Jan De Schepper as New CEO of Yuh |url=https://www.leaprate.com/forex/executives/swissquote-appoints-jan-de-schepper-as-new-ceo-of-yuh/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> In Januarie 2026 het Yuh ’n vierjaar-ooreenkoms aangekondig om die hoofborg van [[BSC Young Boys]] se mans-eerstespan te word vanaf die 2026/27-seisoen, tot en met die somer van 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=Yuh becomes main partner of BSC Young Boys from 2026 |url=https://fintechnews.ch/fintech/yuh-main-partner-bsc-young-boys-2026/81692/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=BSC Young Boys mit neuem Hauptsponsor |url=https://www.persoenlich.com/marketing/bsc-young-boys-mit-neuem-hauptsponsor |language=de |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=After Taking Full Control of Yuh, Swissquote Brings the App to Young Boys' Shirts |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/after-taking-full-control-of-yuh-swissquote-brings-the-app-to-young-boys-shirts/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Verkryging van MIG Bank == Swissquote Bank koop op 25 September 2013 100 persent van die MIG Bank. Deur die Verkryging van hierdie groot valuta-makelaar word Swissquote Bank een van die grootste verskaffers van valuta-dienste by die verhandeling van valuta. Die MIG Bank is met Swissquote Bank saamgesmelt.<ref>[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsnachrichten/swissquote-kauft-online-devisenhaendlerin-mig-1.18156391 Swissquote kauft Online-Devisenhändlerin MIG, NZZ vom 25.]</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.swissquote.ch/ Amptelike webwerf] * [http://www.swissquote.ch/sqw-group-resources/doc/pdf/presentation/presentation_2012_Q3_d.pdf 3de Kwartaal van 2012] (PDF; 903&nbsp;kB) * [http://www.swissquote.ch/sqw-group-resources/doc/pdf/press/press_release_25092013_d.pdf Pers verslag] (PDF; 37&nbsp;kB) [[Kategorie:Aandelebeurs]] [[Kategorie:Aandeleindeks]] [[Kategorie:Switserse maatskappye]] obma106z9thy4fywn7d8oxtj61ny4al 0 118762 2913727 2704189 2026-06-25T12:17:03Z JMK 649 ligging 2913727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Nedersetting |amptelike_naam=Andhra Pradesh |ander_naam= |inheemse_naam=ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ <small>([[Telugu]])</small> |nedersetting_tipe=[[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|Deelstaat]] |bynaam= |slagspreuk=''Satyameva Jayate''<br /><small>''([[Hindi]] vir: "Die waarheid alleen triomfeer")''</small><br />Volkslied: ''Maa Telugu Thalliki''<br /><small>''([[Sanskrit]] vir: "Aan ons moeder Telugu")''</small> |translit_taal1= |translit_taal1_tipe= |translit_taal1_inligting= |translit_taal2= |translit_taal2_tipe= |translit_taal2_inligting= |beeld_stadsilhoeët=Andhra Pradesh Montage.png |beeldgrootte= |beeldbyskrif=Besienswaardighede in Andhra Pradesh |beeld_vlag= |vlaggrootte=100px |vlagskakel= |beeld_seël= |seëlskakel= |seëlgrootte= |beeld_skild= |skildskakel= |skildgrootte=80px |beeld_leë_embleem= |leë_embleemtipe= |leë_embleemgrootte= |leë_embleemskakel= |beeld_kaart=Andhra Pradesh in India (disputed hatched).svg |kaartgrootte=220px |kaartbyskrif=Ligging van Andhra Pradesh in Indië |beeld_kaart1= |kaartgrootte1= |kaartbyskrif1= |beeld_punt_kaart= |puntkaartgrootte= |puntkaartbyskrif= |punt-x= |punt-y= |duimdrukkerkaart= |duimdrukkeretiketposisie=bokant |duimdrukkerkaartgrootte= |duimdrukkerkaartbyskrif= |onderafdelingtipe=[[Land]] |onderafdelingnaam={{vlag|Indië}} |onderafdelingtipe1=Hoofstad |onderafdelingtipe2=Grootste stad |onderafdelingtipe3= |onderafdelingtipe4= |onderafdelingnaam1= <br />[[Visakhapatnam]] |onderafdelingnaam2=[[Visakhapatnam]] |onderafdelingnaam3= |onderafdelingnaam4= |regeringvoetnotas= |regeringstipe=Regering van Andhra Pradesh |leiertitel=Goewerneur |leiernaam=S. Abdul Nazeer |leiertitel1=Hoofminister |leiertitel2= |leiertitel3= |leiertitel4= |leiernaam1=Chandra Babu Naidu (TDP) |leiernaam2= |leiernaam3= |leiernaam4= |stigtingstitel=Gestig op |stigtingsdatum=1 November 1956<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/oct/22/government-to-resume-andhra-pradesh-formation-day-celebration-on-november-1-2051075.html |title=Government to resume Andhra Pradesh Formation Day celebration on November 1 |publisher=The New Indian Express |accessdate=2 Augustus 2020}}</ref> |stigtingstitel2= |stigtingsdatum2= |stigtingstitel3= |stigtingsdatum3= |eenheidvoorkeur= |oppervlakvoetnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=30 |title=AP at a Glance |publisher=Regering van Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=31 Mei 2019 |archive-date=21 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221132152/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |oppervlakgroottes= |oppervlak_totaal_km2=162970 |oppervlak_land_km2= |oppervlak_water_km2= |oppervlak_totaal_myl2=62920 |oppervlak_land_myl2= |oppervlak_water_myl2= |oppervlak_water_persent= |oppervlak_stedelik_km2= |oppervlak_stedelik_myl2= |oppervlak_metro_km2= |oppervlak_metro_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg1_titel= |oppervlak_leeg1_km2= |oppervlak_leeg1_myl2= |oppervlak_leeg2_titel= |oppervlak_leeg2_km2= |oppervlak_leeg2_myl2= |hoogtevoetnotas= |hoogte_m= |hoogte_voet= |koördinaattipe= |koördinate={{Koördinate|16|30|0|N|80|38|24|O|aansig=inlyn,titel}} |bevolking_soos_op=2011 |bevolkingnotas=<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |title=Demography |publisher=Regering van Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=10 Junie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archive-date=14 Julie 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |bevolking_totaal=49577103 |bevolkingsdigtheid_km2=308 |bevolkingsdigtheid_myl2=800 |bevolking_metro= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_metro_myl2= |bevolking_stedelik= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_stedelik_myl2= |bevolking_leeg1_titel=Rang |bevolking_leeg1=10de |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg1_myl2= |bevolking_leeg2_titel= |bevolking_leeg2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_km2= |bevolkingsdigtheid_leeg2_myl2= |bevolkingnota= |tydsone=IST |utcafset=+05:30 |tydsone_DST= |uctafset_DST= |poskodetipe= |poskode= |skakelkode= |leë_naam=[[Amptelike taal|Amptelike tale]] |leë_inligting=[[Telugu]] |leë1_naam= |leë1_inligting= |leë2_naam= |leë2_inligting= |leë3_naam= |leë3_inligting= |voetnotas= |webwerf=[http://www.ap.gov.in/ www.ap.gov.in] }} '''Andhra Pradesh''' ([[Telugu]]: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ ''Āndhra Pradēś'' [ˈɑːndʰrʌ prʌˈdeːɕ] {{Audio|Andhra pradesh.ogg|luister}}, [[Sanskrit]] vir: "land van die Andhra"; Andhra was 'n volk in antieke Indië) is 'n [[Federale staatsvorm van Indië|deelstaat]] in sentraaloostelike [[Indië]], aan die [[Golf van Bengale]]. Van die ander groot stede is [[Vijayawada]] en [[Visakhapatnam]]. Die deelstaad se geografie word gekenmerk deur die [[Oos-Ghats]], asook die twee riviere [[Godavari]] en [[Krisjna (rivier)|Krisjna]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Andhra Pradesh}} * {{en}} [http://www.ap.gov.in/ Amptelike webwerf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803065156/http://www.ap.gov.in/ |date= 3 Augustus 2017 }} * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh|title=Andhra Pradesh|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=22 Maart 2021}} {{Indiësaadjie}} {{Navigasie indeling Indië}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Andhra Pradesh| ]] npljk6txskiwb5vo0c3cs8gbvjr6p5a 0 121888 2913820 2909277 2026-06-25T20:03:43Z Gretzs 79492 2913820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Braai broodjies.jpg|duimnael]] 'n '''Braaibroodjie''' is 'n [[brood]]jie wat op die kole tydens 'n [[braai]] gerooster word.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getaway.co.za/food/how-to-make-perfect-braaibroodjies/ |title=How to make the perfect braaibroodjies |publisher=getaway.co.za |access-date=3 Junie 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806183334/http://www.getaway.co.za/food/how-to-make-perfect-braaibroodjies/ |archive-date= 6 Augustus 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Die tradisionele braaibroodjie word met twee snye brood, met ‘n vulsel van gerasperde [[kaas]], snye [[tamatie]]s, [[ui]]e, [[tafelsout|sout]], [[peper]] en appelkoos[[konfyt]] gemaak. [[Blatjang]] word ook dikwels as ‘n addisionele smaakmiddel op die brood gesmeer. Die broodsnye word vooraf aan die buitekant ge[[botter]] om te verseker dat die braaibroodjie ‘n aantreklike goudbruin kleur het nadat dit oor die kole gebraai is. Braaibroodjies word gewoonlik as ‘n bykos saam met braaivleis geëet. == Aanpassings == Die Afrikaner-sanger-liedjieskrywer [[Ziané Saayman]] het in 2025 'n liedjie oor die kombuis vrygestel, getiteld "Die Braaibroodjie Reël". == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Saadjie}} [[Kategorie:Braai]] [[Kategorie:Brode]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse kookkuns]] 8lwbtqk2ljz7ppenab1c78vxgumhfg8 0 126074 2913847 2913579 2026-06-25T22:15:07Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk, nog besig 2913847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sportnuus}} {{Inligtingskas internasionale sokkerkompetisie | titel = FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbeker | jaar = 2026 | bo = 2026 FIFA World Cup {{en}}<br />Copa Mundial de Fútbol 2026 {{es}}<br />Coupe du monde de football de 2026 {{fr}} | beeld = 2026 FIFA World Cup emblem.svg | grootte = 175px | onderskrif = | land = Kanada | land-vlagpar = | land2 = Meksiko | land2-vlagpar = | land3 = Verenigde State | land3-vlagpar = | stad = | datums = 11 Junie – 19 Julie | konfederasies = 6 | num_spanne = 48 | stadions = 16 | stede = 16 | kampioen = | aantal = | tweede = | derde = | vierde = | wedstryde = 56 | doele = 166 | bywoning = 3605357 | top_puntemaker = {{vlagikoon|Argentinië}} [[Lionel Messi]] (5) | speler = | vorige = [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]] | volgende = [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2030|2030]] }} Die 23ste '''[[FIFA]] [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker]]toernooi''' ([[Engels]]: ''2026 FIFA World Cup''; [[Spaans]]: ''Copa Mundial de Fútbol 2026''; [[Frans]]: ''Coupe du monde de football de 2026'') word van 11 Junie tot 19 Julie 2026 in [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]] en die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] beslis.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/sports/world-cup/fifa-2026-vote-north-america-morocco.html |title=World Cup 2026: United States, Canada and Mexico Win FIFA Vote |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 Junie 2018 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> FIFA het op 13 Junie 2018, net voor die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018]] in [[Rusland]], die gasheerlande aangekondig. Dit is die eerste toernooi wat deur drie lande saam aangebied word. Daarbenewens is dit die vierde toernooi in [[Noord-Amerika]], die eerste in Kanada, die tweede in die Verenigde State ná die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1994|1994-toernooi]], asook die derde in Meksiko ná die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970-]] en [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986-toernooie]]. Kandidate vir gasheer was [[Marokko]] asook die gemeenskaplike Noord-Amerikaanse bod.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=5/news=fifa-congress-confirms-next-steps-of-the-bidding-process-for-the-2026--2883665.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_news_top |title=FIFA Congress confirms next steps of the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=11 Mei 2017 |accessdate=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915095957/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=5/news=fifa-congress-confirms-next-steps-of-the-bidding-process-for-the-2026--2883665.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_news_top |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Lêer:FIFA World Cup Icon (Campionato mondiale di calcio).svg|duimnael|links|upright|Die Sokker-Wêreldbekertrofee waarom meegeding word]] Die toernooi word vir die eerste keer deur 48 nasionale spanne beslis, waaronder dié van die drie gasheerlande.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=1/news=fifa-council-unanimously-decides-on-expansion-of-the-fifa-world-cuptm--2863100.html |title=Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup™ to 48 teams from 2026 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=10 Januarie 2017 |accessdate=11 Desember 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211213938/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2017/m=1/news=fifa-council-unanimously-decides-on-expansion-of-the-fifa-world-cuptm--2863100.html |archive-date=11 Desember 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Die spanne is in twaalf groepe van vier elk verdeel, waarvan die twee beste spanne van elke groep en die agt beste derdeplek-spanne na die 16de eindrondte deurdring. Altesaam 104 wedstryde word gespeel, waarvan 78 in die Verenigde State en 13 elk in Kanada en Meksiko.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/world-cup-2026-schedule-announcement-live-updates-final/r7oDr4oG9qK4/ |title=World Cup 2026 schedule announcement live updates: Latest as FIFA selects host city for final |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |author=Dominski Michael |date=4 Februarie 2024 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 is die langste toernooi volgens beide aantal deelnemende spanne en wedstryde. Die nasionale sokkerspanne van [[Curaçao]], [[Kaap Verde]], [[Jordanië]] en [[Oesbekistan]] neem vir die eerste keer aan 'n Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi deel.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c79ve0qzy9go |title=Who are the 2026 World Cup debutants? |publisher=[[BBC]] |author=Gary Rose |date=5 Desember 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> [[Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Suid-Afrika]] neem vir die eerste keer sedert 2010 weer aan 'n Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi deel. == Toewysing == [[Lêer:Mapa Candidaturas Mundial Fútbol 2026.png|duimnael|400px| {{sleutel|red|Kandidaat vir 2026}} {{sleutel|#a244ff|Gekanselleerde bod}} {{sleutel|#ff6600|Onverkiesbaar vir 2026}}]] [[Lêer:2026 world cup bid election.png|duimnael|400px|FIFA-lede en hul stemme vir die kandidate: {| ! Toegelaat om te stem !! Onbevoeg om te stem |- |{{sleutel|#867650|Stem vir die Verenigde bod}}||{{sleutel|#FFBD41|Kanada-Meksiko-Verenigde State}} |- |{{sleutel|#2770AB|Stem vir die Marokkaanse bod}}||{{sleutel|#55208D|Marokko}} |- |{{sleutel|#008E2A|Neutraal}}||{{sleutel|#000000|Geskors}} |- |{{sleutel|#B32A2F|Onthouding}}||{{sleutel|#C1C1C1|Nie 'n geassosieerde FIFA-lid}} |}]] Volgens FIFA se beleid mag net al om die derde toernooi deur dieselfde kontinentale beheerliggaam aangebied word. Lande van [[AFC]] en [[UEFA]] was dus onverkiesbaar vir 2026, omdat die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018-toernooi]] aan [[Rusland]] en die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022-toernooi]] aan [[Katar]] toegewys is.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7067187.stm |title=Fifa abandons World Cup rotation |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=29 Oktober 2007 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Kanada, Meksiko en die Verenigde State is op 13 Junie 2018 in [[Moskou]] deur FIFA gekies as die gasheerlande vir die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026. Die enigste ander kandidaatland was Marokko. Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 is een van vyf groot internasionale sporttoernooie wat die Verenigde State binne een dekade aanbied, saam met die [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2024]] (saam met [[Wes-Indië]]), die [[Olimpiese Somerspele 2028]], die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2031]] en die [[Vrouerugbywêreldbeker 2033]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.wpp.com/en/wpp-iq/2022/09/helping-sports-to-cross-the-atlantic |title=Helping sports to cross the Atlantic |publisher=WPP |author=Dominic Grainger |date=30 September 2022 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://lastwordonsports.com/rugby/2022/05/12/usa-rugby-2033-womens-rugby-2031-rugby-world-cup-hosts/ |title=USA Rugby: 2033 Women’s Rugby and 2031 Rugby World Cup Hosts |publisher=Last Word On Sports |author=Raheem Bashir |date=12 Mei 2022 |accessdate=7 Januarie 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107190038/https://lastwordonsports.com/rugby/2022/05/12/usa-rugby-2033-womens-rugby-2031-rugby-world-cup-hosts/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2024 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cityam.com/us-and-mexico-launch-bid-for-2027-football-womens-world-cup/ |title=US and Mexico launch bid for 2027 football Women’s World Cup |publisher=City A.M. |author=Matt Hardy |date=20 April 2023 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die stemming het as volg verloop: {|class="wikitable collapsible" ! colspan="7" | Stemming vir gasheer van die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/77948410df016fb/original/vpnl19m2xr8zk50mnor3-pdf.pdf |title=Voting Results for the 2026 FIFA World Cup |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=13 Junie 2018 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> |- ! Land | style="background:silver;" | '''Rondte 1''' |- | {{vlagland|Kanada}}, {{vlagland|Meksiko}}, {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} || style="text-align:center;" | '''134''' |- | {{vlagland|Marokko}} || style="text-align:center;" | 65 |} == Kwalifisering == Die gashere Kanada, Meksiko en die Verenigde State se spanne het regstreeks vir die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 gekwalifiseer. Van die 45 oorblywende plekke was 16 vir [[UEFA]] ([[Europa]]) gereserveer, nege vir [[CAF]] ([[Afrika]]), agt vir [[AFC]] ([[Asië]]), ses vir [[CONMEBOL]] ([[Suid-Amerika]]), drie vir [[CONCACAF]] ([[Karibiese gebied]], [[Noord-Amerika|Noord]]- en [[Sentraal-Amerika]]) en een vir [[OFC]] ([[Oseanië]]). Twee plekke is tydens uitspeelwedstryde tussen Afrika en Noord-/Sentraal-Amerika en tussen Suid-Amerika en Oseanië beslis. Die kontinentale kwalifiseringswedstryde is tussen 7 September 2023 en 31 Maart 2026 beslis. Weens die [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022|voortgesette Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022]] het [[Rusland]] se skorsing deur beide [[FIFA]] en UEFA bly voortbestaan.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c4gry9zp412o |title=Why are Russia still playing international football despite ban? |publisher=[[BBC]] |author=Daniel Austin |date=6 Junie 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Vir die eerste keer neem agt [[Arabiere|Arabiese]] lande ([[Algerië]], [[Egipte]], [[Irak]], [[Jordanië]], [[Katar]], [[Marokko]], [[Saoedi-Arabië]] en [[Tunisië]]) aan dieselfde Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi deel.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://sana.sy/en/sport/2307218/ |title=Eight Arab teams make history at the 2026 World Cup |publisher=Syrian Arab News Agency |date=1 April 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Noemenswaardige lande wat nie gekwalifiseer het nie sluit in die viermalige wêreldbekerwenner [[Italië]], [[Denemarke]], [[Kameroen]], [[Nigerië]] en [[Pole]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://supersport.com/football/news/9d3ac852-85ce-4a3a-839b-08f9774070d0/top-five-giants-who-will-miss-the-2026-fifa-world-cup |title=Top five giants who will miss the 2026 FIFA World Cup |publisher=[[SuperSport]] |date=1 April 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> === Kwalifiserende spanne === Die volgende 48 spanne het vir die hooftoernooi gekwalifiseer:<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/world-cup-2026-who-has-qualified |title=Qualified teams for the FIFA World Cup 26 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=18 November 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:2026 world cup qualification map.svg|duimnael|400px|Uitslag van die kwalifisering: {{sleutel|#cccccc|Nie ’n geassosieerde lid van FIFA nie}} {{sleutel|#000000|Land het homself onttrek of is geskors}} {{sleutel|#ffcc00|Land het nie gekwalifiseer nie}} {{sleutel|#2ad4ff|Land neem aan die kwalifisering deel}} {{sleutel|#0000ff|Land het gekwalifiseer}}]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !width=165|Span !width=80|Verskynings by eindstryde !width=50|Agtereen-volgende deelnames !width=80|Laaste verskyning !width=80|Vorige beste prestasie |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Algerië}} |5de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Argentinië}} |19de||14||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Australië}} |7de||6||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|België}} |15de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Brasilië}} |23ste||23||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1962|1962]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1994|1994]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Colombia}} |7de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Curaçao}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Duitsland}} |21ste||19||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990|1990]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Ecuador}} |5de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Egipte}} |4de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1934|1934]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990|1990]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Engeland}} |17de||8||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Frankryk}} |17de||8||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Ghana}} |5de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Haïti}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Irak}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Iran}} |7de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}} |4de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2014|2014]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Japan}} |8ste||8||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Jordanië}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Kaap Verde}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Kanada}} |3de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Katar}} |2de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagikoon|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo|DR Kongo]] |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Kroasië}} |7de||4||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Naaswenner <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Marokko}} |7de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Vierde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Meksiko}} |18de||9||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970|1970]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Nederland}} |12de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Naaswenner <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} |3de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Noorweë}} |4de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Oesbekistan}} |1ste||1||–||Debuut |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Oostenryk}} |9de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Panama}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Paraguay}} |9de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Portugal}} |9de||7||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966|1966]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}} |7de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Agtste eindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1994|1994]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Senegal}} |4de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Skotland}} |10de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1982|1982]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986|1986]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990|1990]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Spanje}} |17de||13||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} |4de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010|2010]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} |12de||11||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Vierde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Swede}} |13de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]]||Naaswenner <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1958|1958]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Switserland}} |13de||6||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Kwarteindrondte <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1934|1934]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1938|1938]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1954|1954]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Tsjeggië}} |9de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]]||Naaswenner <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1934|1934]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1962|1962]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Tunisië}} |7de||3||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Groepfase <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1978|1978]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1998|1998]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006|2006]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018|2018]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Turkye}} |2de||1||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2002|2002]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} |15de||5||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||'''Kampioen''' <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1930|1930]], [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1950|1950]])</small> |- |align="left"|{{vlagland|Verenigde State}} |12de||2||[[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2022|2022]]||Derde plek <small>([[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1930|1930]])</small> |} == Stadions == Die 104 wedstryde word op die volgende 16 stadions gespeel, waarvan twee in Kanada, drie in Meksiko en elf in die Verenigde State:<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2026-full-list-stadiums-mexico-canada-usa |title=FIFA World Cup 2026: Full list of stadiums for the men's event in Canada, Mexico, and the United States |publisher=[[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] |author=Sebastian Mikkelsen |date=28 September 2023 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! {{vlagikoon|Meksiko}} [[Meksikostad]]<ref name="bid_cities">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/3c077448dcd5c0ab/original/w3yjeu7dadt5erw26wmu-pdf.pdf |title=United 2026 bid book |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[New York]]/[[New Jersey]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Dallas]]–[[Fort Worth]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Kansas City]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> |- | [[Azteca-stadion]]<br />'''(Estadio Banorte)'''<br /> | [[MetLife-stadion]]<br />'''(New York/New Jersey-stadion)'''<br /><small>([[East Rutherford]])</small> | [[AT&T-stadion]]<br />'''(Dallas-stadion)'''<br /><small>([[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]])</small> | [[Arrowhead-stadion]]<br />'''(Kansas City-stadion)''' |- | <small>{{Koördinate|19|18|11|N|99|9|2|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Azteca-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|40|48|48.7|N|74|4|27.7|W|aansig=inlyn|name=MetLife-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|32|44|52|N|97|5|34|W|aansig=inlyn|name=AT&T-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|39|2|56|N|94|29|2|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Arrowhead-stadion}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''83&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/world-cup-2026-stadiums-fifa-soccer-football-mexico-usa-canada |title=The FIFA World Cup 26™ stadiums |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=15 Julie 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | Kapasiteit: '''82&nbsp;500'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''94&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''73&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> |- | [[Lêer:Vista aérea del Estadio Azteca - 2026 - 02.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Copa America game between Columbia vs Peru at the MetLife Stadium.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Cowboys stadium inside view 4.JPG|200px]] | [[Lêer:25 July 2010 Kansas City Wizards vs Manchester United friendly.jpg|200px]] |- ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Houston]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Atlanta]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Los Angeles]]<ref name="bid_cities" /><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.lasec.net/los-angeles-2026/ |title=Los Angeles 2026 |publisher=Los Angeles Sports & Entertainment Commission |accessdate=29 Junie 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629172852/https://www.lasec.net/los-angeles-2026/ |archive-date=29 Junie 2021 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Philadelphia]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> |- | [[NRG-stadion]]<br />'''(Houston-stadion)''' | [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]]<br />'''(Atlanta-stadion)''' | [[SoFi-stadion]]<br />'''(Los Angeles-stadion)'''<br /><small>([[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]])</small> | [[Lincoln Financial Field]]<br />'''(Philadelphia-stadion)''' |- | <small>{{Koördinate|29|41|5|N|95|24|39|W|aansig=inlyn|name=NRG-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|33|45|20|N|84|24|0|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Mercedes-Benz-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|33|57|10.8|N|118|20|20.4|W|aansig=inlyn|name=SoFi-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|39|54|3|N|75|10|3|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Lincoln Financial Field}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''72&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''75&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''70&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''69&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> |- | [[Lêer:USA vs Argentina (Moments before Messi kicked a goal - color).jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:2017 Orlando City at Atlanta United MLS Game.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:SoFi Stadium interior 2021.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:United States v Paraguay, Copa América Centenario (cropped).jpg|200px]] |- ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Seattle]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[San Francisco]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Boston]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Verenigde State}} [[Miami]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> |- | [[Lumen Field]]<br />'''(Seattle-stadion)''' | [[Levi's-stadion]]<br />'''(San Franciscobaaigebiedstadion)'''<br /><small>([[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]])</small> | [[Gillette-stadion]]<br />'''(Boston-stadion)'''<br /><small>([[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]])</small> | [[Hard Rock-stadion]]<br />'''(Miami-stadion)'''<br /><small>([[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]])</small> |- | <small>{{Koördinate|47|35|42.72|N|122|19|53.76|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Lumen Field}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|37|24|10.8|N|121|58|12|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Levi's-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|42|5|27.6|N|71|15|50.4|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Gillette-stadion}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|25|57|29|N|80|14|20|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Hard Rock-stadion}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''69&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''71&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''65&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''65&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> |- | [[Lêer:2022 CONCACAF Champions League Final - View from southeast end.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Entering Levi's Stadium.JPG|200px]] | [[Lêer:New England Revolution Game; 7.06.2013; 745pm.JPG|200px]] | [[Lêer:Hard Rock Stadium 2017 2.jpg|200px]] |- ! {{vlagikoon|Kanada}} [[Vancouver]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/media-releases/update-on-fifa-world-cup-2026-candidate-host-city-process |title=Update on FIFA World Cup 2026 candidate host city process |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=14 April 2022 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> ! {{vlagikoon|Meksiko}} [[Monterrey]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Meksiko}} [[Guadalajara]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> ! {{vlagikoon|Kanada}} [[Toronto]]<ref name="bid_cities" /> |- | [[BC Place]]<br />'''(BC Place Vancouver)''' | [[Estadio BBVA]]<br />'''(Estadio Monterrey)'''<br /><small>([[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]])</small> | [[Estadio Akron]]<br />'''(Estadio Guadalajara)'''<br /><small>([[Zapopan]])</small> | [[BMO Field]]<br />'''(Toronto-stadion)''' |- | <small>{{Koördinate|49|16|36|N|123|6|43|W|aansig=inlyn|name=BC Place}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|25|40|9|N|100|14|40|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio BBVA}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|20|40|54|N|103|27|46|W|aansig=inlyn|name=Estadio Akron}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|43|37|58|N|79|25|7|W|aansig=inlyn|name=BMO Field}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''54&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''53&nbsp;500'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''48&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> | Kapasiteit: '''45&nbsp;000'''<ref name="Kapasiteit" /> |- | [[Lêer:BC Place 2015 Women's FIFA World Cup.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio BBVA Bancomer - Diciembre 2017.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Estadio Akron 02-07-2022 cabecera sur lado derecho.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Bmo Field 2016 East Stand.jpg|200px]] |} {| cellpadding="0" style="border:0 solid darkgrey;" |- style="text-align:center;" |style="border:0 solid blue;"| {{location map+|Kanada|width=250|float=left|caption=Plekke in Kanada|places= {{location map~|Kanada|lat=49.276667|long=-123.111944|label=[[Vancouver]]|position=right}} {{location map~|Kanada|lat=43.633333|long=-79.418611|label=[[Toronto]]|position=left}} }} |style="border:0 solid #777;"| {{location map+|Verenigde State|float=center|width=400|caption=Plekke in die Verenigde State|places= {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=33.755|long=-84.39|label=[[Atlanta]]|position=right}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=42.358056|long=-71.063611|label=[[Boston]]|position=left}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=32.775833|long=-96.796667|label=[[Dallas]]|position=top}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=29.762778|long=-95.383056|label=[[Houston]]|position=top}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=39.099722|long=-94.578333|label=[[Kansas City]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=34.05|long=-118.25|label=[[Los Angeles]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=25.775278|long=-80.208889|label=[[Miami]]|position=right}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=40.817097|long=-74.085024|label=[[New York|NY/NJ]]|position=right}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=39.9500|long=-75.1667|label=[[Philadelphia]]|position=left}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=37.354444|long=-121.969167|label=[[San Francisco]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~|Verenigde State|lat=47.5952|long=-122.3316|label=[[Seattle]]|position=bottom}} }} |style="border:0 solid #2a5;"| {{location map+|Meksiko|float=right|width=320|caption=Plekke in Meksiko|places= {{location map~|Meksiko|lat=19.303056|long=-99.150556|label=[[Meksikostad]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~|Meksiko|lat=25.669167|long=-100.244444|label=[[Monterrey]]|position=left}} {{location map~|Meksiko|lat=20.681667|long=-103.462778|label=[[Guadalajara]]|position=left}} }} |}</center> == Formaat == Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 word oor 39 dae tussen 48 verskillende spanne oor 104 wedstryde beslis. Dit het op 11 Junie 2026 op die Azteca-stadion, Meksikostad, Meksiko, met die openingswedstryd tussen die medegasheer Meksiko en Suid-Afrika afgeskop. Die toernooi eindig op die MetLife-stadion, East Rutherford, Verenigde State, op 19 Julie met die eindstryd, waartydens die wenner die Sokker-Wêreldbekertrofee inpalm. === Kalender === Die volgende tabel dui die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 se daaglikse program aan. ’n Pers blokkie dui op wedstryde tydens die groepfase, ’n groen blokkie op wedstryde tydens die uitklopfase, ’n blou blokkie op die bronseindstryd en ’n geel blokkie op die eindstryd. {| | {| class="wikitable left center" "style=margin:0.5em auto;font-size:95%;line-height:1.25em" |+ Aantal daaglikse wedstryde tydens die toernooi |- ! scope=col |Groepfase<br />Junie ! scope=col |Do<br />11 ! scope=col |Vr<br />12 ! scope=col |Sa<br />13 ! scope=col |So<br />14 ! scope=col |Ma<br />15 ! scope=col |Di<br />16 ! scope=col |Wo<br />17 ! scope=col |Do<br />18 ! scope=col |Vr<br />19 ! scope=col |Sa<br />20 ! scope=col |So<br />21 ! scope=col |Ma<br />22 ! scope=col |Di<br />23 ! scope=col |Wo<br />24 ! scope=col |Do<br />25 ! scope=col |Vr<br />26 ! scope=col |Sa<br />27 |- align=center |align=left|Seremonies <!-- 11 -->| bgcolor=#d6325b|'''{{Afkorting|OS|Openingseremonie}}''' <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center | align=left|Groep A <!-- 11 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep B <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep C <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep D <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep E <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep F <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep G <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep H <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep I <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 27 -->| |- align=center |align=left|Groep J <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 23 -->| <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 |- align=center |align=left|Groep K <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 |- align=center |align=left|Groep L <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| <!-- 21 -->| <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 |- ! scope=col |Uitklopfase<br />Junie/Julie ! scope=col |So<br />28 ! scope=col |Ma<br />29 ! scope=col |Di<br />30 ! scope=col |Wo<br />1 ! scope=col |Do<br />2 ! scope=col |Vr<br />3 ! scope=col |Sa<br />4 ! scope=col |So<br />5 ! scope=col |Ma<br />6 ! scope=col |Di<br />7 ! scope=col |Wo<br />8 ! scope=col |Do<br />9 ! scope=col |Vr<br />10 ! scope=col |Sa<br />11 ! scope=col |So<br />12 ! scope=col |Ma<br />13 ! scope=col |Di<br />14 ! scope=col |Wo<br />15 ! scope=col |Do<br />16 ! scope=col |Vr<br />17 ! scope=col |Sa<br />18 ! scope=col |So<br />19 |- align=center |align=left|Seremonies <!-- 28 -->| <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| <!-- 6 -->| <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| bgcolor=#d6325b|'''{{Afkorting|SS|Sluitingseremonie}}''' |- align=center |align=left|Uitklopfase <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 29 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 3 <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 3 <!-- 1 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 3 <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 3 <!-- 3 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 3 <!-- 4 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 5 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 6 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 7 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 10 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 11 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 2 <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 15 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| bgcolor=#3399ff| 1 <!-- 19 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00| '''1''' |} | {| style="margin:0.5em auto;" wikitable right | colspan=2 |'''Verklaring''' |- | {{sleutel|#d6325b|Seremonies}} |- | {{sleutel|#c364f3|Groepwedstryde}} |- | {{sleutel|#00cc33|Uitklopfase}} |- | {{sleutel|#3399ff|Derde plek}} |- | {{sleutel|#ffcc00|Eindstryd}} |} |} === Groepfase === Die FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026 word tussen 48 nasionale sokkerspanne beslis. Vir die groepfase is die 48 deelnemende spanne in twaalf groepe van vier elk verdeel; elke span speel een wedstryd teen elk van die ander spanne in dieselfde groep, dus speel elke span drie wedstryde in die groepfase. Drie punte word vir ’n oorwinning toegeken, een vir ’n gelykop en geen punte vir ’n nederlaag: spanne wat met dieselfde aantal punte eindig, word volgens aangetekende doele gerangskik. Klassifisering binne elke groep sal gegrond wees op die volgende puntestelsel: * Drie wedstrydpunte vir ’n oorwinning; * Een vir ’n gelykop; * geen vir ’n nederlaag. Aan die einde van die groepfase word die spanne gerangskik van die eerste na die vierde posisie, gegrond op versamelde wedstrydpunte, met die twee beste spanne en die agt beste derde-plekspanne wat na die uitklopfase deurdring. As twee spanne gelykop in punte is, word die rangorde deur hul aantal aangetekende doele bepaal. === Uitklopfase === Van die begin van dié fase af neem die toernooi ’n uitklopformaat aan wat uit 32 wedstryde bestaan: 16 16de eindstryde, agt agtste eindstryde, vier kwarteindstryde, twee halfeindstryde, ’n wedstryd om die derde plek en die eindstryd. Die wenner en naaswenner van elk van die groepe dring saam met die agt beste derde-plekspanne na die uitklopfase deur. Groepwenners speel teen naaswenners in ander groepe in die 16de eindstryde, byvoorbeeld: die wenner van Groep A speel teen die naaswenner van Groep B en die wenner van Groep B teen die naaswenner van Groep A. Spanne van dieselfde groep kan dus eers weer in óf die klein finale óf die eindstryd mekaar ontmoet. Elke wedstryd in die uitklopstadium moet met ’n oorwinning vir een van die spanne eindig. As daar ná negentig minute van gewone spel ’n gelykopuitslag is, word daar verder gespeel word om die wenner te bepaal. Aanvanklik word daar twee periodes van [[ekstra tyd]] gespeel, 15 minute in elke rigting. As daar steeds nie ’n wenner ná 120 minute is nie, word die wenner deur ’n [[Strafskop (sokker)|strafskopkompetisie]] bepaal. == Wedstryde == {| class="infobox bordered" | style="background:#cfc;"|Kwalifiseer vir die uitklopfase. |- | style="background:#ffc;"|Moontlike uitklopdeelname. |- | style="background:;"|Uit die toernooi geskakel. |} Die wedstryde is in twee fases opgedeel, naamlik die groep- en die uitklopfase. Die loting is op 5 Desember 2025 in die John F. Kennedy Center in [[Washington, D.C.]] gehou.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/final-draw-results |title=Groups revealed in star-studded Final Draw |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=5 Desember 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> === Groepuitdunne === 48 spanne neem aan die groepfase deel. Die twee beste spanne dring saam met die agt beste derde-plekspanne in elke groep na die tweede rondte (die uitklopfase) deur. ==== Groep A ==== [[Lêer:South Corea 2-Czechia 1 (55334091661).jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Suid-Korea en Tsjeggië in Zapopan]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Meksiko}} |3||3||0||0||6||0||+6||'''9''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} |3||1||1||1||2||3||–1||'''4''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} |3||1||0||2||2||3||–1||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Tsjeggië}} |3||0||1||2||2||6||–4||'''1''' |- |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 13:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021443 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}''' |goals1 = [[Julián Quiñones|Quiñones]] {{goal|9}}<br />[[Raúl Jiménez|Jiménez]] {{goal|67}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Azteca-stadion]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;824 |referee = Wilton Sampaio (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021441 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Tsjeggië}}''' |goals1 = [[Hwang In-beom]] {{goal|67}}<br />[[Oh Hyeon-gyu]] {{goal|80}} |goals2 = {{goal|59}} [[Ladislav Krejčí|Krejčí]] |stadium = [[Estadio Akron]], [[Zapopan]] |attendance = 44&nbsp;985 |referee = Amin Mohamed Omar (Egipte)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Tsjeggië}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021440 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}''' |goals1 = [[Michal Sadílek|Sadílek]] {{goal|6}} |goals2 = {{goal|83|straf}} [[Teboho Mokoena|Mokoena]] |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = 67&nbsp;442 |referee = Tori Penso (Verenigde State)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021442 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |goals1 = [[Luis Romo|Romo]] {{goal|50}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Akron]], [[Zapopan]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;522 |referee = Gustavo Tejera (Uruguay)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Tsjeggië}}''' |score = 0–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021444 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|55}} [[Mateo Chávez|M. Chávez]]<br />{{goal|61}} [[Julián Quiñones|Quiñones]]<br />{{goal|90+4}} [[Álvaro Fidalgo|Fidalgo]] |stadium = [[Azteca-stadion]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;824 |referee = Yael Falcón (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021445 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}''' |goals1 = [[Thapelo Maseko|Maseko]] {{goal|63}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio BBVA]], [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]] |attendance = 51&nbsp;243 |referee = Facundo Tello (Argentinië)}} ==== Groep B ==== [[Lêer:2026 FIFA World Cup Match 26, Switzerland v Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Switserland en Bosnië en Herzegowina in Inglewood]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Switserland}} |3||2||1||0||7||3||+4||'''7''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Kanada}} |3||1||1||1||8||3||+5||'''4''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}} |3||1||1||1||5||6||–1||'''4''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Katar}} |3||0||1||2||2||10||–8||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[12 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021449 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}}''' |goals1 = [[Cyle Larin|Larin]] {{goal|78}} |goals2 = {{goal|21}} [[Jovo Lukić|Lukić]] |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = 43&nbsp;002 |referee = Facundo Tello (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Katar}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021447 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Switserland}}''' |goals1 = [[Boualem Khoukhi|Khoukhi]] {{goal|90+4}} |goals2 = {{goal|17|straf}} [[Breel Embolo|Embolo]] |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = 67&nbsp;966 |referee = Saíd Martínez (Honduras)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Switserland}}''' |score = 4–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021446 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}}''' |goals1 = [[Johan Manzambi|Manzambi]] {{goal|74}}, {{goal|90}}<br />[[Rubén Vargas|Vargas]] {{goal|84}}<br />[[Granit Xhaka|Xhaka]] {{goal|90+7|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|90+3}} [[Ermin Mahmić|Mahmić]] |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;026 |referee = João Pinheiro (Portugal)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |score = 6–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021450 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Katar}}''' |goals1 = [[Cyle Larin|Larin]] {{goal|16}}<br />[[Jonathan David|David]] {{goal|29}}, {{goal|45+3}}, {{goal|90+2}}<br />[[Nathan Saliba|Saliba]] {{goal|64}}<br />[[Mohamed Manai|Manai]] {{goal|75|e.d.}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = 52&nbsp;497 |referee = Cristián Garay (Chili)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Switserland}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021451 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |goals1 = [[Rubén Vargas|Vargas]] {{goal|46}}<br />[[Johan Manzambi|Manzambi]] {{goal|57}} |goals2 = {{goal|76}} [[Promise David|David]] |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = 52&nbsp;497 |referee = Ramon Abatti (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}}''' |score = 3–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021448 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Katar}}''' |goals1 = [[Kerim Alajbegović|Alajbegović]] {{goal|29}}<br />[[Mahmud Abunada|Abunada]] {{goal|34|e.d.}}<br />[[Ermin Mahmić|Mahmić]] {{goal|80}} |goals2 = {{goal|42}} [[Hassan Al-Haydos|Al-Haydos]] |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = 66&nbsp;925 |referee = Jesús Valenzuela (Venezuela)}} ==== Groep C ==== [[Lêer:Gillette2026.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Haïti en Skotland in Foxborough]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Brasilië}} |3||2||1||0||7||1||+6||'''7''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Marokko}} |3||2||1||0||6||3||+3||'''7''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Skotland}} |3||1||0||2||1||4||–3||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Haïti}} |3||0||0||3||2||8||–6||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021456 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |goals1 = [[Vinícius Júnior|Vinícius]] {{goal|32}} |goals2 = {{goal|21}} [[Ismael Saibari|Saibari]] |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;663 |referee = Slavko Vinčić (Slowenië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Haïti}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021453 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|28}} [[John McGinn|McGinn]] |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = 64&nbsp;146 |referee = Mustapha Ghorbal (Algerië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[19 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021454 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|2}} [[Ismael Saibari|Saibari]] |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = 64&nbsp;146 |referee = Ilgiz Tantashev (Oesbekistan)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[19 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:30 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië}}''' |score = 3–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021457 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Haïti}}''' |goals1 = [[Matheus Cunha|Cunha]] {{goal|23}}, {{goal|36}}<br />[[Vinícius Júnior|Vinícius]] {{goal|45+3}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;324 |referee = Alejandro Hernández Hernández (Spanje)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Skotland}}''' |score = 0–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021455 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|7}}, {{goal|45+3}} [[Vinícius Júnior|Vinícius]]<br />{{goal|60}} [[Matheus Cunha|Cunha]] |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = 64&nbsp;478 |referee = César Arturo Ramos (Meksiko)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[24 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |score = 4–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021452 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Haïti}}''' |goals1 = [[Achraf Hakimi|Hakimi]] {{goal|39}}<br />[[Ismael Saibari|Saibari]] {{goal|45+1}}<br />[[Soufiane Rahimi|Rahimi]] {{goal|78}}<br />[[Gessime Yassine|Yassine]] {{goal|89}} |goals2 = {{goal|10|e.d.}} [[Yassine Bounou|Bounou]]<br />{{goal|43}} [[Wilson Isidor|Isidor]] |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;239 |referee = Danny Makkelie (Nederland)}} ==== Groep D ==== [[Lêer:Australia vs Türkiye at BC Place - June 13, 2026.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Australië en Turkye in Vancouver]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Verenigde State}} |2||2||0||0||6||1||+5||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Australië}} |2||1||0||1||2||2||±0||'''3''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Paraguay}} |2||1||0||1||2||4||–2||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Turkye}} |2||0||0||2||0||3||–3||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[12 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Verenigde State}}''' |score = 4–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021458 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay}}''' |goals1 = [[Damián Bobadilla|Bobadilla]] {{goal|7|e.d.}}<br />[[Folarin Balogun|Balogun]] {{goal|31}}, {{goal|45+5}}<br />[[Giovanni Reyna|Reyna]] {{goal|90+8}} |goals2 = {{goal|73}} [[Maurício]] |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;492 |referee = Danny Makkelie (Nederland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[13 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Australië}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021463 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Turkye}}''' |goals1 = [[Nestory Irankunda|Irankunda]] {{goal|27}}<br />[[Connor Metcalfe|Metcalfe]] {{goal|75}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = 52&nbsp;497 |referee = Jesús Valenzuela (Venezuela)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[19 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Turkye}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021460 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|2}} [[Matías Galarza|Galarza]] |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;827 |referee = Iván Barton (El Salvador)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[19 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Verenigde State}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021462 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Australië}}''' |goals1 = [[Cameron Burgess|Burgess]] {{goal|11|e.d.}}<br />[[Alex Freeman|Freeman]] {{goal|43}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = 66&nbsp;925 |referee = Felix Zwayer (Duitsland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Turkye}}''' |score = Wedstryd 59 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021459 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Verenigde State}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = |referee = Mustapha Ghorbal (Algerië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Paraguay}}''' |score = Wedstryd 60 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021461 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Australië}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = |referee = Clément Turpin (Frankryk)}} ==== Groep E ==== [[Lêer:Germany vs Curaçao 2026 FIFA World Cup.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Duitsland en Curaçao in Houston]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Duitsland}} |3||2||0||1||10||4||+6||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}} |3||2||0||1||4||2||+2||'''6''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Ecuador}} |3||1||1||1||2||2||±0||'''4''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Curaçao}} |3||0||1||2||1||9||–8||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[14 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Duitsland}}''' |score = 7–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021464 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Curaçao}}''' |goals1 = [[Felix Nmecha|Nmecha]] {{goal|6}}<br />[[Nico Schlotterbeck|Schlotterbeck]] {{goal|38}}<br />[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{goal|45+5|straf}}, {{goal|88}}<br />[[Jamal Musiala|Musiala]] {{goal|47}}<br />[[Nathaniel Brown|Brown]] {{goal|68}}<br />[[Deniz Undav|Undav]] {{goal|78}} |goals2 = {{goal|21}} [[Livano Comenencia|Comenencia]] |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;021 |referee = Jalal Jayed (Marokko)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[14 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021467 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Ecuador}}''' |goals1 = [[Amad Diallo|Diallo]] {{goal|90}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;274 |referee = François Letexier (Frankryk)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[20 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Duitsland}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021469 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}}''' |goals1 = [[Deniz Undav|Undav]] {{goal|68}}, {{goal|90+4}} |goals2 = {{goal|30}} [[Franck Kessié|Kessié]] |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = 43&nbsp;036 |referee = Juan Gabriel Benítez (Paraguay)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[20 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Ecuador}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021465 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Curaçao}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;598 |referee = Ma Ning (Volksrepubliek China)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Curaçao}}''' |score = 0–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021468 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|7}}, {{goal|64}} [[Nicolas Pépé|Pépé]] |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;324 |referee = Glenn Nyberg (Swede)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Ecuador}}''' |score = 2–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021466 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Duitsland}}''' |goals1 = [[Nilson Angulo|Angulo]] {{goal|9}}<br />[[Gonzalo Plata|Plata]] {{goal|77}} |goals2 = {{goal|2}} [[Leroy Sané|Sané]] |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;663 |referee = Tori Penso (Verenigde State)}} ==== Groep F ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Nederland}} |2||1||1||0||7||3||+4||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Japan}} |2||1||1||0||6||2||+4||'''4''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Swede}} |2||1||0||1||6||6||±0||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Tunisië}} |2||0||0||2||1||9||–8||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[14 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Nederland}}''' |score = 2–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021470 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Japan}}''' |goals1 = [[Virgil van Dijk|Van Dijk]] {{goal|50}}<br />[[Crysencio Summerville|Summerville]] {{goal|64}} |goals2 = {{goal|57}} [[Keito Nakamura|Nakamura]]<br />{{goal|88}} [[Daichi Kamada|Kamada]] |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = 69&nbsp;285 |referee = Ismail Elfath (Verenigde State)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[14 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Swede}}''' |score = 5–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021474 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Tunisië}}''' |goals1 = [[Yasin Ayari|Ayari]] {{goal|7}}, {{goal|90+6}}<br />[[Alexander Isak|Isak]] {{goal|30}}<br />[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{goal|59}}<br />[[Mattias Svanberg|Svanberg]] {{goal|84}} |goals2 = {{goal|43}} [[Omar Rekik|Rekik]] |stadium = [[Estadio BBVA]], [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]] |attendance = 50&nbsp;987 |referee = Yael Falcón (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[20 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Nederland}}''' |score = 5–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021472 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Swede}}''' |goals1 = [[Brian Brobbey|Brobbey]] {{goal|5}}, {{goal|17}}<br />[[Cody Gakpo|Gakpo]] {{goal|47}}, {{goal|54}}<br />[[Crysencio Summerville|Summerville]] {{goal|89}} |goals2 = {{goal|59}} [[Anthony Elanga|Elanga]] |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;777 |referee = Michael Oliver (Engeland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[20 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 22:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Tunisië}}''' |score = 0–4 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021475 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Japan}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|4}} [[Daichi Kamada|Kamada]]<br />{{goal|31}}, {{goal|83}} [[Ayase Ueda|Ueda]]<br />{{goal|69}} [[Junya Itō|J. Itō]] |stadium = [[Estadio BBVA]], [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]] |attendance = 51&nbsp;243 |referee = István Kovács (Roemenië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Japan}}''' |score = Wedstryd 57 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021471 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Swede}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = Iván Barton (El Salvador)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[25 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Tunisië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 58 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021473 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Nederland}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = |referee = Katia Itzel García (Meksiko)}} ==== Groep G ==== [[Lêer:2026 FIFA World Cup - Belgium v. Egypt in Seattle - 03.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen België en Egipte in Seattle]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Egipte}} |2||1||1||0||4||2||+2||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Iran}} |2||0||2||0||2||2||±0||'''2''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|België}} |2||0||2||0||1||1||±0||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} |2||0||1||1||3||5||–2||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Iran}}''' |score = 2–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021476 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}}''' |goals1 = [[Ramin Rezaeian|Rezaeian]] {{goal|32}}<br />[[Mohammad Mohebi|Mohebi]] {{goal|64}} |goals2 = {{goal|7}}, {{goal|54}} [[Elijah Just|Just]] |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;108 |referee = César Arturo Ramos (Meksiko)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021478 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Egipte}}''' |goals1 = [[Mohamed Hany|Hany]] {{goal|66|e.d.}} |goals2 = {{goal|19}} [[Emam Ashour|Ashour]] |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = 66&nbsp;775 |referee = Ramon Abatti (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021477 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Iran}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;317 |referee = Darío Herrera (Argentinië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}}''' |score = 1–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021480 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Egipte}}''' |goals1 = [[Finn Surman|Surman]] {{goal|15}} |goals2 = {{goal|58}} [[Mostafa Ziko|Ziko]]<br />{{goal|67}} [[Mohamed Salah|Salah]]<br />{{goal|82}} [[Trézéguet]] |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = 52&nbsp;497 |referee = Omar Al Ali (Verenigde Arabiese Emirate)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Egipte}}''' |score = Wedstryd 63 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021479 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Iran}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = |referee = Szymon Marciniak (Pole)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}}''' |score = Wedstryd 64 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021481 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|België}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = |referee = Adham Makhadmeh (Jordanië)}} ==== Groep H ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Spanje}} |2||1||1||0||4||0||+4||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Uruguay}} |2||0||2||0||3||3||±0||'''2''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Kaap Verde}} |2||0||2||0||2||2||±0||'''2''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}} |2||0||1||1||1||5||–4||'''1''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021482 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kaap Verde}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = 67&nbsp;640 |referee = Adham Makhadmeh (Jordanië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021486 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |goals1 = [[Abdulelah Al-Amri|Al-Amri]] {{goal|41}} |goals2 = {{goal|80}} [[Maximiliano Araújo|M. Araújo]] |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = 62&nbsp;764 |referee = Maurizio Mariani (Italië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |score = 4–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021483 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}}''' |goals1 = [[Lamine Yamal|Yamal]] {{goal|10}}<br />[[Mikel Oyarzabal|Oyarzabal]] {{goal|21}}, {{goal|24}}<br />[[Hassan Al-Tambakti|Al-Tambakti]] {{goal|49|e.d.}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;239 |referee = Raphael Claus (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[21 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |score = 2–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021487 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kaap Verde}}''' |goals1 = [[Maximiliano Araújo|M. Araújo]] {{goal|44}}<br />[[Agustín Canobbio|Canobbio]] {{goal|45+6}} |goals2 = {{goal|21}} [[Kevin Pina|K. Pina]]<br />{{goal|61}} [[Hélio Varela|Varela]] |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = 64&nbsp;003 |referee = Espen Eskås (Noorweë)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Kaap Verde}}''' |score = Wedstryd 65 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021485 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = |referee = François Letexier (Frankryk)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 CDT (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Uruguay}}''' |score = Wedstryd 66 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021484 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Spanje}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Akron]], [[Zapopan]] |attendance = |referee = Ismail Elfath (Verenigde State)}} ==== Groep I ==== [[Lêer:Iraq and Norway match 2026.jpg|duimnael|Die wedstryd tussen Irak en Noorweë in Foxborough]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Frankryk}} |2||2||0||0||6||1||+5||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Noorweë}} |2||2||0||0||7||3||+4||'''6''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Senegal}} |2||0||0||2||3||6||–3||'''0''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Irak}} |2||0||0||2||1||7||–6||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |score = 3–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021490 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Senegal}}''' |goals1 = [[Kylian Mbappé|Mbappé]] {{goal|66}}, {{goal|90+6}}<br />[[Bradley Barcola|Barcola]] {{goal|82}} |goals2 = {{goal|90+5}} [[Ibrahim Mbaye|Mbaye]] |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;545 |referee = Alireza Faghani (Australië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Irak}}''' |score = 1–4 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021488 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Noorweë}}''' |goals1 = [[Aymen Hoesein|Hoesein]] {{goal|39}} |goals2 = {{goal|29}}, {{goal|43}} [[Erling Haaland|Haaland]]<br />{{goal|76}} [[Leo Østigård|Østigård]]<br />{{goal|90+6|e.d.}} [[Aymen Hoesein|Hoesein]] |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = 63&nbsp;106 |referee = Pierre Atcho (Gaboen)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |score = 3–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021492 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Irak}}''' |goals1 = [[Kylian Mbappé|Mbappé]] {{goal|14}}, {{goal|54}}<br />[[Ousmane Dembélé|Dembélé]] {{goal|66}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;324 |referee = Drew Fischer (Kanada)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Noorweë}}''' |score = 3–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021491 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Senegal}}''' |goals1 = [[Marcus Holmgren Pedersen|Pedersen]] {{goal|43}}<br />[[Erling Haaland|Haaland]] {{goal|48}}, {{goal|58}} |goals2 = {{goal|53}}, {{goal|90+3}} [[Ismaïla Sarr|I. Sarr]] |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;663 |referee = Wilton Sampaio (Brasilië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Noorweë}}''' |score = Wedstryd 61 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021489 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Frankryk}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = |referee = Michael Oliver (Engeland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[26 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Senegal}}''' |score = Wedstryd 62 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021493 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Irak}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = |referee = Anthony Taylor (Engeland)}} ==== Groep J ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Argentinië}} |2||2||0||0||5||0||+5||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Oostenryk}} |2||1||0||1||3||3||±0||'''3''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Algerië}} |2||1||0||1||2||4||–2||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Jordanië}} |2||0||0||2||2||5||–3||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 3–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021496 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |goals1 = [[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|17}}, {{goal|60}}, {{goal|76}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = 69&nbsp;045 |referee = Szymon Marciniak (Pole)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[16 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Oostenryk}}''' |score = 3–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021498 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Jordanië}}''' |goals1 = [[Romano Schmid|Schmid]] {{goal|20}}<br />[[Yazan Al-Arab|Al-Arab]] {{goal|76|e.d.}}<br />[[Marko Arnautović|Arnautović]] {{goal|90+12|straf}} |goals2 = {{goal|50}} [[Ali Olwan|Olwan]] |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;527 |referee = Dahane Beida (Mauritanië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = 2–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021494 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Oostenryk}}''' |goals1 = [[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|38}}, {{goal|90+5}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;649 |referee = Amin Omar (Egipte)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[22 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Jordanië}}''' |score = 1–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021499 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |goals1 = [[Nizar Al-Rashdan|Al-Rashdan]] {{goal|36}} |goals2 = {{goal|69}} [[Nadhir Benbouali|Benbouali]]<br />{{goal|82}} [[Amine Gouiri|Gouiri]] |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;371 |referee = Slavko Vinčić (Slowenië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Algerië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 69 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021497 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Oostenryk}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = |referee = Ilgiz Tantashev (Oesbekistan)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Jordanië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 70 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021495 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië)}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = István Kovács (Roemenië)}} ==== Groep K ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Colombia}} |2||2||0||0||4||1||+3||'''6''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Portugal}} |2||1||1||0||6||1||+5||'''4''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagikoon|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo|DR Kongo]] |2||0||1||1||1||2||–2||'''1''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Oesbekistan}} |2||0||0||2||1||8||–7||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |score = 1–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021502 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagikoon|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo|DR Kongo]]''' |goals1 = [[João Neves|Neves]] {{goal|6}} |goals2 = {{goal|45+5}} [[Yoane Wissa|Wissa]] |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;777 |referee = Abdulrahman Al-Jassim (Katar)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Oesbekistan}}''' |score = 1–3 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021504 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Colombia}}''' |goals1 = [[Abbosbek Fayzullaev|Fayzullaev]] {{goal|60}} |goals2 = {{goal|40}} [[Daniel Muñoz|Muñoz]]<br />{{goal|65}} [[Luis Díaz|Díaz]]<br />{{goal|90+9}} [[Jaminton Campaz|Campaz]] |stadium = [[Azteca-stadion]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = 80&nbsp;824 |referee = Anthony Taylor (Engeland)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[23 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 21:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |score = 5–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021503 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Oesbekistan}}''' |goals1 = [[Cristiano Ronaldo|Ronaldo]] {{goal|6}}, {{goal|39}}<br />[[Nuno Mendes|Mendes]] {{goal|17}}<br />[[Abduvohid Nematov|Nematov]] {{goal|60|e.d.}}<br />[[Rafael Leão|Leão]] {{goal|87}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = 68&nbsp;777 |referee = Jalal Jayed (Marokko)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[23 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Colombia}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021501 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagikoon|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo|DR Kongo]]''' |goals1 = [[Daniel Muñoz|Muñoz]] {{goal|76}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio Akron]], [[Zapopan]] |attendance = 45&nbsp;358 |referee = Maurizio Mariani (Italië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:30 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Colombia}}''' |score = Wedstryd 71 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021505 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Portugal}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = |referee = Alireza Faghani (Australië)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:30 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagikoon|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} [[Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo|DR Kongo]]''' |score = Wedstryd 72 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021500 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Oesbekistan}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = |referee = Felix Zwayer (Duitsland)}} ==== Groep L ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; !width=165|Land !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Engeland}} |2||1||1||0||4||2||+2||'''4''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Ghana}} |2||1||1||0||1||0||+1||'''4''' |- style="background:#ffc" |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Kroasië}} |2||1||0||1||3||4||–1||'''3''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{vlagland|Panama}} |2||0||0||2||0||2||—2||'''0''' |} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |score = 4–2 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021507 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kroasië}}''' |goals1 = [[Harry Kane|Kane]] {{goal|12|straf}}, {{goal|42}}<br />[[Jude Bellingham|Bellingham]] {{goal|47}}<br />[[Marcus Rashford|Rashford]] {{goal|85}} |goals2 = {{goal|36}} [[Martin Baturina|Baturina]]<br />{{goal|45+5}} [[Petar Musa|Musa]] |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = 70&nbsp;389 |referee = Clément Turpin (Frankryk)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[17 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Ghana}}''' |score = 1–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021510 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Panama}}''' |goals1 = [[Caleb Yirenkyi|Yirenkyi]] {{goal|90+5}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = 42&nbsp;942 |referee = Glenn Nyberg (Swede)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[23 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |score = 0–0 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021506 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Ghana}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = 63&nbsp;983 |referee = Saíd Martínez (Honduras)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[23 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Panama}}''' |score = 0–1 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021511 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kroasië}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = {{goal|54}} [[Ante Budimir|Budimir]] |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = 43&nbsp;036 |referee = Pierre Atcho (Gaboen)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Panama}}''' |score = Wedstryd 67 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021508 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Engeland}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = |referee = Abdulrahman Al-Jassim (Katar)}} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[27 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Kroasië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 68 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021509 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Ghana}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = |referee = Drew Fischer (Kanada)}} ==== Ranglys van die derdeplek-spanne ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !width=165|Land !width=30|Groep !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wed|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Wen|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Gel|Gelykop}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Ver|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DV|Doele vir}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|DT|Doele teen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|+/–|Doelverskil}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|Pte|Punte}} |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep A |A||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep B |B||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep C |C||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep D |D||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep E |E||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep F |F||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep G |G||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- style="background:#cfc" |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep H |H||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep I |I||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep J |J||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep K |K||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |- |style="text-align:left;"|Derde Plek Groep L |L||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0''' |} === Uitklopfase === {{Wedstrydskema laaste 32 | RD1 = 16de eindrondte | RD2 = Agtste eindrondte | RD3 = Kwarteindrondte | RD4 = Halfeindrondte | RD5 = Eindstryd | RD6 = derde plek | RD1-header-01 = 29 Junie – Foxborough | RD1-team01 = {{vlagland|Duitsland}} | RD1-score01 = | RD1-team02 = 3de Groep A/B/C/D/F | RD1-score02 = | RD1-header-02 = 30 Junie – East Rutherford | RD1-team03 = Wenner Groep I | RD1-score03 = | RD1-team04 = 3de Groep C/D/F/G/H | RD1-score04 = | RD1-header-03 = 28 Junie – Inglewood | RD1-team05 = {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} | RD1-score05 = | RD1-team06 = {{vlagland|Kanada}} | RD1-score06 = | RD1-header-04 = 29 Junie – Guadalupe | RD1-team07 = Wenner Groep F | RD1-score07 = | RD1-team08 = {{vlagland|Marokko}} | RD1-score08 = | RD1-header-05 = 2 Julie – Toronto | RD1-team09 = Naaswenner Groep K | RD1-score09 = | RD1-team10 = Naaswenner Groep L | RD1-score10 = | RD1-header-06 = 2 Julie – Inglewood | RD1-team11 = Wenner Groep H | RD1-score11 = | RD1-team12 = Naaswenner Groep J | RD1-score12 = | RD1-header-07 = 1 Julie – Santa Clara | RD1-team13 = {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} | RD1-score13 = | RD1-team14 = 3de Groep B/E/F/I/J | RD1-score14 = | RD1-header-08 = 1 Julie – Seattle | RD1-team15 = Wenner Groep G | RD1-score15 = | RD1-team16 = 3de Groep A/E/H/I/J | RD1-score16 = | RD1-header-09 = 29 Junie – Houston | RD1-team17 = {{vlagland|Brasilië}} | RD1-score17 = | RD1-team18 = Naaswenner Groep F | RD1-score18 = | RD1-header-10 = 30 Junie – Arlington | RD1-team19 = {{vlagland|Ivoorkus}} | RD1-score19 = | RD1-team20 = Naaswenner Groep I | RD1-score20 = | RD1-header-11 = 30 Junie – Meksikostad | RD1-team21 = {{vlagland|Meksiko}} | RD1-score21 = | RD1-team22 = 3de Groep C/E/F/H/I | RD1-score22 = | RD1-header-12 = 1 Julie – Atlanta | RD1-team23 = Wenner Groep L | RD1-score23 = | RD1-team24 = 3de Groep E/H/I/J/K | RD1-score24 = | RD1-header-13 = 3 Julie – Miami Gardens | RD1-team25 = {{vlagland|Argentinië}} | RD1-score25 = | RD1-team26 = Naaswenner Groep H | RD1-score26 = | RD1-header-14 = 3 Julie – Arlington | RD1-team27 = Naaswenner Groep D | RD1-score27 = | RD1-team28 = Naaswenner Groep G | RD1-score28 = | RD1-header-15 = 2 Julie – Vancouver | RD1-team29 = {{vlagland|Switserland}} | RD1-score29 = | RD1-team30 = 3de Groep E/F/G/I/J | RD1-score30 = | RD1-header-16 = 3 Julie – Kansas City | RD1-team31 = Wenner Groep K | RD1-score31 = | RD1-team32 = 3de Groep D/E/I/J/L | RD1-score32 = | RD2-header-1 = 4 Julie – Philadelphia | RD2-team01 = Wenner Wedstryd 74 | RD2-score01 = | RD2-team02 = Wenner Wedstryd 77 | RD2-score02 = | RD2-header-2 = 4 Julie – Houston | RD2-team03 = Wenner Wedstryd 73 | RD2-score03 = | RD2-team04 = Wenner Wedstryd 75 | RD2-score04 = | RD2-header-3 = 6 Julie – Arlington | RD2-team05 = Wenner Wedstryd 83 | RD2-score05 = | RD2-team06 = Wenner Wedstryd 84 | RD2-score06 = | RD2-header-4 = 6 Julie – Seattle | RD2-team07 = Wenner Wedstryd 81 | RD2-score07 = | RD2-team08 = Wenner Wedstryd 82 | RD2-score08 = | RD2-header-5 = 5 Julie – East Rutherford | RD2-team09 = Wenner Wedstryd 76 | RD2-score09 = | RD2-team10 = Wenner Wedstryd 78 | RD2-score10 = | RD2-header-6 = 5 Julie – Meksikostad | RD2-team11 = Wenner Wedstryd 79 | RD2-score11 = | RD2-team12 = Wenner Wedstryd 80 | RD2-score12 = | RD2-header-7 = 7 Julie – Atlanta | RD2-team13 = Wenner Wedstryd 86 | RD2-score13 = | RD2-team14 = Wenner Wedstryd 88 | RD2-score14 = | RD2-header-8 = 7 Julie – Vancouver | RD2-team15 = Wenner Wedstryd 85 | RD2-score15 = | RD2-team16 = Wenner Wedstryd 87 | RD2-score16 = | RD3-header-1 = 9 Julie – Foxborough | RD3-team01 = Wenner Wedstryd 89 | RD3-score01 = | RD3-team02 = Wenner Wedstryd 90 | RD3-score02 = | RD3-header-2 = 10 Julie – Inglewood | RD3-team03 = Wenner Wedstryd 93 | RD3-score03 = | RD3-team04 = Wenner Wedstryd 94 | RD3-score04 = | RD3-header-3 = 11 Julie – Miami Gardens | RD3-team05 = Wenner Wedstryd 91 | RD3-score05 = | RD3-team06 = Wenner Wedstryd 92 | RD3-score06 = | RD3-header-4 = 11 Julie – Kansas City | RD3-team07 = Wenner Wedstryd 95 | RD3-score07 = | RD3-team08 = Wenner Wedstryd 96 | RD3-score08 = | RD4-header-1 = 14 Julie – Arlington | RD4-team01 = Wenner Wedstryd 97 | RD4-score01 = | RD4-team02 = Wenner Wedstryd 98 | RD4-score02 = | RD4-header-2 = 15 Julie – Atlanta | RD4-team03 = Wenner Wedstryd 99 | RD4-score03 = | RD4-team04 = Wenner Wedstryd 100 | RD4-score04 = | RD5-header-1 = 19 Julie – East Rutherford | RD5-team01 = Wenner Wedstryd 101 | RD5-score01 = | RD5-team02 = Wenner Wedstryd 102 | RD5-score02 = | RD6-header-1 = 18 Julie – Miami Gardens | RD6-team01 = Verloorder Wedstryd 101 | RD6-score01 = | RD6-team02 = Verloorder Wedstryd 102 | RD6-score02 = }} ==== 16de eindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[28 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}''' |score = Wedstryd 73 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289287/400021518 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Kanada}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[29 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:30 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Duitsland}}''' |score = Wedstryd 74 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021513 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep A/B/C/D/F''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[29 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep F''' |score = Wedstryd 75 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021522 Verslag] |team2 = '''{{vlagland|Marokko}}''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Estadio BBVA]], [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[29 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 CDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Brasilië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 76 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021516 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep F''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[30 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep I''' |score = Wedstryd 77 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021523 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep C/D/F/G/H''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[30 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Ivoorkus}}''' |score = Wedstryd 78 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021514 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep I''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[30 Junie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Meksiko}}''' |score = Wedstryd 79 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021520 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep C/E/F/H/I''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Azteca-stadion]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[1 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep L''' |score = Wedstryd 80 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021512 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep E/H/I/J/K''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[1 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Verenigde State}}''' |score = Wedstryd 81 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021524 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep B/E/F/I/J''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Levi's-stadion]], [[Santa Clara, Kalifornië|Santa Clara]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[1 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 13:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep G''' |score = Wedstryd 82 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021525 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep A/E/H/I/J''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 19:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Naaswenner Groep K''' |score = Wedstryd 83 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021526 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep L''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[BMO Field]], [[Toronto]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep H''' |score = Wedstryd 84 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021519 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep J''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[2 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Switserland}}''' |score = Wedstryd 85 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021527 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep E/F/G/I/J''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''{{vlagland|Argentinië}}''' |score = Wedstryd 86 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021521 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep H''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:30 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''Wenner Groep K''' |score = Wedstryd 87 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021517 Verslag] |team2 = '''Derde Groep D/E/I/J/L''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[3 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 13:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''Naaswenner Groep D''' |score = Wedstryd 88 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021515 Verslag] |team2 = '''Naaswenner Groep G''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==== Agtste eindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[4 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 74''' |score = Wedstryd 89 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021533 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 77''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lincoln Financial Field]], [[Philadelphia]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[4 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 CDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 73''' |score = Wedstryd 90 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021530 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 75''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[NRG-stadion]], [[Houston]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[5 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 76''' |score = Wedstryd 91 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021532 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 78''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[5 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 18:00 CST (UTC−6) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 79''' |score = Wedstryd 92 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021531 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 80''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Azteca-stadion]], [[Meksikostad]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[6 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 14:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 83''' |score = Wedstryd 93 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021529 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 84''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[6 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 81''' |score = Wedstryd 94 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021534 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 82''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Lumen Field]], [[Seattle]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[7 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 86''' |score = Wedstryd 95 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021528 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 88''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[7 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 13:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 85''' |score = Wedstryd 96 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021535 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 87''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==== Kwarteindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[9 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 16:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 89''' |score = Wedstryd 97 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021536 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 90''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Gillette-stadion]], [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[10 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 12:00 PT (UTC−7) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 93''' |score = Wedstryd 98 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021538 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 94''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[SoFi-stadion]], [[Inglewood, Kalifornië|Inglewood]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 91''' |score = Wedstryd 99 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021539 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 92''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[11 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 20:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 95''' |score = Wedstryd 100 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021537 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 96''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Arrowhead-stadion]], [[Kansas City]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==== Halfeindrondte ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[14 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 14:00 CDT (UTC−5) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 97''' |score = Wedstryd 101 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021541 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 98''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[AT&T-stadion]], [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]] |attendance = |referee = }} {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[15 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 99''' |score = Wedstryd 102 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021540 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 100''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Mercedes-Benz-stadion]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==== Klein finale (om die derde plek) ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[18 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 17:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Verloorder Wedstryd 101''' |score = Wedstryd 103 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021542 Verslag] |team2 = '''Verloorder Wedstryd 102''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Hard Rock-stadion]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==== Eindstryd ==== {{sokkerwedstryd |date = [[19 Julie]] [[2026]] |time = 15:00 EDT (UTC−4) |team1 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 101''' |score = Wedstryd 104 |report = [https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre/match/17/285023/289273/400021543 Verslag] |team2 = '''Wenner Wedstryd 102''' |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[MetLife-stadion]], [[East Rutherford]] |attendance = |referee = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !Sokkerwêreldkampioen 2026 |- |align=center|'''Eindstrydwenner''' |} == Sien ook == * [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1970]] * [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986]] * [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1994]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|2026 FIFA World Cup|FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026}} * {{en}} {{es}} {{fr}} [https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026 Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} [http://www.worldcup-history.com/index.php?siden=VM&aaret=2026 worldcup-history.com: ''2026''] * {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/2026-FIFA-World-Cup|title=2026 FIFA World Cup|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=25 Junie 2026}} * {{en}} {{IMDb-titel|32915471|2026 FIFA World Cup}} {{Navigasie Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Kanada]] [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Meksiko]] [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van die Verenigde State van Amerika]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerkompetisies in Kanada]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerkompetisies in Meksiko]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerkompetisies in die Verenigde State van Amerika]] [[Kategorie:FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi|2026]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2026]] nyz0d7u91in5971kow79evg9t246lvq 0 129707 2913809 2364206 2026-06-25T19:38:57Z Morne 672 2913809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Predikant | Naam = Ds. Jan Christoffel Krüger | Beeld = Ds Jan Krüger.jpg | Beeldbeskrywing = Ds. J.C. Krüger | Beeldonderskrif = Ds. Jan Christoffel Krüger | Geboortenaam = Jan Christoffel Krüger | Geboortedatum = 19 November 1870 | Geboorteplek = | Sterftedatum = {{SDEO|1870|11|19|1905|6|26}} | Sterfteplek = [[Ladybrand]], [[Oranjerivierkolonie]] | Kerkverband = [[Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika|Gereformeerd]] | Gemeente = [[Gereformeerde kerk Ladybrand|Ladybrand]] | Jare aktief = 1898–1905 | Kweekskool = [[Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp]] | Kerklike ampte = | Sendingwerk = }} [[Beeld:Ds JC Kruger van die Gereformeerde kerk Ladybrand en sy eggenote.jpg|duimnael|regs|220px|Ds. J.C. Krüger en sy eggenote.]] [[Beeld:Ds Jan Christoffel Kruger se grafsteen in Ladybrand se begraafplaas.jpg|duimnael|regs|200px|Ds. Krüger se grafsteen in die hoofbegraafplaas op [[Ladybrand]].]] Ds. '''Jan Christoffel Krüger''' ([[19 November]] [[1870]] – [[Ladybrand]], [[26 Junie]] [[1905]]) was van 1898 tot sy dood predikant van die [[Gereformeerde kerk Ladybrand]], die enigste gemeente in sy kort bediening van sewe jaar. Die gemeente Ladybrand het reeds in Desember 1872 van [[Gereformeerde kerk Reddersburg|Reddersburg]] afgestig, maar in die eerste 26 jaar van sy bestaan moes die lidmate tevrede wees met konsulentsbediening. Ná hul eerste predikant se dood in die ouderdom van 34 jaar, het die gemeente eers weer in 1911 ’n leraar gekry, in die persoon van ds. [[Hendrikus Pasch|H.P.J. Pasch]]. Benewens dat hy sy studie aan die [[Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp]] voltooi het, is nie veel oor ds. Krüger se lewe bekend nie. Ná sy dood is hy in die hoofbegraafplaas op [[Ladybrand]] begrawe. == Galery == <gallery mode=packed heights=185px> Beeld:Studentegroep aan die Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp, einde 19de eeu.jpg|'n Groep Burgersdorpse studente, Oktober 1896. Agter (van links): [[J.G.H. van der Walt]], [[Jacobus du Plessis|J.A. du Plessis]], J.C. Krüger, [[Willem Postma]]. Tussen-in: [[G.H.J. Kruger]]. Voor: [[Flippie Snyman|P.J. Snyman]] en [[Totius|J.D. du Toit]]. Lêer:Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp 1892.jpg|Die studente en dosente van die Teologiese Skool in 1892. Voor: J. Kruger, G. Kruger, [[Jacobus du Plessis|J.A. du Plessis]], J. Henning, G. du Plessis, D. Heystek, J. van der Walt. Middel: J. de Klerk, [[Koos van Rooy|J.A. van Rooy]], prof. [[Jan Lion Cachet]], prof. [[Stephanus Postma|S. Postma]], K. Coetsee, J. Malan, P. van der Walt. Agter: J. van der Walt, J. Kruger, [[Willem Johannes de Klerk|W.J. de Klerk]], [[Willem Postma|W. Postma]], J. Scheepers, P. van Wyk, J.C. Krüger, P. Coetsee, [[Flippie Snyman|P.C. Snyman]]. Lêer:Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp 1895.jpg|1895: Professore en studente van die Teologiese Skool op Burgersdorp. Voor: J. du Plooy, [[Ferdinand Postma]], J. Kruger, [[Willem Johannes de Klerk|Willem de Klerk]], W. Rörich, P. Lion Cachet, J. Coetzee, ene Venter. Middel: [[Jacobus du Plessis]], [[Flippie Snyman]], prof. [[Stephanus Postma]], prof. [[Jan Lion Cachet]], [[Willem Postma]], J.C. Krüger, [[J.G.H. van der Walt]]. Agter: [[Dirk Postma, seun van Martinus|Dirk Postma]], ene Heystek, D. van der Walt, [[G.H.J. Kruger]], W. Henning, A. Henning, J. de Klerk, onbekend, H. de Klerk, C.W. van der Walt, D. Maré en J. Diepraam. Lêer:Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp 1897.jpg|1897: Professore en studente van die [[Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp|Teologiese Skool op Burgersdorp]]. [[Ferdinand Postma]], P. Coetzee, J. Venter, Wardaugh, P. Lion Cachet, [[Willem Johannes de Klerk|Willem de Klerk]], W. Henning, [[Johannes Petrus van der Walt|J.P. van der Walt]], J. Pretorius. Middel: [[G.H.J. Kruger]], [[Totius|J.D. du Toit]], [[Flippie Snyman|P.C. Snyman]], [[Jacobus du Plessis|J.A. du Plessis]], prof. [[Jan Lion Cachet|J. Lion Cachet]], prof. [[Stephanus Postma|S. Postma]], J. Krüger, [[J.G.H. van der Walt]]. Agter: C. Pretorius, [[Japie Maré|J. Maré]], ene Faul, H. de Klerk, L.J. du Plessis (begin 1969, met die skool se eeufees, die oudste [89 jaar] nog lewende oudstudent van die Teologiese Skool en woonagtig te [[Reddersburg]], seun van ds. [[Louw du Plessis|L.J. du Plessis]]), J. du Plessis, F. Henning, J. du Plooy, C. van der Walt, [[N.H. van der Walt]], [[Dirk Postma, seun van Martinus|D. Postma]]. Beeld:Algemene Vergadering van die Gereformeerde kerk op Burgersdorp, 1902.jpg|Die Algemene Vergadering van die Gereformeerde Kerk op [[Burgersdorp]], 1902, die eerste algemene vergadering ná die [[Tweede Vryheidsoorlog]]. Eerste ry: Di. [[Koos van Rooy|J.A. van Rooy]], [[Louis Vorster|L.P. Vorster]], [[Stephanus Postma|S. Postma]], [[G.H.J. Kruger|Gert Kruger]]. Tweede ry (vanaf vyfde van links): Prof. [[Jan Lion Cachet]], dr. [[Flippie Snyman|P.C. Snyman]], prof. [[Jacobus du Plessis|J.A. Du Plessis]], ds. [[Taetse Hamersma|T. Hamersma]], J.C. Krüger, [[Willem Postma]], W.J. Snyman. Derde ry: Di. H.J. du Plessis, Schalk Buys, N. van der Walt, Christiaan van Wyk, D.G. Grobler. Lêer:Algemene Sinode van die Gereformeerde Kerk, Middelburg, Kaap, 1904.jpg|Die Algemene Sinode in sitting te [[Middelburg, Oos-Kaap|Middelburg, Kaap]], 1904, waartydens besluit is om die [[Teologiese Skool Burgersdorp]] na [[Potchefstroom]] te verplaas. Voor: (vyfde van links) [[G.H.J. Kruger]]. Eerste ry op stoele: (vyfde van links) ds. [[A.J.J. de Klerk Coetsee]], oudl. G. Henning, [[J.G.H. van der Walt]], [[Louw du Plessis|L.J. du Plessis]], prof. [[Jan Lion Cachet]], [[Petrus Postma]], [[Totius|J.D. du Toit]], [[Flippie Snyman|P.C. Snyman]], [[Taetse Hamersma]]. Eerste ry staande: (sesde van links) [[Willem Postma]], [[Martinus Postma]], [[Koos van Rooy|J.A. van Rooy]], onbekend, prof. [[Jan Kamp]], [[Willem Johannes de Klerk|W.J. de Klerk]], J.C. Krüger, [[Jacobus du Plessis|J.A. du Plessis]], W.J. Snyman, [[Dirk Postma jr.|Dirk Postma]]. Beeld:Algemene Vergadering van die Gereformeerde Kerk in die OVS op Ladybrand in 1905.jpg|1905: Algemene Vergadering van die Gereformeerde Kerk in die OVS op Ladybrand. In die twee ry sit vanaf vierde van links: ds. J.C. Kruger, onbekend, [[Louw du Plessis]], [[Willem Postma]] en [[Jacobus du Plessis]]. </gallery> == Bronne == * {{af}} Harris, C.T., [[Hannes Noëth|Noëth, J.G.]], Sarkady, N.G., Schutte, F.M. en Van Tonder, J.M. 2010. ''Van seringboom tot kerkgebou: die argitektoniese erfenis van die Gereformeerde Kerke''. [[Potchefstroom]]: Administratiewe Buro. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kruger, Jan}} [[Kategorie:Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1870]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1905]] 2rq9wuow7vx178dcyrumni7ro3hmvmv 0 129914 2913760 2865247 2026-06-25T15:08:54Z Jcb 223 2913760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Cythna Letty | bynaam = | beeld = Cythna Lindenberg Letty.jpg | breedte = | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = | geboortenaam = Cythna Lindenberg Letty | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum|1895|1|1}} | geboorteplek = [[Standerton]], [[Transvaalkolonie]] | sterfdatum = {{Sterfdatum en ouderdom|1895|1|1|1985|5|3}} | sterfteplek = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | ouers = Walter Edward Letty en Josina Christina Lindenberg | familie = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}} | alma_mater = | beroep = Plantkunstenaar, illustreerder | ander = | bekend = | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = Oscar William Alric Forssman | kinders = | kleinkinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} '''Cythna Lindenberg Letty''' (1 Januarie 1895 – 3 Mei 1985) was een van [[Suid-Afrika]] se bekendste en bekwaamste blomskilders. Sy is op 21 Januarie 1895 op [[Standerton]] as die oudste van 5 kinders uit die huwelik tussen Josina Christina Lindenberg Leibbrandt en Walter Edward Letty gebore (haar moeder het egter reeds 6 kinders uit 'n vorige huwelik gehad). Cythna Letty het haar kinderjare op verskeie plekke in die destydse [[Natal (kolonie)|Natal]] en [[Transvaal]] deurgebring, onder meer op [[Standerton]], [[Heidelberg, Gauteng|Heidelberg]] en [[Estcourt]]. Haar liefde vir veldblomme en haar kunstalent het sy van haar moeder geërf. Hulle het dikwels hul tyd saam in die veld verwyl, waar hulle veldblomme versamel en bestudeer het. Letty het in 1909 en 1922 twee sketsboeke vol sketse van Transvaalse blomme gemaak, wat tans in die Nasionale Herbarium bewaar word. Die gesin het in 1914 na [[Pretoria]] verhuis, waar Cythna haar skoolopleiding aan die Pretoria High School for Girls voltooi het. Daarna het sy verskeie betrekkings beklee: sy was eers goewernante, daarna [[Verpleging|verpleegster]] en vroedvrou, toe klerk by die Spoorweë en van 1920 af het sy as assistent van haar swaer, dr. Bösenberg, in Kaapstad opgetree. In 1925 het sy na Pretoria teruggekeer en as tekenaar by die [[Onderstepoort-dierehospitaal|Veeartsenykundige Diens op Onderstepoort]] begin werk. Sy is in 1927 na die Nasionale Navorsingsinstituut vir Plantkunde van die destydse Departement van Landbou-tegniese Dienste oorgeplaas, waar sy met haar natuurgetroue blomillustrasies vir amptelike publikasies begin het. Haar werk is gou in dié departement se wêreldwye reeks publikasies ''Flowering Plants of Africa'' opgeneem. Namate haar kennis en tekentegniek verbeter het, is meer van haar werk in dié reeks opgeneem en toe sy die diens van die Departement verlaat, was 740 van haar plate reeds gepubliseer. In 1938 is Letty met Oscar Forssman getroud en het sy die diens van die Departement verlaat. In 1945 het sy egter na die pos teruggekeer en dit tot in 1968 beklee. In 1963 het sy haar eie boek, ''Wild Flowers of the Transvaal'', gepubliseer. Dié boek bevat tekeninge van 420 [[spesie]]s Transvaalse blomme en die teks is deur drie plantkundiges van die Departement, dr. [[Robert Allen Dyer|R.A. Dyer]], mej. [[Inez Clare Verdoorn|lnez C. Verdoorn]] en dr. L.E. Codd, versorg. Met die desimalisasie van Suid-Afrika se geldstelsel het Cythna Letty opdrag ontvang om blomontwerpe vir die 10c-, 20c- en 50c-muntstukke te maak. Sy het ook die vlamlelie wat in 1964 op die 6-penniestuk van die destydse [[Rhodesië]] verskyn het, ontwerp. Cythna Letty is wêreldwyd bekend vir haar blomstudies. Van haar werk is by verskillende geleenthede in [[Engeland]] uitgestal en in 1970 het sy die Grensell-medalje van die ''Royal Botanical Society'' in [[Londen]] ontvang. Haar werk is ook by verskeie Amerikaanse universiteite uitgestal. 'n Reeks van vyf boekdele oor vetplante en aasblomme is deur Sloane, White en Dyer in [[Pasadena, Kalifornië|Pasadena]], [[Verenigde State van Amerika|VSA]], uitgegee en bevat baie van haar kleurplate. Ander publikasies waarin haar werk opgeneem is, is ''Grasses and Pastures of South Africa'' (Chippendale), ''The World's Grasses'' (Bews), ''An introduction to Botany'' deur I.C. Verdoorn, 66 ''trees of the Lowveld'' deur De Winter en Killick. ''Food and Feeding Habits of the Pedi'' deur P.J. Quin en verskeie uitgawes van die Departement van Landboutegniese Dienste se plantkundeblad ''Bothalia''. 'n Bundel van Letty se poësie, ''Children of the Hours'' met gepaste blomillustrasies het in 1981 verskyn. Na haar dood op 3 Mei 1985 is haar as in die Cythna Letty Natuurreservaat naby [[Barberton]] in [[Mpumalanga]] gestrooi. == Publikasies == * ''An Introduction to Botany and to a Few Transvaal Veld Flowers'' (with Verdoorn)(J.L Van Schaik, Pretoria 1920) * ''Wild Flowers of the Transvaal'' (with Dyer, Verdoorn and Codd 1962) B0007IZSNE * ''Trees of South Africa'' (Tafelberg 1975) {{ISBN|0-624-00671-9}} * ''Children of the Hours – Indigenous Plants With Peculiar Habits'' (AD. Donker Ltd 1981) B000N2D7SM == Galery == <gallery> Calodendrum capense00.jpg|Calodendrum capense, deur Cythna Letty uit "Flowering plants of (South) Africa, vol. 27: t. 1041 (1947)" </gallery> == Bronnelys == * Beeton, D.R.: The poetry of Cythna Letty. In: Lantern. Tydskrif vir Kennis en Kultuuur. Jaargang 18, nr. 1, September 1968 * Stead, Rinie: Die kuns van Cythna Letty. In: Lantern. Tydskrif vir Kennis en Kultuuur. Jaargang 18, nr. 1, September 1968 * [[Wêreldspektrum]], Vol. 17, 57, {{ISBN|0 908409 58 3}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letty, Cythna}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1895]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1985]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaars]] qr6q06iz0jshu5gg3u2kylxrk30v0tc 0 133022 2913759 1972717 2026-06-25T15:08:06Z Jcb 223 2913759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Denys Lasdun | bynaam = | beeld = Lasdun Institute of Education back.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = Die ''Institute of Education'' | geboortenaam = | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum|1914|9|8}} | geboorteplek = [[Kensington]], [[Londen]], [[Engeland]] | sterfdatum = {{Sterfdatum en ouderdom|1914|9|8|2001|1|11}} | sterfteplek = Fulham, Londen, Engeland | ouers = Nathan en Jolie Lasdun | familie = | titel = | nasionaliteit = {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}} | alma_mater = | beroep = Argitek | ander = | bekend = ''[[Royal National Theatre]]''<br />[[Universiteit van Oos-Anglië]] | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = ''Royal Gold Medal for Architecture'' (1977), Wolf-toekenning vir kuns (1992) | party = | religie = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = | kleinkinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} [[Lêer:National Theatre, London.jpg|duimnael|Die ''National Theatre'' was vir Charles, Prins van Wallis ''"a clever way of building a nuclear power station in the middle of London without anyone objecting"'']] [[Lêer:Nattheatrelondon.700px.jpg|duimnael|'n Nagfoto laat reg geskied aan Lasdun se brutalistiese ontwerp vir die ''National Theatre'' in Londen. Lasdun het sy geometriese ontwerpe beskryf as "'n kombinasie van die vertikaal en die horisontaal"]] '''Sir Denys Louis Lasdun''', CH, [[Orde van die Britse Ryk|CBE]] (* [[8 September]] [[1914]] in [[Kensington]], [[Londen]]; † [[11 Januarie]] [[2001]] in Fulham, Londen) was een van die vernaamste [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britse]] argitekte van sy tyd, met 'n loopbaan wat in die vroeë 1930's begin en die ontwikkeling van die ''Modern Movement'' of moderne beweging in die Britse boukuns noukeurig gevolg het. Lasdun is in 'n kunssinnige familie gebore. Sy vader, Nathan Lasdun (1879−1920), 'n ingenieur en sakeman wat oorlede is toe Denys eers vyf jaar oud was, was 'n neef van die kunstenaar Léon Bakst wat internasionale bekendheid verwerf het met sy ontwerpe vir die Russiese balletgeselskap ''[[Ballets Russes]]''. Sy moeder Julie (1884−1963) was 'n pianis, en so het Denys grootgeword onder musici. Sy nou verbintenis met kuns is in 1954 voortgesit toe hy met Susan Bendit in die huwelik getree het wat – ná haar skoolloopbaan by die Camberwell-kunsskool – grafiese kuns gestudeer het en later ook as skrywer werksaam was. Die jong egpaar het hul huweliksreis na die Verenigde State onderneem waar hulle moderne boukuns besigtig het. Susan was vertroud met die wese en vraagstukke van moderne argitektuur. Sy was later betrokke by die interieurontwerp en kleurskema vir die ''[[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]]'' in Londen en ander geboue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jan/12/guardianobituaries ''The Guardian, 12 Januarie 2001: Obituary – Sir Denys Lasdun. Besoek op 15 Februarie 2018'']</ref> Ná sy opleiding by die ''Architectural Association'', wat hy sonder 'n diploma verlaat het, het Lasdun onder die invloed van twee strominge in die boukuns gekom – dié van buitelandse argitekte wat vanaf die vroeë 1930's die argitektoniese vormtaal van die moderne [[Internasionale Styl]] in die Verenigde Koninkryk met sy sterk historiese boutradisies ingevoer het, en dié van Engelse Barokstylboukuns wat deur argitekte soos Nicholas Hawksmoor verteenwoordig is. Lasdun se eie styl is later gekenmerk deur Le Corbusier se "Vyf Punte van 'n Nuwe Argitektuur" asook 'n eenvoudige vormtaal waarin [[beton]] en [[glas]], 'n nuwe gevoel van ruimte en sy strewe na 'n gepaste argitektoniese toneel vir die moderne lewe. Op dié Manier was hy een van die mees vooraanstaande Britse argitekte wat daarin geslaag het om [[Le Corbusier]] se erfenis met die Engelse leefstyl te laat versmelt. Nogtans kan sy argitektoniese werk nie maklik gekategoriseer word nie en volg sy ontwerpe eerder style wat met [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] of [[Alvar Aalto]] verbind word as dié van modernistiese meesterargitekte soos Le Corbusier of [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]].<ref>[https://www.archdaily.com/772979/ad-classics-royal-national-theatre-denys-lasdun ''Arch Daily, 8 September 2015: AD Classics: Royal National Theatre / Denys Lasdun. Besoek op 15 Februarie 2018'']</ref> Die twee belangrikste buitelandse argitekte, wat hulle in die Verenigde Koninkryk gevestig het en met wie Lasdun saamgewerk het, was die [[Kanada|Kanadees]] Wells Coates en Berthold Lubetkin wat oorspronklik in [[Parys]] werksaam was. Lasdun het twee jaar lank met Coates saamgewerk voordat hy in 1938 as vennoot by ''Tecton'' aangesluit het, 'n praktyk wat deur Lubetkin gestig is. Nog in dieselfde jaar het Lasdun 'n woonhuis in die Londense buurt Bayswater ontwerp wat in baie opsigte die voorbeeld van Le Corbusier se ''Maison Cook'' te Parys gevolg het. Lasdun se ontwerpe vir openbare geboue, wat noukeurig aangepas is by hul onmiddellike landelike of stedelike omgewing, was daarop gemik om sosiale interaksie te bevorder. Vir Britse universiteite het hy dié doelwit in die 1960's probeer bereik deur hele tonele te ontwerp wat uit beton gevorm is. In 1963 is sy ontwerp vir die voorgestelde ''National Theatre'' in Londen as wenner in 'n kompetisie aangewys. Vir Lasdun was die bou van 'n skouburg, 'n taak wat hy nooit tevore aangepak het nie, 'n besondere uitdaging. Dit het hom en sy span dertien jaar geneem om die teatergebou te voltooi. Sy brutalistiese ontwerp het ondanks skerp kritiek deur sommige waarnemers – soos dié van [[Charles, Prins van Wallis]] wat die teatergebou in Londen se South Bank-buurt as selfverklaarde argitektuurkritikus met 'n kernkragsentrale vergelyk het<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/14/local/me-12312 ''Los Angeles Times, 14 Januarie 2001: Obituaries – Sir Denys Lasdun; Modernist Architect Designed Royal National Theatre in London. Besoek op 15 Februarie 2018'']</ref> – lankal tot een van die gewildste voorbeelde van betonboukuns in Londen ontwikkel. 'n Twintigtal ander projekte in die Verenigde Koninkryk en die buiteland het gevolg, soos 'n residensiële gebou vir die ''Christ's College'' te [[Cambridge]], die ''Royal College of Physicians'' in [[Regent's Park]] (1959), die ''University of East Anglia ''(1962), die ''European Investment Bank'' se kantoorgebou in [[Luxemburg (stad)|Luxemburg]] (1973) en die Hurva-sinagoge-projek in [[Jerusalem]] (1979). Sy laaste groot projek was die ''Royal Academy ''in 1997 wat deur die publiek gunstig ontvang is. Denys Lasdun se nalatenskap as argitek is sy strewe om boukuns verder te ontwikkel tot 'n stedelike landskap waarin geboue as "heuwels en valleie" waargeneem kan word, met torings, terrasse en platforms (soms voorgestel as ''strata'') as hoofkenmerke. Ook die beginsels van moderne boumeesters vind nuwe uitdrukking in sy ontwerpe waarin openbare geboue, die stad as beboude landskap en die natuur in 'n nuwe verhouding tot mekaar betrokke raak.<ref>William J R Curtis: ''Denys Lasdun: Architecture, City, Landscape''. London: Phaidon Press 1994</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} * [https://heritagecalling.com/2014/09/08/6-buildings-celebrating-100-years-of-denys-lasdun/ ''Heritage Calling – A Historic England Blog: 6 Buildings Celebrating 100 Years of Denys Lasdun''] {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lasdun, Denys}} [[Kategorie:Britse argitekte]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1914]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2001]] rqmaen4927vl1g0xwhax21lzo54dc3c 0 139510 2913854 2444883 2026-06-25T23:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 131157 Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 2913854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër | naam = Edna Molewa | beeld = Edna Molewa.jpg | beeldonderskrif = Edna Molewa in 2011 | orde = Minister van Omgewingsake | termynaanvang = [[26 Mei]] [[2014]] | termyneinde = [[22 September]] [[2018]] | president = [[Jacob Zuma]]<br />[[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | voorganger = ''self''<br /><small>(''as Minister van Water en Omgewingsake'')</small> | opvolger = [[Nomvula Mokonyane]] | geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum|1957|3|23}} | geboortejaar = | geboortemaand = | geboortedag = | geboorteplek = [[Warmbad]], [[Transvaal]] | sterftedatum = {{Sterfdatum en ouderdom|1957|3|23|2018|9|22}} | sterfteplek = [[Pretoria]], [[Gauteng]] | party = [[African National Congress]] | orde2 = Minister van Water en Omgewingsake | termynaanvang2 = [[31 Oktober]] [[2010]] | termyneinde2 = [[25 Mei]] [[2014]] | president2 = [[Jacob Zuma]] | voorganger2 = [[Buyelwa Sonjica]] | opvolger2 = ''self''<br /><small>(''as Minister van Omgewingsake'')</small> | orde3 = Minister van Sosiale Ontwikkeling | termynaanvang3 = [[11 Mei]] [[2009]] | termyneinde3 = [[31 Oktober]] [[2010]] | president3 = [[Jacob Zuma]] | voorganger3 = [[Zola Skweyiya]] | opvolger3 = [[Bathabile Dlamini]] | orde4 = 2de Premier van Noordwes | termynaanvang4 = [[30 April]] [[2004]] | termyneinde4 = [[6 Mei]] [[2009]] | voorganger4 = [[Popo Molefe]] | opvolger4 = [[Maureen Modiselle]] | eggenoot = Richard Molewa (—2017; haar dood) | kinders = | alma_mater = | religie = | handtekening = }} '''Edith Edna Molewa''' ([[23 Maart]] [[1957]] – [[22 September]] [[2018]]) was 'n [[Suid-Afrika]]anse politikus en lid van die [[African National Congress]]. Molewa is as die Minister van Water en Omgewingsake van Suid-Afrika aangestel op 31 Oktober 2010, as deel van 'n kabinetskommeling deur President [[Jacob Zuma]]. Op 25 Mei 2014 is haar departement verdeel en sy is aangestel as die Minister van Omgewingsake. Sy vervang daarmee haar voorganger, Buyelwa Sonjica.<ref>WASH News Africa:[http://washafrica.wordpress.com/2010/11/02/south-africa-edna-molewa-replaces-buyelwa-sonjica-as-water-and-environmental-affairs-minister-top-officials-suspended/ Edna Molewa replaces Buyelwa Sonjica as Water and Environmental Affairs Minister, top officials suspended] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222081245/http://washafrica.wordpress.com/2010/11/02/south-africa-edna-molewa-replaces-buyelwa-sonjica-as-water-and-environmental-affairs-minister-top-officials-suspended/ |date=22 Desember 2013 }}, 2 November 2010</ref> Molewa was besig om vir 'n [[Baccalaureus Artium|BA]] in Kommunikasie te studeer aan die [[Universiteit van Suid-Afrika]].<ref name="bio">Department of Environmental Affairs:[https://www.environment.gov.za/aboutus/biographies biographies], 26 Julie 2015</ref> Sy sterf op 22 September 2018 in die ouderdom van 61 aan [[legioensiekte]] ('n tipe longontsteking).<ref name="molewa-dood">{{cite web |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/oorsaak-van-edna-molewa-se-dood-bekend/ |publisher=Maroela Media |title=Oorsaak van Edna Molewa se dood bekend |date=23 September 2018 |access-date=29 Mei 2020 |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512094416/https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/oorsaak-van-edna-molewa-se-dood-bekend/ |archive-date=12 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Politieke loopbaan == Edna Molewa was betrokke by Suid-Afrika se bevrydingsbeweging van 1976 tot 1990. Gedurende daardie tyd was sy 'n lid van verskeie aktiviste- en plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkelingsorganisasies. Aan die begin van 1984 het sy as voorsitter gedien van die Suid-Afrikaanse Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union en uiteindelik word sy adjunkpresident. In 1994 word Molewa die eerste vroulike voorsitter van die Portefeuljekomitee oor Handel en Nywerheid, en in 1996 begin sy dien as 'n lid van die Uitvoerende Raad vir Toerisme, Omgewing en Bewaring.<ref name="assembly">People’s Assembly:[http://www.pa.org.za/person/bomo-edna-edith-molewa Ms Edna Molewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704071509/http://www.pa.org.za/person/bomo-edna-edith-molewa/ |date= 4 Julie 2017 }}, 26 Julie 2015</ref><ref name="who">Who’s Who South Africa:[http://whoswho.co.za/edna-molewa-3283 Edna Molewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526072514/http://whoswho.co.za/edna-molewa-3283 |date=26 Mei 2015 }}, 26 Julie 2015</ref> Sy was van 1998 tot 2000 'n lid van die Uitvoerende Raad vir Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling en Toerisme. Tussen 2000 en 2004 was Molewa 'n lid van die Uitvoerende Raad vir Landbou-, Bewaring- en Omgewingsake. Op 30 April 2004 word sy die eerste vrouepremier van die [[Noordwes]] Provinsiale Wetgewer, 'n pos wat sy beklee het tot 2009.<ref>{{Webaanhaling|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/government/cabinet-021110.htm|titel=South Africa's new Cabinet ministers|toegangsdatum=2015-07-27}}</ref> Vir 'n kort tyd was Molewa aangestel as die Minister van Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling, maar in 2010 is sy vervang deur Buyelwa Sonjica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.za/statement-president-jacob-zuma-appointment-new-cabinet |title=Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of the new Cabinet |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730072846/https://www.gov.za/statement-president-jacob-zuma-appointment-new-cabinet |archive-date=30 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-1.690238 |title=Zuma announces cabinet reshuffle |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909140151/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-1.690238 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Mei 2014 is die departement verdeel en Edna Molewa het die Minister van Omgewingsake geword. Edna Molewa was die kommunikasiehoof van die ANC Vroueliga en was sedert 2003 'n lid van die ANC se Nasionale Uitvoerende Komitee. == Omgewingskwessies == Sedert sy die Minister van Omgewingsake geword het, het Molewa gepoog om [[renoster]]s se veiligheid te verbeter deur 'n verskeidenheid bewaringspogings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/party/how-we-plan-to-deal-with-rhino-poaching-crisis--ed |title=How we plan to deal with rhino poaching crisis – Edna Molewa |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003123653/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/party/how-we-plan-to-deal-with-rhino-poaching-crisis--ed |archive-date=3 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Onder hierdie pogings is hervestigingsprogramme, teenstroop-inisiatiewe, die verkoop van renosters aan privaatreservate, wetstoepassingsamewerking op alle vlakke, en om te voldoen aan CITES-regulasies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015 |title=Minister Edna Molewa highlights progress in the war against poaching and plans for 2015 |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424135102/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015 |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Molewa se administrasie het die wettiging van internasionale renosterhoringhandel ondersteun, en het renosters van hoë-risiko gebiede na lae-risiko gebiede verskuif, beide nasionaal en internasionaal, asook begin met die verkoop van meer as 200 [[witrenoster]]s aan privaatkopers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/25/south-africa-rhino-horn-trade |title=South African minister backs legalisation of rhino horn trade |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003123634/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/25/south-africa-rhino-horn-trade |archive-date=3 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="women">{{Webaanhaling|url=http://www.women24.com/News/Molewa-Rhino-poaching-on-the-rise-20150511|titel=Molewa: Rhino poaching on the rise|toegangsdatum=2015-07-27}}</ref> Maar beplande verkope van renosters vanuit die [[Krugerwildtuin]] na private wildreservate is laat in 2014 gekanselleer nadat daar ontdek is dat sommige van die voornemende kopers die eienaars van onwettige jagondernemings is.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oxpeckers.org/2014/09/kruger-rhino-sales-canned/ |title=Kruger rhino sales canned |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729104754/http://oxpeckers.org/2014/09/kruger-rhino-sales-canned/ |archive-date=29 Julie 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citizen.co.za/413400/rhino-could-be-sold-to-hunters/ |title=Rhino could have been sold to hunters |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073553/http://citizen.co.za/413400/rhino-could-be-sold-to-hunters/ |archive-date=5 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Een van die beweerde kopers is daarvan beskuldig dat hy saketransaksies doen met Dawie Groenewald wie in hegtenis geneem is in die Verenigde State vir geldwassery en die verkoop van bedrieglike jagpakette en in hegtenis geneem is in 2010 in Suid-Afrika in verband met die onwettige afmaai van renosters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/owners-safari-company-indicted-illegal-rhino-hunts |title=Owners of Safari Company Indicted for Illegal Rhino Hunts |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003123405/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/owners-safari-company-indicted-illegal-rhino-hunts |archive-date=3 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Rhinos-sold-to-canned-hunter-20150627 |title=Rhinos sold to canned hunter |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026115942/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Rhinos-sold-to-canned-hunter-20150627 |archive-date=26 Oktober 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citizen.co.za/263495/us-add-to-groenewald-gang-charge-sheet/ |title=US add to ‘Groenewald Gang’ charge sheet |access-date=27 Julie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073313/http://citizen.co.za/263495/us-add-to-groenewald-gang-charge-sheet/ |archive-date=5 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Sterwe == Molewa het op 22 September 2018 gesterf as 'n gevolg van [[legioensiekte]], waarmee sy besmet is terwyl sy in [[Volksrepubliek China|China]] was vir 'n staatsbesoek.<ref name="molewa-dood"/> == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} {{Kabinet-Zuma I}} {{Kabinet-Zuma II}} {{Kabinet-Ramaphosa I}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Molewa, Edna}} [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse ministers]] [[Kategorie:Politici van die African National Congress]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2018]] qiv0lm5onp2ylmdpel6xlmtsudt86pt 1 149132 2913918 2908477 2026-06-26T09:28:20Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Proeflees */ Nog een vir Aliwal. 2913918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} == Hoe nou... == {{ping|BurgertB}}, hoe gemaak met 'n woord soos "Territorians" uit die Engelse artikel? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:17, 20 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ek sal dit so hou, want dit is hulle Engelse naam. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:43, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :: Dankie [[Gebruiker:BurgertB]]! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:06, 22 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Proeflees == {{Ping|Aliwal2012}}, ek beplan om hierdie artikel na voorblad status te neem. Jy is welkom om te proeflees, groot asseblief! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:53, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :{{Ping|Aliwal2012}}, kan jy asb. loer na die 2de en 3de paragrawe van die afdeling ''Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog''? Hier is ek 'n bietji ebuite my verwysings raamwerk! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:28, 1 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|Aliwal2012}}, die vertaling van ''population'': bevolking of populasie? Asb! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:28, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) pjrrbax3pwods446vvgebiaaaeifx8s 0 209516 2913724 2913559 2026-06-25T12:00:03Z Rooiratel 90342 2913724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Robert Loggia | Beeld = Robert Loggia.jpg | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = Salvatore Loggia | Alias = | Geboortedatum = 3 Januarie 1930 | Geboorteplek = | Nasionaliteit = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaans]] | Sterfdatum = {{SDEO|2015|12|4|1930|1|3|df=y}} | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = 3 kinders, 1 stiefdogter<ref name=filmref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/87/Robert-Loggia.html Robert Loggia Biography, ''Film Reference'']. Besoek 2015-12-05</ref> | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Akteur en regisseur | Aktiewe jare = 1948–2015 (sy dood) | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0005162 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Robert Loggia''' (3 Januarie [[1930]] – 4 Desember [[2015]]) was 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] [[akteur]] en regisseur. Hy is bekend vir sy rolle in die rolprente ''[[Scarface]]'' (1983), ''Big'' (1988), ''Independence Day'' (1996), en ''Lost Highway'' (1997). == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 1958: ''Cop Hater'' * 1958: ''The Lost Missile'' * 1963: ''Cattle King'' * 1966: ''Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law'' * 1969: ''Che!'' * 1974: ''Turn the Other Cheek'' * 1977: ''Speedtrap'' * 1982: ''An Officer and a Gentleman'' * 1983: ''[[Scarface]]'' * 1983: ''Psycho II'' * 1985: ''Jagged Edge'' * 1985: ''Prizzi's Honor'' * 1986: ''Armed and Dangerous'' * 1986: ''That's Life!'' * 1987: ''The Believers'' * 1987: ''Gaby: A True Story'' * 1987: ''Hot Pursuit'' * 1987: ''Over the Top'' * 1988: ''Big'' * 1989: ''Relentless'' * 1989: ''Triumph of the Spirit'' * 1990: ''Opportunity Knocks'' * 1991: ''The Marrying Man'' * 1991: ''Necessary Roughness'' * 1992: ''Spies Inc.'' * 1992: ''Innocent Blood'' * 1995: ''Coldblooded'' * 1995: ''Man with a Gun'' * 1996: ''Independence Day'' * 1997: ''Lost Highway'' * 1998: ''The Proposition'' * 1998: ''Holy Man'' * 1999: ''Flypaper'' * 2000: ''Return to Me'' * 2001: ''All Over Again'' * 2001: ''The Shipment'' * 2005: ''The Deal'' * 2006: ''Forget About It'' * 2006: ''Wild Seven'' * 2006: ''Rain'' * 2008: ''The Least of These'' * 2010: ''Obituary of the Sun'' * 2010: ''Harvest'' * 2011: ''Fake'' * 2011: ''The Great Fight'' * 2011: ''The Life Zone'' * 2011: ''The Grand Theft'' * 2012: ''Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie'' * 2012: ''Margarine Wars'' * 2012: ''Apostle Peter and the Last Supper'' * 2013: ''Never the Same: The Prisoner-of-War Experience'' * 2014: ''Snapshot'' * 2014: ''Scavenger Killers'' * 2014: ''An Evergreen Christmas'' * 2014: ''My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes'' * 2015: ''Bleeding Hearts'' === Televisiereekse === * 1963: ''The Robert Taylor Show'' * 1966: ''T.H.E. Cat'' * 1975: ''Caribe'' * 1989: ''Mancuso, FBI'' * 1991: ''Sunday Dinner'' * 2003: ''Queens Supreme'' === Televisierolprente === * 1960: ''Strindberg on Love'' * 1960: ''An Arabian Night'' * 1976: ''Mallory: Circumstantial Evidence'' * 1976: ''Scott Free'' * 1976: ''Street Killing'' * 1984: ''The Ferret'' * 1985: ''Streets of Justice'' * 1987: ''Echoes in the Darkness'' * 1988: ''Intrigue'' * 1989: ''Dream Breakers'' * 1989: ''Running Away'' * 1992: ''Afterburn'' * 1993: ''Lifepod'' * 1993: ''Mercy Mission: The Rescue of Flight 771'' * 1993: ''Nurses on the Line: The Crash of Flight 7'' * 1994: ''White Mile'' * 1996: ''Mistrial'' * 1997: ''The Don's Analyst'' * 1997: ''Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way'' * 1997: ''Napoleon and Wellington'' * 1998: ''Hard Time'' * 1999: ''Defeat at Waterloo: Napolean vs. Wellington'' * 2000: ''Joe DiMaggio: The Final Chapter'' * 2001: ''Dodson's Journey'' * 2004: ''Frank Sinatra: The Man and the Myth'' === Video's === * 1990: ''Celebrity Guide to Wine'' * 2007: ''Big: Chemistry of a Classic'' == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0005162|Robert Loggia}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Loggia, Robert}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1930]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2015]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse manlike akteurs van die 20ste eeu]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse manlike akteurs van die 21ste eeu]] o5d91ksmwiguvnz57zem0nxbq5pl51o 0 243234 2913897 2875869 2026-06-26T07:49:02Z Aliwal2012 39067 Haal {{Nog besig}} weg 2913897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Skoonmaak2|rede=Vertaling van al die name}} '''Dawid se vernaamste helde''' is 'n groep van 37 manne in die Hebreeuse Bybel wat saam met [[Koning Dawid]] geveg het en geïdentifiseer word in 2 Samuel 23:8–38, deel van die "aanvullende inligting" bygevoeg tot die Tweede Boek van Samuel in sy laaste vier hoofstukke. 'n Soortgelyke lys word in 1 Kronieke 11:10–47 gegee, maar met verskeie variasies en sestien meer name. ==Volledige lys== '''ou lys (nog besig)''' {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Abiëser]] * [[Abisai]] * [[Adina]] * [[Ahiam]] * [[Asmawet]] * [[Bani]] * [[Eleasar]] * [[Elhanan]] * [[Eliam]] * [[Elifelet]] * [[Elika]] * [[Eljagba]] * [[Gareb]] * [[Heleb]] * [[Heles]] {{Div col end}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[1-2 Samuel|2 Samuel]] 23:8–39 !! [[1-2 Kronieke|1 Kronieke]] 11:10–47 |- | [[Jashobeam|Ishbaal]]{{efn|The Hebrew [[Masoretic Text]] erroneously reads "Joseb-Bassebet." A later anti-polytheistic scribe edited die book of Samuel and removed all instances of בַעַל, die god "Baal," in proper names with בֹ֖שֶׁת "shame" (cf. 2 Sam 11:21 and Judg 7:1). This explains why some [[Septuagint]] manuscripts read "Isboset". After this edit, die text suffered further corruption into "Joseb-Bassebet."<ref>Emanuel Tov. ''Textual Criticism of die Hebrew Bible: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded''. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012. 247–248.</ref><br /><br />The [[Masoretic Text]] and some Septuagint manuscripts seem to say Joseb-Bassebet was also called "Adino die Eznite." Such reading was a corruption of die text, much as "Joseb-Bassebet." [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia|BHS]] purports with 2 medieval manuscripts, various Septuagint manuscripts, 2 Sam 23:18 and 1 Chron 11:11 die reading "and he raised his spear" instead, which removes die problems of awkward syntax and having four men in die three.}} die Tahkemonite || [[Jashobeam]] die Hakmonite |- | [[Eleazar (son of Dodai)|Eleazar]] ben Dodai{{efn|Written as ''Dodi''{{px2}}/{{px2}}''Dodoi''{{px2}}/{{px2}}''Dodai''}} die [[Ahohite]] || Eleazar ben Dodo{{efn|Some manuscripts have "Dodai".}} die Ahohite |- | [[Samma (Bybel)|Samma]] ben Agee die Harariet || – |- | [[Abishai (biblical figure)|Abishai]] ahi [[Joab]] ben [[Zeruiah]] || Abshai ahi Joab |- | [[Benaja]] ben Jehoiada || Benaja ben Jehoiada |- | [[Asahel]] ahi Joab || Asahel ahi Joab |- | [[Elhanan son of Dodo|Elhanan]] ben Dodo of [[Bethlehem]] || Elhanan ben Dodo of Bethlehem |- | [[Samma (Bybel)|Samma]] die Harodiet {{efn|Dit is nie duidelik of dit dieselfde is as "Shammah ben Agee die Harariet" nie, een van die Drie.}} || [[Sammot|Sammot die Harodiet]] |- | Elika die Harodite || — |- | Helez die Paltite || Helez die Pelonite |- | Ira ben Ikkesh of [[Tekoa (ancient town)|Tekoa]] || Ira ben Ikkesh of Tekoa |- | Abiezer of [[Anathoth]] || Abiezer of Anathoth |- | [[Mebunnai]] {{efn|Sommige Septuagint-manuskripte het "Sibbekai".}} die Husatiet || Sibbekai die Husatiet |- | [[Salmon|Salmon die Ahotiet]] || Ilai die Ahotiet |- | [[Maharai]] die Netofatiet || Maharai die Netofatiet |- | Heleb{{efn|Some Hebrew manuscripts and die Vulgate have "Heled"}} ben Baanah die [[Umm Tuba|Netophathite]] || Heled ben Baanah die Netophathite |- | [[Ittai]] ben Ribai van Gibea || Ithai ben Ribai van Gibea van Benjamin |- | [[Benaja]] die Pirhatoniet{{efn|Dit is nie duidelik of dit dieselfde is as "Benaja ben Jehoiada" nie.}} || Benaja die Pirhatoniet |- | [[Hiddai]]{{efn|Sommige Septuagint-manuskripte het "Hurai"}} uit die Nahale-Gaäs || Hurai uit die Nahale-Gaäs |- | [[Abi-Albon]] die die Arbatiet || Abiel die die Arbatiet |- | Azmaveth die [[Bahurim|Barhumite]] || Azmaveth die [[Bahurim|Baharumite]] |- | Eliahba die [[Salbit|Shaalbonite]] || Eliahba die Shaalbonite |- | Jónatan, van die seuns van Jashen || – |- | – || die seuns van Hashem die [[Gizo, Israel|Gizonite]] |- |[[Samma (Bybel)|Samma]] die Harariet{{efn|Vermoedelik dieselfde as "Shammah ben Agee die Harariet", een van die Drie.}}|| Jonatan ben Shagee{{efn|Blykbaar 'n sametrekking of fout vir "Samma ben Agee".}} die Harariet |- | Ahiam ben Sharar{{efn|Some Septuagint manuscripts have "Sakar".}} die Ararite || Ahiam ben Sakar die Hararite |- | Eliphelet ben Ahasbai son of die [[Maacah|Maakathite]] || Eliphal ben Ur |- | Eliam ben [[Ahithophel]] die [[Gilo]]nite || — |- | — || Hepher die Mekerathite |- | — || Ahijah die Pelonite |- | Hesrai{{efn|Geskryf as ''Hezraw''{{px2}}/{{px2}}''Hezro''}} die Karmeliet || [[Hesro|Hesro die Karmeliet]] |- | [[Paärai|Paärai die Arbiet]] || Naarai ben Ezbai |- | [[Jigeal]] ben Nathan van Soba || Joel ahi Nathan |- | Bani die [[Tribe of Gad|Gadite]]{{efn|Some manuscripts instead read "the son(s) of Haggadi". Some Septuagint manuscripts have "Hagri".}} || Mibhar ben Hagri |- | [[Selek]] die Ammoniet || Selek die Ammoniet |- | [[Naharai|Naharai die Beërotiet]] || Naharai die Beërotiet |- | [[Ira die Jitriet]] || [[Ira die Jitriet]] |- | Gareb die Jitriet || Gareb die Jitriet |- | [[Uria]] die [[Bybelse Hetiete|Hetiet]]|| Uria die Hetiet |- | — || [[Sabad|Sabad die seun van Aglai]] |- | — || Adina ben Shiza die [[Tribe of Reuben|Reubenite]] |- | — || Hanan ben Maacah |- | — || Joshaphat die Mithnite |- | — || Uzzia die [[Ashteroth Karnaim|Ashterath]]ite |- | — || Shama (ben Hotham die [[Aroer]]ite) |- | — || Jeiel{{efn|Written as ''Yeuel''}} ben Hotham die [[Aroer]]ite |- | — || Jediael ben Shimri |- | — || Joha (ben Shimri) die Tizite |- | — || Eliel (ben Elnaam) die Mahavite |- | — || Jeribai (ben Elnaam) |- | — || Joshaviah ben Elnaam |- | — || Ithmah die [[Moab]]iet |- | — || Eliel{{efn|Blykbaar anders as "Eliel die Mahaviet".}} |- | — || Obed |- | — || Jaasiel die Mezobaite |} == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * Die Bybel (1953-Vertaling) * Reinecker, Fritz: Lexikon zur Bibel. R. Brockhaus Verlag, Wuppertal 1981. {{ISBN|3-417-24528-1}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Dawid se vernaamste helde| ]] bxn7itmt4f0cq26o4053qll8h1urhso 0 260943 2913810 2829334 2026-06-25T19:43:16Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Toekennings en erkenning */ Verbeter 2913810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Wetenskaplike | naam = Abraham Erasmus van Wyk | beeld = Braam van Wyk.jpg | breedte = 220 | beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | beeldonderskrif = | geboortenaam = | geboortedatum = {{Geboortejaar en ouderdom|1952|02|19}} | geboorteplek = [[Wolmaransstad]], [[Suid-Afrika]] | sterftedatum = | sterfteplek = | plek van graf = | blyplek = | burgerskap = | nasionaliteit = | vakgebied = | werkplek = Kurator van die HGWJ Schweickerdt [[Herbarium]] | alma mater = [[Universiteit van Pretoria]] | doktorale promotor = | doktorale studente = | ander studente = | bekend vir = [[Wetenskaplike klassifikasie|Taksonomie van plante]] | beïnvloed deur = | invloed op = | toekennings = | handtekening = | webblad = {{URL|https://www.up.ac.za/plant-and-soil-sciences/article/44789/prof-braam-ae-van-wyk|Prof van Wyk}} | voetnotas = }} '''Abraham Erasmus van Wyk''', bekend as '''Braam van Wyk''' (19 Februarie 1952, [[Wolmaransstad]]) is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse [[Wetenskaplike klassifikasie|planttaksonoom]]. Hy is verantwoordelik vir die opleiding van 'n beduidende persentasie van die aktiewe planttaksonome in [[Suid-Afrika]] en het ook die eerste [[Toep|mobiele toep]] vir die identifikasie van [[Boom|bome]] in Suider-Afrika saamgestel.<ref name="NWU"/> == Biografie == Braam van Wyk is in 1952 op Wolmaransstad in die Wes-Transvaal (tans [[Noordwes]]provinsie), [[Suid-Afrika]] gebore en het op 'n [[mielie]]- en beesplaas grootgeword.<ref name="SaboNet"/> In 1973 het hy 'n [[Baccalaureus scientiae|BS]] (Plantkunde, Dierkunde, Fisiologie) (met onderskeiding) aan die [[Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] behaal, gevolg deur 'n BS (Hons) (met onderskeiding) in 1974, 'n Hoëronderwysdiploma (met onderskeiding) in 1976 en 'n MS (Plantkunde) (met onderskeiding) in 1977 (onder toesig van D.J. Botha).<ref name="SaboNet"/> Hy het aan die [[Universiteit van Pretoria]] sy doktorsgraad in plantkunde behaal met 'n proefskrif oor die klassifikasie van die [[genus]] ''[[Eugenia]]'' (''Myrtaceae'') in suidelike-Afrika ("Contributions towards a new classification of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) in southern Africa"). Sedert 1977 is hy verbonde aan die Departement van Plantkunde aan die Universiteit van Pretoria, waar hy in 1989 as professor in plantkunde aangestel is en as kurator van die universiteit se [[Herold Georg Wilhelm Johannes Schweickerdt|H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt]] [[herbarium]].<ref name="NWU"/><ref name="UPBot"/> Hy het talle akademiese en openbare lesings en kursusse aangebied oor 'n verskeidenheid plantkundige onderwerpe. Hy het ook gereeld bygedra tot die Suider-Afrikaanse Botaniese Diversiteitsnetwerk-projek (SABONET).<ref name="SaboNet"/> Van Wyk geniet dit om plantkunde toeganklik vir die publiek te maak en het vir 18 jaar deelgeneem aan 'n weeklikse wetenskapsprogram oor die radio.<ref name="UPSoil"/> Van Wyk het in 2012 die volgende kursusse aan die Universiteit van Pretoria aangebied: BOT 251 Suider-Afrikaanse flora en plantegroei, BOT 366 Plantdiversiteit, BOT 741 Planttaksonomie, BOT 742 Plantklassifikasie en ZEN 809 Biogeografie en makro-ekologie.<ref name="UPSoil"/> == Navorsingsprojekte == Van Wyk se navorsingsprojekgebiede sluit in ''[[Myrtaceae]]'', ''[[Celastraceae]]'', ''[[Icacinaceae]]'', ''Chenopodiaceae'' en ''[[Araceae]]'' en word uitgevoer in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Pondoland]], [[Maputaland]], Sekhukhuneland en die noordoostelike [[Drakensberge]]. Sy navorsing fokus op [[morfologie (biologie)|morfologie]], [[anatomie]], [[stuifmeel]]analise, ontwikkelingsbiologie, [[voortplanting]]sbiologie en biogeografie.<ref name="UPBot"/> {{Gallery |Myrtus communis.jpg|''Myrtaceae'' |Celastrus orbiculatus.jpg|''Celastraceae'' |Icacina senegalensis MS 4743.JPG|''Icacinaceae'' |Xanthosoma sagittifolium at Kadavoor.jpg|''Araceae'' }} == Publikasies == Van Wyk het dikwels met sy nagraadse studente in 'n aantal botaniese subdissiplines gewerk, insluitende [[anatomie]], biografie, bibliografie, taksonomie, nomenklatuur, [[embriologie]], fitogeografie, [[palinologie]], voortplantingsbiologie, fitososiologie, sistematiek, floristiesme en [[ekologie]].<ref name="SaboNet"/> Hy het meer as 390 werke oor plantkunde van Suider-Afrika geskryf (of mede-outeur), insluitend die volgende boeke: * Field Guide to Wild Flowers of the Highveld (Veldgids vir wilde blomme van die Hoëveld)<ref name="Highveld"/> * Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa (Veldgids vir Bome van Suidelike Afrika)<ref name="Bome"/> * A Photographic Guide to Wild Flowers of South Africa ('n Fotografiese Gids vir Wilde Blomme van Suid-Afrika)<ref name="Flowers"/> * How to Identify Trees in Southern Africa (Hoe om bome in Suider-Afrika te identifiseer)<ref name="HowTo"/> * Aloes of Southern Africa (Aalwyne van Suidelike Afrika)<ref name="IntPub"/> * Photo Guide to Trees of Southern Africa (Fotogids vir Bome van Suidelike Afrika)<ref name="IntPub"/> == Toekennings en erkenning == * Die joernaal ''Flowering Plants of Africa'' het hul volume 65 (Junie 2017) toegewy aan Van Wyk.<ref name="Plante"/> * Die [[spesie]] [[Van Wyk-se-aalwyn|''Aloe braamvanwykii'']] is na hom genoem. * Silwer Medalje vir Plantkunde van die Suid-Afrikaanse Vereniging van Plantkundiges<ref name="UPSoil"/> * 'Allen Dyer'-toekenning van die Suid-Afrikaanse Sukkulente Vereniging <!-- <ref name="UPSoil"/> geld vir die res ook --> * [[Havengaprys#vanWyk2019|Havengaprys]] vir lewenswetenskappe van die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns]] * Uitsonderlike akademiese prestasieprys van die Universiteit van Pretoria === Spesies na hom vernoem === Die volgende spesies is na prof. Van Wyk vernoem: * ''[[Aloe braamvanwykii]]'' * ''[[Canthium vanwykii]]'' * ''[[Eugenia vanwykiana]]'' * ''[[Gymnosporia vanwykii]]'' * ''[[Indigofera vanwykii]]'' * ''[[Pavetta vanwykiana]]'' Die standaard skrywerafkorting '''A.E.van Wyk''' word gebruik om Abraham Erasmus Van Wyk as die skrywer aan te dui wanneer 'n botaniese naam genoem word. == Sien ook == * [[Lys van botaniste volgens outeursafkorting]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings|2|verwysings= <ref name="Bome"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa |date=2013 |publisher=Random House Struik (Pty) Ltd |location=Cape Town |isbn=9781775841050 |edition=PDF |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=dw1bDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019|language=Engels}} </ref> <ref name="Flowers"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |title=A Photographic Guide to Wild Flowers of South Africa |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781868723904 |pages=144 |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2tfTvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019|language=Engels}} </ref> <ref name="Highveld"> {{cite book |last1=Van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=Malan |first2=Sasa |title=Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of the Highveld: Also Useful in Adjacent Grassland and Bushveld |date=1997 |publisher=New Holland Publishers, Limited |isbn=9781868720583 |pages=352 |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=VwQmAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019|language=Engels}} </ref> <ref name="HowTo"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=How to Identify Trees in Southern Africa |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781770072404 |pages=184 |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=OeeqvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019|language=Engels}} </ref> <ref name="IntPub"> {{webaanhaling| url = http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881| titel = Braam van Wyk| toegangsdatum= 24 April 2019| uitgewer = International Publishers Marketing | taal = Engels| argiefurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050100/http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881| argiefdatum = 13 Junie 2011}} </ref> <ref name="NWU"> {{webaanhaling| url = http://www.nwu.ac.za/alumni/abraham-erasmus-van-wyk| titel = Abraham Erasmus van Wyk {{!}} Alumni| toegangsdatum= 24 April 2019| uitgewer = North West University (nwu.ac.za)| taal = Engels}} </ref> <ref name="Plante">{{cite journal |last1=Grobler |first1=Alicia |title=Dedication to Abraham Erasmus Braam van Wyk |journal=Flowering Plants of Africa |date=June 2017 |volume=65 |page=iv |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019 |language=Engels |archive-date=24 Junie 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201254/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="SaboNet"> {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gideon F. |title=Braam van Wyk—Botanist Extraordinaire and Silver Medallist of the South African Association of Botanists |journal=SABONET News |date=March 2002 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=79-80 |url=https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/sabonetnewsvol71.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019|language=Engels}} </ref> <ref name="UPBot"> {{webaanhaling| url = http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html| titel = Prof. Braam van Wyk| toegangsdatum= 24 April 2019| uitgewer = Universiteit van Pretoria Departement Plantkunde| taal = Engels| argiefurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013063001/http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html| argiefdatum = 13 Oktober 2008}} </ref> <ref name="UPSoil"> {{webaanhaling| url = https://www.up.ac.za/plant-and-soil-sciences/article/44789/prof-braam-ae-van-wyk| titel = Prof. Braam (AE) van Wyk| toegangsdatum= 24 April 2019| datum = 2019| uitgewer = Universiteit van Pretoria| taal = Engels}} </ref> }} == Eksterne skakels == *[https://www.up.ac.za/plant-and-soil-sciences/article/44789/prof-braam-ae-van-wyk Prof Braam van Wyk] - Universiteit van Pretoria Plant- en Grondwetenskappe-departement *[https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=5145 Abraham Erasmus van Wyk] - Harvard Universeitse Herbarium- & biblioteek-databasisse *[https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.k3250 A.E. van Wyk] op ''JSTOR'' {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Van Wyk, Braam}} [[Kategorie:Afrikaners]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1952]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse botanici]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse wetenskaplikes]] [[Kategorie:Alumni van die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys]] [[Kategorie:Alumni van die Universiteit Pretoria]] [[Kategorie:Akademiese personeel van die Universiteit Pretoria]] h3izz59t1fpkxpaqdc8x234zmvwpfod 0 284989 2913848 2913368 2026-06-25T22:20:38Z SpesBona 2720 + Prent 2913848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër | naam = Vicente Fox | beeld = Vicente Fox Official Photo 2000 (Cropped) (b).jpg | beeldonderskrif = Vicente Fox in 2000 | orde = 63ste President van Meksiko | termynaanvang = [[1 Desember]] [[2000]] | termyneinde = [[30 November]] [[2006]] | voorganger = [[Ernesto Zedillo]] | opvolger = [[Felipe Calderón]] | geboortenaam = Vicente Fox Quesada | geboortedatum = <!-- vul slegs in indien onderstaande drie velde onbekend is (geboortejaar, geboortemaand en geboortedag --> | geboortejaar = 1942 | geboortemaand = 7 | geboortedag = 2 | geboorteplek = [[Meksikostad]], [[Meksiko]] | sterftedatum = | sterfteplek = | party = [[Nasionale Aksieparty]] | orde2 = Goewerneur van Guanajuato | termynaanvang2 = [[26 Junie]] [[1995]] | termyneinde2 = [[7 Augustus]] [[1999]] | voorganger2 = Carlos Medina Plascencia | opvolger2 = Ramón Martín Huerta | orde3 = Lid van die Kamer van Afgevaardigdes | termynaanvang3 = [[1 September]] [[1988]] | termyneinde3 = [[31 Augustus]] [[1999]] | kiesafdeling3 = Guanajuato se 3de distrik | voorganger3 = Héctor Hugo Varela Flores | opvolger3 = Luis Arturo Torres del Valle | orde4 = Adjunkpresident van die Sentrale Demokratiese Internasionaal | termynaanvang4 = [[1 Desember]] [[2006]] | termyneinde4 = | kiesafdeling4 = | voorganger4 = Pier Ferdinando Casini | opvolger4 = | eggenoot = Lilian de la Concha (1969–1990; geskei)<br />Marta Sahagún (2001–hede) | kinders = 4 | alma_mater = Ibero-Amerikaanse Universiteit | religie = | handtekening = Vicente Fox Signature.svg | militer = | lojaliteit = | tak = | diensjare = | rang = | eenheid = | oorloe = | toekennings = }} '''Vicente Fox Quesada''' ([[Spaans]]: [biˈsente ˈfoks keˈsaða]; gebore op [[2 Julie]] [[1942]]) is 'n Meksikaanse sakeman en politikus wat van 2000 tot 2006 as die 63ste president van [[Meksiko]] gedien het. == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} {{Saadjie}} {{Presidente van Meksiko}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fox, Vicente}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1942]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] [[Kategorie:Presidente van Meksiko]] 7by9qo2t1c1mqwi0yfsmh9sz3lcq1se 0 308810 2913784 2243081 2026-06-25T18:07:56Z BurgertB 2401 2913784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Weesbladsy}} {{Inligtingskas Akteur | Naam = Hugh Pryse | Beeld = | Beeldbeskrywing = <!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --> | Beeldonderskrif = | Geboortenaam = | Alias = | Geboortedatum = {{Geboortedatum|1910|11|11}} | Geboorteplek = | Nasionaliteit = [[Britanje|Brits]] | Sterfdatum = {{Sterfdatum en ouderdom|1910|11|11|1955|8|11}} | Sterfplek = | Ouers = | Lewensmaat = | Kinders = | Skool = | Universiteit = | Beroep = Akteur | Aktiewe jare = | Noemenswaardige rolprente = | Webwerf = | IMDb = 0699337 | Toekennings = <!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --> }} '''Hugh Pryse''' (11 November 1910 – 11 Augustus 1955) was 'n [[Britanje|Britse]] akteur. Hy was bekend vir sy rolle in die rolprente'' 'Pimpernel' Smith'' (1941), ''Christopher Columbus'' (1949) en ''Botany Bay'' (1952), en in die televisiereeks ''BBC Sunday-Night Theatre'' (1950). == Filmografie == === Rolprente === * 1941: '''Pimpernel' Smith'' * 1949: ''Christopher Columbus'' * 1949: ''Dark Secret'' * 1952: ''Botany Bay'' === Televisiereekse === * 1950: ''BBC Sunday-Night Theatre'' === Televisierolprente === * 1952: ''A Cradle of Willow'' * 1954: ''Bless This House'' == Eksterne skakels == * {{IMDb|0699337|Hugh Pryse}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pryse, Hugh}} [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1910]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1955]] [[Kategorie:Britse manlike akteurs van die 20ste eeu]] 3ub3nvfi6v9bulsefp1ssgo7tv4did7 0 364995 2913851 2903484 2026-06-25T22:45:03Z Jcb 223 2913851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = Malcolm Lowry | beeld = Malcolm Lowry (June 1957).jpg | beeldonderskrif = Lowry in 1957 | geboortenaam = Clarence Malcolm Lowry | geboortedatum = {{geboortedatum|1909|7|28}} | geboorteplek = New Brighton, Cheshire (nou [[Merseyside]]), Engeland | sterfdatum = {{sterfdatum en ouderdom|1957|6|26|1909|7|28}} | sterfplek = Chalvington with Ripe, Sussex (nou [[Oos-Sussex]]), Engeland | huweliksmaat = {{Nowrap|Jan Gabrial (1934–1937)<br />[[Margerie Bonner]] (1940–1957, sy afsterwe)}} | beroep = Romansier, digter | movement = [[Modernisme]]<!-- | notableworks = {{Nowrap|''Ultramarine'' (1933)<br>''Under the Volcano'' (1947)<br>''Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place'' (1961)<br>''Lunar Caustic'' (1968)<br>''Dark as the Grave wherein my Friend is Laid'' (1968)<br>''October Ferry to Gabriola'' (1970)}}--> }} '''Clarence Malcolm Lowry''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|r|i}}, [[28 Julie]] [[1909]] - [[26 Junie]] [[1957]]) was 'n [[Engeland|Engelse]] [[digter]] en [[roman]]skrywer wat veral bekend is vir sy roman uit 1947 getitel ''Under the Volcano''.<ref name="canenc">[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clarence-malcolm-lowry/ "Malcolm Lowry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818173632/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clarence-malcolm-lowry |date=18 Augustus 2019 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', 9 April 2008.</ref><ref name="blogspot2004">[http://malcolmlowry.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/foul-play-at-white-cottage.html]: Bowker, G. (2004), "Foul Play at White Cottage", ''The Times Literary Supplement'', 20 Februarie 2004 – outlines the peculiar circumstances of Lowry's death.</ref><ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-003392710 Jan Gabrial Papers of Malcolm Lowry]{{Dooie skakel|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Besoek op 13 Mei 2020</ref> == Bibliografie == *''Ultramarine'' ([[1933]]), *''Under the Volcano'' ([[1947]]), in die Nederlands uitgegee as ''Onder de vulkaan'', verfilm deur [[John Huston]] in [[1984]] *''Lunar Caustic'' ([[1968]]) in die Nederlands uitgegee as ''Maanzuur'' == Postuum uitgawes == *''Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place'' ([[1961]]) *''Selected Poems of Malcolm Lowry'' ([[1962]]) *''Lunar Caustic'' ([[1968]]) *''Dark as the Grave wherein my Friend is Laid'' ([[1968]]) *''October Ferry to Gabriola'' ([[1970]]) *''The Voyage That Never Ends'' ([[2007]]), 'n keur van gedigte, verhale en briewe, saamgestel deur Michael Hofmann == Biografieë == *''Lowry, a Biography'', Douglas Day ([[1973]]) *''Volcano: An Inquiry Into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry'',<ref name="NFB">{{cite news|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/volcano|title=Volcano: An Inquiry into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry|date=1976|work=Documentary film|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|accessdate=2009-03-31|archive-date=2024-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305055438/https://www.nfb.ca/film/volcano/|url-status=dead}}</ref> National Film Board of Canada, ([[1976]]) *''Malcolm Lowry Remembered'', G. Bowker, ed ([[1985]]) *''Pursued by Furies: A Life of Malcolm Lowry'', G. Bowker ([[1993]]) *''Inside the Volcano: My Life with Malcolm Lowry'', Jan Gabrial ([[2000]]) == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720061911/http://home.istar.ca/~stewart/volcano.htm Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083107/http://nonstopdesign.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=10654 Fotos van die strand waar Malcolm Lowry se hut staan in Noord-Vancouver, Kanada] * [http://www.nfb.ca/film/volcano Volcano: An Inquiry into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry], film van die [http://nfb.ca NFB]. {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowry, Malcolm}} [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1957]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1909]] [[Kategorie:Engelse skrywers]] [[Kategorie:Engelse digters]] 2n7s8gee9uxkj11ce0obdp5lvb3tpuz 0 398950 2913886 2568148 2026-06-26T07:09:23Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Kusbruidsbos | image = | image2 = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Pavetta natalensis | authority = Sond., (1865) | synonyms = * ''Ixora natalensis'' <small>(Sond.) Kuntze</small> * ''Pavetta bowkeri var. glabra'' <small>Bremek.</small> * ''Pavetta suluensis'' <small>Bremek.</small> }} Die '''kusbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta natalensis'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Rubiaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en die [[Oos-Kaap]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 719.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-46 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:759892-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|natalensis]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] 2332r2nq1g4guatjn1bcowdvrgge9rd 0 398952 2913832 2568153 2026-06-25T20:46:02Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Bronne */ Verbeter 2913832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Harige kusbruidsbos | image = | image2 = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Pavetta bowkeri | authority = Harv., (1863) | synonyms = * ''Ixora gerrardii'' <small>(Harv.) Kuntze</small> * ''Pavetta bowkeri var. pubescens'' <small>Bremek.</small> * ''Pavetta gerrardii'' <small>Harv.</small> * ''Pavetta rogersii'' <small>Bremek.</small> }} Die '''harige kusbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta bowkeri'') is 'n [[struik]] wat [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en [[Oos-Kaap]] is. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 719.1.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronne == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-9 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:759564-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|bowkeri]] [[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] ian4leavwne99xqwxvdelmbg4uoprih 0 398956 2913796 2588908 2026-06-25T19:20:10Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Fynblaarbruidsbos | image = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Pavetta zeyheri | authority = Sond., (1865) | synonyms =* ''Ixora zeyheri'' <small>(Sond.) Kuntze</small> }} Die '''fynblaarbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta zeyheri'') is 'n [[struik]] of 'n [[boom]] wat deel van die ''Rubiaceae'' [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die plant is [[inheems]] aan [[Botswana]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 719.3.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Subspesies == Die [[spesie]] het drie subspesies: * ''Pavetta zeyheri subsp. microlancea'' <small>(K.Schum.) P.P.J.Herman</small> * ''Pavetta zeyheri subsp. middelburgensis'' <small>(Bremek.) P.P.J.Herman</small> * ''Pavetta zeyheri subsp. zeyheri'' == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-58 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:760153-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Botswana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 1hvmpj0biesk56n8rzzandetegtx661 0 398960 2913813 2878416 2026-06-25T19:50:33Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Suider-Afrikaanse spesies */ Verbeter 2913813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Outomatiese taksoboks | image = IMG 7190-Pavetta capensis.JPG | image_caption = ''Pavetta capensis'' | taxon = Pavetta | authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], (1753) | type_species = | type_species_authority = | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = 335; [[#Spesies|Sien teks]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | synonyms_ref = | synonyms =* ''Acmostima'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''Baconia'' <small>DC.</small> * ''Crinita'' <small>Houtt.</small> * ''Exechostylus'' <small>K.Schum.</small> * ''Pavate'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''Verulamia'' <small>DC. ex Poir.</small> }} '''''Pavetta''''' (bruidsbosse) is 'n [[genus]] blomdraende [[struik]]e en [[bome]] wat meestal blom in November/Desember. Al die spesies is immergroen, van 0.3 tot 10m hoog.<ref>https://pza.sanbi.org/pavetta</ref> Die genus kom in [[Afrika]], [[Asië]] en [[Australië]] voor maar nie op [[Madagaskar]] nie. Daar is 335 spesies wat tot die genus hoort.<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327877-2</ref> == Suider-Afrikaanse spesies == * [[Barbertonbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta barbertonensis'') * [[Bosbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta inandensis'') * [[Duinebruidsbos]] (''Pavetta revoluta'') * [[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta zeyheri'') * [[Gifbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta schumanniana'') * [[Harige kusbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta bowkeri'') * [[Kliertjiesboom]] (''Pavetta edentula'') * [[Kusbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta natalensis'') * [[Maputalandbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') * [[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] (''Pavetta cataractarum'') * [[Pompombruidsbos]] (''Pavetta cooperi'') * [[Sandbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta catophylla'') * [[Treurbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta lanceolata'') == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta| ]] ozj71bep3l9ffw2bpjbqx3lpx0gojuv 2913891 2913813 2026-06-26T07:20:19Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Suider-Afrikaanse spesies */ Verbeter 2913891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Outomatiese taksoboks | image = IMG 7190-Pavetta capensis.JPG | image_caption = ''Pavetta capensis'' | taxon = Pavetta | authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], (1753) | type_species = | type_species_authority = | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = 335; [[#Spesies|Sien teks]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | synonyms_ref = | synonyms =* ''Acmostima'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''Baconia'' <small>DC.</small> * ''Crinita'' <small>Houtt.</small> * ''Exechostylus'' <small>K.Schum.</small> * ''Pavate'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''Verulamia'' <small>DC. ex Poir.</small> }} '''''Pavetta''''' (bruidsbosse) is 'n [[genus]] blomdraende [[struik]]e en [[bome]] wat meestal blom in November/Desember. Al die spesies is immergroen, van 0.3 tot 10m hoog.<ref>https://pza.sanbi.org/pavetta</ref> Die genus kom in [[Afrika]], [[Asië]] en [[Australië]] voor maar nie op [[Madagaskar]] nie. Daar is 335 spesies wat tot die genus hoort.<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327877-2</ref> == Suider-Afrikaanse spesies == * [[Barbertonbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta barbertonensis'') * [[Blinkbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta kotzei'') * [[Bosbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta inandensis'') * [[Duinebruidsbos]] (''Pavetta revoluta'') * [[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta zeyheri'') * [[Gifbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta schumanniana'') * [[Harige kusbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta bowkeri'') * [[Kliertjiesboom]] (''Pavetta edentula'') * [[Kusbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta natalensis'') * [[Maputalandbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') * [[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] (''Pavetta cataractarum'') * [[Pompombruidsbos]] (''Pavetta cooperi'') * [[Sandbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta catophylla'') * [[Treurbruidsbos]] (''Pavetta lanceolata'') == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta| ]] kuv5nw8kf3rbuqnoh8bxyjudm4f0r68 0 399132 2913834 2637008 2026-06-25T20:54:10Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Spesies */ Skakel 2913834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Outomatiese taksoboks |name =<!-- Afrikaanse naam --> |image =Jade leaves.jpg |image_caption =''Portulacaria afra'' |taxon= Portulacaria |authority= Jacq., (1787) |subdivision_ranks=[[Spesies]] |subdivision= <center>[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]</center> |synonyms= * ''Ceraria'' <small>H.Pearson & Stephens</small> * ''Haenkea'' <small>Salisb.</small> }} '''''Portulacaria''''' is 'n [[genus]] van sewe [[spesie]]s [[boom|bome]] in die [[familie (biologie)|familie]] ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' en is [[inheems]] in [[Afrika]].<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32713-1</ref>Die naam is afgelei van die die genus ''Portulaca'' + ''aria''; dit wys daarop dat dit soortgelyk aan die genus ''Portulaca'' is.<ref>https://pza.sanbi.org/portulacaria-afra</ref> == Spesies == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''[[Portulacaria afra]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''[[Portulacaria armiana]]'' <small>[[Ernst van Jaarsveld|van Jaarsv.]]</small> * ''[[Portulacaria carrissoana]]'' <small>(Exell & Mendonça) Bruyns & Klak</small> * ''[[Portulacaria fruticulosa]]'' <small>(H.Pearson & Stephens) Bruyns & Klak</small> * ''[[Portulacaria longipedunculata]]'' <small>(Merxm. & Podlech) Bruyns & Klak</small> * ''[[Portulacaria namaquensis]]'' <small>Sond.</small> * ''[[Portulacaria pygmaea]]'' <small>Pillans</small> {{div col end}} == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Eksterne skakels == * {{Commonskat-inlyn|Portulacaria}} * {{Wikispecies-inlyn|Portulacaria}} {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Portulacaria| ]] n8l62fsmcz8m0ku649wrz0ttrspczvk 0 399455 2913744 2570881 2026-06-25T13:09:46Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913744 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1998 Formule Een-seisoen|1998]] [[Formule Een]] [[Duitse Grand Prix]]''' is op 2 Augustus 1998 op die [[Hockenheimring]] gehou. Die wedren is deur [[Mika Häkkinen]] in 'n [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] gewen. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" ! Plek ! Nr. ! Renjaer ! Span ! Rondtes ! Tyd/rede vir uitval ! Rooster ! Punte |- ! 1 | 8 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Mika Häkkinen]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]''' | 45 | 1'20:48.0 | 1 | '''10''' |- ! 2 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[David Coulthard]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]''' | 45 | +0.426 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 1 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams-Mecachrome]]''' | 45 | +2.577 | 3 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Damon Hill]]''' | '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda|Mugen-Honda]]''' | 45 | +7.185 | 5 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 3 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 45 | +12.613 | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 10 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Ralf Schumacher]]''' | '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda|Mugen-Honda]]''' | 45 | +29.738 | 4 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 5 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Giancarlo Fisichella]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton-Playlife]] | 45 | +31.026 | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 4 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Eddie Irvine]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 45 | +31.649 | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 2 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]] | [[Williams F1|Williams-Mecachrome]] | 45 | +32.784 | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 14 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean Alesi]] | [[Sauber]]-Petronas | 45 | +48.371 | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 6 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Alexander Wurz]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton-Playlife]] | 45 | +57.994 | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Jarno Trulli]] | [[Prost Grand Prix|Prost]]-[[Peugeot]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 20 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Toranosuke Takagi]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 17 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Mika Salo]] | [[Arrows]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! 15 | 11 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Olivier Panis]] | [[Prost Grand Prix|Prost]]-[[Peugeot]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 16 | 23 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Tuero]] | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | +2 Rondtes | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 15 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Johnny Herbert]] | [[Sauber]]-Petronas | 37 | Ratkas | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Shinji Nakano]] | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 36 | Ratkas | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Rubens Barrichello]] | Stewart-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 27 | Ratkas | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 19 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Jos Verstappen]] | Stewart-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 24 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Pedro Diniz]] | [[Arrows]] | 2 | Petrolpedaal | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNQ | 21 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Ricardo Rosset]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1990–1999}} [[Kategorie:Duitse Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1998|Duitsland]] 8sulntwgodu7r0hjf3rgdm7pdrxjxm8 2913745 2913744 2026-06-25T13:11:12Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913745 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1998 Formule Een-seisoen|1998]] [[Formule Een]] [[Duitse Grand Prix]]''' is op 2 Augustus 1998 op die [[Hockenheimring]] gehou. Die wedren is deur [[Mika Häkkinen]] in 'n [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] gewen. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" ! Plek ! Nr. ! Renjaer ! Span ! Rondtes ! Tyd/Rede ! Rooster ! Punte |- ! 1 | 8 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Mika Häkkinen]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]''' | 45 | 1'20:48.0 | 1 | '''10''' |- ! 2 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[David Coulthard]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]''' | 45 | +0.426 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 1 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams-Mecachrome]]''' | 45 | +2.577 | 3 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Damon Hill]]''' | '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda|Mugen-Honda]]''' | 45 | +7.185 | 5 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 3 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 45 | +12.613 | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 10 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Ralf Schumacher]]''' | '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda|Mugen-Honda]]''' | 45 | +29.738 | 4 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 5 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Giancarlo Fisichella]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton-Playlife]] | 45 | +31.026 | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 4 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Eddie Irvine]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 45 | +31.649 | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 2 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]] | [[Williams F1|Williams-Mecachrome]] | 45 | +32.784 | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 14 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean Alesi]] | [[Sauber]]-Petronas | 45 | +48.371 | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 6 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Alexander Wurz]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton-Playlife]] | 45 | +57.994 | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Jarno Trulli]] | [[Prost Grand Prix|Prost]]-[[Peugeot]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 20 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Toranosuke Takagi]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 17 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Mika Salo]] | [[Arrows]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! 15 | 11 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Olivier Panis]] | [[Prost Grand Prix|Prost]]-[[Peugeot]] | 44 | +1 Rondte | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 16 | 23 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Tuero]] | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | +2 Rondtes | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 15 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Johnny Herbert]] | [[Sauber]]-Petronas | 37 | Ratkas | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Shinji Nakano]] | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 36 | Ratkas | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Rubens Barrichello]] | Stewart-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 27 | Ratkas | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 19 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Jos Verstappen]] | Stewart-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 24 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Pedro Diniz]] | [[Arrows]] | 2 | Petrolpedaal | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNQ | 21 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Ricardo Rosset]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1990–1999}} [[Kategorie:Duitse Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1998|Duitsland]] gtnvm3kjv6i2eae8cmwqwiatoo4ftoc 0 428908 2913915 2771574 2026-06-26T09:23:53Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infoboks Grand Prix wedren verslag |Type = F1 |Country = Italië |Grand Prix = San Marino |Date = 3 Mei |Year = 1981 |Image = Imola Circuit 1980-1995 Layout.png |Caption = |Race_No = 4 |Season_No = 15 |Previous_round= 1981 Argentynse Grand Prix |Next_round = 1981 Belgiese Grand Prix |Official name = 1º Gran Premio di San Marino |Location = [[Enzo en Dino Ferrari-renbaan|Autodromo Dino Ferrari]], Imola, [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italië]] |Course = Permanente renfasiliteit |Course_mi = 3.132 |Course_km = 5.040 |Distance_laps = 60 |Distance_mi = 187.902 |Distance_km = 302.400 |Weather = Reën, koud |Pole_Driver = [[Gilles Villeneuve]] |Pole_Team = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |Pole_Time = 1:34.523 |Pole_Country = Kanada |Fast_Driver = [[Gilles Villeneuve]] |Fast_Team = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |Fast_Time = 1:48.064 |Fast_Lap = 46 |Fast_Country = Kanada |First_Driver = [[Nelson Piquet]] |First_Team = [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motormaatskappy|Ford]] |First_Country = Brasilië |first_flag_suffix = 1968 |Second_Driver = [[Riccardo Patrese]] |Second_Team = [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motormaatskappy|Ford]] |Second_Country= Italië |Third_Driver = [[Carlos Reutemann]] |Third_Team = [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motormaatskappy|Ford]] |Third_Country = Argentinië }} Die 1981 [[San Marino Grand Prix]] was 'n [[Formule Een]]-motorwedren wat op 3 Mei 1981 op [[Enzo en Dino Ferrari-renbaan|Imola]] gehou is. Dit was die vierde wedren van die [[1981 Formule Een-seisoen|1981 Formule Een Wêreldkampioenskap]]. {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] cpqplwsl9zbcoer32takqrx7egjh1ji 10 428996 2913971 2771537 2026-06-26T10:56:15Z Aliwal2012 39067 opd Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix (DET=>VSO) 2913971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigasieboks | name = F1GP 1980–1989 | state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} | title = [[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Formule Een Grands Prix]] (1980–1989) | listclass = hlist | style = | group1 = [[1980 Formule Een-seisoen|1980]] | list1 = * [[1980 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]] * [[1980 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1980 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]] * [[1980 Verenigde State Wes Grand Prix|VSW]] * [[1980 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1980 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1980 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1980 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1980 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1980 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1980 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1980 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1980 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1980 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] | group2 = [[1981 Formule Een-seisoen|1981]] | list2 = * [[1981 Verenigde State Wes Grand Prix|VSW]] * [[1981 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1981 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]] * [[1981 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1981 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1981 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1981 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] * [[1981 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1981 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1981 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1981 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1981 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1981 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1981 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix|CPL]] | group3 = [[1982 Formule Een-seisoen|1982]] | list3 = * [[1982 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]] * [[1982 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1982 Verenigde State Wes Grand Prix|VSW]] * [[1982 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1982 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1982 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1982 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1982 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1982 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1982 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1982 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1982 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1982 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1982 Switserse Grand Prix|SWI]] * [[1982 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix|CPL]] | group4 = [[1983 Formule Een-seisoen|1983]] | list4 = * [[1983 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1983 Verenigde State Wes Grand Prix|VSW]] * [[1983 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1983 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1983 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1983 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1983 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1983 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1983 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1983 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1983 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1983 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1983 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1983 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]] * [[1983 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]] | group5 = [[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] | list5 = * [[1984 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1984 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]] * [[1984 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1984 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1984 French Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1984 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1984 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1984 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1984 Dallas Grand Prix|DAL]] * [[1984 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1984 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1984 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1984 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1984 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1984 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]] * [[1984 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]] | group6 = [[1985 Formule Een-seisoen|1985]] | list6 = * [[1985 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1985 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]] * [[1985 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1985 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1985 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1985 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1985 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1985 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1985 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1985 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1985 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] * [[1985 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1985 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1985 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]] * [[1985 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]] * [[1985 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] | group7 = [[1986 Formule Een-seisoen|1986]] | list7 = * [[1986 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1986 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] * [[1986 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1986 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1986 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1986 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1986 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1986 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1986 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1986 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1986 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] * [[1986 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1986 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1986 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]] * [[1986 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]] * [[1986 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] | group8 = [[1987 Formule Een-seisoen|1987]] | list8 = * [[1987 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1987 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1987 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1987 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1987 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1987 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1987 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1987 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1987 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] * [[1987 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] * [[1987 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1987 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]] * [[1987 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] * [[1987 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]] * [[1987 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] * [[1987 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] | group9 = [[1988 Formule Een-seisoen|1988]] | list9 = * [[1988 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1988 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1988 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1988 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]] * [[1988 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1988 Verenigde State Oos Grand Prix|VSO]] * [[1988 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1988 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1988 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1988 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] * [[1988 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1988 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1988 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]] * [[1988 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] * [[1988 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] * [[1988 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] | group10 = [[1989 Formule Een-seisoen|1989]] | list10 = * [[1989 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] * [[1989 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]] * [[1989 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] * [[1989 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]] * [[1989 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] * [[1989 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] * [[1989 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] * [[1989 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] * [[1989 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]] * [[1989 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] * [[1989 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] * [[1989 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] * [[1989 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]] * [[1989 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] * [[1989 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] * [[1989 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Kategorie:Motorsportsjablone]] [[Kategorie:Sportreekssjablone]] </noinclude> qvuav1teunp74y2abyk7nhj5bic9hed 0 449944 2913896 2895762 2026-06-26T07:47:51Z Aliwal2012 39067 Haal {{Nog besig}} weg 2913896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sensuur in Suid-Afrika''' verteenwoordig 'n komplekse wisselwerking tussen demokratiese beginsels en regulatoriese raamwerke. Die land implementeer selektiewe inhoudbeperkings terwyl daar voortdurende debatte oor media-toesig en inligtingbeheer plaasvind. == Geskiedenis == {{Hoofartikel|Geskiedenis van sensuur in Suid-Afrika}} Die geskiedenis van sensuur in Suid-Afrika bestaan ​​uit veranderinge in wette oor die dekades deur die heersende regering van die tyd. Die meeste van die land se sensuurwetgewing het gedurende die apartheidsera plaasgevind. Die apartheidsregering het uitgebreide sensuurwette geïmplementeer wat daarop gemik was om meningsverskil te onderdruk en die narratief rondom rasse-segregasie te beheer. Hierdie tydperk het die inwerkingtreding van talle wette gesien wat die publikasie en verspreiding van materiaal wat as polities sensitief of aanstootlik beskou is, verbied het, veral dié wat vir die regte van die Swart meerderheid pleit.<ref name="ebsco" /> Prominente wetgewing het die Wet op die Onderdrukking van Kommunisme en die Wet op Publikasies en Vermaak ingesluit, wat albei vryheid van uitdrukking beperk het en stemme geteiken het wat die rassistiese beleid van die regering gekritiseer het.<ref name="ebsco" /> Ten spyte van die onderdrukkende sensuuromgewing het ondergrondse bewegings die sirkulasie van verbode literatuur vergemaklik, wat bygedra het tot die uiteindelike ontmanteling van apartheid. Die vrylating van Nelson Mandela in 1990 en die daaropvolgende oorgang na demokrasie het 'n beduidende keerpunt gemerk, wat gelei het tot die totstandkoming van 'n grondwet wat vryheid van spraak en pers vasgelê het. In die moderne era worstel Suid-Afrika egter steeds met nuwe vorme van sensuur, veral in die digitale landskap, aangesien onlangse wetgewing kommer uitgespreek het oor potensiële oorskryding in die regulering van aanlyn inhoud. Hierdie komplekse geskiedenis weerspieël die voortdurende stryd tussen vryheid en beheer in 'n nasie wat beduidende vordering gemaak het, maar steeds waaksaam bly teen bedreigings vir sy demokratiese beginsels.<ref name="ebsco" /> == Wet == Daar is verskeie wetgewing in Suid-Afrika wat sensuur behels. === Kopiereg === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Vryheid van spraak === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Kuns === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Uitsending === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Film === In 1996 is die Film- en Publikasieraad, of FPB, gestig kragtens die Film- en Publikasiewet.<ref name="esat" /> Hierdie raad is geskep as 'n inhoudklassifikasie- en reguleringsowerheid, wat onder die Minister van Kommunikasie opereer, en hulle het dikwels gelas dat sekere besnoeiings gemaak word voordat die film vertoon is.<ref name="esat" /> Die FPB se doel was oënskynlik om kwessies van kinderpornografie en kindermishandeling aan te pak, asook om graderings te verskaf aan publiek verbruikte media soos films, musiek en televisieprogramme. Onder hierdie riglyne kan sy mandaat as een van staatsensuur beskou word.<ref name="esat" /> === Internet === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Literatuur === {{Brei afdeling uit}} === Pornografie === {{Brei afdeling uit}} == Sien ook == * [[Jane Duncan (akademikus)]] * [[Sensuurwet (Wet op Publikasies en Vermaaklikhede van 1963 en 1974)]] * [[Skiet die Boer]] * [[Sensuur]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|verwysings= <ref name="ebsco">https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/politics-and-government/history-censorship-south-africa</ref> <ref name="esat">https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Censorship_in_South_Africa</ref> }} == Bronnelys == * "Art and Law - A Comprehensive Guide to South African Art Law" {{ISBN|9781485152439}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Sensuur in Suid-Afrika| ]] 34q8b6cqrjy1wgj9lv7rsk28fcq7an3 0 453774 2913980 2909726 2026-06-26T11:43:01Z Balenda 83524 /* Inskrywings */ Inskryflys OOS 2913980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{F1 seisoen | Vorige = 2025 | Huidige = 2026 | Volgende = 2027 }} [[Lêer:Formula One logo.svg|thumb|260px|Formule 1 logo]] Die '''2026 Formule 1-seisoen''' is onderweg om die 77ste Formule 1-seisoen te wees. "Formule 1", amptelik die "FIA Formule Een Wêreldkampioenskap," is die hoogste klas van motorsport soos gedefinieer deur die Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Die kampioenskap, wat van Maart tot Desember gehou word, sal uit twee-en-twintig Grands Prix bestaan, nadat die [[Bahreinse Grand Prix]] en [[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix]] weens die voortdurende oorlog in die Midde-Ooste afgelas is. Die 2026-seisoen sal groot regulasieveranderinge inlui, met nuwe motors en enjins. Motors sal met aktiewe aërodinamika en beweegbare vleuels bekendgestel word. == Algemeen == ===Verandering in regulasies=== Die voorskrifte vir die enjin, aërodinamika, geometrie en veiligheidsregulasies sal almal vir die 2026-seisoen hersien word. ===Tegniese regulasies=== Die sewentiende weergawe van die tegniese regulasies vir die 2026-seisoen is op 28 April 2025 gepubliseer.<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_c_technical_-_iss_17_-_2026-04-28.pdf |titel=2026 Formula 1 Section C Technical Regulations - Issue 17 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> ===Afmetings en aërodinamika van motors=== Op 6 Junie 2024 is die 2026-motorkonsep onthul. Die konsep beskik oor nuwe aktiewe aërodinamika in beide die voor- en agtervlerke. In die konsep is die sleepverminderingstelsel afgeskaf en vervang deur 'n nuwe handmatige enjinmodus. Die wielbasis is verminder van 360 cm tot 340 cm, die breedte is verminder van 200 cm tot 190 cm, en die minimum massa is verminder tot 768 kg. Die breedte van die voor- en agterbande sal onderskeidelik met 2,5 cm en 3,0 cm verminder word. Die vloer sal 'n verminderde grondeffek hê om die probleme wat motors met bons tydens bestuur gehad het, te verlig. ===Kragbron=== Nuwe krageenheidregulasies sal vir die 2026-seisoen ingestel word. Die nuwe krageenhede sal steeds meer as 1 000 pk (750 kW) produseer, hoewel krag uit verskillende bronne aangewend word. Die enjinregulasies sal die 1.6-liter turbo-aangejaagde V6-binnebrandenjin behou wat sedert 2014 gebruik word. Die MGU-H (Motor Generator Unit - Heat), wat ook sedert 2014 gebruik word, sal egter verbied word, terwyl die krag van die MGU-K (Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic) verhoog sal word van 160 pk (120 kW) tot 470 pk (350 kW). Die krag van die interne verbrandingsgedeelte van die krageenheid sal afneem van 630 kW tot 400 kW. Die krageenhede sal 'n ten volle volhoubare brandstof gebruik wat deur Formule 1 ontwikkel word. Daar word verwag dat die krageenhede twee keer soveel elektriese energie as voorheen sal herwin. == Sportregulasies == Die sesde weergawe van die sportregulasies vir die 2026-seisoen is op 28 April 2026 gepubliseer.<ref name=SR>{{en}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_06_-_2026-04-28.pdf |titel=2026 Formula 1 Section B Sporting Regulations - Issue 06 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> ===Naelren=== Hierdie seisoen, soos in 2025, sal die naelren by ses Grands Prix gehou word. Die [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix#Naelren|Chinese]], [[2026 Miami Grand Prix#Naelren|Miami]], [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix#Naelren|Kanadese]], [[2026 Britse Grand Prix#Naelren|Britse]], [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix#Naelren|Nederlandse]] en [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix#Naelren|Singapoerse]] Grands Prix sal die naelren-formaat aanbied. Vir Kanada, Nederland en Singapoer sal dit die eerste keer wees waar 'n naelren plaasvind.<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-and-fia-announce-2026-sprint-calendar.3PyLPAazrBNe8kQIS3wOfY |titel=Formula 1 and FIA announce 2026 Sprint calendar |website=formula1.com |datum=16 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.circuitzandvoort.nl/nieuws/formula-1-heineken-dutch-grand-prix-viert-unieke-motorsportgeschiedenis-in-nederland-met-laatste-editie-in-2026/ |titel=Formula 1 Heineken Dutch Grand Prix viert unieke motorsportgeschiedenis in Nederland met laatste editie in 2026 |website=circuitzandvoort.nl |datum=4 Desember 2024}}</ref> === Hittegevaar === Indien die amptelike weerdiens voorspel dat die hitte-indeks 30.5°C sal oorskry op enige stadium gedurende die naelren of wedren, of indien die wedrendirekteur so bepaal, kan 'n hittegevaar 24 uur voor die geskeduleerde begin van die naelren of wedren verklaar word. Sodra 'n hittegevaar verklaar is, moet bykomende items om die bestuurder te help afkoel, aangebring word. === Wegspringrooster === Die voorlopige wegspringrooster sal nie later nie as twee uur voor die geskeduleerde begin van die formasierondte vir die wedren aangekondig word. In vorige jare was dit vier uur. === Finansiële regulasies === Die sesde weergawe van die Finansiële Tegniese Regulasie is op 28 April 2026 deur FIA gepubliseer.<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_d_financial_-_f1_teams_-_iss_06_-_2026-04-28.pdf |title=2026 Formula 1 Section D Financial Regulations - Issue 04 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> == Kalender == [[Lêer:Formula_1_all_over_the_world-2026.svg|duimnael|280px|Lande wat 'n [[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] in 2026 aanbied, word in groen aangedui, vorige gasheerlande word in donkergrys aangedui.]] Op 10 Junie 2025 is die kalender amptelik aangekondig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6358632/gp-nederland-volgend-jaar-week-eerder-madrid-vervangt-imola-op-f1-kalender.html|title=GP Nederland volgend jaar week eerder, Madrid vervangt Imola op F1-kalender|date=10 Junie 2025|website=nu.nl}}</ref> Daar verskyn vier-en-twintig Grands Prix op die kalender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racingnews365.nl/f1-onthult-kalender-voor-2026|title=F1 onthult kalender voor 2026|date=2025-06-10|website=RacingNews365.nl|access-date=10 Junie 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 90%" !{{Afkorting|GP nr.|Grand Prix nommer sedert 1950}} !Ronde ![[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] ![[Lys van Formule Een-bane|Baan]] !Plek !Datum |- |{{Middel|1150}} !1 |[[Australiese Grand Prix|GP van Australië]] |{{AU-VLAG}} [[Albert Park Renbaan]] |[[Melbourne]] |8 Maart |- |{{Middel|1151}} !2 |[[Chinese Grand Prix|GP van China]] |{{CN-VLAG}} [[Shanghai Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Shanghai]] |15 Maart |- |{{Middel|1152}} !3 |[[Japannese Grand Prix|GP van Japan]] |{{JP-VLAG}} [[Suzuka Internasionale Renbaan]] |Suzuka |29 Maart |- |{{Middel|1153}} !4 |[[Miami Grand Prix|GP van Miami]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Miami International Autodrome]] |Miami Gardens ([[Florida]]) |3 Mei |- |{{Middel|1154}} !5 |[[Kanadese Grand Prix|GP van Kanada]] |{{CA-VLAG}} [[Gilles Villeneuve-renbaan]] |[[Montreal]] ([[Quebec]]) |24 Mei |- |{{Middel|1155}} !7 |[[Monaco Grand Prix|GP van Monaco]] |{{MC-VLAG}} [[Monaco-renbaan]] |[[Monaco]] |7 Junie |- |{{Middel|1156}} !7 |[[Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|GP van Barcelona-Katalonië]] |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Barcelona-Catalunya-renbaan]] |Montmeló |14 Junie |- |{{Middel|1157}} !8 |[[Oostenrykse Grand Prix|GP van Oostenryk]] |{{AT-VLAG}} [[Red Bull Ring]] |Spielberg |28 Junie |- |{{Middel|1158}} !9 |[[Britse Grand Prix|GP van Groot-Brittanje]] |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Silverstone-renbaan]] |Silverstone |5 Julie |- |{{Middel|1159}} !10 |[[Belgiese Grand Prix|GP van België]] |{{BE-VLAG}} [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]] |Stavelot |19 Julie |- |{{Middel|1160}} !11 |[[Hongaarse Grand Prix|GP van Hongarye]] |{{HU-VLAG}} [[Hungaroring]] |Mogyoród |26 Julie |- |{{Middel|1161}} !12 |[[Nederlandse Grand Prix|GP van Nederland]] |{{NL-VLAG}} [[Zandvoort-renbaan]] |Zandvoort |23 Augustus |- |{{Middel|1162}} !13 |[[Italiaanse Grand Prix|GP van Italië]] |{{IT-VLAG}} [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza]] |Monza |6 September |- |{{Middel|1163}} !14 |[[Spaanse Grand Prix|GP van Spanje]] |{{ES-VLAG}} Circuito de Madring |[[Madrid]] |13 September |- |{{Middel|1164}} !15 |[[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|GP van Azerbeidjan]] |{{AZ-VLAG}} [[Bakoe-straatrenbaan]] |[[Bakoe]] |26 September |- |{{Middel|1165}} !16 |[[Singapoerse Grand Prix|GP van Singapoer]] |{{SG-VLAG}} [[Marinabaai Straatrenbaan]] |[[Singapoer|Singapore]] |11 Oktober |- |{{Middel|1166}} !17 |[[Verenigde State Grand Prix|GP van die Verenigde State]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Circuit of the Americas]] |[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ([[Texas]]) |25 Oktober |- |{{Middel|1167}} !18 |[[Meksikaanse Grand Prix|GP van Meksiko-Stad]] |{{MX-VLAG}} [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] |[[Meksikostad]] |1 November |- |{{Middel|1168}} !19 |[[Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|GP van São Paulo]] |{{BR-VLAG}} [[José Carlos Pace-renbaan]] |[[São Paulo]] |8 November |- |{{Middel|1169}} !20 |[[Las Vegas Grand Prix|GP van Las Vegas]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Las Vegas Straatrenbaan]] |[[Las Vegas]] ([[Nevada]]) |21 November |- |{{Middel|1170}} !21 |[[Katarse Grand Prix|GP van Katar]] |{{Vlagikoon|QAT}} [[Losail Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Lusail]] |29 November |- |{{Middel|1171}} !22 |[[Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|GP van Aboe Dhabi]] |{{AE-VLAG}} [[Yas Marina-renbaan]] |[[Yas-eiland|Yas]] |6 Desember |} === Kalenderwysigings in 2026 === * Die [[Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix]] het van die kalender verdwyn omdat die kontrak nie hernu is nie. * Die [[Kanadese Grand Prix]] is op die kalender vervroeg om die doeltreffendheid van vragvervoer te verbeter. Vrag kan nou van Miami Gardens na [[Montreal]] vervoer word sonder om eers na Monaco en Montmeló in Europa te reis. * Die [[Spaanse Grand Prix]] sal by die Madring-straatrenbaan in Madrid gehou word in plaas van die [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], wat ook 'n ren genaamd die Grand Prix van Barcelona-Katalonië aanbied. * Die [[Nederlandse Grand Prix]] is vir die laaste keer op die kalender en sal vir die eerste keer 'n naelren aanbied. * Die [[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix]] word met een dag vervroeg weens die land se Herdenkingsviering op 27 September. Op versoek van die organiseerders sal die wedren op Saterdag 26 September gehou word. === Afgelaste renne === Op 13 Maart 2026 word bekendgemaak dat die [[Bahreinse Grand Prix]] en [[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix]] nie sal plaasvind in April nie, vanweë die voortgesette oorlog in [[Iran]] en die Midde-Ooste.<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/bahrain-and-saudi-arabian-grands-prix-will-not-take-place-in-april.1hnqllVG85RSt8pbFc5Ivx |titel=Bahrain and Saudi Arabian Grands Prix will not take place in April |website=formula1.com |datum=14 Maart 2026 | taal=en}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/meer-sport/formule-1-gaat-races-in-bahrein-en-saoedi-arabie-van-de-kalender-halen-wegens-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten~a386afd3/ |titel=Formule 1 gaat races in Bahrein en Saoedi-Arabië van de kalender halen wegens oorlog in het Midden-Oosten |website=gelderlander.nl |datum= 13 Maart 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 85%" !Rondte !|Grand Prix ![[Lys van Formule Een-bane|Baan]] !Plek !Oorspronklike datum |- !4 |[[Bahreinse Grand Prix|GP van Bahrein]] |{{BH-VLAG}} [[Bahrein Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Sakhir]] |12 April |- !5 |[[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|GP van Saoedi-Arabië]] |{{Vlagikoon|SAU}} [[Djedda-straatrenbaan]] |[[Djedda|Jeddah]] |19 April |} == Inskrywings == Die volgende vervaardigers en jaers is onder kontrak om aan die 2025 Wêreldkampioenskap deel te neem. Alle spanne ding mee met bande wat slegs deur [[Pirelli]] verskaf word.<ref>{{en}}{{citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/pirelli-to-continue-as-formula-1s-exclusive-tyre-supplier-until-2027.7xJIxJyMe84N3p7k4iIMjK |titel=Pirelli to continue as Formula 1's exclusive tyre supplier until 2027 |website=formula1.com |datum=2023-10-10}}</ref> Elke span het ten minste twee renjaers ingeskryf, een vir elk van die twee verpligte motors. <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |+{{Nowrap|Spanne en jaers wat gekontrakteer is om aan die 2026 Wêreldkampioenskap deel te neem}} !Inskrywer !Vervaardiger !Onderstel !Kragbron !Nr. !Renjaer !{{Afkorting|Grands Prix|Rondtes ingeskryf}} !style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|Nr. !Renjaers in<br />vrye oefening !{{Afkorting|Grands Prix|Rondtes ingeskryf}} |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{Vlagikoon|FRA}} BWT Alpine Formule 1-span !rowspan=2|[[Alpine F1-span|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes-AMG|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|A526<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/alpine/modeles.aspx |titel=Alpine Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance<ref name="AlpineMercedes">{{nl}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-alpine-stapt-vanaf-2026-over-op-mercedes-motoren/ |titel=Alpine stapt vanaf 2026 over op Mercedes-motoren |website=Formule 1.nl |datum=12 November 2024 }}</ref> |{{Center|10}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Pierre Gasly]]<ref name="Gasly">{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6318484/gasly-verbindt-formule-1-toekomst-aan-alpine-met-meerjarig-contract.html |titel=Gasly verbindt Formule 1-toekomst aan Alpine met meerjarig contract |website=nu.nl |datum=2024-06-27}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |rowspan=2 align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2 align=center| |- |{{Center|43}} |{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/alpine-verlengt-contract-franco-colapinto-bevestigt-line-up-2026-paul-aron/ |titel=Alpine verlengt contract Franco Colapinto, bevestigt line-up voor 2026 |achternaam=Nijhuis |voornaam=Matthijs |datum=2025-11-07 |bezochtdatum=7 November 2025 |werk=Formule1.nl}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 <!-- |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| --> |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} Aston Martin Aramco Formule 1-span !rowspan=2|[[Aston Martin F1|Aston Martin]] Aramco-[[Honda]] |rowspan=2|AMR26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/aston-martin/modeles.aspx |titel=Aston Martin Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Honda RA626H<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/honda-neemt-tijd-nieuwe-aston-martin-motor-ontwikkelen-laatste-moment/ |titel=Honda neemt tijd voor nieuwe Aston Martin-motor: ‘Ontwikkelen tot het laatste moment’ |website=formule1.nl |datum=2025-03-05 |bezochtdatum=2025-04-24}}</ref> |{{Center|14}} |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Fernando Alonso]]<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2516397-formule-1-coureur-alonso-verlengt-contract-bij-aston-martin|titel=Formule 1-coureur Alonso verlengt contract bij Aston Martin |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-04-11}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|34 |{{VS-VLAG}} Jak Crawford<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_japanese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Japanese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-27}}</ref> |align=center|3 |- |{{Center|18}} |{{CA-VLAG}} [[Lance Stroll]]<ref name="Stroll">{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/news/announcement/aston-martin-aramco-confirms-lance-stroll-for-2025-and-beyond |titel=Aston Martin Aramco confirms Lance Stroll for 2025 and beyond |website=astonmartinf1.com |datum=2024-06-27}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|34 |{{VS-VLAG}} Jak Crawford<ref name=entrylistOOS2026>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_austrian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Austrian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-26}}</ref> |align=center|8 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} Atlassian Williams F1-span !rowspan=2|[[Williams F1|Atlassian Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|FW48<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/williams/modeles.aspx |titel=Williams Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/motor-sports/williams-f1-team-use-mercedes-engines-until-least-2030-2024-01-08/#:~:text=LONDON%2C%20Jan%208%20(Reuters),both%20parties%20announced%20on%20Monday. |titel=Williams F1 team to use Mercedes engines until at least 2030 |website=Reuters |datum=2024-01-08}}</ref> |{{Center|23}} |{{TH-VLAG}} [[Alexander Albon]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-williams-confirm-albon-for-2023-on-new-multi-year-contract.1rpexVv61cyqPW7h7La6LZ.html |titel=Williams confirm Albon for 2023 on new multi-year contract |website=Formula1.com |datum=2023-08-03}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|46 |{{GB-VLAG}} Luke Browning<ref name=entrylistCAT2026>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_barcelona-catalunya_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix - Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-12}}</ref> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|55}} |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Carlos Sainz jr.]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2530783-formule-1-coureur-sainz-stapt-over-van-ferrari-naar-williams |titel=Formule 1-coureur Sainz stapt over van Ferrari naar Williams |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-07-29 |bezochtdatum=2024-07-29}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|46 |{{GB-VLAG}} Luke Browning<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{DE-VLAG}} Audi Revolut F1-span<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/officieel-audi-slaat-de-handen-ineen-met-formule-1-team |titel=Officieel: Audi slaat de handen ineen met Formule 1-team |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=26 Oktober 2022}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/audi-presenteert-titelsponsor-nieuw-f1-team-2026 |titel=Audi presenteert titelsponsor nieuw F1-team 2026 |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=30 Julie 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Audi F1-span|Audi]] |rowspan=2|R26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/audi/modeles.aspx |titel=Audi Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Audi AFR 26 Hybrid |{{Center|5}} |{{BR-VLAG}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/formule-2-coureur-gabriel-bortoleto-2025-naar-sauber-line-up-compleet/ |titel=Formule 2-coureur Gabriel Bortoleto in 2025 naar Sauber, line-up compleet |achternaam=Nijhuis |voornaam=Matthijs |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-11-06 |bezochtdatum=2024-11-06}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|97 |{{EE-VLAG}} Paul Aron<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|27}} |{{DE-VLAG}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2518255-hulkenberg-stapt-na-dit-seizoen-over-van-haas-naar-sauber-dat-vanaf-2026-audi-wordt |titel=Hülkenberg stapt na dit seizoen over van Haas naar Sauber, dat vanaf 2026 Audi wordt |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-04-26}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|97 |{{EE-VLAG}} Paul Aron<ref name="entrylistCAT2026" /> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Cadillac F1-span]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/statement-on-general-motors-application-to-join-fia-formula-one-world.69uoRF1uwHwXkr4efkpnhc |titel=Statement on General Motors application to join FIA Formula One World Championship in 2026 |website=Formula 1.com |datum=25 November 2024 |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Cadillac F1-span|Cadillac]]-[[Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|MAC-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/cadillac/modeles.aspx |titel=Cadillac Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/breaking-gloednieuw-f1-team-tekent-eerste-motordeal |titel=Gloednieuw F1-team tekent eerste motordeal |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=2024-12-10}}</ref> |{{Center|11}} |{{MX-VLAG}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<ref name=PERBOT>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2579988-veteranen-bottas-en-perez-keren-bij-nieuw-team-cadillac-terug-in-formule-1 |titel=Veteranen Bottas en Pérez keren bij nieuw team Cadillac terug in Formule 1|website=Nos.nl |datum=2025-08-26}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|25 |{{VS-VLAG}} Colton Herta<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|77}} |{{FI-VLAG}} [[Valtteri Bottas]]<ref name=PERBOT/> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{IT-VLAG}} Scuderia Ferrari [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] !rowspan=2|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|SF-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nl.motorsport.com/f1/news/ferrari-onthult-naam-f1-auto-seizoen-2026/10788970/ |titel=Ferrari onthult naam van F1-auto die ommekeer moet brengen |datum=2026-01-11 |bezochtdatum=2026-01-12 |werk=nl.motorsport.com }}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-NL/formula1/sf-26 |titel=Ferrari SF-26 |website=ferrari.com |datum=2026-01-23}}</ref> |{{Center|16}} |{{MC-VLAG}} [[Charles Leclerc]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://racingnews365.nl/breaking-leclerc-verlengt-zijn-contract-bij-ferrari |titel=Leclerc verlengt zijn contract bij Ferrari voor onbepaalde tijd |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=2024-01-25}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|38 |{{SE-VLAG}} Dino Beganovic<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|44}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2507120-sensationele-transfer-is-rond-hamilton-rijdt-in-2025-voor-ferrari-sainz-weg |titel=Sensationele transfer is rond: Hamilton rijdt in 2025 voor Ferrari, Sainz weg |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-02-01}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|38 |{{SE-VLAG}} Dino Beganovic<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Toyota Gazoo Racing|TGR]] [[Haas F1-span]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/toyota-gazoo-racing-to-become-title-sponsors-of-haas-from-2026.7cSSDjuSpWld580YQKVtvh |titel=Toyota Gazoo Racing to become title sponsors of Haas from 2026 |website=formula1.com |datum=4 Desember 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Haas F1-span|Haas]]-[[Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|VF-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/haas/modeles.aspx |titel=Haas Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6 |{{Center|31}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Ocon]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-esteban-ocon-tekent-meerjarig-contract-bij-haas/ |titel=Esteban Ocon tekent meerjarig contract bij Haas |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-07-25 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|50 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ryō Hirakawa<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|87}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Oliver Bearman]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-oliver-bearman-tekent-meerjarig-contract-haas/ |titel=Ferrari-talent Oliver Bearman tekent meerjarig contract met Haas |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-07-04 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} McLaren Mastercard F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|MCL40<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/mclaren/modeles.aspx |titel=McLaren Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance |{{Center|1}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/norris-verlengt-contract-en-wil-met-mclaren-op-jacht-naar-verstappen-en-red-bull/ |titel=Norris verlengt contract, wil met McLaren op jacht naar Verstappen en Red Bull |website=formule1.nl |datum=26 Januarie 2024 |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| 67 |{{IT-VLAG}} Leonardo Fornaroli<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|81}} |{{AU-VLAG}} [[Oscar Piastri]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-piastri-agrees-new-multi-year-contract-extension-with-mclaren.29O2HI46I2Te3orUqkwdwX |titel=Piastri agrees new multi-year contract extension with McLaren |datum=15 Oktober 2025 |bezochtdatum=15 Oktober 2025 |website=formule1.nl}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{DE-VLAG}} {{Nowrap|Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span}} !rowspan=2|[[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] |rowspan=2|F1 W17<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/mercedes/modeles.aspx |titel=Mercedes Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance |{{Center|12}} |{{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]<ref name=MER>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/russell-and-antonelli-confirmed-as-2026-mercedes-line-up.1vrWrdgEflkIwPgaybBEDj |titel=Russell and Antonelli confirmed as 2026 Mercedes line-up |bezochtdatum=15 Oktober 2025 |website=formula1.com }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|72 |{{DK-VLAG}} Frederik Vesti<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|63}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6364018/mercedes-gaat-door-met-russell-en-antonelli-hebben-bewezen-sterk-duo-te-zijn.html |titel=Mercedes gaat door met Russell en Antonelli: 'Hebben bewezen sterk duo te zijn' |website=nu.nl |datum=15 Oktober 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{IT-VLAG}} Visa Cash App Racing Bulls F1-span !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan=2|VCARB 03<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/racing-bulls/modeles.aspx |titel=Racing Bulls Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Red Bull Ford DM01<ref name=RBF>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2023/01/03/ford-returns-to-formula-1--strategic-partner-to-oracle-red-bull-.html |titel=Ford returns to Formula 1; Strategic partner to Oracle Red Bull Racing for 2026 season and beyond |website=media.ford.com |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025 }}</ref> |{{Center|30}} |{{NZ-VLAG}} [[Liam Lawson]]<ref name=LAWLIN>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.visacashapprb.com/int-en/2026-driver-live-up-announcement |titel=Our Driver Line-Up For 2026 |website=visacashapprb.com |datum=2 Desember 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|90 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ayumu Iwasa<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|41}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Arvid Lindblad]]<ref name=LAWLIN/> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{AT-VLAG}} Oracle Red Bull Racing !rowspan=2|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan=2|RB22<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/red-bull/modeles.aspx |titel=Red Bull Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Red Bull Ford DM01<ref name=RBF/> |{{Center|3}} |{{nowrap|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]]}}<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6187089/verstappen-verlengt-contract-en-blijft-tot-en-met-2028-bij-red-bull.html |titel=Verstappen verlengt contract en blijft tot en met 2028 bij Red Bull |website=nu.nl |datum=2022-09-22}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |- |{{Center|6}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Isack Hadjar]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2592751-hadjar-volgt-tsunoda-op-als-teamgenoot-verstappen-bij-red-bull-racing|titel=Hadjar volgt Tsunoda op als teamgenoot Verstappen bij Red Bull Racing|website=Nos.nl|datum=1 Desember 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|36 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ayumu Iwasa<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !colspan="10" align=center| Bron: FIA<ref name=inskryflys>{{en}}{{citeer web|url=https://www.fia.com/events/fia-formula-one-world-championship/season-2026/2026-fia-formula-one-world-championship-entry |titel=2026 FIA Formula One World Championship Entry List |uitgever=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2025-12-19}}</ref><ref>Amptelike inskrywingslyste: * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_australian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Australian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgever=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-06}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_chinese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Chinese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-13}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_japanese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Japanese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-27}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_miami_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Miami Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-05-01}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_canadian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Canadian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-05-22}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_monaco_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Monaco Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-05}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_barcelona-catalunya_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-12}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_austrian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Austrian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-26}} </ref> |}</div> == Uitslae en ranglys == === Grands Prix === <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Ronde ![[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] !Voorste wegspringplek !Vinnigste ronde !Wenner<br/>(renjaer) !Wenner<br/>(vervaardiger) !Verslag |- !1 | {{AU-VLAG}} [[Australiese Grand Prix]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !2 | {{CN-VLAG}} [[Chinese Grand Prix]] +Naelren '''*¹''' | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !3 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Japannese Grand Prix]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !4 | [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]] [[Miami Grand Prix]] +Naelren '''*²''' | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !5 | {{CA-VLAG}} [[Kanadese Grand Prix]] +Naelren | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !6 | {{MC-VLAG}} [[Monaco Grand Prix]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | | | | [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !7 | {{nowrap|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]] [[Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix]]}} | | | | | [[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Oostenrykse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !9 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Britse Grand Prix]] +Naelren | | | | | [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !10 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Belgiese Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !11 | {{HU-VLAG}} [[Hongaarse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !12 | {{Nowrap|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Nederlandse Grand Prix]] +Naelren}} | | | | | [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !13 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Italiaanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !14 | {{ES-VLAG}} [[Spaanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !15 | {{AZ-VLAG}} [[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !16 | {{SG-VLAG}} [[Singapoerse Grand Prix]] +Naelren | | | | | [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !17 | {{VS-VLAG}} [[Verenigde State Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !18 | [[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]] [[Meksikaanse Grand Prix|Meksikostad Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !19 | [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]] [[Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|São Paulo Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !20 | [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]] [[Las Vegas Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !21 | {{vlagikoon|QAT}} [[Katarse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !22 | [[Beeld:Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]] [[Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Verslag]] |} </div> '''*¹''' [[George Russell]] wen die [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix#Naelren|naelren van die Chinese Grand Prix]].<br/> '''*²''' [[Lando Norris]] wen die [[2026 Miami Grand Prix#Naelren|naelren van die Miami Grand Prix]].<br/> === Puntestelsel === Punte word volgens 'n glyskaal toegeken vir die eerste tien geklassifiseerde renjaers. Punte vir die naelren word op 'n glyskaal toegeken vir die eerste agt geklassifiseerde renjaers. Die punte vir elke wedren word soos volg toegeken: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center" |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Plek''' |bgcolor=ffffbf|{{0}}'''1ste'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|{{0}}'''2de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=ffdf9f|{{0}}'''3de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''4de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''5de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''6de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''7de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''8de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''9de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''10de'''{{0}} |- |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Grand Prix''' |bgcolor=ffffbf|25 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|18 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|12 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|1 |- |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Naelren''' |bgcolor=ffffff|8 |bgcolor=ffffff|7 |bgcolor=ffffff|6 |bgcolor=ffffff|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|4 |bgcolor=ffffff|3 |bgcolor=ffffff|2 |bgcolor=ffffff|1 |} === Ranglys van renjaers === {{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}} <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class= "wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center;" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Renjaer !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !1 |12 |align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''5'''1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''6'''1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''3'''1{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ANT|seasonpoints}} |- !2 |63 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''4'''4 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''1'''<small>DNF</small>{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|RUS|seasonpoints}} |- !3 |16 |align=left|{{MC-VLAG}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''2'''4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''3'''8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''4 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LEC|seasonpoints}} |- !4 |44 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''3'''3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''6 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''6'''2 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HAM|seasonpoints}} |- !5 |1 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''4'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''2'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|NOR|seasonpoints}} |- !6 |81 |align=left|{{AU-VLAG}} [[Oscar Piastri]] |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''6'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''2'''3 |bgcolor=cfcfff|^'''4'''11 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|PIA|seasonpoints}} |- !7 |3 |align=left|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|6{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''5 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''7'''3 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|VER|seasonpoints}} |- !8 |10 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Pierre Gasly]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''8'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|GAS|seasonpoints}} |- !9 |87 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Oliver Bearman]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''8'''5 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BEA|seasonpoints}} |- !10 |30 |align=left|{{NZ-VLAG}} [[Liam Lawson]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LAW|seasonpoints}} |- !11 |43 |align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|COL|seasonpoints}} |- !12 |6 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Isack Hadjar]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HAD|seasonpoints}} |- !13 |55 |align=left|{{ES-VLAG}} [[Carlos Sainz jr.]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|SAI|seasonpoints}} |- !14 |41 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Arvid Lindblad]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''8'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LIN|seasonpoints}} |- !15 |5 |align=left|{{BR-VLAG}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BOR|seasonpoints}} |- !16 |31 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Ocon]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|OCO|seasonpoints}} |- !17 |23 |align=left|{{TH-VLAG}} [[Alexander Albon]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|20 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ALB|seasonpoints}} |- !18 |27 |align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]] |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HUL|seasonpoints}} |- !19 |77 |align=left|{{FI-VLAG}} [[Valtteri Bottas]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|19 |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BOT|seasonpoints}} |- !20 |11 |align=left|{{MX-VLAG}} [[Sergio Pérez]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|PER|seasonpoints}} |- !21 |14 |align=left|{{ES-VLAG}} [[Fernando Alonso]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ALO|seasonpoints}} |- !22 |18 |align=left|{{CA-VLAG}} [[Lance Stroll]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|<small>NC</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|STR|seasonpoints}} |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Renjaer !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] |} </div> '''Opmerking''':<br/> ^'''†''' — Die renjaer kon nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het. === Ranglys van vervaardigers === {{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}} <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center;" |-valign="top" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Vervaardiger !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|1 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] |align=center|12<!--ANT--> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''5'''1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''6'''1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''3'''1{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|219 |- |align=center|63<!--RUS--> |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''4'''4 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''1'''<small>DNF</small>{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|2 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |align=center|16<!--LEC--> |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''2'''4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''3'''8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''4 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|147 |- |align=center|44<!--HAM--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''3'''3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''6 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''6'''2 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|3 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|1<!--NOR--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''4'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''2'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|106 |- |align=center|81<!--PIA--> |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''6'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''2'''3 |bgcolor=cfcfff|^'''4'''11 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|4 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{AT-VLAG}} [[Red Bull Racing]]-<br>[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |align=center|3<!--VER--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|6{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''5 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''7'''3 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|57 |- |align=center|6<!--HAD--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|5 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Alpine F1-span]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|10<!--GAS--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''8'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|35 |- |align=center|43<!--COL--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|6 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Racing Bulls]]-<br>[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |align=center|30<!--LAW--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|21 |- |align=center|41<!--LIN--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''8'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|7 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Haas F1-span]]-[[Ferrari]] |align=center|31<!--OCO--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|19 |- |align=center|87<!--BEA--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''8'''5 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|8 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|23<!--ALB--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|20 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|7 |- |align=center|55<!--SAI--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|9 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Audi F1-span|Audi]] |align=center|5<!--BOR--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|2 |- |align=center|27<!--HUL--> |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|10 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Cadillac F1-span|Cadillac]]-[[Ferrari]] |align=center|11<!--PER--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|0 |- |align=center|77<!--BOT--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|19 |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|11 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Aston Martin F1|Aston Martin]]-<br>[[Honda]] |align=center|14<!--ALO--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|0 |- |align=center|18<!--STR--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|<small>NC</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Vervaardiger !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] |} </div> '''Opmerking''':<br/> ^'''†''' — Die renjaer kon nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} [[Kategorie:Formule Een-seisoene]] 1ct8xxxpxo72232rtvs0dlpwvx1cc25 2913981 2913980 2026-06-26T11:45:40Z Balenda 83524 /* Grands Prix */ MON+KAT 2913981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{F1 seisoen | Vorige = 2025 | Huidige = 2026 | Volgende = 2027 }} [[Lêer:Formula One logo.svg|thumb|260px|Formule 1 logo]] Die '''2026 Formule 1-seisoen''' is onderweg om die 77ste Formule 1-seisoen te wees. "Formule 1", amptelik die "FIA Formule Een Wêreldkampioenskap," is die hoogste klas van motorsport soos gedefinieer deur die Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Die kampioenskap, wat van Maart tot Desember gehou word, sal uit twee-en-twintig Grands Prix bestaan, nadat die [[Bahreinse Grand Prix]] en [[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix]] weens die voortdurende oorlog in die Midde-Ooste afgelas is. Die 2026-seisoen sal groot regulasieveranderinge inlui, met nuwe motors en enjins. Motors sal met aktiewe aërodinamika en beweegbare vleuels bekendgestel word. == Algemeen == ===Verandering in regulasies=== Die voorskrifte vir die enjin, aërodinamika, geometrie en veiligheidsregulasies sal almal vir die 2026-seisoen hersien word. ===Tegniese regulasies=== Die sewentiende weergawe van die tegniese regulasies vir die 2026-seisoen is op 28 April 2025 gepubliseer.<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_c_technical_-_iss_17_-_2026-04-28.pdf |titel=2026 Formula 1 Section C Technical Regulations - Issue 17 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> ===Afmetings en aërodinamika van motors=== Op 6 Junie 2024 is die 2026-motorkonsep onthul. Die konsep beskik oor nuwe aktiewe aërodinamika in beide die voor- en agtervlerke. In die konsep is die sleepverminderingstelsel afgeskaf en vervang deur 'n nuwe handmatige enjinmodus. Die wielbasis is verminder van 360 cm tot 340 cm, die breedte is verminder van 200 cm tot 190 cm, en die minimum massa is verminder tot 768 kg. Die breedte van die voor- en agterbande sal onderskeidelik met 2,5 cm en 3,0 cm verminder word. Die vloer sal 'n verminderde grondeffek hê om die probleme wat motors met bons tydens bestuur gehad het, te verlig. ===Kragbron=== Nuwe krageenheidregulasies sal vir die 2026-seisoen ingestel word. Die nuwe krageenhede sal steeds meer as 1 000 pk (750 kW) produseer, hoewel krag uit verskillende bronne aangewend word. Die enjinregulasies sal die 1.6-liter turbo-aangejaagde V6-binnebrandenjin behou wat sedert 2014 gebruik word. Die MGU-H (Motor Generator Unit - Heat), wat ook sedert 2014 gebruik word, sal egter verbied word, terwyl die krag van die MGU-K (Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic) verhoog sal word van 160 pk (120 kW) tot 470 pk (350 kW). Die krag van die interne verbrandingsgedeelte van die krageenheid sal afneem van 630 kW tot 400 kW. Die krageenhede sal 'n ten volle volhoubare brandstof gebruik wat deur Formule 1 ontwikkel word. Daar word verwag dat die krageenhede twee keer soveel elektriese energie as voorheen sal herwin. == Sportregulasies == Die sesde weergawe van die sportregulasies vir die 2026-seisoen is op 28 April 2026 gepubliseer.<ref name=SR>{{en}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_06_-_2026-04-28.pdf |titel=2026 Formula 1 Section B Sporting Regulations - Issue 06 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> ===Naelren=== Hierdie seisoen, soos in 2025, sal die naelren by ses Grands Prix gehou word. Die [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix#Naelren|Chinese]], [[2026 Miami Grand Prix#Naelren|Miami]], [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix#Naelren|Kanadese]], [[2026 Britse Grand Prix#Naelren|Britse]], [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix#Naelren|Nederlandse]] en [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix#Naelren|Singapoerse]] Grands Prix sal die naelren-formaat aanbied. Vir Kanada, Nederland en Singapoer sal dit die eerste keer wees waar 'n naelren plaasvind.<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-and-fia-announce-2026-sprint-calendar.3PyLPAazrBNe8kQIS3wOfY |titel=Formula 1 and FIA announce 2026 Sprint calendar |website=formula1.com |datum=16 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.circuitzandvoort.nl/nieuws/formula-1-heineken-dutch-grand-prix-viert-unieke-motorsportgeschiedenis-in-nederland-met-laatste-editie-in-2026/ |titel=Formula 1 Heineken Dutch Grand Prix viert unieke motorsportgeschiedenis in Nederland met laatste editie in 2026 |website=circuitzandvoort.nl |datum=4 Desember 2024}}</ref> === Hittegevaar === Indien die amptelike weerdiens voorspel dat die hitte-indeks 30.5°C sal oorskry op enige stadium gedurende die naelren of wedren, of indien die wedrendirekteur so bepaal, kan 'n hittegevaar 24 uur voor die geskeduleerde begin van die naelren of wedren verklaar word. Sodra 'n hittegevaar verklaar is, moet bykomende items om die bestuurder te help afkoel, aangebring word. === Wegspringrooster === Die voorlopige wegspringrooster sal nie later nie as twee uur voor die geskeduleerde begin van die formasierondte vir die wedren aangekondig word. In vorige jare was dit vier uur. === Finansiële regulasies === Die sesde weergawe van die Finansiële Tegniese Regulasie is op 28 April 2026 deur FIA gepubliseer.<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_d_financial_-_f1_teams_-_iss_06_-_2026-04-28.pdf |title=2026 Formula 1 Section D Financial Regulations - Issue 04 |website=fia.com |datum=2026-04-28}}</ref> == Kalender == [[Lêer:Formula_1_all_over_the_world-2026.svg|duimnael|280px|Lande wat 'n [[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] in 2026 aanbied, word in groen aangedui, vorige gasheerlande word in donkergrys aangedui.]] Op 10 Junie 2025 is die kalender amptelik aangekondig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6358632/gp-nederland-volgend-jaar-week-eerder-madrid-vervangt-imola-op-f1-kalender.html|title=GP Nederland volgend jaar week eerder, Madrid vervangt Imola op F1-kalender|date=10 Junie 2025|website=nu.nl}}</ref> Daar verskyn vier-en-twintig Grands Prix op die kalender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racingnews365.nl/f1-onthult-kalender-voor-2026|title=F1 onthult kalender voor 2026|date=2025-06-10|website=RacingNews365.nl|access-date=10 Junie 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 90%" !{{Afkorting|GP nr.|Grand Prix nommer sedert 1950}} !Ronde ![[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] ![[Lys van Formule Een-bane|Baan]] !Plek !Datum |- |{{Middel|1150}} !1 |[[Australiese Grand Prix|GP van Australië]] |{{AU-VLAG}} [[Albert Park Renbaan]] |[[Melbourne]] |8 Maart |- |{{Middel|1151}} !2 |[[Chinese Grand Prix|GP van China]] |{{CN-VLAG}} [[Shanghai Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Shanghai]] |15 Maart |- |{{Middel|1152}} !3 |[[Japannese Grand Prix|GP van Japan]] |{{JP-VLAG}} [[Suzuka Internasionale Renbaan]] |Suzuka |29 Maart |- |{{Middel|1153}} !4 |[[Miami Grand Prix|GP van Miami]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Miami International Autodrome]] |Miami Gardens ([[Florida]]) |3 Mei |- |{{Middel|1154}} !5 |[[Kanadese Grand Prix|GP van Kanada]] |{{CA-VLAG}} [[Gilles Villeneuve-renbaan]] |[[Montreal]] ([[Quebec]]) |24 Mei |- |{{Middel|1155}} !7 |[[Monaco Grand Prix|GP van Monaco]] |{{MC-VLAG}} [[Monaco-renbaan]] |[[Monaco]] |7 Junie |- |{{Middel|1156}} !7 |[[Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|GP van Barcelona-Katalonië]] |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Barcelona-Catalunya-renbaan]] |Montmeló |14 Junie |- |{{Middel|1157}} !8 |[[Oostenrykse Grand Prix|GP van Oostenryk]] |{{AT-VLAG}} [[Red Bull Ring]] |Spielberg |28 Junie |- |{{Middel|1158}} !9 |[[Britse Grand Prix|GP van Groot-Brittanje]] |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Silverstone-renbaan]] |Silverstone |5 Julie |- |{{Middel|1159}} !10 |[[Belgiese Grand Prix|GP van België]] |{{BE-VLAG}} [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]] |Stavelot |19 Julie |- |{{Middel|1160}} !11 |[[Hongaarse Grand Prix|GP van Hongarye]] |{{HU-VLAG}} [[Hungaroring]] |Mogyoród |26 Julie |- |{{Middel|1161}} !12 |[[Nederlandse Grand Prix|GP van Nederland]] |{{NL-VLAG}} [[Zandvoort-renbaan]] |Zandvoort |23 Augustus |- |{{Middel|1162}} !13 |[[Italiaanse Grand Prix|GP van Italië]] |{{IT-VLAG}} [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza]] |Monza |6 September |- |{{Middel|1163}} !14 |[[Spaanse Grand Prix|GP van Spanje]] |{{ES-VLAG}} Circuito de Madring |[[Madrid]] |13 September |- |{{Middel|1164}} !15 |[[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|GP van Azerbeidjan]] |{{AZ-VLAG}} [[Bakoe-straatrenbaan]] |[[Bakoe]] |26 September |- |{{Middel|1165}} !16 |[[Singapoerse Grand Prix|GP van Singapoer]] |{{SG-VLAG}} [[Marinabaai Straatrenbaan]] |[[Singapoer|Singapore]] |11 Oktober |- |{{Middel|1166}} !17 |[[Verenigde State Grand Prix|GP van die Verenigde State]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Circuit of the Americas]] |[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ([[Texas]]) |25 Oktober |- |{{Middel|1167}} !18 |[[Meksikaanse Grand Prix|GP van Meksiko-Stad]] |{{MX-VLAG}} [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] |[[Meksikostad]] |1 November |- |{{Middel|1168}} !19 |[[Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|GP van São Paulo]] |{{BR-VLAG}} [[José Carlos Pace-renbaan]] |[[São Paulo]] |8 November |- |{{Middel|1169}} !20 |[[Las Vegas Grand Prix|GP van Las Vegas]] |{{US-VLAG}} [[Las Vegas Straatrenbaan]] |[[Las Vegas]] ([[Nevada]]) |21 November |- |{{Middel|1170}} !21 |[[Katarse Grand Prix|GP van Katar]] |{{Vlagikoon|QAT}} [[Losail Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Lusail]] |29 November |- |{{Middel|1171}} !22 |[[Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|GP van Aboe Dhabi]] |{{AE-VLAG}} [[Yas Marina-renbaan]] |[[Yas-eiland|Yas]] |6 Desember |} === Kalenderwysigings in 2026 === * Die [[Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix]] het van die kalender verdwyn omdat die kontrak nie hernu is nie. * Die [[Kanadese Grand Prix]] is op die kalender vervroeg om die doeltreffendheid van vragvervoer te verbeter. Vrag kan nou van Miami Gardens na [[Montreal]] vervoer word sonder om eers na Monaco en Montmeló in Europa te reis. * Die [[Spaanse Grand Prix]] sal by die Madring-straatrenbaan in Madrid gehou word in plaas van die [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], wat ook 'n ren genaamd die Grand Prix van Barcelona-Katalonië aanbied. * Die [[Nederlandse Grand Prix]] is vir die laaste keer op die kalender en sal vir die eerste keer 'n naelren aanbied. * Die [[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix]] word met een dag vervroeg weens die land se Herdenkingsviering op 27 September. Op versoek van die organiseerders sal die wedren op Saterdag 26 September gehou word. === Afgelaste renne === Op 13 Maart 2026 word bekendgemaak dat die [[Bahreinse Grand Prix]] en [[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix]] nie sal plaasvind in April nie, vanweë die voortgesette oorlog in [[Iran]] en die Midde-Ooste.<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/bahrain-and-saudi-arabian-grands-prix-will-not-take-place-in-april.1hnqllVG85RSt8pbFc5Ivx |titel=Bahrain and Saudi Arabian Grands Prix will not take place in April |website=formula1.com |datum=14 Maart 2026 | taal=en}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/meer-sport/formule-1-gaat-races-in-bahrein-en-saoedi-arabie-van-de-kalender-halen-wegens-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten~a386afd3/ |titel=Formule 1 gaat races in Bahrein en Saoedi-Arabië van de kalender halen wegens oorlog in het Midden-Oosten |website=gelderlander.nl |datum= 13 Maart 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 85%" !Rondte !|Grand Prix ![[Lys van Formule Een-bane|Baan]] !Plek !Oorspronklike datum |- !4 |[[Bahreinse Grand Prix|GP van Bahrein]] |{{BH-VLAG}} [[Bahrein Internasionale Renbaan]] |[[Sakhir]] |12 April |- !5 |[[Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|GP van Saoedi-Arabië]] |{{Vlagikoon|SAU}} [[Djedda-straatrenbaan]] |[[Djedda|Jeddah]] |19 April |} == Inskrywings == Die volgende vervaardigers en jaers is onder kontrak om aan die 2025 Wêreldkampioenskap deel te neem. Alle spanne ding mee met bande wat slegs deur [[Pirelli]] verskaf word.<ref>{{en}}{{citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/pirelli-to-continue-as-formula-1s-exclusive-tyre-supplier-until-2027.7xJIxJyMe84N3p7k4iIMjK |titel=Pirelli to continue as Formula 1's exclusive tyre supplier until 2027 |website=formula1.com |datum=2023-10-10}}</ref> Elke span het ten minste twee renjaers ingeskryf, een vir elk van die twee verpligte motors. <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |+{{Nowrap|Spanne en jaers wat gekontrakteer is om aan die 2026 Wêreldkampioenskap deel te neem}} !Inskrywer !Vervaardiger !Onderstel !Kragbron !Nr. !Renjaer !{{Afkorting|Grands Prix|Rondtes ingeskryf}} !style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|Nr. !Renjaers in<br />vrye oefening !{{Afkorting|Grands Prix|Rondtes ingeskryf}} |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{Vlagikoon|FRA}} BWT Alpine Formule 1-span !rowspan=2|[[Alpine F1-span|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes-AMG|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|A526<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/alpine/modeles.aspx |titel=Alpine Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance<ref name="AlpineMercedes">{{nl}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-alpine-stapt-vanaf-2026-over-op-mercedes-motoren/ |titel=Alpine stapt vanaf 2026 over op Mercedes-motoren |website=Formule 1.nl |datum=12 November 2024 }}</ref> |{{Center|10}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Pierre Gasly]]<ref name="Gasly">{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6318484/gasly-verbindt-formule-1-toekomst-aan-alpine-met-meerjarig-contract.html |titel=Gasly verbindt Formule 1-toekomst aan Alpine met meerjarig contract |website=nu.nl |datum=2024-06-27}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |rowspan=2 align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2 align=center| |- |{{Center|43}} |{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/alpine-verlengt-contract-franco-colapinto-bevestigt-line-up-2026-paul-aron/ |titel=Alpine verlengt contract Franco Colapinto, bevestigt line-up voor 2026 |achternaam=Nijhuis |voornaam=Matthijs |datum=2025-11-07 |bezochtdatum=7 November 2025 |werk=Formule1.nl}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 <!-- |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| --> |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} Aston Martin Aramco Formule 1-span !rowspan=2|[[Aston Martin F1|Aston Martin]] Aramco-[[Honda]] |rowspan=2|AMR26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/aston-martin/modeles.aspx |titel=Aston Martin Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Honda RA626H<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/honda-neemt-tijd-nieuwe-aston-martin-motor-ontwikkelen-laatste-moment/ |titel=Honda neemt tijd voor nieuwe Aston Martin-motor: ‘Ontwikkelen tot het laatste moment’ |website=formule1.nl |datum=2025-03-05 |bezochtdatum=2025-04-24}}</ref> |{{Center|14}} |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Fernando Alonso]]<ref>{{Citeer web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2516397-formule-1-coureur-alonso-verlengt-contract-bij-aston-martin|titel=Formule 1-coureur Alonso verlengt contract bij Aston Martin |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-04-11}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|34 |{{VS-VLAG}} Jak Crawford<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_japanese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Japanese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-27}}</ref> |align=center|3 |- |{{Center|18}} |{{CA-VLAG}} [[Lance Stroll]]<ref name="Stroll">{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/news/announcement/aston-martin-aramco-confirms-lance-stroll-for-2025-and-beyond |titel=Aston Martin Aramco confirms Lance Stroll for 2025 and beyond |website=astonmartinf1.com |datum=2024-06-27}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|34 |{{VS-VLAG}} Jak Crawford<ref name=entrylistOOS2026>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_austrian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Austrian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-26}}</ref> |align=center|8 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} Atlassian Williams F1-span !rowspan=2|[[Williams F1|Atlassian Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|FW48<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/williams/modeles.aspx |titel=Williams Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/motor-sports/williams-f1-team-use-mercedes-engines-until-least-2030-2024-01-08/#:~:text=LONDON%2C%20Jan%208%20(Reuters),both%20parties%20announced%20on%20Monday. |titel=Williams F1 team to use Mercedes engines until at least 2030 |website=Reuters |datum=2024-01-08}}</ref> |{{Center|23}} |{{TH-VLAG}} [[Alexander Albon]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-williams-confirm-albon-for-2023-on-new-multi-year-contract.1rpexVv61cyqPW7h7La6LZ.html |titel=Williams confirm Albon for 2023 on new multi-year contract |website=Formula1.com |datum=2023-08-03}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|46 |{{GB-VLAG}} Luke Browning<ref name=entrylistCAT2026>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_barcelona-catalunya_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix - Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-12}}</ref> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|55}} |{{ES-VLAG}} [[Carlos Sainz jr.]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2530783-formule-1-coureur-sainz-stapt-over-van-ferrari-naar-williams |titel=Formule 1-coureur Sainz stapt over van Ferrari naar Williams |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-07-29 |bezochtdatum=2024-07-29}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|46 |{{GB-VLAG}} Luke Browning<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{DE-VLAG}} Audi Revolut F1-span<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/officieel-audi-slaat-de-handen-ineen-met-formule-1-team |titel=Officieel: Audi slaat de handen ineen met Formule 1-team |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=26 Oktober 2022}}</ref><ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/audi-presenteert-titelsponsor-nieuw-f1-team-2026 |titel=Audi presenteert titelsponsor nieuw F1-team 2026 |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=30 Julie 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Audi F1-span|Audi]] |rowspan=2|R26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/audi/modeles.aspx |titel=Audi Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Audi AFR 26 Hybrid |{{Center|5}} |{{BR-VLAG}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/formule-2-coureur-gabriel-bortoleto-2025-naar-sauber-line-up-compleet/ |titel=Formule 2-coureur Gabriel Bortoleto in 2025 naar Sauber, line-up compleet |achternaam=Nijhuis |voornaam=Matthijs |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-11-06 |bezochtdatum=2024-11-06}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|97 |{{EE-VLAG}} Paul Aron<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|27}} |{{DE-VLAG}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<ref>{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2518255-hulkenberg-stapt-na-dit-seizoen-over-van-haas-naar-sauber-dat-vanaf-2026-audi-wordt |titel=Hülkenberg stapt na dit seizoen over van Haas naar Sauber, dat vanaf 2026 Audi wordt |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-04-26}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|97 |{{EE-VLAG}} Paul Aron<ref name="entrylistCAT2026" /> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Cadillac F1-span]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/statement-on-general-motors-application-to-join-fia-formula-one-world.69uoRF1uwHwXkr4efkpnhc |titel=Statement on General Motors application to join FIA Formula One World Championship in 2026 |website=Formula 1.com |datum=25 November 2024 |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Cadillac F1-span|Cadillac]]-[[Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|MAC-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/cadillac/modeles.aspx |titel=Cadillac Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://racingnews365.nl/breaking-gloednieuw-f1-team-tekent-eerste-motordeal |titel=Gloednieuw F1-team tekent eerste motordeal |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=2024-12-10}}</ref> |{{Center|11}} |{{MX-VLAG}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<ref name=PERBOT>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2579988-veteranen-bottas-en-perez-keren-bij-nieuw-team-cadillac-terug-in-formule-1 |titel=Veteranen Bottas en Pérez keren bij nieuw team Cadillac terug in Formule 1|website=Nos.nl |datum=2025-08-26}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|25 |{{VS-VLAG}} Colton Herta<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|77}} |{{FI-VLAG}} [[Valtteri Bottas]]<ref name=PERBOT/> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{IT-VLAG}} Scuderia Ferrari [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] !rowspan=2|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|SF-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nl.motorsport.com/f1/news/ferrari-onthult-naam-f1-auto-seizoen-2026/10788970/ |titel=Ferrari onthult naam van F1-auto die ommekeer moet brengen |datum=2026-01-11 |bezochtdatum=2026-01-12 |werk=nl.motorsport.com }}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-NL/formula1/sf-26 |titel=Ferrari SF-26 |website=ferrari.com |datum=2026-01-23}}</ref> |{{Center|16}} |{{MC-VLAG}} [[Charles Leclerc]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://racingnews365.nl/breaking-leclerc-verlengt-zijn-contract-bij-ferrari |titel=Leclerc verlengt zijn contract bij Ferrari voor onbepaalde tijd |website=racingnews365.nl |datum=2024-01-25}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|38 |{{SE-VLAG}} Dino Beganovic<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|44}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2507120-sensationele-transfer-is-rond-hamilton-rijdt-in-2025-voor-ferrari-sainz-weg |titel=Sensationele transfer is rond: Hamilton rijdt in 2025 voor Ferrari, Sainz weg |website=nos.nl |datum=2024-02-01}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|38 |{{SE-VLAG}} Dino Beganovic<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Toyota Gazoo Racing|TGR]] [[Haas F1-span]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/toyota-gazoo-racing-to-become-title-sponsors-of-haas-from-2026.7cSSDjuSpWld580YQKVtvh |titel=Toyota Gazoo Racing to become title sponsors of Haas from 2026 |website=formula1.com |datum=4 Desember 2025}}</ref> !rowspan=2|[[Haas F1-span|Haas]]-[[Ferrari]] |rowspan=2|VF-26<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/haas/modeles.aspx |titel=Haas Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Ferrari 067/6 |{{Center|31}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Ocon]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-esteban-ocon-tekent-meerjarig-contract-bij-haas/ |titel=Esteban Ocon tekent meerjarig contract bij Haas |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-07-25 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|50 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ryō Hirakawa<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|87}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Oliver Bearman]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/officieel-oliver-bearman-tekent-meerjarig-contract-haas/ |titel=Ferrari-talent Oliver Bearman tekent meerjarig contract met Haas |website=Formule1.nl |datum=2024-07-04 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{GB-VLAG}} McLaren Mastercard F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |rowspan=2|MCL40<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/mclaren/modeles.aspx |titel=McLaren Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance |{{Center|1}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formule1.nl/nieuws/norris-verlengt-contract-en-wil-met-mclaren-op-jacht-naar-verstappen-en-red-bull/ |titel=Norris verlengt contract, wil met McLaren op jacht naar Verstappen en Red Bull |website=formule1.nl |datum=26 Januarie 2024 |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025 }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| 67 |{{IT-VLAG}} Leonardo Fornaroli<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|81}} |{{AU-VLAG}} [[Oscar Piastri]]<ref>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-piastri-agrees-new-multi-year-contract-extension-with-mclaren.29O2HI46I2Te3orUqkwdwX |titel=Piastri agrees new multi-year contract extension with McLaren |datum=15 Oktober 2025 |bezochtdatum=15 Oktober 2025 |website=formule1.nl}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{DE-VLAG}} {{Nowrap|Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span}} !rowspan=2|[[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] |rowspan=2|F1 W17<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/mercedes/modeles.aspx |titel=Mercedes Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Mercedes M17<br/>E Performance |{{Center|12}} |{{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]<ref name=MER>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/russell-and-antonelli-confirmed-as-2026-mercedes-line-up.1vrWrdgEflkIwPgaybBEDj |titel=Russell and Antonelli confirmed as 2026 Mercedes line-up |bezochtdatum=15 Oktober 2025 |website=formula1.com }}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|72 |{{DK-VLAG}} Frederik Vesti<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |- |{{Center|63}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6364018/mercedes-gaat-door-met-russell-en-antonelli-hebben-bewezen-sterk-duo-te-zijn.html |titel=Mercedes gaat door met Russell en Antonelli: 'Hebben bewezen sterk duo te zijn' |website=nu.nl |datum=15 Oktober 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{IT-VLAG}} Visa Cash App Racing Bulls F1-span !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan=2|VCARB 03<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/racing-bulls/modeles.aspx |titel=Racing Bulls Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Red Bull Ford DM01<ref name=RBF>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2023/01/03/ford-returns-to-formula-1--strategic-partner-to-oracle-red-bull-.html |titel=Ford returns to Formula 1; Strategic partner to Oracle Red Bull Racing for 2026 season and beyond |website=media.ford.com |bezochtdatum=24 April 2025 }}</ref> |{{Center|30}} |{{NZ-VLAG}} [[Liam Lawson]]<ref name=LAWLIN>{{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.visacashapprb.com/int-en/2026-driver-live-up-announcement |titel=Our Driver Line-Up For 2026 |website=visacashapprb.com |datum=2 Desember 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|90 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ayumu Iwasa<ref name=entrylistOOS2026/> |align=center|8 |- |{{Center|41}} |{{GB-VLAG}} [[Arvid Lindblad]]<ref name=LAWLIN/> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" |rowspan=2|{{AT-VLAG}} Oracle Red Bull Racing !rowspan=2|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan=2|RB22<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.statsf1.com/nl/red-bull/modeles.aspx |titel=Red Bull Chassis |website=statsf1.com}}</ref> |rowspan=2|Red Bull Ford DM01<ref name=RBF/> |{{Center|3}} |{{nowrap|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]]}}<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6187089/verstappen-verlengt-contract-en-blijft-tot-en-met-2028-bij-red-bull.html |titel=Verstappen verlengt contract en blijft tot en met 2028 bij Red Bull |website=nu.nl |datum=2022-09-22}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"| | |align=center| |- |{{Center|6}} |{{FR-VLAG}} [[Isack Hadjar]]<ref>{{nl}}{{Citeer web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2592751-hadjar-volgt-tsunoda-op-als-teamgenoot-verstappen-bij-red-bull-racing|titel=Hadjar volgt Tsunoda op als teamgenoot Verstappen bij Red Bull Racing|website=Nos.nl|datum=1 Desember 2025}}</ref> |align=center|1–8 |align=center style="border-left:2px solid #aaaaaa"|36 |{{JP-VLAG}} Ayumu Iwasa<ref name=entrylistCAT2026/> |align=center|7 |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !colspan="10" align=center| Bron: FIA<ref name=inskryflys>{{en}}{{citeer web|url=https://www.fia.com/events/fia-formula-one-world-championship/season-2026/2026-fia-formula-one-world-championship-entry |titel=2026 FIA Formula One World Championship Entry List |uitgever=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2025-12-19}}</ref><ref>Amptelike inskrywingslyste: * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_australian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Australian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgever=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-06}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_chinese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Chinese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-13}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_japanese_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Japanese Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-03-27}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_miami_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Miami Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-05-01}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_canadian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Canadian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-05-22}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_monaco_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Monaco Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-05}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_barcelona-catalunya_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-12}} * {{en}}{{Citeer web |url=https://www.fia.com/system/files/decision-document/2026_austrian_grand_prix_-_entry_list.pdf |titel=2026 Austrian Grand Prix – Entry List |uitgewer=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] |datum=2026-06-26}} </ref> |}</div> == Uitslae en ranglys == === Grands Prix === <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Ronde ![[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] !Voorste wegspringplek !Vinnigste ronde !Wenner<br/>(renjaer) !Wenner<br/>(vervaardiger) !Verslag |- !1 | {{AU-VLAG}} [[Australiese Grand Prix]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !2 | {{CN-VLAG}} [[Chinese Grand Prix]] +Naelren '''*¹''' | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !3 | {{JP-VLAG}} [[Japannese Grand Prix]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !4 | [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]] [[Miami Grand Prix]] +Naelren '''*²''' | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !5 | {{CA-VLAG}} [[Kanadese Grand Prix]] +Naelren | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !6 | {{MC-VLAG}} [[Monaco Grand Prix]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] | [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !7 | {{nowrap|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]] [[Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix]]}} | {{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | [[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Oostenrykse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !9 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Britse Grand Prix]] +Naelren | | | | | [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !10 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Belgiese Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !11 | {{HU-VLAG}} [[Hongaarse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !12 | {{Nowrap|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Nederlandse Grand Prix]] +Naelren}} | | | | | [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !13 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Italiaanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !14 | {{ES-VLAG}} [[Spaanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !15 | {{AZ-VLAG}} [[Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !16 | {{SG-VLAG}} [[Singapoerse Grand Prix]] +Naelren | | | | | [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !17 | {{VS-VLAG}} [[Verenigde State Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !18 | [[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]] [[Meksikaanse Grand Prix|Meksikostad Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !19 | [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]] [[Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|São Paulo Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !20 | [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]] [[Las Vegas Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !21 | {{vlagikoon|QAT}} [[Katarse Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|Verslag]] |- !22 | [[Beeld:Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]] [[Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix]] | | | | | [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Verslag]] |} </div> '''*¹''' [[George Russell]] wen die [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix#Naelren|naelren van die Chinese Grand Prix]].<br/> '''*²''' [[Lando Norris]] wen die [[2026 Miami Grand Prix#Naelren|naelren van die Miami Grand Prix]].<br/> === Puntestelsel === Punte word volgens 'n glyskaal toegeken vir die eerste tien geklassifiseerde renjaers. Punte vir die naelren word op 'n glyskaal toegeken vir die eerste agt geklassifiseerde renjaers. Die punte vir elke wedren word soos volg toegeken: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center" |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Plek''' |bgcolor=ffffbf|{{0}}'''1ste'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|{{0}}'''2de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=ffdf9f|{{0}}'''3de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''4de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''5de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''6de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''7de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''8de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''9de'''{{0}} |bgcolor=dfffdf|{{0}}'''10de'''{{0}} |- |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Grand Prix''' |bgcolor=ffffbf|25 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|18 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|12 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|1 |- |bgcolor=dfdfdf align=left|'''Naelren''' |bgcolor=ffffff|8 |bgcolor=ffffff|7 |bgcolor=ffffff|6 |bgcolor=ffffff|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|4 |bgcolor=ffffff|3 |bgcolor=ffffff|2 |bgcolor=ffffff|1 |} === Ranglys van renjaers === {{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}} <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class= "wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center;" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Renjaer !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !1 |12 |align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''5'''1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''6'''1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''3'''1{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ANT|seasonpoints}} |- !2 |63 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[George Russell]] |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''4'''4 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''1'''<small>DNF</small>{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|RUS|seasonpoints}} |- !3 |16 |align=left|{{MC-VLAG}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''2'''4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''3'''8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''4 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LEC|seasonpoints}} |- !4 |44 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''3'''3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''6 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''6'''2 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HAM|seasonpoints}} |- !5 |1 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Lando Norris]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''4'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''2'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|NOR|seasonpoints}} |- !6 |81 |align=left|{{AU-VLAG}} [[Oscar Piastri]] |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''6'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''2'''3 |bgcolor=cfcfff|^'''4'''11 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|PIA|seasonpoints}} |- !7 |3 |align=left|{{NL-VLAG}} [[Max Verstappen]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|6{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''5 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''7'''3 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|VER|seasonpoints}} |- !8 |10 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Pierre Gasly]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''8'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|GAS|seasonpoints}} |- !9 |87 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Oliver Bearman]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''8'''5 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BEA|seasonpoints}} |- !10 |30 |align=left|{{NZ-VLAG}} [[Liam Lawson]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LAW|seasonpoints}} |- !11 |43 |align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|COL|seasonpoints}} |- !12 |6 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Isack Hadjar]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HAD|seasonpoints}} |- !13 |55 |align=left|{{ES-VLAG}} [[Carlos Sainz jr.]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|SAI|seasonpoints}} |- !14 |41 |align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Arvid Lindblad]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''8'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|LIN|seasonpoints}} |- !15 |5 |align=left|{{BR-VLAG}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]] |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BOR|seasonpoints}} |- !16 |31 |align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Esteban Ocon]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|OCO|seasonpoints}} |- !17 |23 |align=left|{{TH-VLAG}} [[Alexander Albon]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|20 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ALB|seasonpoints}} |- !18 |27 |align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]] |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|HUL|seasonpoints}} |- !19 |77 |align=left|{{FI-VLAG}} [[Valtteri Bottas]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|19 |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|BOT|seasonpoints}} |- !20 |11 |align=left|{{MX-VLAG}} [[Sergio Pérez]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|PER|seasonpoints}} |- !21 |14 |align=left|{{ES-VLAG}} [[Fernando Alonso]] |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|ALO|seasonpoints}} |- !22 |18 |align=left|{{CA-VLAG}} [[Lance Stroll]] |bgcolor=cfcfff|<small>NC</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|{{F1stat|STR|seasonpoints}} |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Renjaer !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] |} </div> '''Opmerking''':<br/> ^'''†''' — Die renjaer kon nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het. === Ranglys van vervaardigers === {{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}} <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0"> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center;" |-valign="top" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Vervaardiger !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|1 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG]] |align=center|12<!--ANT--> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''5'''1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''6'''1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=ffffbf|^'''3'''1{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|219 |- |align=center|63<!--RUS--> |bgcolor=ffffbf|1{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2 |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''4'''4 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''1'''<small>DNF</small>{{Pictogram poleposition}} |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|2 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |align=center|16<!--LEC--> |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''2'''4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''3'''8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''4 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|147 |- |align=center|44<!--HAM--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|4 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''3'''3 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''6 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''6'''2 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|3 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|1<!--NOR--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''4'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=dfdfdf|^'''1'''2{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''2'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|106 |- |align=center|81<!--PIA--> |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''6'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=dfdfdf|2 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''2'''3 |bgcolor=cfcfff|^'''4'''11 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|4 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{AT-VLAG}} [[Red Bull Racing]]-<br>[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |align=center|3<!--VER--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|6{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}} |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''5'''5 |bgcolor=ffdf9f|^'''7'''3 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|57 |- |align=center|6<!--HAD--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|5 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|5 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{FR-VLAG}} [[Alpine F1-span]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|10<!--GAS--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=efcfff|^'''8'''<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|35 |- |align=center|43<!--COL--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|6 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|6 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{IT-VLAG}} [[Racing Bulls]]-<br>[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |align=center|30<!--LAW--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''7'''7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|21 |- |align=center|41<!--LIN--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|8 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=ffffff|^'''8'''<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|7 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Haas F1-span]]-[[Ferrari]] |align=center|31<!--OCO--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|14 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|19 |- |align=center|87<!--BEA--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|7 |bgcolor=dfffdf|^'''8'''5 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|8 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |align=center|23<!--ALB--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|20 |bgcolor=dfffdf|10 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|7 |- |align=center|55<!--SAI--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|9 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{DE-VLAG}} [[Audi F1-span|Audi]] |align=center|5<!--BOR--> |bgcolor=dfffdf|9 |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|2 |- |align=center|27<!--HUL--> |bgcolor=ffffff|<small>DNS</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=cfcfff|11 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|12 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|10 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{VS-VLAG}} [[Cadillac F1-span|Cadillac]]-[[Ferrari]] |align=center|11<!--PER--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|0 |- |align=center|77<!--BOT--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|13 |bgcolor=cfcfff|19 |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|16 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !rowspan=2|11 |rowspan=2 align=left|{{GB-VLAG}} [[Aston Martin F1|Aston Martin]]-<br>[[Honda]] |align=center|14<!--ALO--> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|18 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| !rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|0 |- |align=center|18<!--STR--> |bgcolor=cfcfff|<small>NC</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=efcfff|<small>DNF</small> |bgcolor=cfcfff|17 |bgcolor=cfcfff|15 |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=|<!--plus naelren--> |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |bgcolor=| |-style="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa" !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Plek !valign="middle" rowspan=2|Vervaardiger !valign="middle" rowspan=2|{{Afkorting|Nr.|Motornommer van renjaer}} !width="3%"|{{AU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] !width="3%"|{{CN-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] !width="3%"|{{JP-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Miami]]<br/>[[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] !width="3%"|{{CA-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] !width="3%"|{{MC-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]<br>[[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]] !width="3%"|{{AT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] !width="3%"|{{GB-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] !width="3%"|{{BE-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] !width="3%"|{{HU-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] !width="3%"|{{NL-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] !width="3%"|{{IT-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] !width="3%"|{{ES-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] !width="3%"|{{AZ-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] !width="3%"|{{SG-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] !width="3%"|{{VS-VLAG}}<br/>[[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Mexico City, Mexico.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Meksikostad]]<br/>[[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|18px|rand|Vlag van São Paulo]]<br/>[[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]<br/>[[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] !width="3%"|{{vlagikoon|QAT}}<br/>[[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] !width="3%"|[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Aboe Dhabi]]<br/>[[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] !valign="middle" rowspan=2 style="position:sticky; right:0; background-clip:padding-box;"|Punte |- !valign="middle" colspan="22"|[[Lys van Formule Een Grands Prix|Grands Prix]] |} </div> '''Opmerking''':<br/> ^'''†''' — Die renjaer kon nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} [[Kategorie:Formule Een-seisoene]] 1z1d2e3ye9vf79wsoou52ait6e3q6fg 0 453887 2913811 2912293 2026-06-25T19:45:07Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ opdateer 2913811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie 2026''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie 2026''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie 2026''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie 2026''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *20 Junie: Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *22 Junie: Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *24 Junie: ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] hx82rq6m4e8bewd10j8rhgqf323qh4f 2913812 2913811 2026-06-25T19:46:18Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ opruim 2913812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie 2026''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie 2026''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie 2026''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie 2026''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''24 Junie''': ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] hsq89mnzje065afsnurzpqjx1rb130e 2913814 2913812 2026-06-25T19:52:57Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ opdateer 2913814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie 2026''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie 2026''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie 2026''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie 2026''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> Zille het daarna besluit om nie op die tadsraad te dien nie en voltyds op haar veltog te konsentreer. *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''24 Junie''': ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] cxyy7lyc98n3a63qn2n2swmwuvmrpqs 2913815 2913814 2026-06-25T19:53:53Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ opruim 2913815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie 2026''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> Zille het daarna besluit om nie op die tadsraad te dien nie en voltyds op haar veltog te konsentreer. *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''24 Junie''': ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] fxgytltl6kpegxfggtt1lqxylpou3oo 2913816 2913815 2026-06-25T19:54:16Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ 2913816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> Zille het daarna besluit om nie op die tadsraad te dien nie en voltyds op haar veltog te konsentreer. *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''24 Junie''': ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] b8tn9eis10rjozdvjg5ke4f3gyongu8 2913821 2913816 2026-06-25T20:07:36Z Sobaka 328 /* 2026 */ Beeld 2913821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Munisipale Verkiesing 2026.png|duimnael|KI-gegenereerde beeld ter illustrasie van die munisipale verkiesing.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2026''' sal op 4 November 2026 in [[Suid-Afrika]] gehou word. Tydens die verkiesing sal rade vir alle distrik-, metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite in elk van die land se nege provinsies verkies word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Hierdie verkiesings word elke vyf jaar gehou. Die vorige munisipale verkiesing is in [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|2021]] gehou. Die vyfde termyn van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika sal op 1 November 2026 eindig. Op 13 November 2024 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die verkiesing tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cabinet-approves-establishment-imc-2026-municipal-elections |title= Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections |author= |publisher= SAnews |date= 13 November 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die verkiesing deel te neem.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> Die totale aantal stemdistrikte voor die verkiesing was 4 488.<ref name= "Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/ward-boundaries-finalised-ahead-local-elections |title= Ward boundaries finalised ahead of local elections |author= |publisher= The South African Government News Agency |date= 11 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Teen Desember 2025 was 'n totaal van 27,67 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners geregistreer om te stem, volgens die Verkiesingskommissie. Die grootste stemblok was burgers tussen 30 en 39 jaar oud. 55% van geregistreerde kiesers was vroue.<ref name= "Voter registration statistics">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/StatsData/Voter-Registration-Statistics |title= Voter registration statistics |author= |publisher= The Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= 31 Desember 2025 |access-date= 31 Desember 2025 }}</ref> Die Suid-Afrikaanse kabinet het die stigting van 'n Interministeriële Komitee (IMK) goedgekeur wat toesig sal hou oor die voorbereidings vir die 2026 Plaaslike Regeringsverkiesing. Die IMK sal byeengeroep word deur die Minister van Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake, [[Velenkosini Hlabisa]], en bestaan uit verskeie regeringsdepartemente wat 'n rol te speel het in die versekering van 'n suksesvolle verkiesing. Die IMK sal saam met die [[Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika]] (OVK) en ander relevante liggame werk om te verseker dat die proses wat tot die verkiesing lei, glad en vreedsaam verloop.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> Soos met alle groot regeringsverkiesings in Suid-Afrika, sal die 2026 munisipale verkiesing georganiseer word deur die land se onafhanklike verkiesingsbestuursliggaam, die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK). Dit is volgens die liggaam se stigting kragtens hoofstuk nege van die Grondwet, en volgens sy verpligtinge in Artikel 190 van die [[Grondwet van Suid-Afrika|Grondwet]], en pligte in Artikel 5 van die Verkiesingskommissiewet, 1996.<ref name= "What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://www.elections.org.za/pw/About-Us/What-We-Do |title= What we do - Electoral Commission of South Africa |author= |publisher= Electoral Commission of South Africa |date= |access-date= 1 Mei 2025 }}</ref> ==Verkiesingstelsel== Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika bestaan uit [[munisipaliteit]]e van verskillende tipes. Die grootste metropolitaanse gebiede word deur metropolitaanse munisipaliteite beheer, terwyl die res van die land in distriksmunisipaliteite verdeel is, wat elk uit verskeie plaaslike munisipaliteite bestaan. Na die 2016-verkiesing was daar agt metropolitaanse munisipaliteite, 44 distriksmunisipaliteite en 205 plaaslike munisipaliteite.<ref>[https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government Local government]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019</ref> Die rade van metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite word verkies deur 'n stelsel van gemengde-lid proporsionele verteenwoordiging, waarin die helfte van die setels in elke munisipaliteit verkies word op die eerste-oor-die-wenstreep-stelsel in enkellid-wyke en die ander helfte van die setels toegeken word volgens die proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PV)-stelsel. Laasgenoemde neem die aantal wyksetels wat deur 'n party gewen word in ag en verseker dat die finale aantal setels wat deur daardie party gehou word, proporsioneel is tot hul persentasie van die totale stem.<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/FAQ-Elections/ Frequently Asked Questions: Elections]. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> Distriksmunisipaliteitrade word gedeeltelik verkies deur proporsionele verteenwoordiging (DC 40% stemme) en gedeeltelik aangestel deur die rade van die samestellende plaaslike munisipaliteite (DC 60% stemme). Kiesers in beide metropolitaanse en plaaslike munisipaliteite kies 'n enkele wykskandidaat sowel as 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger in hul munisipale raad. Inwoners van munisipaliteite wat deel vorm van distriksrade (dit wil sê, metropolitaanse munisipaliteite uitgesluit) bring ook 'n derde stem uit om 'n proporsionele verteenwoordiger vir hul distriksraad te kies, benewens die twee stemme wat hulle vir hul plaaslike raad uitbring.<ref>[https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ National, provincial and municipal elections explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073838/https://albertonrecord.co.za/208623/national-provincial-municipal-elections-explained/ |date=8 Mei 2019 }}, ''Alberton Record'', 7 Mei 2019. Besoek 1 Junie 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html Local Government Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311081726/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/local.html |date=11 Maart 2021 }}. Besoek op 1 Junie 2019.</ref> ==Agtergrond== Die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing is die eerste wat plaasvind sedert die stigting van Suid-Afrika se [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024| Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (RNE), wat na die [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024|2024 Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing]] gevorm is.<ref name= "Government of National Unity">{{cite web |url= https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |title= Government of National Unity |author= |publisher= The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 March 2025 |archive-date= 19 April 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250419121958/https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/government-of-national-unity |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name= "Which parties make up South Africa's unity government?">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/which-parties-make-up-south-africas-unity-government-2024-06-24/ |title= Which parties make up South Africa's unity government? |author= Tannur Anders |publisher= Reuters |date= 24 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Aangesien Suid-Afrika se huidige President en Leier van die [[ANC]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], beperk word deur sy twee ampstermyne, sal hy nie sy party as Leier tydens die 2026 Munisipale Verkiesing verteenwoordig nie.<ref name= "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive">{{cite web|url= https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-chapter-5-president-and-national |title= Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 5: The President and National Executive |author= |publisher= The Government of South Africa |date= |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect">{{cite web|url= https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/national-assembly-elects-cyril-ramaphosa-president-elect |title= National Assembly Elects Cyril Ramaphosa as President-elect |author= |publisher= The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |date= 14 Junie 2024 |access-date= 29 Maart 2025 }}</ref> Sy opvolger moet nog bepaal word. ===Aanlynkieserregistrasie=== In 2025 het die OVK die doeltreffendheid van aanlyn-kieserselfregistrasie in Suid-Afrika erken, wat tydens die 2021 munisipale verkiesing uitgerol is.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die Kommissie het verklaar dat die aanlynregistrasiestelsel 'n positiewe impak het op die instandhouding van die kieserslys en die geldigheid van die kiesersinligting op die lys.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Nuwe kiesers=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat 258 838 nuwe kiesers via sy verskeie platforms geregistreer het, en dat die meerderheid van hulle jongmense was.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Befondsing=== Soos gebruiklik in Suid-Afrikaanse verkiesings, sal politieke partye openbare befondsing ontvang vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing. Meer as R355 miljoen uit die nasionale begroting vir die 2024-boekjaar is deur die OVK aan 20 politieke partye verskaf.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-23-iec-rules-out-e-voting-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections |author= Nonkululeko Njilo |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 23 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n afname in politieke fondsinsamelingsaktiwiteit opgemerk, met minder partye wat skenkings verklaar het wat die R100 000-drempel oorskry (soos vereis deur Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing) as in die tydperk voor die 2024-algemene verkiesing.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ===Elektroniese stemming=== Suid-Afrika gebruik 'n stelsel van fisiese stembriewe vir al sy verkiesings en het nog nooit voorheen elektroniese stemming gebruik nie. In April 2025 het die OVK bevestig dat geen vorm van e-stemming in die 2026 munisipale verkiesing gebruik sal word nie. Dit het gevolg op 'n driedaagse konferensie, gehou deur die Kommissie, wat 'n nasionale bespreking oor die uitvoerbaarheid en moontlike implementering van stemming vir toekomstige verkiesings begin het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die hoofdirekteur van die Nasionale Tesourie se Openbare Finansies-afdeling, Gillian Wilson, het tydens 'n konferensie in Maart 2025 gesê dat daar nie aangeneem moet word dat stemming geld tydens verkiesings sal bespaar nie. Sy het verder gesê dat dit waarskynlik is dat stemming 'n beduidende uitgawe sal wees, en dat 'n deeglike koste-analise uitgevoer moet word voordat 'n besluit geneem word.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Wilson het ook opgemerk dat die koste vir nasionale en provinsiale verkiesings met 294% van 1994 tot 2024 gestyg het, en vir plaaslike verkiesings met 193% van 2001 tot 2021. Faktore vir die stygings sluit in inflasie, veldtoguitgawes en logistiek wat tot die stygende koste bygedra het.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Munisipale wyke== Vir munisipale verkiesings dien Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers stembriewe binne hul wyk in, wat gebaseer is op die gebied waarin hulle hoofsaaklik woon (en dus registreer om te stem). Kiesers word verteenwoordig deur 'n spesifieke Wyksraadslid, wat dalk 'n verbintenis met 'n politieke party het of nie. In Mei 2025 het die Munisipale Afbakeningsraad (MAR) verklaar dat hul werk vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale wyksafbakenings goed op koers was. Suid-Afrika het destyds 4 468 wyke gehad.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/countrys-municipal-wards-in-for-a-shake-up-ahead-of-2026-lge/ |title= Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE |author= Ntebo Mokobo |publisher= SABC News |date= 3 Mei 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025}}</ref> Wyke word verdeel as die toename in die aantal mense wat daarin woon, die norm oorskry (die toename oor alle wyke gedurende die 5-jaar periode tussen verkiesings). Wyksverdeling word streng gereguleer in Suid-Afrika, en as deel van die verdeelproses moet motiverings vir die begeerte om dit te doen, aangevoer en beoordeel word. Daar moet aangedui word wat die implikasies van die verdeling is, of dit in stryd met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet]] sou wees, en of mense gesegregeer word of gemeenskappe op 'n onvanpaste wyse verdeel word.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> As deel van die proses het die MDB 'n landwye openbare konsultasieproses oor wyksafbakening van stapel gestuur. Aansoeke vir die herbepaling van munisipale wyke word deur die MDB ontvang, waarna daar 'n 14-dae-periode is waartydens lede van die publiek besware kan indien. Daarna gaan dit na die Raad vir besluitneming. Indien 'n wyk verdeel word, stel die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) kiesers in kennis en herregistreer hulle as deel van hul nuwe wyke. Die OVK bevestig ook dat sy stemdistrikgrense met die wyke ooreenstem. Teen Mei 2025 het die OVK altesaam 23 292 stemdistrikte gelys.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> Die Raad het verklaar dat hy sy verslag oor wyksafbakenings in Oktober 2025 aan die OVK sou oorhandig.<ref name= "Country’s municipal wards in for a shake-up ahead of 2026 LGE"></ref> ==Politieke partye== ''Sien ook'': [[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika]] 'n Totaal van 508 politieke partye het geregistreer om aan die plaaslike verkiesing van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die vorige munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered"></ref> Met 'n stemaandeel van 45,59% was die [[African National Congress]] (ANC) die grootste party in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing van 2021|vorige munisipale verkiesing]], wat in 2021 plaasgevind het. Nadat dit egter onder 50 persent gedaal het, was dit die party se swakste vertoning in munisipale verkiesings sedert die instelling van algemene stemreg. Die ANC het 'n skerp afname in sy stemaandeel in munisipale verkiesings gesien sedert sy hoogtepunt in 2011, toe dit 64,82% behaal het. Van die skerpste dalings in die ANC se stemaandeel het in Suid-Afrika se grootste stede plaasgevind. In die drie [[Gauteng]]se metropolitaanse munisipaliteite ([[Johannesburg]], [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] en [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]]) het die ANC se stemaandeel tot in die 30 persent-reeks gedaal, terwyl [[Buffalo City Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Buffalo City]] die enigste metropolitaanse munisipaliteit was waar dit daarin geslaag het om 'n absolute meerderheid te wen. Ten spyte van hierdie afname beklee die ANC steeds ses van die agt burgemeestersposte in metropolitaanse gebiede, asook om deel te wees van die regerende koalisie in [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-10-09-actionsa-clinches-its-first-mayor-in-tshwane/|title=ActionSA clinches its first mayor in Tshwane|date=9 Oktober 2024|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=31 Mei 2025|language=en-ZA|archive-date=}}</ref> Suid-Afrika se tweede grootste party, die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]], het 'n afname in stemaandeel in die munisipale verkiesings van 2021 gesien, maar hulle het 8 munisipaliteite gewen om die hoogste resultaat in daardie opsig in onlangse jare te behaal. Dit is die tweede munisipale verkiesing vir die party onder die leierskap van [[John Steenhuisen]]. Die Stad Johannesburg is 'n sleutelmetrogebied vir die party. Dit is ook die eerste munisipale verkiesing waartydens die Demokratiese Alliansie deel was van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering. In vorige sulke verkiesings het die party die status van amptelike opposisie beklee, maar vir die 2026-verkiesings sal hulle deel wees van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (GNU) - President Ramaphosa se Derde Kabinet. Die nuutgestigte [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) party sal vir die eerste keer in 2026 aan munisipale verkiesings deelneem. Die leierskap het verklaar dat die party op talle metropolitaanse gebiede in Gauteng gefokus is, met die doel om die ANC uit die posisie te verwyder. Die party, wat die land se derde grootste is in terme van setels in die Parlement, het 15% van die stemme in die algemene verkiesing van 2024 ontvang.<ref name= "MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/13/mk-party-eyes-gauteng-metros-in-bid-to-unseat-anc-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= MK Party eyes Gauteng metros in bid to unseat ANC in 2026 municipal elections |author= Nokukhanya Mntambo |publisher= EWN |date= 13 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) het as 'n politieke party geregistreer en is van voorneme om aan die 2026-verkiesings deel te neem. Terwyl die SAKP histories die ANC gesteun het, staan dit nou onafhanklik. In onlangse jare het die ANC-SAKP-alliansie verbrokkel, met die SAKP wat toenemend krities raak oor die ANC se ekonomiese beleid, bestuur en hantering van korrupsieskandale.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-03-18-sacp-will-contest-2026-municipal-elections-independent-of-anc/ |title= SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 18 March 2025 |access-date= 12 June 2025 }}</ref> Die enigste keer dat die SAKP onafhanklik van die ANC aan 'n verkiesing deelgeneem het, was tydens die tussenverkiesings van die Metsimaholo-munisipaliteit in 2017.<ref name= "SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/14/sacp-resolves-to-contest-all-municipalities-in-2026-local-govt-elections |title= SACP resolves to contest all municipalities in 2026 local govt elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 14 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> Die OVK het aanvanklik verklaar dat die SAKP nie aan die vereistes vir verkiesing voldoen het nie en het die party opdrag gegee om homself vir die 2026-verkiesings te deregistreer. Saam met ander partye wat deur die OVK opdrag gegee is om te deregistreer, het die SAKP nie aan die statutêre vereistes voldoen nie, was nie in enige wetgewende liggaam verteenwoordig nie, het nie sedert hul registrasie aan plaaslike regeringsverkiesings deelgeneem nie, en het hulle versuim om hul registrasie teen die sperdatum van 31 Januarie 2025 te hernu.<ref name= "SACP will contest 2026 municipal elections independent of ANC"></ref> Die OVK het egter later geoordeel dat die SAKP geskik was om aan die verkiesing deel te neem, en het die party toestemming gegee om dit te doen.<ref name= "ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own">{{cite web|url= https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/1027430-2/ |title= ANC has no right to stop SACP from contesting polls on its own |author= Ntlantla Kgatlane |publisher= SABC News |date= 7 April 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===Partyderegistrasie=== In April 2025 het die OVK aangekondig dat hulle, as deel van standaard administrasieprosedures, van voorneme is om 192 politieke partye te deregistreer. Van daardie partye het 136 vertoë gerig om hul status as geregistreerde partye te behou. 3 politieke partye het die OVK versoek om hul registrasies te kanselleer, en 53 partye het nie op die uitnodiging gereageer om vertoë te rig nie.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> Die OVK het destyds verklaar dat die kansellasie van registrasies van onaktiewe politieke partye nodig was om te verseker dat slegs aktiewe politieke partye op die partyregister bly. Die Kommissie het ook gesê dat die kansellasie van onaktiewe partye die gebruik van name, verkorte name, logo's en kleurskemas vir aspirantpartye sou vrystel.<ref name= "IEC rules out e-voting for 2026 local government elections"></ref> ==Tydlyn== ===2024=== *6 November: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Minister in die Presidensie, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]], het in [[Kaapstad]] aangekondig dat die volgende munisipale verkiesings tussen 2 November 2026 en 1 Februarie 2027 gehou sal word.<ref name= "Cabinet approves establishment of IMC for 2026 Municipal Elections"></ref> *13 Desember: [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste vakbond, het verklaar dat dit steeds nie seker is of dit die African National Congress (ANC) of die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party]] (SAKP) in die 2026-verkiesing sal steun nie. Dit het tradisioneel 'n alliansie met beide entiteite gehad, en 2026 is die eerste groot verkiesing waarin die ANC en SAKP afsonderlik sal deelneem.<ref name= "COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/12/13/cosatu-still-mulling-if-it-will-back-the-anc-or-sacp-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU still mulling if it will back the ANC or SACP in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 13 Desember 2024 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> ===2025=== *'''15 Januarie''': [[ActionSA]] en die [[Forum for Service Delivery|Forum 4 Service Delivery]] (F4SD) kondig 'n samesmelting aan, waardeur hulle saam onder eersgenoemde se vaandel aan die komende verkiesing sal deelneem, maar dubbele lidmaatskap sal behou om hul bestaande munisipale verteenwoordiging te beskerm. [[Herman Mashaba]] het verklaar dat dit 'n stap is om opposisiepartye te verenig om teen die GNU en die EFF-MK-koalisie op te staan.<ref name= "ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-01-15-actionsa-forms-alliance-with-f4sd-for-2026-local-government-elections/ |title= ActionSA forms alliance with F4SD for 2026 local government elections |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 15 Januarie 2025 |access-date= 12 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 April''': Die Onafhanklike Verkiesingskommissie (OVK) het in [[Centurion]] aangekondig dat hulle met voorbereidings vir die 2026-verkiesing begin het. Die Kommissie het ook die toewysing van die politieke partybefondsing aangekondig. *'''9 Junie''': [[Helen Zille]], Federale Raadsvoorsitter en voormalige leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het aangekondig dat sy ernstig oorweeg om vir die posisie van [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] te staan. Sy het verder verklaar dat sy sal fokus op die stabilisering van die stad se finansies en om wanbestuur reg te stel. Zille het gesê sy sal haar besluit openbaar maak voor die sluitingsdatum vir kandidaataansoeke op 15 Junie 2025.<ref name= "Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post">{{cite web |url= https://www.daily/ |title= Helen Zille eyes Joburg mayorship after DA’s top picks decline post |author= Ferial Haffajee |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 9 Junie 2025 |access-date= 10 Junie 2025 |archive-date= 25 Julie 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''15 Junie''': Daar is berig dat Helen Zille haar aansoek voor die sperdatum ingedien het om vir burgemeester van Johannesburg te staan. Zille het gesê sy is al 'n geruime tyd deur mede-DA-lede genader wat wou hê sy moes vir die amp staan, voordat sy die aankondiging gemaak het.<ref name= "Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post ">{{cite web|url= https://sundayworld.co.za/news/helen-zille-officially-throws-hat-into-the-ring-for-joburg-mayor-post/ |title= Helen Zille officially throws hat into the ring for Joburg mayor post |author= Mandisa Nyathi |publisher= Sunday World |date= 15 Junie 2025 |access-date= 19 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': President Ramaphosa het 'n brief aan DA-adjunkminister [[Andrew Whitfield]] gestuur waarin hy hom ontslaan het vir insubordinasie. Whitfield het voorheen 'n goed gereguleerde parlementêre reël oortree wat lede van die Nasionale Vergadering verbied om amptelike oorsese reise sonder presidensiële goedkeuring te onderneem. Whitfield het, sonder Ramaphosa se goedkeuring, na die [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] gereis as deel van 'n 2025-afvaardiging. Hy het aansoek gedoen om toestemming om te reis, maar het geen antwoord ontvang nie. Hy het besluit om in elk geval te reis en het dus die reël oortree. Die President het die voormalige adjunkminister bedank vir die tyd wat hy in die rol gedien het. Destyds is geen rede vir die ontslag openbaar gemaak nie.<ref name= "Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-06-26-ramaphosa-axes-das-whitfield-as-deputy-minister-of-trade-industry/ |title= Ramaphosa axes DA's Whitfield as deputy minister of trade and industry |author= Kgothatso Madisa |publisher= Times Live |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''26 Junie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], het 'n ultimatum aan die President gestel en verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie op 'n soortgelyke wyse opgetree het teenoor ANC-lede wat beskuldig word van of skuldig is aan korrupsie, soos Thembi Simelane, [[David Mahlobo]] en [[Zweli Mkhize]] nie. Steenhuisen het ook verklaar dat Ramaphosa nie 'n bespreking oor die ontslag met enigiemand van die DA gefasiliteer het nie, wat 'n algemene hoflikheid sou gewees het. Die ultimatum het geëis dat die President die sittende ANC-kabinetslede Thembi Simelane en [[Nobuhle Nkabane]] binne 48 uur verwyder, anders sou die DA ongespesifiseerde gevolge meebring.<ref name= "‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-26-this-is-the-moment-of-truth-steenhuisen-gives-ramaphosa-48-hour-ultimatum-after-whitfields-axing/ |title= ‘This is the moment of truth’ — Steenhuisen gives Ramaphosa 48-hour ultimatum after Whitfield’s axing |author= Victoria O’Regan |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 26 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''28 Junie''': Nadat hy 'n amptelike besoek aan [[Sevilla]], [[Spanje]], gekanselleer het en die taak aan die Minister van Buitelandse Sake [[Ronald Lamola]] gedelegeer het, het President Ramaphosa 'n verklaring uitgereik waarin hy die DA se ultimatum veroordeel het. Die President het gesê dat hy Whitfield afgedank het weens die oortreding van parlementêre reëls, bevestig dat hy die gesag en verantwoordelikheid het om dit eensydig te doen, en gesê dat hy Steenhuisen van sy besluit om dit te doen in kennis gestel het voordat hy die ontslagbrief aan Whitfield gestuur het. Die President het verklaar dat hy nie aan dreigemente sou swig nie, en dat daar geen gronde was vir die DA om die soort ultimatum uit te reik wat dit gehad het nie.<ref name= "‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-06-27-i-will-not-yield-to-threats-ramaphosa-responds-to-das-48-hour-ultimatum-on-ministerial-corruption/ |title= ‘I will not yield to threats’: Ramaphosa responds to DA’s 48-hour ultimatum on Ministerial corruption |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 28 Junie 2025 |access-date= 29 Junie 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Julie''': Nadat vasgestel is dat die destydse Minister van Hoër Onderwys, [[Nobuhle Nkabane]], vir die Parlement gelieg het, dat haar sogenaamde SETA-aanstellingspaneel 'n klug was, en nadat sy 'n Parlementêre verhoor oor haar gedrag rakende die SETA-raadaanstellingssaak gemis het, het President Ramaphosa haar afgedank. Nkabane se Adjunkminister, [[Buti Manamela]], is as die nuwe Minister ingehuldig, saam met die nuwe Adjunkminister, Nomsa Ncube-Dube. Na aanleiding van hierdie veranderinge het die Demokratiese Alliansie gesê dat hulle sal voortgaan om oor begrotingswetsontwerpe te stem.<ref name= "Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-07-22-fired-minister-nkabanes-seta-panel-existed-in-name-only-mps-conclude/ |title= Fired minister Nkabane’s Seta panel existed in name only, MPs conclude |author= Siyabonga Goni |publisher= Daily Maverick |date= 22 Julie 2025 |access-date= 24 Julie 2025 }}</ref> *'''23 Julie''': Na 'n sitting by die Kaapstad Internasionale Konferensiesentrum het die Nasionale Vergadering 'n Begrotingswetsontwerp ([[begroting]]) aangeneem. Dit baan die weg vir die goedkeuring van die volledige skedule van stemmings vir 42 departementele en ander entiteite, sowel as die tweede lesing van die Wetsontwerp. Die Wetsontwerp het maklik die vereiste eenvoudige meerderheid van 201 stemme bereik en dit aansienlik oortref, met 262 stemme ten gunste. Die ANC, DA, GOOD, IFP, PA, FF+, ActionSA, UDM, Al-Jama-ah, BOSA, Rise Mzansi, en PAC het ten gunste van die wetsontwerp gestem, wat 'n positiewe eenheid binne die koalisie-nasionale regering aandui.<ref name= "National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-23-national-assembly-passes-appropriation-bill-amid-opposition-objections/ |title= National Assembly passes Appropriation Bill amid opposition objections |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 23 Julie 2025 |access-date= 17 November 2024 }}</ref> *'''31 Julie''': Adjunkpresident [[Paul Mashatile]], 'n lid van die ANC, het eienaarskap van twee luukse eiendomme met 'n gekombineerde waarde van R65 miljoen verklaar. Een eiendom ter waarde van R37 miljoen is in Waterfall, Midrand, geleë. Die ander, 'n huis van R28,9 miljoen in [[Constantia]], Kaapstad, is een wat Mashatile voorheen ontken het dat hy besit het, en eerder gesê het dat dit deur sy skoonseun se maatskappy besit word. Ander eiendomme is ook as besit deur Mashatile verklaar. Mashatile se kantoor het verklaar dat geen provinsiale of nasionale departement onder sy toesig as Adjunkpresident ooit tenders toegeken is, daarvan beskuldig is dat hulle toegeken het, of ondersoek is vir die toekenning van tenders aan enige maatskappye wat met sy familie verbind word nie. Die [[Valke (SAPD)|Valke]] (Direktoraat vir Prioriteitsmisdaadondersoek) se nasionale woordvoerder, Brigadier Thandi Mbambo, het bevestig dat die eenheid korrupsieverwante eise ondersoek wat fondse behels wat gebruik is om die Constantia-huis te koop.<ref name= "Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-07-30-mashatile-declares-r65-million-mansions-in-constantia-and-waterfall-on-r3million-salary/ |title= Mashatile declares R65 million mansions in Constantia and Waterfall on R3 million salary |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 31 Julie 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref><ref name= "all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time">{{cite web |url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |title= all coming from inside the mansion: what Mashatile’s properties mean come election time |author= Justice Malala |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 4 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250804032306/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2025-08-04-justice-malala--call-coming-from-inside-the-mansion-what-mashatiles-properties-mean-come-election-time/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> *'''1 Augustus''': Na aanleiding van 'n aankondiging dat Adjunkpresident Paul Mashatile nie 'n [[diamant]] verklaar het wat deur die diamanthandelaar [[Louis Liebenberg]] aan sy vrou geskenk is nie, het die Parlementêre Gesamentlike Etiekkomitee besluit om hom te sanksioneer. President Cyril Ramaphosa het homself van die kwessie gedistansieer en gesê dat Mashatile vir homself moet antwoord. Die kwessie het oproepe vir verhoogde regeringsverantwoordbaarheid laat ontstaan <ref name= "Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/ramaphosa-distances-himself-mashatile-scandal |title= Ramaphosa Distances Himself from Mashatile Scandal |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> Die Demokratiese Alliansie het 'n ondersoek na Mashatile versoek en gesê die Parlementêre teregwysing en boete was nie genoeg nie.<ref name= "DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/01/da-wants-mashatile-probed-over-diamond-gift-from-liebenberg-says-rebuke-fine-not-enough |title= DA wants Mashatile probed over diamond gift from Liebenberg, says rebuke, fine not enough |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 1 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 4 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Augustus''': Talle minderheidspartye in Johannesburg se Regering van Plaaslike Eenheid (RPE) het gedreig om hul steun vir die ANC binne die stadsraad te onttrek. Die minderheidspartye het verklaar dat hulle nie deur die ANC gerespekteer voel nie, en dat hulle nie deur die ANC as stigterslede van die RPE erken word nie. Die tussentydse voorsitter van die Johannesburgse Minderheidsregerende Partye (MRP) het verklaar dat die posisie in die Johannesburgse Finansiële MMC aan een van sy lede moet gaan, in plaas van 'n lid van die ANC. Na aanleiding van die verklarings het die ANC opgemerk dat hulle geen ooreenkoms oortree het nie, en genoeg stemme het om Johannesburg voort te sit as die minderheidspartye hul steun onttrek.<ref name= "Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/joburg-political-drama-deepens-as-minority-parties-threaten-to-pull-support-for-coalition-20250804-1223 |title= Joburg political drama deepens as minority parties threaten to pull support for coalition |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 5 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 Augustus''': ANC-sekretaris-generaal [[Fikile Mbalula]] het die Demokratiese Alliansie, 'n RNE-lid, daarvan beskuldig dat hulle die katalisator was vir die onlangs geïmplementeerde straftariewe en dreigemente van sanksies teen ANC-leiers deur die Verenigde State. Mbalula het gesê die rede hiervoor was die DA se sogenaamde veldtog teen Suid-Afrika se transformerende beleid tydens die party se reise na die VSA. Hy het die DA daarvan beskuldig dat hulle verklarings gemaak het wat die ongedaanmaking van [[Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging]] (SEB)-beleide in Suid-Afrika ondersteun, bloot om die Amerikaanse regering te paai. Mbalula het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se steun vir SEB-beleide herbevestig en die VSA uitgedaag om sanksies teen ANC-leiers op te lê en gesê dat sulke dreigemente deur Amerikaanse kongreslede die ANC nie sou afskrik om sy transformasie-agenda na te streef nie.<ref name= "Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-08-06-mbalula-blames-da-for-trumps-tariffs-and-us-threats-to-sanction-anc-leaders/ |title= Mbalula blames DA for Trump's tariffs, US threats to sanction ANC leaders |author= Lizeka Tandwa |publisher= Times Live |date= 6 Augustus 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''11 Augustus''': Voormalige COSATU-vakbondlid en [[Mail & Guardian]]-politieke kommentator, Ebrahim Harvey, het Helen Zille, voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Raad, vir die posisie van burgemeester van Johannesburg onderskryf. Harvey het gesê dat Johannesburg in sy ergste toestand van verval in die geskiedenis is, en het Kaapstad erken as Suid-Afrika se bes bestuurde metropolitaanse munisipaliteit. Hy het verder gesê dat Zille se prestasiegeskiedenis as voormalige burgemeester van Kaapstad en Wes-Kaapse premier haar een van die geskikste kandidate maak om Johannesburg om te keer.<ref name= "Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/08/11/zilles-running-as-a-mayoral-candicate-get-a-nod |title= Helen Zille's Joburg mayoral candidacy gets a nod |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 12 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> *'''8 September''': [[Floyd Shivambu]] het sy nuwe politieke party, die Afrika Mayibuye-beweging, tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie in Johannesburg aangekondig. Shivambu het verklaar dat die party reeds geregistreer is ingevolge die Verkiesingskommissiewet van 1996, wat dit toelaat om aan verkiesings deel te neem. Hy het verder gesê dat die party alle wyke in die plaaslike regeringsverkiesings van 2026 sal deelneem.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-08-floyd-shivambu-mayibuye-afrika-movement-will-win-2026-and-2029-elections/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: ‘Mayibuye Afrika Movement will win 2026 and 2029 elections’ |author= Simon Majadibodu |publisher= IOL |date= 8 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''10 September''': In 'n [[SABC]]-onderhoud het AMM-leier Floyd Shivambu sy voormalige party, die EFF, "rigtingloos" genoem en nie op die mense gefokus nie. Hy het verder gesê die EFF het korrupte regeringspraktyke aangeneem, sy stigtingswaardes laat vaar en is ongeskik om die ANC te vervang. Shivambu het ook gesê die EFF het 'n giftige kultuur van selfverryking en is nie gefokus op mandate soos dienslewering en werkskepping nie.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-10-floyd-shivambu-eff-is-just-like-the-anc-directionless-and-unfit-to-lead/ |title= Floyd Shivambu: EFF is just like the ANC, directionless and unfit to lead |author= |publisher= IOL |date= 10 September 2025 |access-date= 13 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse en ANC-president Cyril Ramaphosa het erken dat munisipaliteite onder leiding van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) baie beter bestuur word as ANC-geleide munisipaliteite. Tydens 'n ANC-geleentheid by die [[FNB-stadion]] in [[Soweto]] het Ramaphosa gesê dat die ANC bekwame mense moet ontplooi om plaaslike regerings te bestuur, en dat die party by DA-munisipaliteite, soos [[Kaapstad]] en [[Stellenbosch]], kan leer oor hoe om hul dienslewering te verbeter.<ref name= "‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors">{{cite web|url= https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2025-09-15-da-run-municipalities-better-learn-from-them-ramaphosa-tells-anc-councillors/ |title= ‘DA run municipalities better, learn from them’ Ramaphosa tells ANC councillors |author= Kamogelo Moichela |publisher= IOL |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''15 September''': Die ANC het om verskoning gevra aan die mense van die [[Noordwes]] en die [[Vrystaat]] en gesê dat hulle beter bestuur van die party verdien. Die twee provinsies het die ANC histories sterk ondersteun, maar hulle bevat van Suid-Afrika se swakste bestuurde munisipaliteite. Sommige van daardie munisipaliteite is onder administrasie of staar ernstige finansiële probleme in die gesig. Die adjunkvoorsitter van die ANC se Plaaslike Regeringsintervensiekomitee, Dickson Masemola, het gesê die party het nie die vertroue wat die mense in die Noordwes en Vrystaat daarin gestel het, ten volle terugbetaal nie.<ref name= "ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/15/anc-apologises-to-people-of-nw-and-fs-says-they-deserve-better-governance-from-party |title= ANC apologises to people of NW and FS, says they deserve better governance from party |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 17 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''16 September''': Die [[Patriotiese Alliansie]] (PA) het aangekondig dat hul kandidaat vir Burgemeester van Johannesburg die party se Adjunkpresident, [[Kenny Kunene]], is. Dit, ten spyte van Kunene se bestaande skorsing. Die party het ook aangekondig dat, ten spyte daarvan dat hy net 'n maand tevore ingehuldig is, Johannesburgse raadslid [[Liam Jacobs]] uit die posisie sou bedank en die PA se burgemeesterskandidaat vir Kaapstad sou word.<ref name= "PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/16/pa-reveals-kenny-kunene-as-mayoral-candidate-for-joburg |title= PA reveals Kenny Kunene as mayoral candidate for Joburg |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 16 September 2025 |access-date= 16 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''20 September''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) het [[Helen Zille]] as die party se kandidaat vir [[Burgemeester van Johannesburg]] aangewys. Indien sy as burgemeester verkies word, het Zille beter lewering van water, elektrisiteit, padherstelwerk en vullisverwyderingsdienste belowe. Die party beoog om die sukses wat dit in die regering van [[Kaapstad]] behaal het, 'n stad wat beskou word as 'n stad met konsekwent baie beter dienslewering as Johannesburg, te herhaal.<ref name= "South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/safricas-da-names-former-leader-zille-candidate-johannesburg-mayor-2025-09-20/ |title= South Africa's DA names former leader Zille as candidate for Johannesburg mayor |author= Nqobile Dludla |publisher= Reuters |date= 20 September 2025 |access-date= 21 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''23 September''': Die Patriotiese Alliansie se Adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is van enige oortreding vrygespreek, en sy skorsing is omvergewerp. Dus het die party versoek dat hy as raadslid na die [[Johannesburg|Stad Johannesburg]] terugbesorg word.<ref name= "Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/pa-deputy-president-kenny-kunene-cleared-wrongdoing |title= Pa Deputy President Kenny Kunene Cleared Of Wrongdoing |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 23 September 2025 |access-date= 25 September 2025 }}</ref> * '''26 September''': PA-leier [[Gayton McKenzie]]] het verklaar dat sy party gevoel het dat dit deel was van 'n koalisie waar dit nie gerespekteer word nie, en daarom sou hy op 30 September 2025 aan die [[Kabinet van Cyril Ramaphosa, Junie 2024|Regering van Nasionale Eenheid]] (GNU) onttrek. Hy het verder verklaar dat hy op dieselfde dag as Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur sou bedank. McKenzie het die burgemeester van Johannesburg, [[Dada Morero]], 'n ultimatum gegee om die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, weer aan te stel as sy voormalige burgemeesterslid vir 'n vervoerrol, of om die PA aan die stad se koalisieregering te onttrek. Morero het dit nie gedoen nie. In McKenzie se verklaring het hy bevestig dat die PA aan koalisies op alle vlakke van regering sou onttrek. Indien dit deurgevoer word, sou die PA die eerste party wees wat die GNU verlaat.<ref name= "Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/09/26/gayton-mckenzie-says-patriotic-alliance-will-withdraw-from-government-of-national-unity-vows-to-resign-as-minister-on-tuesday |title= Gayton McKenzie says Patriotic Alliance will withdraw from Government of National Unity, vows to resign as minister on Tuesday |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 26 September 2025 |access-date= 27 September 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Na 'n vergadering met die ANC het die PA aangekondig dat die twee partye gemeenskaplike grond gevind het, en dat die PA nie die regerende koalisie sou verlaat nie.<ref name= "Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/unity-in-uncertainty-pa-stays-in-coalitions-as-kunenes-fate-hangs-in-balance-20251001-0640 |title= Unity in uncertainty: PA stays in coalitions as Kunene’s fate hangs in balance |author= Siyamtanda Capa |publisher= news24 |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''1 Oktober''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF) party en parlementslid, [[Julius Malema]], is skuldig bevind aan vyf oortredings, insluitend die onwettige besit van 'n vuurwapen en ammunisie, die onwettige afvuur van 'n wapen in die openbaar, en roekelose bedreiging. Hierdie oortredings het verband gehou met 'n EFF-byeenkoms, waar Malema tussen 14 en 15 skerp skote op 'n verhoog, voor 20 000 EFF-ondersteuners, afgevuur het. Bekend vir sy strydlustigheid, sal Malema in Januarie 2026 voor vonnisoplegging ondergaan, waar hy kragtens Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing 'n minimum tronkstraf van 15 jaar in die gesig staar. Verder, volgens die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, sal Malema dan verbied word om as 'n parlementslid te dien.<ref name= "South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public">{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c79vj85px54o |title= South African firebrand MP Malema convicted of firing a gun in public |author= Khanyisile Ngcobo |publisher= BBC |date= 1 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 1 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 Oktober''': Die PA se adjunkpresident, Kenny Kunene, is herstel as Johannesburg se burgemeesterslid vir vervoer.<ref name= "Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/kunene-reinstated-as-johannesburg-transport-mmc-after-coalition-dispute-20251003-1218 |title= Kunene reinstated as Johannesburg transport MMC after coalition dispute |author= Noxolo Sibiya |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 Oktober''': [[ActionSA]] het aangekondig dat Xolani Khumalo hul burgemeesterskandidaat vir [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] is.<ref name= "Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/top-stories/sizoktholas-xolani-khumalo-announced-actionsas-ekurhuleni-mayoral-candidate |title= Sizok'thola's Xolani Khumalo Announced ActionSA's Ekurhuleni Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 4 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Oktober''': [[Unite for Change]] word in [[Johannesburg]], gestig. Dit is die samesmelting van drie politieke partye, naamlik [[RISE Mzansi|Rise Mzansi]], [[GOOD|Good]] en [[Build One South Africa]]. Die party sal geregistreer word om aan die munisipale verkiesings in 2026 deel te neem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goba |first=Thabiso |title=Bosa, Rise Mzansi, and Good Party have united to form 'Unite for Change' |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/05/bosa-rise-mzansi-and-good-party-have-united-to-form-unite-for-change |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Faizel |date=2025-10-05 |title=JUST IN: Bosa, GOOD and Rise Mzanzi merge to form Unite for Change |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/rise-bosa-good-political-parties-merge-form-unite-for-change/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> *'''12 Oktober''': Daar is berig dat die ANC oorweeg om tradisie te breek en sy burgemeesterskandidaat van Johannesburg aan te kondig. Histories het die party dit nie gedoen nie, maar DA-kandidaat Helen Zille se hoëprofielkandidatuur kan die ANC dwing om iemand aan te kondig in 'n poging om beheer oor die metro te behou.<ref name= "The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/the-helen-zille-effect-anc-plans-to-break-tradition-by-revealing-mayoral-candidate-20251011-0935 |title= The Helen Zille effect: ANC plans to break tradition by revealing mayoral candidate |author= Dawie Boonzaaier |publisher= City Press |date= 12 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''21 Oktober''': [[COSATU]], Suid-Afrika se grootste [[vakbond]], het gesê dat hulle nog nie besluit het watter van sy voormalige drieparty-alliansievennote hulle in die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 moet steun nie. Dit is die eerste verkiesing waar die SAKP en ANC teen mekaar meeding, en daar word verwag dat COSATU een van die partye sal steun.<ref name= "COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/10/21/cosatu-yet-to-decide-on-which-alliance-partner-to-back-in-2026-municipal-elections |title= COSATU yet to decide on which alliance partner to back in 2026 municipal elections |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''24 Oktober''': Net drie maande na sy stigting het die [[Afrika Mayibuye Movement]] (AMM) die party se eerste adjunkpresident, Nolubabalo Mcinga, weens wangedrag verwyder. Mcinga was onlangs betrokke by 'n uitval met partyleier Floyd Shivambu. Sy het ook 'n ongemagtigde vergadering namens die party met 'n reklame-firma gehad, en 'n ongemagtigde vergadering met MK-leier Jacob Zuma.<ref name= "Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-24-floyd-shivambu-fires-deputy-nolubabalo-mcinga-over-unsanctioned-meeting-with-mk-partys-jacob-zuma/ |title= Floyd Shivambu fires deputy Nolubabalo Mcinga over unsanctioned meeting with Jacob Zuma |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 24 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 26 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''27 Oktober''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse Adjunkpresident (en ANC Adjunkpresident) [[Paul Mashatile]] het partylede tydens 'n byeenkoms in [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Ekurhuleni]] meegedeel dat die ANC nie genoeg gedoen het om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter nie, en gesê dat die party daarvoor aanspreeklikheid moet neem. Hy het ook gevra vir beter aanstellings van staatsamptenare in die toekoms.<ref name= "Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/politics/2025-10-27-mashatile-anc-has-failed-to-improve-south-africa/ |title= Mashatile: ANC has failed to improve South Africa |author= Lunga Mzangwe |publisher= Mail & Guardian |date= 27 Oktober 2025 |access-date= 29 Oktober 2025 }}</ref> *'''3 November''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse president Cyril Ramaphosa het herbevestig dat die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) sal voortgaan. Hy het verder gesê dat die 16 maande oue koalisieregering vasbeslote was om meer maniere te vind om saam te werk, en te fokus op hoe om die lewens van Suid-Afrikaners die beste te verbeter. Die aankondiging het gevolg op 'n terugtrekking (strategiese sessie) met RNE-partyleiers, sonder 'n agenda en 'n mandaat om sake privaat te hou, sodat leiers vrylik met mekaar kon praat oor hoe om die beste saam te werk in die voortgesette RNE. President Ramaphosa het gesê die terugtrekking het "uitsonderlik goed verloop", dat leiers die RNE se vordering en transformasiewerk gevier het, en dat verdere sulke vergaderings sou plaasvind. Ander RNE-partyleiers het ook verklaar dat die terugtrekking 'n sukses was.<ref name= "‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-11-03-the-gnu-is-here-to-stay-ramaphosa |title= ‘The GNU is here to stay’: Ramaphosa |author= |publisher= Times Live |date= 3 November 2025 |access-date= 7 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''4 November''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het bevestig dat 508 politieke partye geregistreer het om aan die plaaslike verkiesings van 2026 deel te neem. Die totaal het 62 nuwe partye sedert die laaste munisipale verkiesing ingesluit. Van die 508 partye was 295 op nasionale vlak geregistreer, terwyl 404 op provinsiale vlak geregistreer was.<ref name= "IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news/iec-confirms-508-political-parties-registered |title= IEC Confirms 508 Political Parties Registered |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 4 November 2025 |access-date= 27 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''6 November''': Helen Zille, die federale voorsitter van die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), het verklaar dat haar party vier voormalige senior lede van die African National Congress (ANC) in die Wes-Kaap verwelkom het om by die DA aan te sluit, insluitend Neville Delport, die ANC se voormalige provinsiale sekretaris in die Wes-Kaap. Die verskuiwing het gevolg op interne verdeeldheid in die ANC, nadat die nasionale leierskap onlangs sy provinsiale uitvoerende strukture herkonfigureer het. Zille het gesê die vier voormalige ANC-lede het die DA direk genader en verklaar dat hulle nie saamstem met die rigting waarin die ANC op pad is nie, en versoek het om by die DA aan te sluit.<ref name= "Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/11/06/helen-zille-senior-anc-western-cape-members-joining-da-driven-by-disillusionment-not-money |title= Helen Zille: Senior ANC WC members joining DA driven by disillusionment, not money |author= Celeste Martin |publisher= EWN |date= 6 November 2025 |access-date= 8 November 2025 }}</ref> *'''5 Desember''': Die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika het aangekondig dat hulle 'n nuwe [[podsending]]platform en 'n opgedateerde WhatsApp-kanaal in 2026 sal loods, as deel van 'n inisiatief om meer jong Suid-Afrikaners te motiveer om aan die [[Demokrasie|demokratiese proses]] deel te neem deur in verkiesings te stem.<ref name= "South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters">{{cite web|url= https://htxt.co.za/2025/12/south-africa-to-launch-elections-podcast-to-attract-young-voters/ |title= South Africa to launch elections podcast to attract young voters |author= Luis Monzon |publisher= htxt |date= 5 Desember 2025 |access-date= 6 Desember 2025 }}</ref> ===2026=== *'''20 Januarie''': Leier van die Patriotiese Alliansie en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, [[Gayton McKenzie]], het verontwaardiging ontlok oor sy optrede, wat daartoe gelei het dat Suid-Afrika onttrek het aan die 61ste Venesië Biënnale, 'n kontemporêre kunsuitstalling met 'n internasionale aanhang. McKenzie het 'n onafhanklike kuratoriale paneel se eenparige keuse van 'n werk deur die kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath tersyde gestel. Goliath se langlopende opvoeringswerk ''Energy'' spreek temas soos geslagsgebaseerde geweld en die oorlog in Gaza aan. Dus het McKenzie se besluit vrae laat ontstaan oor of sy optrede deur sensuur en politieke inmenging gemotiveer was.<ref name= "South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/20/south-africa-pulls-out-of-venice-biennale-after-minister-mckenzie-overrules-curators |title= South Africa pulls out of Venice Biennale after Minister McKenzie overrules curators |author= Kabous Le Roux |publisher= EWN |date= 20 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''21 Januarie''': Helen Zille het bevestig dat sy nie vir nog 'n termyn as Voorsitter van die Federale Raad van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan nie. Zille het gesê sy is van voorneme om te fokus op haar veldtog om Johannesburg se volgende burgemeester te word, en verklaar dat sy voel haar taak is nou om te probeer om plaaslike regering te help herstel, met funksionele metro's wat Suid-Afrika as geheel bevoordeel.<ref name= "Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/01/21/zille-rules-out-standing-for-another-term-as-das-federal-council-chair |title= Zille rules out standing for another term as DA's Federal Council chair |author= Lindsay Dentlinger |publisher= EWN |date= 21 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Januarie''': Die Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar Gabrielle Goliath het besluit om PA-leier en Minister van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, Gayton McKenzie, te dagvaar oor sy besluit om haar uitstalling by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale-geleentheid te onttrek. Goliath se prokureurs het die Gauteng-afdeling van die Hooggeregshof in Pretoria gevra om te verklaar dat McKenzie se pogings om in te meng met die onafhanklike keurkomitee se besluit om haar werk te kies, te belemmer, ongrondwetlik, onwettig en ongeldig was. Hulle het die hof verder gevra om McKenzie se besluit om haar kunswerk van die geleentheid te onttrek, tersyde te stel en hom te verbied om enige verdere stappe te doen om in te meng met of te belemmer om by die 61ste Venesië Biënnale vertoon te word.<ref name= "Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-01-22-artist-gabrielle-goliath-sues-gayton-mckn-mckenzie-over-cancellation-of-work-for/ |title= Artist Gabrielle Goliath sues Gayton McKenzie over cancellation of work for Venice Biennale |author= Niren Tolsi |publisher= ''Daily Maverick'' |date= 22 Januarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Januarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Januarie''': Die president van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat twee politieke formasies formeel met sy party saamgesmelt het, 'n stap wat hy gesê het nog 'n mylpaal in die groeiende konsolidasie van opposisiemagte voor die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 was. Hy het aangekondig dat die Azanian Independent Community Movement en die Creatives Congress Movement saamgesmelt het, met ActionSA en sodoende ActionSA se openbare verteenwoordiging met sewe plaaslike raadslede verhoog, wat die party se nasionale totaal tot byna 150 verteenwoordigers opstoot.<ref>Mbalenhle Butale (26 Januarie 2026). ActionSA boosts representation ahead of 2026 elections with new councillors. MSN, https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/actionsa-boosts-representation-ahead-of-2026-elections-with-new-councillors/ar-AA1V0z3V?ocid=BingNewsVerp Besoek 27 Januarie 2026.</ref> *'''31 Januarie''': Helen Zille, voorsitter van die DA se federale raad het bekend gemaak dat die DA se interne peilings daarop dui dat die party ‘n volstrekte meerderheid in Tshwane tydens die munisipale verkiesing kan behaal.<ref>Van der Westhuizen, Gert. 1 Februarie 2026. DA kan Tshwane vat, wys sy eie peilings. [[Netwerk24]]. https://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/politiek/da-kan-tshwane-vat-wys-sy-eie-peilings-20260201-0912 Besoek 2 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''4 Februarie''': Die leier van die DA, [[John Steenhuisen]], verklaar dat hy nie vir herverkiesing as die DA-party se leier in April 2026 sal staan nie. Die DA sal dus ‘n nuwe leier vir die munisipale verkiesing in 2026 verkies.<ref>News24, ‘Mission accomplished’ for Steenhuisen as he bows out of DA leadership contest. 4 Februarie 2026. https://www.news24.com/politics/live-steenhuisen-briefing-on-matters-of-national-importance-20260204-0431 Besoek 7 Februarie 2026.</ref> *'''14 Februarie''': [[Willie Spies]] word as burgemeesterskandidaat van die VF+ vir die [[Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit|Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit]] aangekondig.<ref>Heyns, Tania, 14 Februarie 2026. Die politikus en die prkureur: VF+ het twee burgermeesterkandidate in Tswane. Maroela Media. https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/die-politikus-en-die-prokureur-vf-het-twee-burgemeesterskandidate-in-tshwane/ Besoek 1 Mei 2026.</ref> *'''16 Februarie''': Die leier van ActionSA, [[Herman Mashaba]], het aangekondig dat hy vir sy party se nominasie vir die burgemeestersverkiesing van Johannesburg sal meeding.<ref name= "Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-makes-his-move-as-he-enters-race-for-joburg-mayor-20260216-0582 |title= Mashaba makes his move as he enters race for Joburg mayor |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 16 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 17 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''20 Februarie''': Helen Zille, die federale uitvoerende leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie, het in Johannesburg se Wyk 102 veldtog gevoer vir Bea Campbell-Cloete, wat gehoop het om die wyk se nuwe raadslid te word. Wyk 102 bestaan uit die voorstede Bryanston, Hurlingham, Blairgowrie, Bordeaux en Randburg se middestad. Indien Campbell-Cloete die wyk se volgende raadslid word, sal haar proporsionele verteenwoordiging (PR) raadslid se setel vakant word. Dit sal Zille toelaat om daardie setel te vul en by die Johannesburgse Stadsraad aan te sluit, wat Zille beplan om te doen indien die geleentheid hom voordoen. Ten spyte daarvan dat Wyk 102 tradisioneel 'n DA-vesting is, het die party gesê dat hulle niks aan die toeval oorlaat nie en steeds 'n gefokusde veldtog voer.<ref name= "Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/political-chess-ward-102-win-could-unlock-zilles-path-to-the-joburg-mayoral-chain-20260220-0464 |title= Political chess: Ward 102 win could unlock Zille’s path to the Joburg mayoral chain |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 20 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 21 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> Zille het daarna besluit om nie op die tadsraad te dien nie en voltyds op haar veltog te konsentreer. *'''21 Februarie''': ActionSA het aangekondig dat hul leier, [[Herman Mashaba]], hul kandidaat vir burgemeester van Johannesburg sal wees, nadat hy as die voorkeurkandidaat uit 'n kortlys van vyf na vore gekom het.<ref name= "Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/breaking-news-herman-mashaba-named-actionsa-joburg-mayoral-candidate |title= Herman Mashaba Named ActionSA Joburg Mayoral Candidate |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 21 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 22 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''23 Februarie''': Die [[Msunduzi Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] het tydens 'n media-inligtingsessie aangekondig dat munisipale werknemers wat verbonde is aan die uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MKP) gekoppel is aan beweerde [[sabotasie]] van die munisipaliteit se waterinfrastruktuur. Daar is opgemerk dat die watertoevoer na regeringsinstellings ingemeng is en 'n wateronderbreking tot gevolg gehad het. Die munisipaliteit het gesê die inmenging was polities gemotiveerd en het bevestig dat hulle 'n ondersoek na die saak van stapel gestuur het.<ref name= "MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mk-party-linked-municipal-workers-accused-of-sabotaging-pietermaritzburg-water-supply-20260223-0704 |title= MK Party-linked municipal workers accused of sabotaging Pietermaritzburg water supply |author= Sakhiseni Nxumalo |publisher= news24 |date= 23 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 24 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''26 Februarie''': 'n Voormalige ActionSA Johannesburg PR-raadslid het die party verlaat om by die Demokratiese Alliansie aan te sluit. Mandla Nyaqela het ActionSA-leier [[Herman Mashaba]] daarvan beskuldig dat hy 'n diktator is en gesê dat geen keuse of outonomie aan die partylede gegee is nie, en dat almal moes stem volgens wat Mashaba wou hê. Hy het 'n voorbeeld van 'n komende Johannesburgse raadsvergadering aangehaal om 'n adjunkburgemeester te verkies, waar hy gesê het dat alle ActionSA-raadslede aangesê is om volgens Mashaba se besluit te stem, en hy het verder beweer dat die party 'n kultus was. Ongeveer 50 ander ActionSA-lede het die party verlaat en terselfdertyd by die DA aangesluit. Die lede was meestal van [[Soweto]] en was voorheen by vyf ActionSA-takke, insluitend Dobsonville, Zondi, Jabulani, Braamfischerville en Mofolo. DA Federale uitvoerende-voorsitter en Johannesburgse burgemeesterskandidaat Helen Zille het die nuwe partylede verwelkom tydens 'n vergadering in Dobsonville, Soweto op 26 Februarie 2026, waar sy gesê het dat daar verwag word dat verskeie meer ActionSA-lede by die DA sal aansluit.<ref name= "Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/mashaba-is-a-dictator-actionsa-councillor-defects-to-da-along-with-soweto-branches-20260226-0650 |title= Mashaba ‘is a dictator’: ActionSA councillor defects to DA, along with Soweto branches |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name= "Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/26/zille-welcomes-former-actionsa-member-mandla-nyaqela-to-da |title= Zille welcomes former ActionSA member Mandla Nyaqela to DA |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 26 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 26 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die burgemeester van Kaapstad, [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]], het aangekondig dat hy vir die posisie van Leier van die Demokratiese Alliansie sal staan. Met die bekendstelling van sy veldtog in Elsie's River het hy gesê dat hy 'n diep liefde vir Suid-Afrika het en die land wil laat werk. Sy kandidatuur vir die rol is genomineer deur mede-DA-lid en Minister van Basiese Onderwys, [[Siviwe Gwarube]], wat gesê het sy doen dit met oortuiging en glo in 'n nuwe generasie leiers. By die aankondiging het senior partylede die DA se beduidende voortgesette suksesse met regering en dienslewering in Kaapstad uitgelig.<ref name= "Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job">{{cite web|url= https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-02-27-time-to-renew-hilllewis-declares-bid-for-das-top-job/ |title= Time to renew — Hill-Lewis declares bid for DA’s top job |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= [[Daily Maverick]] |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 28 Februarie 2026 }}</ref> *'''27 Februarie''': Die Demokratiese Alliansie (DA) se Gautengse Wetgewerleier, [[Solly Msimanga]], het bevestig dat hy 'n nominasie aanvaar het om vir die posisie van DA Federale Voorsitter te staan. By sy aankondiging in Pretoria het Msimanga, wat die party sedert 2023 in die Gautengse Wetgewer gelei het, gesê hy is nederig oor die nominasie en gesê dat hy dit nie vir titel of prestige aanvaar nie, maar vir 'n doel. Hy het hom daartoe verbind om te werk om die aantal DA-burgemeesters buite die Wes-Kaap te verhoog.<ref name= "Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/geordin-hill-lewis-solly-msimanga-enter-da-leadership-race |title= Geordin Hill-Lewis, Solly Msimanga Enter DA Leadership Race |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 27 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 1 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''28 Februarie''': Daar is berig dat Suid-Afrikaners die meerderheid van die politieke skenkings wat vir die tydperk September tot Desember 2025 verklaar is, aan die Demokratiese Alliansie gegee het. Van die totale veldtogbefondsing wat aan die vyf politieke partye gegee is wat skenkings vir daardie tydperk verklaar het, het Suid-Afrikaanse skenkers meer as 89% aan die DA gegee.<ref name= "DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/da-gets-lions-share-of-r35m-political-donations-declared-for-september-to-december-20260227-1143 |title= DA gets lion’s share of R35m political donations declared for September to December |author= Jan Gerber |publisher= news24 |date= 28 Februarie 2026 |access-date= 2 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 Maart''': Die [[Demokratiese Alliansie]] het verklaar dat, gebaseer op vorige kiesersopkomsdata, indien 490 000 geregistreerde DA-kiesers in Johannesburg in die munisipale verkiesings opdaag en op beide stembriewe vir die DA stem, die party 'n volstrekte meerderheid in die Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit sou verseker.<ref name= "DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessday.co.za/politics/2026-03-01-da-needs-490000-voters-to-win-outright-majority-in-joburg-says-zille/ |title= DA needs 490000 voters to win outright majority in Joburg, says Zille |author= Hajra Omarjee |publisher= Business Day |date= 1 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 Maart''': Meer aankondigings is gemaak met betrekking tot diegene wat vir topposisies in die DA se Federale Uitvoerende Gesag staan. Die party se Nasionale Vergadering Huisvoorsitter [[Werner Horn]] en Adjunkminister van Finansies [[Ashor Sarupen]] het veldtogte vir die rol van Federale Raadsvoorsitter van stapel gestuur.<ref name= "After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/after-zille-the-battle-for-the-das-power-engine-begins-20260303-0528 |title= After Zille: The battle for the DA’s power engine begins |author= Velani Ludidi |publisher= news24 |date= 3 Maart 2026 |access-date= 4 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''9 Maart''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het begin met 'n landwye poging vir aanlyn kieserregistrasie. Die Kommissie het alle in aanmerking komende burgers aangemoedig om sy OVK-selfbedieningsportaal te gebruik om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer en hul kieserstatus aanlyn na te gaan, voor die verkiesingsdag. Verder het die Kommissie ook begin om sy registrasieveldtogte en burgerlike opvoedingspogings by skole en universiteite te verhoog.<ref name= "IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/iec-pushes-online-voter-registration-ahead-2026-municipal-polls |title= IEC Pushes Online Voter Registration Ahead Of 2026 Municipal Polls |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 9 Maart 2026 |access-date= 14 Maart 2026 }}</ref> *'''1 April''': Daar is berig dat die Verkiesingskommissie van Suid-Afrika (OVK) besig was om meer as 70 000 werknemers te werf en op te lei om te help met die registrasienaweek wat op 20 en 21 Junie 2026 plaasvind. Die OVK het sy verkiesingslogo en slagspreuk, "Get Up, Show Up, Vote", by die Gallagher-konferensiesentrum onthul. OVK-voorsitter Mosotho Moepya het gesê albei is ontwerp om die jeugstem te lok.<ref name= "IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/04/01/iec-to-recruit-over-70k-staffers-to-oversee-voter-registration-weekend |title= IEC to recruit over 70k staffers to oversee voter registration weekend |author= Alpha Ramushwana |publisher= EWN |date= 1 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''3 April''': [[News24]] het berig oor hoe die DA-kandidaat vir Johannesburg se burgemeester, Helen Zille, 'n nuwe soort veldtog voer - een wat humor en [[sosiale media]] gebruik om ernstige infrastruktuurkwessies aan te spreek. Zille het gesê sy voer 'n digitale-eerste veldtog wat 'n aanpassing was van hoe die verbruik van nuus en media in die algemeen as gevolg van tegnologie ontwikkel het. Sy het haar jong veldtogspan geprys vir innoverend wees en vir enigiets gereed wees, wat die veldtoginhoud prettig maak. news24 het ook opgemerk hoe die ANC-beheerde Stad Johannesburg aandag gegee het aan infrastruktuurkwessies onmiddellik nadat Zille se veldtog inhoud daaroor vrygestel het. Dit, ten spyte daarvan dat dieselfde probleme reeds deur inwoners deur amptelike kanale aangemeld is.<ref name= "TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/tiktok-and-trenches-zilles-digital-election-campaign-stunts-shake-up-joburg-politics-20260402-1228 |title= TikTok and trenches: Zille’s digital election campaign stunts shake up Joburg politics |author= Alex Patrick |publisher= news24 |date= 3 April 2026 |access-date= 4 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''12 April''': Tydens die [[Demokratiese Alliansie Federale Kongres van 2026]] is [[Geordin Hill-Lewis]] as Federale Partyleier verkies en [[Solly Msimanga]] as die party se federale voorsitter. [[Solly Malatsi]], [[Cilliers Brink]] en [[Siviwe Gwarube]] is verkies as die drie adjunk-federale voorsitters. [[Ashor Sarupen]] is verkies tot voorsitter van die Federale Raad met JP Smith, Thomas Walters en Carl Pophaim as sy adjunkte.<ref name="MGResults">{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2026-04-12 |title=Hill-Lewis takes helm of DA leadership |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-04-12-hill-lewis-takes-helm-of-da-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Die federale leierskap wat by hierdie kongres verkies is, sal die party na die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse munisipale verkiesing lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotze |first=Dirk |date=2026-02-10 |title=South Africa’s biggest opposition party will head to municipal elections with new leaders: what does it all mean? |url=http://theconversation.com/south-africas-biggest-opposition-party-will-head-to-municipal-elections-with-new-leaders-what-does-it-all-mean-275404 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''12 April''': Die drie partye [[Build One South Africa]], [[GOOD]] en [[RISE Mzansi]] kondig aan dat die samesmelting bekend as [[Unite for Change]] op ys te plaas en gesê dat "dit nie effektief geïmplementeer kan word onder die druk van 'n verkiesingsveldtog nie. Gevolglik het die partye bepaal dat die beste opsie is om individueel aan die plaaslike regeringsverkiesing van 2026 deel te neem en daarna konsolidasie na te streef".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludidi |first=Velani |title=‘Unite for Change’ stalls as BOSA breaks ranks with new merger |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/unite-for-change-stalls-as-bosa-breaks-ranks-with-new-merger-20260414-1093 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> *'''16 April''': Die leier van die Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters (EFF), Julius Malema, is tot vyf jaar tronkstraf gevonnis nadat hy skuldig bevind is aan aanklagte wat verband hou met die onwettige besit van 'n [[vuurwapen]] en ammunisie, die openbare afvuur van 'n vuurwapen en roekelose bedreiging. Die dade is deur Malema tydens 'n saamtrek gepleeg. Daar is bevind dat hierdie dade deur Malema voor die geleentheid beplan is. Malema is ook onbevoeg verklaar om 'n vuurwapen te besit. Vonnisoplegging het in die Oos-Londense Landdroshof plaasgevind.<ref name= "Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines">{{cite web|url= https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/courts/julius-malema-sentenced-to-direct-imprisonment-and-fines/ |title= Julius Malema sentenced to direct imprisonment and fines |author= Vhahangwele Nemakonde and Molefe Seeletsa |publisher= The Citizen |date= 16 April 2026 |access-date= 16 April 2026 }}</ref> *'''30 April''': President Cyril Ramaphosa het die datum van die verkiesing aangekondig, dit sal op 4 November 2026 plaasvind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-04-30-save-the-date-4-november-local-government-election-date-announced-by-ramaphosa/|title=Save the date: 4 November local government election date announced by Ramaphosa|last=O'Regan|first=Victoria|date=2026-04-30|website=Daily Maverick|language=en|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> * '''5 Mei:''' [[Fadiel Adams]], parlementslid en stigter en leier van die [[National Coloured Congress]]], is deur die Taakspan vir Politieke Moorde (PKTT) in hegtenis geneem op aanklagte van bedrog en die verydeling of belemmering van die regsproses. Die polisie het verklaar dat "die taakspan ontdek het dat mnr. Adams ingemeng het met die nou veroordeelde en gevonnisde huurmoordenaar op 'n baie sensitiewe en gevorderde stadium van die polisie se ondersoek. Hierdie inmenging was in verband met die moordsaak van voormalige ANC Jeugliga sekretaris-generaal, Sindiso Magaqa, wat in Julie 2017 in Umzimkhulu in KwaZulu-Natal vermoor is <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eyaaz |date=2026-05-05 |title=MP Fadiel Adams fails to surface as an arrest warrant is issued in the Sindiso Magaqa case |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2026-05-05-mp-fadiel-adams-fails-to-surface-as-an-arrest-warrant-is-issued-in-the-sindiso-magaqa-case/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * '''8 Mei:''' Die konstitusionele hof beslis dat die Parlement se stemming in 2022 om nie die verslag van die Phala Phala-saak na 'n onafhanklike paneel te verwys soos deur die reëls van die Nasionale Vergadering beoog nie, ongrondwetlik was en tersyde gestel is en gelas het dat afsettingsverrigtinge teen President plaasvind. Human Rights Watch neem kennis van die vlaag van xenofobiese geweld wat stede soos Durban, Pretoria en Johannesburg oorstroom het, gelei deur vigilante groepe soos March and March. March and March se leier, Jacinta Ngobese-Zuma, het bewerings van [[xenofobie]] ontken en eerder herhaal dat die organisasie se doel is om die regering onder druk te plaas om strenger immigrasiewette af te dwing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nene |first=Ntuthuzelo |title=March and March Movement leader denies xenophobia accusations over rallies |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/05/24/march-and-march-movement-leader-denies-xenophobia-accusations-over-rallies#state=0bbea3ee-cc74-4c65-974c-b01f69cecab8&session_state=91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e&iss=https://sso.primedia-service.com/realms/EWN&code=786b624c-5d33-7ffd-6a69-f27eb97d4561.91b3ef5e-f770-92d9-6d32-6ab4dfb6776e.7865df4f-044e-4ac4-9da8-d9dfb92948ff |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=South Africa: New Waves of Xenophobic Attacks {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/05/20/south-africa-new-waves-of-xenophobic-attacks |access-date=2026-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> * '''28 Mei:''' Die Demokratiese Alliansie het geskiedenis gemaak deur 'n munisipale wyksetel in [[Evaton]], [[Emfuleni Plaaslike Munisipaliteit|Emfuleni]] te wen. Hulle het die 100% swart dorpswyk van die ANC afgeneem in 'n tussenverkiesing vir die eerste keer in die demokratiese geskiedenis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Wayne |date=2026-05-28 |title=DA makes history with first Gauteng township ward victory in Evaton West |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-05-28-da-makes-history-with-first-gauteng-township-ward-victory-in-evaton-west/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> *'''7 Junie''': Wes-Kaapse LPV en [[GOOD]]-sekretaris-generaal Brett Herron is aangekondig as die burgemeesterskandidaat van Kaapstad vir beide GOOD en [[RISE Mzansi]].<ref name= "Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/07/brett-herron-announced-as-joint-good-and-rise-mzansi-mayoral-candidate-for-cape-town |title= Brett Herron announced as joint GOOD and Rise Mzansi mayoral candidate for Cape Town |author= Thabiso Goba |publisher= EWN |date= 7 Junie 2026 |access-date= 7 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''18 Junie''': Die Speaker van die Nasionale Vergadering, [[Thoko Didiza]], het die aanklagte van minagting van die Parlement teen die EFF-leier [[Julius Malema]] na die Komitee vir Bevoegdhede en Voorregte verwys. Dit was as gevolg van Malema se voortgesette weiering om om verskoning te vra vir die gebruik van sy platform om 'n regter te ondervra wat in 2019 teen die EFF beslis het. Malema is beveel om om verskoning te vra nadat die Parlement in 2021 'n aanbeveling van die Etiekkomitee aangeneem het dat hy dit moes doen.<ref name= "Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/politics/malema-in-trouble-in-parliament-for-flouting-5-year-old-order-to-apologise-to-judge-20260618-0989 |title= Malema in trouble in Parliament for flouting 5-year-old order to apologise to judge |author= Suné Payne |publisher= news24 |date= 18 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *[[Lêer:Electoral Commission Voter Registration Sign in Cape Town, for the 2026 South African Local Elections.jpg|duimnael|Kiesersregistrasieplakaat van die Verkiesingskommissie in Kaapstad vir die 2026 Suid-Afrikaanse Plaaslike Verkiesings.]]'''20 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het 'n kieserregistrasienaweek aangebied en stemlokale regoor Suid-Afrika oopgemaak om in aanmerking komende burgers 'n gerieflike geleentheid te gee om te registreer, hul besonderhede op te dateer of te kyk of hulle op die kieserslys verskyn, voor die November-verkiesings. Die Kommissie het ook bevestig dat Suid-Afrikaners aanlyn kan registreer of hul besonderhede kan opdateer deur middel van sy Kiesersinligtingsportaal.<ref name= "It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know">{{cite web|url= https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/19/its-voter-registration-weekend-heres-five-things-you-need-to-know |title= It's voter registration weekend: Here's five things you need to know |author= Thandoluhle Ngcobo |publisher= EWN |date= 19 Junie 2026 |access-date= 20 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''22 Junie''': Die Verkiesingskommissie het die resultate van sy suksesvolle kieserregistrasienaweek aangekondig. Dit het gesê dat ongeveer 90% van die registrasies by fisiese stemlokale plaasgevind het, en dat jong Suid-Afrikaners en nuwe kiesers die meerderheid van die registrasies uitgemaak het.<ref name= "IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results">{{cite web|url= https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories-videos/watch-iec-announces-voter-registration-weekend-results |title= IEC Announces Voter Registration Weekend Results |author= |publisher= eNCA |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> Die Kommissie het gesê dat hulle 'n totaal van 2,9 miljoen registrasies oor die naweek aangeteken het - 'n verbetering teenoor die 1,7 miljoen geregistreerdes gedurende die registrasienaweek tydens die 2021 plaaslike verkiesings. Verder was 477 174 (16%) van die geregistreerdes nuwe kiesers. Die totale aantal geregistreerde Suid-Afrikaanse kiesers na die naweek was 28,5 miljoen. Die Kommissie het bevestig dat 'n tweede kiesersregistrasienaweek sou plaasvind, van 1 tot 2 Augustus.<ref name= "IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2026-06-22-iec-recorded-29-million-voter-registration-transactions-this-weekend/ |title= IEC recorded 2.9-million voter registration transactions this weekend |author= Sisanda Mbolekwa |publisher= Times LIVE |date= 22 Junie 2026 |access-date= 23 Junie 2026 }}</ref> *'''24 Junie''': ANC Minister van Finansies, [[Enoch Godongwana]], het die ANC Johannesburg Burgemeester, [[Dada Morero]], in kennis gestel van planne om die oordrag van fondse van die nasionale regering na Johannesburg te stop, effektief vanaf Vrydag 26 Junie 2026, tensy 'n bevredigende verduideliking van waarom dit nie moet gebeur nie, voor dan deur die Tesourie ontvang is. Dit het gevolg op Godongwana wat in April 2026 aan Morero geskryf het, hom in kennis gestel het van oortredings van die Munisipale Finansiële Bestuurswet, en gedreig het om befondsingsoordragte (R8 miljard in billike deelinkomste) af te sny. Die Stad Johannesburg het teen die wense van die Tesourie voortgegaan met 'n begroting en het nie voldoende verduidelikings vir sy finansiële praktyke ingedien nie, volgens Godongwana. As sodanig het die Minister sy voorneme verklaar om voort te gaan met die beëindiging van oordragte, deur Artikel 216(2) van die Grondwet in te roep. Die Demokratiese Alliansie het met regstappe teen die Minister van Finansies gedreig tensy hy ingryp om te probeer om die finansiële situasie in Johannesburg op te los.<ref name= "Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget">{{cite web|url= https://www.news24.com/southafrica/godongwana-plans-to-stop-transfer-of-funds-to-joburg-after-it-adopted-unfunded-budget-20260624-1219 |title= Godongwana plans to stop transfer of funds to Joburg after it adopted unfunded budget |author= Jenna Verster |publisher= news24 |date= 24 Junie 2026 |access-date= 25 Junie 2026 }}</ref> ==Meningspeilings== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;" ! rowspan="2"|Peilingsorganisasie ! rowspan="2"|Veldwerkdatum ! rowspan="2"|Steekproef-<br>grootte ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[African National Congress|ANC]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Demokratiese Alliansie|DA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)|MK]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters|EVV]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Inkatha Vryheidsparty|IVP]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Vryheidsfront Plus|VF+]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[ActionSA|ASA]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Patriotic Alliance|PA]] ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[Lys van politieke partye in Suid-Afrika|Ander]] ! rowspan="2"|Onseker{{Efn|Sluit onthouding en geen-antwoord reaksies in}} ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Voorsprong |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Demokratiese Alliansie}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Party color|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)}};" | ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Ekonomiese Vryheidsvegters}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Inkatha Vryheidsparty}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Vryheidsfront Plus}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|ActionSA}};"| ! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Alliance}};"| |- |Social Research Foundation/The Common Sense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecommonsense.co.za/Polls/anc-leads-da-by-11-points-in-latest-poll|title=ANC loop DA met 11 punte voor in jongste peiling |website=The Common Sense}}</ref> |Maart 2026 |2&nbsp;222 |style="background:#CCFFCC;"|'''39%''' |28% |10% |6% |5% |4% |3% |3% |Nvt |Nvt |style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}};color:#FFFFFF;"|11 |- |} {{notelist}} == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} {{Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika}} [[Kategorie:Verkiesings in Suid-Afrika]] 34yhs8x53oo8f6oeko5mllb1o1sn4j5 0 454043 2913835 2913548 2026-06-25T21:00:03Z SpesBona 2720 Bygewerk, nog besig 2913835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sportnuus}} {{Inligtingskas Krieketwêreldbeker | naam = T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 | beeld = T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026.svg | beeldgrote = 150px | onderskrif = Kenteken van die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 | vanafdatum = 12 Junie | totdatum = 5 Julie | bestuurder = [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR) | krieketformaat = [[Twintig20]] (T20I) | toernooiformaat = Eerste rondte en uitklopfase | gashere = {{vlagland|Engeland}} | kampioen = | naaswenner = | getal = | deelnemers = 12 (53 kwalifiseer) | wedstryde gespeel = 24 | bywoning = | speler van die reeks = | meeste lopies = {{vlagikoon|Engeland}} [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] (193)<ref name="Most_Runs">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195 |title=Most runs in ICC Women's T20 World Cup, 2026 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | meeste paaltjies = {{vlagikoon|Indië}} [[Shree Charani]] (12)<ref name="Most_Wickets">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195 |title=Most wickets For ICC Women's T20 World Cup, 2026 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | vorige jaar = 2024 | vorige toernooi = T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024 | volgende jaar = 2028 | volgende toernooi = T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028 }} Die '''T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026''' ([[Engels]]: ''2026 Women’s T20 World Cup'') word van 12 Junie tot 5 Julie 2026 in [[Engeland]] beslis. Dit is die tiende [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker]]toernooi in [[Twintig20|T20I]]-[[krieket]] wat deur die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR) aangebied word en ná die [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2009|2009-toernooi]] die tweede in Engeland. Daarmee word dit die eerste land wat twee keer as gasvroue optree. [[Lêer:Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina With ICC Women's T20 World Cup Trophy 2024-05-05 (PID-0008760) (cropped).jpg|duimnael|links|Die T20I-vrouewêreldbekertrofee waarom meegeding word]] Die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 is die eerste toernooi met twaalf deelnemende nasionale vroue[[krieket]]spanne, teenoor die tien van die vorige ses T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/ckkg1kq3qgvo |title=Women's T20 World Cup will expand to 16 teams |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=22 Julie 2024 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die twaalf deelnemende nasionale vrouekrieketspanne is: die ses regstreekse kwalifiseerders ([[Australiese nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Australië]], [[Engelse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Engeland]], [[Indiese nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Indië]], [[Nieu-Seelandse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Nieu-Seeland]], [[Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Suid-Afrika]] en [[Wes-Indiese nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Wes-Indië]]), saam met die twee naasbeste spanne op die T20I-vroueranglys soos op 20 Oktober 2024 ([[Pakistanse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Pakistan]] en [[Sri Lankaanse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Sri Lanka]]) en die wenners van die T20I-vrouewêreldbekerkwalifisering 2026 ([[Bengaalse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Bangladesj]], [[Ierse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Ierland]], [[Nederlandse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Nederland]] en [[Skotse nasionale vrouekrieketspan|Skotland]]). Nederland het vir die eerste keer vir ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooi gekwalifiseer en die altesaam vierde span van Europa geword wat vir dié toernooi kon kwalifiseer. Gevolglik is dit die eerste T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooi waaraan vier Europese spanne deelneem en dit is ook die eerste internasionale vrouekriekettoernooi waaraan die vernaamste vier Europese spanne Engeland, Ierland, Nederland en Skotland saam deelneem. Tydens die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 word 33 wedstryde gespeel, waaronder 30 in die eerste rondte en drie in die uitklopfase, insluitende die eindstryd. Die spanne is in twee groepe van ses spanne elk verdeel, waarvan elke span een keer teen al die ander spanne in die groep speel. Die twee beste spanne van elke groep kwalifiseer hierna vir die halfeindrondte, waarvan die wenners mekaar in die eindstryd ontmoet. Elke wedstryd bestaan uit 20 boulbeurte per span. Die agt beste spanne van die T20I-vrouevrouewêreldbeker 2026 kwalifiseer saam met die gasvroue van die 2028-toernooi regstreeks vir die volgende [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028]] in Pakistan. == Toewysing == Die Internasionale Krieketraad het Engeland in Julie 2022 as gasheer van die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 aangewys.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2691035 |title=Hosts for ICC Women’s global events until 2027 announced |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=26 Julie 2022 |accessdate=28 Februarie 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190055/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2691035 |archive-date=28 Februarie 2023 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-2025-women-s-odi-world-cup-1326281 |title=India to host 2025 Women's ODI World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Nagraj Gollapudi |date=26 Julie 2022 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Daarmee word dié land die eerste wat twee keer T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie aanbied.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12659535/england-to-host-2026-womens-t20-cricket-world-cup |title=England to host 2026 Women's T20 Cricket World Cup – Clare Connor hails continued growth of women's game |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=26 Julie 2022 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> == Deelnemers == === Kwalifisering === In Julie 2022 het die Internasionale Krieketraad die kwalifiseringsproses vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 bekendgemaak, waarvolgens vir die eerste keer twaalf spanne aan dié toernooi deelneem. Die gasvroue Engeland het saam met die vyf beste spanne van die vorige [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024-toernooi]] regstreeks gekwalifiseer. Die twee oorblywende regstreekse kwalifiseringsplekke is deur die naasbeste spanne, wat nog nie gekwalifiseer het nie, op die T20I-vroueranglys soos op 20 Oktober 2024 bespreek. Die vier oorblywende plekke is tydens die T20I-vrouewêreldbekerkwalifisering 2026, waaraan die wenners van plaaslike kwalifiseringstoernooie deelgeneem het, beslis.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-qualifier-final-four-spots-up-for-grabs-in-nepal |title=ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2026 Qualifier: Final four spots up for grabs in Nepal |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=17 Januarie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die volgende twaalf spanne het vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 gekwalifiseer: Australië, Indië, Nieu-Seeland, Suid-Afrika en Wes-Indië het as die vyf beste spanne van die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024 almal saam met die gasvroue Engeland regstreeks gekwalifiseer.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/west-indies-seal-semi-final-spot-with-stunning-victory-over-england |title=West Indies seal semi-final spot with stunning victory over England |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=15 Oktober 2024 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Pakistan en Sri Lanka het as naasbeste spanne op die T20I-vroueranglys soos op 20 Oktober 2024 gekwalifiseer, terwyl Bangladesj, Ierland, Nederland en Skotland tydens die T20I-vrouewêreldbekerkwalifisering 2026 hulle plekke bespreek het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-thump-thailand-to-qualify-for-2026-women-s-t20-world-cup-1521848 |title=Ireland and Scotland qualify for 2026 women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 Februarie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Nederland neem vir die eerste keer aan ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooi deel.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-and-netherlands-qualify-for-2026-women-s-t20-world-cup-1521362 |title=Netherlands, Bangladesh qualify for Women's T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 Januarie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Gevolglik neem vir die eerste keer vier Europese spanne aan ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbeker deel en dit is ook die eerste vrouekriekettoernooi waaraan die vier vernaamste Europese vrouekrieketspanne Engeland, Ierland, Nederland en Skotland saam deelneem. === Kwalifiserende spanne === [[Lêer:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Participating nations.svg|duimnael|400px|Uitslag van die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026-kwalifisering; altesaam 53 lande het deelgeneem. {{sleutel|#000032|Gasvroue}} {{sleutel|#0000ff|Regstreeks gekwalifiseer}} {{sleutel|#01a2ffff|Gekwalifiseer deur die IKR se T20I-vroueranglys}} {{sleutel|#00ab00|Wenner van die kwalifisering}} {{sleutel|#ffaa00|Tydens die wêreldwye kwalifisering uitgeskakel}} {{sleutel|#ffc900|Tydens die plaaslike kwalifisering uitgeskakel}} {{sleutel|#c0c0c0|Nie deelgeneem nie}}]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Span !Kwalifiseringmetode !Verskynings by eindstryde !Laaste verskyning !Vorige beste prestasie |- |{{Crv-EN}} |'''Gasvroue''' |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |'''Kampioen''' <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2009|2009]])</small> |- |{{Crv-AU}} |rowspan="5"|'''Regstreeks''' |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |'''Kampioen''' <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2010|2010]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2012|2012]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2014|2014]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2020|2020]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]])</small> |- |{{Crv-IN}} |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Naaswenner <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2020|2020]])</small> |- |{{Crv-NZ}} |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |'''Kampioen''' <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |- |{{Crv-ZA}} |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Naaswenner <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |- |{{Crv-WI}} |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |'''Kampioen''' <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2016|2016]])</small> |- |{{Crv-PK}} |rowspan="2"|T20I-vroueranglys op<br />20 Oktober 2024 |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Eerste rondte <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2009|2009]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2010|2010]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2012|2012]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2014|2014]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2016|2016]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2020|2020]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |- |{{Crv-LK}} |Tiende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Eerste rondte <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2009|2009]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2010|2010]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2012|2012]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2014|2014]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2016|2016]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2020|2020]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |- |{{Crv-BD}} |rowspan="4"|T20I-vrouewêreldbekerkwalifisering 2026 |Sewende |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Eerste rondte <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2014|2014]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2016|2016]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2020|2020]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |- |{{Crv-IE}} |Vyfde |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]] |Eerste rondte <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2014|2014]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2016|2016]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2023|2023]])</small> |- |{{Crv-NL}} |Eerste | – |Debuut |- |{{Crv-XS}} |Tweede |[[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]] |Eerste rondte <small>([[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2024|2024]])</small> |} == Stadions == In Mei 2025 het die [[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad]] die stadions vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 bevestig.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4256616/seven-venues-for-icc-womens-t20-world-cup-2026-in-england-announced |title=Lord’s to host final of ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=[[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad]] |date=30 April 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die eindstryd word op [[Lord’s]] in [[Londen]] beslis, terwyl [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]], [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]] en die [[Bristol-krieketveld]] ander wedstryde tydens die toernooi huisves.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/venues-key-dates-announced-for-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-in-england |title=Venues, key dates announced for ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 in England |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=1 Mei 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! [[Birmingham]], [[Wes-Midlands]] ! [[Bristol]], City of Bristol ! [[Leeds]], [[Wes-Yorkshire]] |- | [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]] | [[Bristol-krieketveld]] | [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|52|27|20.93|N|1|54|08.96|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Edgbaston}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|51|28|38.01|N|2|35|02.96|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Bristol-krieketveld}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|53|49|3.58|N|1|34|55.12|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Headingley}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''25&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''17&nbsp;500''' | Kapasiteit: '''18&nbsp;350''' |- | [[Lêer:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Bristol County Ground.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|200px]] |- ! [[Londen]], [[Groter Londen]] !rowspan=10|{{Location map+|Engeland|width=400|float=center|places= {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=52.455814|long=-1.902489|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Birmingham]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=51.477174|long=-2.584097|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Bristol]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=53.817686|long=-1.582070|position=top|background=|label=[[Leeds]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=53.479251|long=-2.247926|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Manchester]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=50.924000|long=-1.321900|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Southampton]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=51.529420|long=-0.172822|position=left|background=|label=[[Lord’s]]}} {{Location map~|Engeland|lat=51.483769|long=-0.114850|position=right|background=|label=[[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]]}}}} ! Londen, Groter Londen |- | [[Lord’s]] | [[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|51|31|45.84|N|0|10|21.72|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Lord’s}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|51|29|1|N|0|6|54|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=The Oval}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''31&nbsp;100''' | Kapasiteit: '''27&nbsp;500''' |- | [[Lêer:Nat West media centre cropped.jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|200px]] |- ! [[Manchester]], [[Groter Manchester]] ! [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]] |- | [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]] | [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]] |- | <small>{{Koördinate|53|27|22.85|N|2|17|12.34|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Old Trafford}}</small> | <small>{{Koördinate|50|55|26.4|N|1|19|18.8|W|type:landmark|aansig=inlyn|name=Rose Bowl}}</small> |- | Kapasiteit: '''26&nbsp;000''' | Kapasiteit: '''25&nbsp;000''' |- | [[Lêer:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|200px]] | [[Lêer:Pavilion stands.JPG|200px]] |}</center> == Formaat == Die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 word oor 24 dae tussen twaalf verskillende spanne oor 33 wedstryde beslis. Dit het begin op 12 Junie 2026 op Edgbaston in Birmingham met die openingswedstryd tussen die gasvroue Engeland en Sri Lanka. Die toernooi eindig op Lord’s in Londen op 5 Julie met die eindstryd, waartydens die wenner die T20I-vrouewêreldbekertrofee inpalm. === Kalender === Die volgende tabel dui die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 se daaglikse program aan. ’n Pers blokkie dui op wedstryde tydens die eerste rondte, ’n groen blokkie op wedstryde tydens die uitklopfase en ’n geel blokkie op die eindstryd. {| | {| class="wikitable left center" "style=margin:0.5em auto;font-size:95%;line-height:1.25em" |+ Aantal daaglikse wedstryde tydens die toernooi |- ! scope=col |Eerste rondte<br />Junie ! scope=col |Vr<br />12 ! scope=col |Sa<br />13 ! scope=col |So<br />14 ! scope=col |Ma<br />15 ! scope=col |Di<br />16 ! scope=col |Wo<br />17 ! scope=col |Do<br />18 ! scope=col |Vr<br />19 ! scope=col |Sa<br />20 ! scope=col |So<br />21 ! scope=col |Ma<br />22 ! scope=col |Di<br />23 ! scope=col |Wo<br />24 ! scope=col |Do<br />25 ! scope=col |Vr<br />26 ! scope=col |Sa<br />27 ! scope=col |So<br />28 |- align=center | align=left|Groep A <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 14 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 3 <!-- 18 -->| <!-- 19 -->| <!-- 20 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 21 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 24 -->| <!-- 25 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 26 -->| <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 28 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 |- align=center |align=left|Groep B <!-- 12 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 13 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 19 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 20 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 21 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 22 -->| <!-- 23 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 24 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 25 -->| <!-- 26 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 1 <!-- 27 -->| bgcolor=#c364f3| 2 <!-- 28 -->| |- align=center |- ! scope=col |Uitklopfase<br />Junie/Julie ! scope=col |Ma<br />29 ! scope=col |Di<br />30 ! scope=col |Wo<br />1 ! scope=col |Do<br />2 ! scope=col |Vr<br />3 ! scope=col |Sa<br />4 ! scope=col |So<br />5 |- align=center |align=left|Uitklopfase <!-- 29 -->| <!-- 30 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 1 -->| <!-- 2 -->| bgcolor=#00cc33| 1 <!-- 3 -->| <!-- 4 -->| <!-- 5 -->| bgcolor=#ffcc00| '''1''' |} | {| style="margin:0.5em auto;" wikitable right | colspan=2 |'''Verklaring''' |- | {{sleutel|#c364f3|Eerste rondte}} |- | {{sleutel|#00cc33|Uitklopfase}} |- | {{sleutel|#ffcc00|Eindstryd}} |} |} === Groepe === {| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;" !width=25%|[[#Groep A|Groep A]] !width=25%|[[#Groep B|Groep B]] |- | {{Crv-AU}}<br /> {{Crv-BD}}<br /> {{Crv-IN}}<br /> {{Crv-NL}}<br /> {{Crv-PK}}<br /> {{Crv-ZA}} | {{Crv-EN}}<br /> {{Crv-IE}}<br /> {{Crv-NZ}}<br /> {{Crv-XS}}<br /> {{Crv-LK}}<br /> {{Crv-WI}} |} === Eerste rondte === Die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 word deur twaalf nasionale vrouekrieketspanne beslis. Vir die eerste rondte is die twaalf deelnemende spanne in twee groepe van ses spanne elk verdeel; elke span speel een wedstryd teen elk van die ander spanne in dieselfde groep, dus speel elke span vier wedstryde in die eerste rondte. Twee punte word vir ’n oorwinning toegeken, een vir ’n onbesliste wedstryd en geen punte vir ’n nederlaag: spanne wat met dieselfde aantal punte eindig, word volgens lopietempo, dan boultempo en dan die uitslag van die direkte ontmoeting gerangskik. Die twee beste spanne van elke groep dring na die uitklopfase deur.<ref name="IKR">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=All You Need To Know about ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=4 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref name="ESPNcricinfo">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-faqs-the-format-teams-rain-rules-and-more-1540193 |title=Women's T20 World Cup 2026 FAQs: the format, teams, rain rules, and more |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Srinidhi Ramanujam |date=11 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> In die geval van ’n gelykop (d.w.s. as albei spanne die gelyke aantal lopies aan die einde van hul onderskeidelike kolfbeurt aanteken), word die wedstryd deur ’n Superboulbeurt beslis. Dit is van toepassing in alle fases van die toernooi.<ref name="IKR" /><ref name="ESPNcricinfo" /> === Uitklopfase === Van die begin van dié fase af neem die toernooi ’n uitklopformaat aan wat uit drie wedstryde bestaan: twee halfeindstryde en die eindstryd. Die wenner en naaswenner van elk van die groepe dring na die uitklopfase deur. Die groepwenner van albei groepe speel teen die naaswenner van die ander groep in die halfeindstryde. Elke wedstryd in die uitklopfase moet met ’n oorwinning vir een van die spanne eindig. As daar ná albei kolfbeurte ’n gelykopuitslag is, word die wenner deur ’n Superboulbeurt bepaal.<ref name="IKR" /><ref name="ESPNcricinfo" /> === 2026-effek op 2028-kwalifisering === Die agt beste spanne van die 2026-toernooi (saam met die 2028-gasvroue Pakistan) kwalifiseer regstreeks vir die volgende T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028. == Betrokkenes == === Skeidsregters en wedstrydbeamptes === ’n Paneel van 14 skeidsregters en vier wedstrydbeamptes word vir die toernooi gebruik.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/match-officials-revealed-for-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=Match officials revealed for Women's T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=28 Mei 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Op 21 Junie 2026 moes [[Lauren Agenbag]] weens siekte aan die toernooi onttrek en sy is met [[Saleema Imtiaz]] vervang.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/imtiaz-replaces-agenbag-in-emirates-icc-international-panel-of-umpires-at-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=Imtiaz replaces Agenbag in Emirates ICC International Panel of Umpires at ICC Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=21 Junie 2026}}</ref> ==== Skeidsregters ==== {| |- style="vertical-align:top" || * {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} Lauren Agenbag <small>([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrika]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} Kim Cotton <small>([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|Nieu-Seeland]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Engeland}} Anna Harris <small>([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Engeland]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Pakistan}} Saleema Imtiaz <small>([[Pakistanse Krieketraad|Pakistan]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Bangladesj}} Shathira Jakir <small>([[Bengaalse Krieketraad|Bangladesj]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Indië}} Narayanan Janani <small>([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Indië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} Kerrin Klaaste <small>([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrika]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Wes-Indië}} Candace la Borde <small>([[Krieket Wes-Indië|Wes-Indië]])</small> || * {{vlagikoon|Sri Lanka}} Nimali Perera <small>([[Sri Lanka Krieket|Sri Lanka]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Australië}} Claire Polosak <small>([[Krieket Australië|Australië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Indië}} Vrinda Rathi <small>([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Indië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Engeland}} Sue Redfern <small>([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Engeland]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Australië}} Eloise Sheridan <small>([[Krieket Australië|Australië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Wes-Indië}} Jacqueline Williams <small>([[Krieket Wes-Indië|Wes-Indië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Indië}} Gayathri Venugopalan <small>([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Indië]])</small> |} ==== Wedstrydbeamptes ==== {| |- style="vertical-align:top" || * {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} Trudy Anderson <small>([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|Nieu-Seeland]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} Shandre Fritz <small>([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrika]])</small> || * {{vlagikoon|Indië}} G. S. Lakshmi <small>([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Indië]])</small> * {{vlagikoon|Sri Lanka}} Michell Pereira <small>([[Sri Lanka Krieket|Sri Lanka]])</small> |} === Spanne === Elke land het 15 spelers vir die toernooi gekies.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/all-the-squads-at-the-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=All the squads at the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=30 Mei 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> == Wedstryde == {| class="infobox bordered" | style="background:#cfc;"|Kwalifiseer vir die uitklopfase én regstreeks vir die [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028]]. |- | style="background:#ffc;"|Uit die toernooi geskakel, maar kwalifiseer regstreeks vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028. |- |Uit die toernooi geskakel én loop regstreekse kwalifisering vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028 mis. |- | style="background:#fcc;"|Gerelegeer na die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028-kwalifisering. |} Die wedstryde is in twee fases opgedeel, naamlik die eerste rondte en die uitklopfase. Die groepe is op 15 Junie 2025 bekend gemaak.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-womens-t20-world-cup-schedule-india-australia-in-group-1-eng-nz-in-group-2-1490664 |title=Women's T20 World Cup: India and Australia in Group 1, England and NZ in Group 2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 Junie 2025 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Op 24 Februarie 2026 is die volledige kalender bekend gemaak.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/full-fixtures-for-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-unveiled |title=Full fixtures for ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 unveiled |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=24 Februarie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> === Eerste rondte === Twaalf spanne neem aan die eerste rondte deel. Die twee beste spanne in elke groep dring na die uitklopfase deur,<ref name="Explainer">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/women-s-t20-world-cup-tournament-explainer |title=Women’s T20 World Cup 2026: Tournament Explainer |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=17 April 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> terwyl die vier beste spanne van elke groep saam met die gasvroue Pakistan regstreeks vir die T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2028 kwalifiseer.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/scotland-still-have-2028-t20-world-cup-automatic-qualification-incentive-1542661 |title=Scotland still have 2028 T20 World Cup automatic qualification incentive |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Firdose Moonda |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> ==== Groep A ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !width=175|Span !width=20|{{Afkorting|S|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|W|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|V|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|O|Onbeslis}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|P|Punte}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|LT|Lopietempo}} |- bgcolor="#cfc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-AU}} |4||4||0||0||'''8'''||+4.724 |- bgcolor="#cfc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-IN}} |4||3||1||0||'''6'''||+2.268 |- bgcolor="#ffc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-ZA}} |4||3||1||0||'''6'''||+0.734 |- bgcolor="#ffc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-BD}} |4||2||2||0||'''4'''||—0.849 |- |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-PK}} |4||0||4||0||'''0'''||—2.831 |- bgcolor="#fcc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-NL}} |4||0||4||0||'''0'''||—3.640 |} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 13 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-AU}} | telling1 = 172/8 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-ZA}} | telling2 = 107 (16.4 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Phoebe Litchfield]] 50 (24) | paaltjies1 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] 2/22 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 44 (39) | paaltjies2 = [[Georgia Wareham]] 3/13 (2.4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Australië wen met 65 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/australia-women-vs-south-africa-women-3rd-match-group-1-1490679/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]<br />Bywoning: 7&nbsp;543<ref name="Bywoning13">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cg74zz78m7do |title=T20 crowds won't be hit by football World Cup – ICC |publisher=[[BBC]] |author=Matthew Henry |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | skeidsregters = Narayanan Janani ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) en Nimali Perera ([[Sri Lanka Krieket|SL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Georgia Wareham]] (Aus) | rondte = | loot = Australië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = [[Nadine de Klerk]] (RSA) speel in haar 150ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91572-south-africas-nadine-de-klerk-reaches-150-international-appearances-against-australia.html |title=South Africa’s Nadine de Klerk Reaches 150 International Appearances Against Australia |publisher=Female Cricket |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] (RSA) neem haar 150ste internasionale paaltjie.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91568-nonkululeko-mlaba-hits-150-international-wickets-milestone-in-south-africas-womens-t20-world-cup-2026-opener.html |title=Nonkululeko Mlaba Hits 150 International Wickets Milestone in South Africa’s Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 Opener |publisher=Female Cricket |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 14 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-NL}} | telling1 = 139/8 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-BD}} | telling2 = 141/4 (19.1 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Babette de Leede]] 50 (45) | paaltjies1 = [[Marufa Akter]] 2/31 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Juairiya Ferdous]] 50 (33) | paaltjies2 = [[Caroline de Lange]] 2/27 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Bangladesj wen met ses paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-netherlands-women-5th-match-group-1-1490681/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] | skeidsregters = Gayathri Venugopalan ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) en Sue Redfern ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Juairiya Ferdous]] (Ban) | rondte = | loot = Nederland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = Dit was beide Bangladesj en Nederland hulle eerste internasionale vrouekrieketwedstryde in Engeland.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/netherlands-ready-and-raring-for-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-debut-against-bangladesh |title=Netherlands ready and raring for ICC Women’s T20 World Cup Debut against Bangladesh |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Nederland het sy T20I-vrouewêreldbekerdebuut gemaak.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-world-cup-netherlands-opt-to-bat-against-bangladesh-on-debut-1541140 |title=Netherlands opt to bat against Bangladesh on T20 World Cup debut |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Caroline de Lange]] (Ned) speel in haar 100ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91696-caroline-de-lange-reaches-100-caps-as-netherlands-make-icc-womens-t20-world-cup-debut.html |title=Caroline de Lange Reaches 100 Caps as Netherlands Make ICC Women’s T20 World Cup Debut |publisher=Female Cricket |date=15 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Rabeya Khan]] (Ban) neem haar 50ste T20I-paaltjie.''<ref name="NEDvBAN">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-netherlands-women-5th-match-group-1-1490681/match-report |title=Ferdous, Sharmin take Bangladesh past Netherlands |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Vishal Dikshit |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Bangladesj teken hulle hoogste lopiejaagtog in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd aan.<ref name="NEDvBAN" /><ref name="Run_chase">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=target;result=1;template=results;trophy=136;type=team;view=innings |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Women's Twenty20 Internationals / Team records |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 14 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-IN}} | telling1 = 170/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-PK}} | telling2 = 106 (17 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 68 (44) | paaltjies1 = [[Fatima Sana]] 2/33 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Muneeba Ali]] 41 (35) | paaltjies2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 5/10 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Indië wen met 64 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/india-women-vs-pakistan-women-6th-match-group-1-1490682/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]<br />Bywoning: 18&nbsp;814<ref name="INDvPAK">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/sharma-stars-as-india-beat-pakistan-in-front-of-record-group-stage-crowd |title=Sharma stars as India beat Pakistan in front of record group stage crowd |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | skeidsregters = Claire Polosak ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Jacqueline Williams ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) | rondte = | loot = Indië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) neem ’n vyf-paaltjie-oes.''<ref name="Bowling">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-list-5wi/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-136 |title=List of five-wickets-in-an-innings For ICC Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Sy word ná [[Jhulan Goswami]] (albei Ind) ook die tweede vroulike bouler wat haar 350ste internasionale paaltjie neem.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91720-deepti-sharma-becomes-first-spinner-to-take-350-womens-international-wickets.html |title=Deepti Sharma Becomes First Spinner to Take 350 Women’s International Wickets |publisher=Female Cricket |date=15 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Muneeba Ali]] (Pak) teken haar 3&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91731-muneeba-ali-reaches-3000-international-runs-in-pakistans-womens-t20-world-cup-opener-vs-india.html |title=Muneeba Ali Reaches 3000 International Runs in Pakistan’s Women’s T20 World Cup Opener vs India |publisher=Female Cricket |date=15 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Die bywoning van 18&nbsp;814 is beide die hoogste vir ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekergroepwedstryd en ’n vrouekrieketwedstryd tussen Indië en Pakistan in dié tyd.''<ref name="INDvPAK" /> * ''Dit is ook die mees gesiene groepwedstryd – beide [[vrouekrieketwêreldbeker]]- en T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie – in dié tyd met sowat 134 miljoen digitale kykers.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91875-india-vs-pakistan-t20-world-cup-clash-draws-134-million-digital-viewers-record-opening-week-numbers.html |title=India vs Pakistan T20 World Cup Clash Draws 134 million Digital Viewers; Record Opening Week Numbers |publisher=Female Cricket |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 17 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-BD}} | telling1 = 77/8 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-AU}} | telling2 = 78/1 (9.3 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Nigar Sultana]] 27 (47) | paaltjies1 = [[Sophie Molineux]] 2/14 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Georgia Voll]] 45* (32) | paaltjies2 = [[Marufa Akter]] 1/28 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Australië wen met nege paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/australia-women-vs-bangladesh-women-9th-match-group-1-1490685/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] | skeidsregters = Candace la Borde ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) en Nimali Perera ([[Sri Lanka Krieket|SL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Ellyse Perry]] (Aus) | rondte = | loot = Australië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 17 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-IN}} | telling1 = 209/5 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-NL}} | telling2 = 114 (17.3 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 74 (47) | paaltjies1 = [[Caroline de Lange]] 2/32 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Babette de Leede]] 28 (27) | paaltjies2 = [[Shree Charani]] 4/19 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Indië wen met 95 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/netherlands-women-vs-india-women-10th-match-group-1-1490686/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] | skeidsregters = Claire Polosak ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Sue Redfern ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) | rondte = | loot = Nederland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = Dit was die eerste T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Indië en Nederland.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-ind-vs-ned-netherlands-bowl-india-bring-in-nandani-and-yastika-1541575 |title=Netherlands bowl; India bring in Nandani and Yastika |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Abhijato Sensarma |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) word die eerste kolwer – beide mans en vroue – wat haar 600ste T20I-grenshou aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-womens-t20-world-cup/smriti-mandhana-scripts-history-becomes-the-first-ever-batter-across-mens-and-womens-t20is-to-/articleshow/131806102.cms |title=Smriti Mandhana scripts history, becomes the first-ever batter across men’s and women’s T20Is to... |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Indië teken hulle hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekertelling in dié tyd aan.''<ref name="Highest_totals">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-highest-innings-totals/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-136 |title=Highest totals For ICC Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Babette de Leede]] en [[Sterre Kalis]] word die eerste Nederlandse paartjie wat 1&nbsp;000 T20I-lopies tussen hulle aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/india-vs-netherlands-live-score-womens-t20-world-cup-follow-scorecard-match-updates-from-headingley-leeds-liveblog-ws-l-10156270.html |title=India Vs Netherlands Women's T20 World Cup Highlights: Smriti-Shafali-Shree Charani Take IND To 95 Run-Win |publisher=News18 |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Indië teken hulle hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning in dié tyd aan.<ref name="Largest">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-largest-margins/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-136 |title=Largest margins by Innings, runs & wickets for ICC Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 17 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-PK}} | telling1 = 126/9 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-ZA}} | telling2 = 127/8 (16.5 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Fatima Sana]] 55* (38) | paaltjies1 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 3/23 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Annerie Dercksen]] 52 (35) | paaltjies2 = [[Fatima Sana]] 3/16 (2.5 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Suid-Afrika wen met twee paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/south-africa-women-vs-pakistan-women-11th-match-group-1-1490687/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] | skeidsregters = Anna Harris ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) en Kim Cotton ([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|NZ]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Annerie Dercksen]] (RSA) | rondte = | loot = Pakistan het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] word ná [[Suné Luus]], [[Chloe Tryon]], [[Marizanne Kapp]], [[Mignon du Preez]] en [[Shabnim Ismail]] die sesde Suid-Afrikaanse krieketspeler wat in haar 100ste T20I-vrouewedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92032-laura-wolvaardt-becomes-sixth-south-african-woman-to-play-100-t20is.html |title=Laura Wolvaardt Becomes Sixth South African Woman to Play 100 T20Is |publisher=Female Cricket |date=18 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Suné Luus word die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse krieketspeler wat in haar 300ste internasionale vrouewedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92033-sune-luus-joins-elite-club-with-300th-international-appearance-in-womens-cricket.html |title=Sune Luus Joins Elite Club With 300th International Appearance in Women’s Cricket |publisher=Female Cricket |date=18 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Fatima Sana]] en [[Tuba Hassan]] teken met 71 lopies om die negende paaltjie die hoogste Pakistanse negende T20I-vrouepaaltjievennootskap in dié tyd aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/pakistan-women-3022/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest partnerships for Pakistan Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Dit is ook die hoogste negende vrouepaaltjievennootskap in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd.''<ref name="PAKvRSA">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/news-detail/fatima-sana-s-all-round-heroics-in-vain-as-south-africa-edge-pakistan-by-two-wickets.html |title=Fatima Sana's all-round heroics in vain as South Africa edge Pakistan by two wickets |publisher=[[Pakistanse Krieketraad]] |date=18 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/dercksen-and-de-klerk-get-south-africa-on-the-board-with-nervy-win |title=Dercksen and De Klerk get South Africa on the board with nervy win |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Fatima Sana (Pak) word die eerste [[Kaptein (sport)|kaptein]] wat tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd ’n vyftigtal aanteken en drie paaltjies neem.<ref name="PAKvRSA" /> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 20 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-AU}} | telling1 = 219/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-NL}} | telling2 = 121/3 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Beth Mooney]] 74 (42) | paaltjies1 = [[Iris Zwilling]] 3/52 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Babette de Leede]] 56* (57) | paaltjies2 = [[Kim Garth]] 2/20 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Australië wen met 98 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/australia-women-vs-netherlands-women-14th-match-group-1-1490690/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Anna Harris ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) en Kim Cotton ([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|NZ]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Beth Mooney]] (Aus) | rondte = | loot = Nederland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = Dit was die eerste T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Australië en Nederland.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-scotland-women-16th-match-group-2-1490692/match-preview |title=Saturday triple-header: Pakistan look for a W; Australia, England target three in three |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Sruthi Ravindranath |date=19 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Beide [[Babette de Leede]] en [[Robine Rijke]] word die eerste twee Nederlandse spelers – beide mans en vroue – wat in hulle 100ste T20I-wedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/icc-womens-t20-world-cup-2026/92156-babette-de-leede-robine-rijke-set-for-100th-t20i-as-netherlands-face-australia.html |title=Babette de Leede, Robine Rijke Set for 100th T20I as Netherlands Face Australia |publisher=Female Cricket |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Ellyse Perry]] (Aus) word die eerste krieketspeler – beide mans en vroue – wat in haar 50ste T20I-wêreldbekerwedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92275-ellyse-perry-becomes-first-cricketer-to-reach-50-t20-world-cup-appearances.html |title=Ellyse Perry Becomes First Cricketer to Reach 50 T20 World Cup Appearances |publisher=Female Cricket |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Ashleigh Gardner]] word ná [[Beth Mooney]], [[Meg Lanning]], [[Alyssa Healy]] en Ellyse Perry die vyfde Australiese vroulike kolwer wat haar 1&nbsp;500ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92243-ashleigh-gardner-joins-elite-1500-t20i-runs-club-as-australia-crush-netherlands.html |title=Ashleigh Gardner Joins Elite 1500 T20I Runs Club as Australia Crush Netherlands |publisher=Female Cricket |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Australië teken die gesamentlik hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekertelling in dié tyd aan en ewenaar Engeland se telling teen Sri Lanka tydens dieselfde toernooi.''<ref name="Highest_totals" /><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/czrxyvjr0lvo |title=Injury concern for Mooney as Australia beat Netherlands |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Sterre Kalis]] word die eerste Nederlandse vroulike kolwer wat haar 2&nbsp;000ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92299-sterre-kalis-becomes-first-netherlands-batter-to-reach-2000-t20i-runs.html |title=Sterre Kalis Becomes First Netherlands Batter to Reach 2000 T20I Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Babette de Leede en Sterre Kalis teken met 96 lopies om die derde paaltjie die hoogste Nederlandse derde T20I-vrouepaaltjievennootskap in dié tyd aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/netherlands-women-2461/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest partnerships for Netherlands Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Babette de Leede teken haar 2&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92330-babette-de-leede-scripts-netherlands-cricket-history-with-2000-international-runs.html |title=Babette de Leede Scripts Netherlands Cricket History With 2000 International Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Australië teken hulle hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning in dié tyd aan.''<ref name="Largest" /> * <span style="color:red">''Nederland is hiermee uit die toernooi geskakel.</span><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4523420/t20-world-cup-2026-finals-run-homes-standings-group-a-b-australia-india-new-zealand-england-south-africa-west-indies |title=T20 World Cup finals race: How the groups are shaping up |publisher=[[Krieket Australië]] |date=22 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 20 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-BD}} | telling1 = 123/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-PK}} | telling2 = 100/8 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Shorna Akter]] 39* (22) | paaltjies1 = [[Fatima Sana]] 2/18 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Muneeba Ali]] 25 (30) | paaltjies2 = [[Nahida Akter]] 3/18 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Bangladesj wen met 23 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-pakistan-women-15th-match-group-1-1490691/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Gayathri Venugopalan ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) en Jacqueline Williams ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Shorna Akter]] (Ban) | rondte = | loot = Bangladesj het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = [[Nigar Sultana]] teken haar 500ste T20I-vrouewêreldbekerlopie aan.'' * ''Sy teken ook haar 250ste T20I-grenshou aan.'' * ''[[Nahida Akter]] (Ban) neem haar 200ste internasionale paaltjie.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92329-nahida-akter-joins-elite-club-claims-200th-international-wicket-in-bangladeshs-world-cup-win.html |title=Nahida Akter Joins Elite Club, Claims 200th International Wicket in Bangladesh’s World Cup Win |publisher=Female Cricket |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Dit is Bangladesj se eerste T20I-vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning oor Pakistan ooit.'' * <span style="color:red">''Pakistan is hiermee uit die toernooi geskakel.</span><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-pakistan-women-15th-match-group-1-1490691/match-report |title=Shorna, spinners eliminate Pakistan from 2026 T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Ahsan Iftikhar Nagi |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 21 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-IN}} | telling1 = 158/7 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-ZA}} | telling2 = 161/4 (19.1 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 31 (15) | paaltjies1 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 2/27 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 81* (45) | paaltjies2 = [[Shree Charani]] 3/24 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Suid-Afrika wen met ses paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/south-africa-women-vs-india-women-18th-match-group-1-1490694/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] | skeidsregters = Eloise Sheridan ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Nimali Perera ([[Sri Lanka Krieket|SL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Marizanne Kapp]] (RSA) | rondte = | loot = Indië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = Dit was die eerste T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd ooit tussen Indië en Suid-Afrika.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-t20-world-cup-ind-vs-sa-laura-wolvaardt-and-south-africa-look-for-a-change-in-fortunes-1542063 |title=Wolvaardt and South Africa look for a change in fortunes |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Firdose Moonda |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind) word die eerste krieketspeler – beide mans en vroue – wat in haar 200ste T20I-wedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-world-cup-harmanpreet-kaur-latest-to-go-where-no-man-has-1541965 |title=Harmanpreet the latest woman to go where no man has |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Sampath Bandarupalli |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Prema Rawat]] (Ind) het haar T20I-debuut-gemaak.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wwc-india-hand-prema-rawat-debut-cap-and-bat-in-harmanpreet-kaur-s-200th-t20i-1542212 |title=India hand Rawat debut cap and bat in Harmanpreet's 200th T20I |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Suid-Afrika teken hulle hoogste lopiejaagtog in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd aan.<ref name="Run_chase" /> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 23 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-AU}} | telling1 = 199/7 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-PK}} | telling2 = 86 (13.4 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Ellyse Perry]] 71 (48) | paaltjies1 = [[Sadia Iqbal]] 2/31 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Muneeba Ali]] 32 (25) | paaltjies2 = [[Sophie Molineux]] 2/6 (2 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Australië wen met 113 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/australia-women-vs-pakistan-women-21st-match-group-1-1490697/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] | skeidsregters = Sue Redfern ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) en Vrinda Rathi ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Ellyse Perry]] (Aus) | rondte = | loot = Australië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = [[Aliya Riaz]] (Pak) speel in haar 200ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92614-aliya-riaz-reaches-200-international-caps-for-pakistan-during-t20-world-cup-clash.html |title=Aliya Riaz Reaches 200 International Caps for Pakistan During T20 World Cup Clash |publisher=Female Cricket |date=25 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Sophie Molineux]] (Aus) neem haar 50ste T20I-paaltjie.'' * ''[[Ellyse Perry]] word ná [[Meg Lanning]] die tweede Australiese vroulike kolwer wat haar 8&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92597-ellyse-perry-becomes-second-australian-woman-after-meg-lanning-to-reach-8000-international-runs.html |title=Ellyse Perry Becomes Second Australian Woman, After Meg Lanning, to Reach 8000 International Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Sy word ook die eerste Australiese krieketspeler wat tydens dieselfde T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd ’n vyftigtal aanteken en twee paaltjies neem.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/icc-womens-t20-world-cup-2026/92570-ellyse-perry-creates-t20-world-cup-history-then-says-shes-still-not-happy-with-her-game.html |title=Ellyse Perry Creates T20 World Cup History, Then Says She’s Still Not Happy with Her Game |publisher=Female Cricket |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Australië teken hulle hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning in dié tyd aan.<ref name="Largest" /> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 25 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-BD}} | telling1 = 136/8 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-IN}} | telling2 = 139/5 (16.5 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Juairiya Ferdous]] 33 (31) | paaltjies1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 3/28 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 53 (34) | paaltjies2 = [[Ritu Moni]] 2/29 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Indië wen met vyf paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-india-women-23rd-match-group-1-1490699/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] | skeidsregters = Kim Cotton ([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|NZ]]) en Saleema Imtiaz ([[Pakistanse Krieketraad|Pak]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind) | rondte = | loot = Bangladesj het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 25 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-ZA}} | telling1 = 208/1 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-NL}} | telling2 = 120/8 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Tazmin Brits]] 114* (69) | paaltjies1 = [[Hannah Landheer]] 1/34 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Phebe Molkenboer]] 41 (41) | paaltjies2 = [[Ayabonga Khaka]] 3/19 (3 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Suid-Afrika wen met 88 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/netherlands-women-vs-south-africa-women-24th-match-group-1-1490700/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = Claire Polosak ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Shathira Jakir ([[Bengaalse Krieketraad|Ban]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Tazmin Brits]] (RSA) | rondte = | loot = Nederland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Tazmin Brits]] word ná [[Laura Wolvaardt]] die tweede Suid-Afrikaanse vroulike kolwer wat haar 2&nbsp;000ste T20I-lopie aanteken.'' * ''Sy word ook die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse kolwer wat ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerhonderdtal aanteken.''<ref name="Batting" /> * ''Suid-Afrika teken hulle hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekertelling in dié tyd aan.''<ref name="Highest_totals" /> * ''[[Chloe Tryon]] (RSA) neem haar 50ste T20I-paaltjie.'' * ''Die 328 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Nederland en Suid-Afrika.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/netherlands-women-south-africa-women-2461vs3379/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for Netherlands Women vs South Africa Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 27 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-NL}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-PK}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/netherlands-women-vs-pakistan-women-26th-match-group-1-1490702/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 28 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-BD}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-ZA}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/bangladesh-women-vs-south-africa-women-29th-match-group-1-1490705/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Lord’s]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 28 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-AU}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-IN}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/australia-women-vs-india-women-30th-match-group-1-1490706/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Lord’s]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} ==== Groep B ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !width=175|Span !width=20|{{Afkorting|S|Wedstryde gespeel}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|W|Wedstryde gewen}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|V|Wedstryde verloor}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|O|Onbeslis}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|P|Punte}} !width=20|{{Afkorting|LT|Lopietempo}} |- bgcolor="#cfc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-EN}} |4||4||0||0||'''8'''||+2.342 |- bgcolor="#cfc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-WI}} |4||3||1||0||'''6'''||+0.008 |- bgcolor="#ffc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-NZ}} |4||2||2||0||'''4'''||+0.122 |- bgcolor="#ffc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-LK}} |4||2||2||0||'''4'''||—0.973 |- |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-XS}} |4||1||3||0||'''2'''||—0.236 |- bgcolor="#fcc" |style="text-align:left"|{{Crv-IE}} |4||0||4||0||'''0'''||—1.277 |} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 12 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-EN}} | telling1 = 219/1 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-LK}} | telling2 = 132 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] 105* (62) | paaltjies1 = [[Malki Madara]] 1/51 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 37 (32) | paaltjies2 = [[Freya Kemp]] 4/21 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Engeland wen met 87 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-1st-match-group-2-1490677/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Edgbaston-krieketveld|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]<br />Bywoning: 14&nbsp;865<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7355321/2026/06/13/womens-t20-world-cup-tickets-lionesses-wicked/ |title=The ‘game-changing’ Women’s T20 World Cup: Record ticket sales, a Lionesses moment and West End witches |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |author=Paul Newman |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> | skeidsregters = Eloise Sheridan ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Jacqueline Williams ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] (Eng) | rondte = | loot = Sri Lanka het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (Eng) speel in haar 200ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91433-sophie-ecclestone-set-for-200th-international-at-icc-womens-t20-world-cup-2026-opener-vs-sri-lanka.html |title=Sophie Ecclestone Set for 200th International at ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 Opener vs Sri Lanka |publisher=Female Cricket |date=12 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] word ná [[Heather Knight]] die tweede Engelse kolwer wat ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerhonderdtal aanteken.''<ref name="Batting">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-list-hundreds/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-136 |title=List of hundreds for ICC Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/womens-t20-world-cup-2026-danni-wyatt-hodge-century-england-vs-sri-lanka-records-centurions-in-world-cup-history/article71095222.ece |title=Women’s T20 World Cup 2026: Danni Wyatt-Hodge scores century for England against Sri Lanka |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Nathalie Sciver-Brunt]] word ná Danni Wyatt-Hodge die tweede Engelse vroulike kolwer wat haar 3&nbsp;000ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91480-nat-sciver-brunt-hits-3000-t20i-runs-and-tops-englands-womens-t20-world-cup-chart.html |title=Nat Sciver-Brunt Hits 3000 T20I Runs and Tops England’s Women’s T20 World Cup Chart |publisher=Female Cricket |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Engeland teken die gesamentlik hoogste T20I-vrouewêreldbekertelling in dié tyd aan.''<ref name="Highest_totals" /><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-womens-t20-world-cup/england-script-history-smash-womens-t20-world-cup-record-in-sri-lanka-rout/articleshow/131700754.cms |title=England script history, smash Women's T20 World Cup record in Sri Lanka rout |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Die 351 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Engeland en Sri Lanka.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/england-women-sri-lanka-women-1026vs3672/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for England Women vs Sri Lanka Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 13 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-XS}} | telling1 = 161/5 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-IE}} | telling2 = 121 (19.1 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Kathryn Bryce]] 60 (39) | paaltjies1 = [[Ava Canning]] 3/27 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Amy Hunter]] 39 (36) | paaltjies2 = [[Kirstie Gordon]] 3/16 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Skotland wen met 40 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-scotland-women-2nd-match-group-2-1490678/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]<br />Bywoning: 7&nbsp;543<ref name="Bywoning13" /> | skeidsregters = Candace la Borde ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) en Shathira Jakir ([[Bengaalse Krieketraad|Ban]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Kathryn Bryce]] (Sco) | rondte = | loot = Ierland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = Dit was die eerste vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd – beide vrouekrieketwêreldbeker- en T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie – ooit tussen Ierland en Skotland.''<ref name="IRLvSCO">{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-world-cup-ireland-bowl-against-scotland-in-their-first-world-cup-meeting-1540965 |title=Ireland bowl against Scotland in their first World Cup meeting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Cara Murray]] (Irl) speel in haar 100ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91571-ireland-leg-spinner-cara-murray-marks-100th-international-appearances-at-old-trafford.html |title=Ireland Leg-Spinner Cara Murray Marks 100th International Appearances at Old Trafford |publisher=Female Cricket |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Kirstie Gordon]] speel in haar eerste T20I-vrouewedstryd vir Skotland nadat sy tydens die [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2018|2018-toernooi]] vir Engeland gespeel het, waarmee sy die eerste krieketspeler word wat tydens T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie vir twee nasionale spanne verskyn het.''<ref name="IRLvSCO" /> * ''Dit is Skotland se eerste T20I-vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning ooit.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-scotland-women-2nd-match-group-2-1490678/match-report |title=Kathryn Bryce's all-round heroics lead Scotland to maiden T20 World Cup win |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Sruthi Ravindranath |date=13 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 13 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-NZ}} | telling1 = 162/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-WI}} | telling2 = 163/3 (19.5 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Brooke Halliday]] 40 (32) | paaltjies1 = [[Aaliyah Alleyne]] 4/27 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Shemaine Campbelle]] 90* (62) | paaltjies2 = [[Jess Kerr]] 2/17 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Wes-Indië wen met sewe paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/west-indies-women-vs-new-zealand-women-4th-match-group-2-1490680/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Anna Harris ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) en Vrinda Rathi ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Shemaine Campbelle]] (WI) | rondte = | loot = Wes-Indië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Amelia Kerr]] (NZ) speel in haar 100ste T20I-wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91624-new-zealand-captain-amelia-kerr-marks-100th-t20i-with-cap-from-sister-jess.html |title=New Zealand Captain Amelia Kerr Marks 100th T20I with Cap from Sister Jess |publisher=Female Cricket |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Sophie Devine]] (NZ) teken haar 8&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91603-sophie-devine-reaches-8000-international-runs-in-world-cup-opener-against-west-indies.html |title=Sophie Devine Reaches 8000 International Runs in World Cup Opener Against West Indies |publisher=Female Cricket |date=14 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Deandra Dottin]] (WI) teken haar 7&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91767-west-indies-deandra-dottin-reaches-7000-international-runs-at-womens-t20-world-cup-2026.html |title=West Indies’ Deandra Dottin Reaches 7000 International Runs at Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=Female Cricket |date=16 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Wes-Indië teken hulle hoogste lopiejaagtog in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd aan.<ref name="Run_chase" /> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 16 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-NZ}} | telling1 = 150/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-LK}} | telling2 = 153/5 (19.4 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Sophie Devine]] 45 (30) | paaltjies1 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 2/35 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 54* (37) | paaltjies2 = [[Nensi Patel]] 2/23 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Sri Lanka wen met vyf paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/new-zealand-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-7th-match-group-2-1490683/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Gayathri Venugopalan ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) en Kerrin Klaaste ([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] (SL) | rondte = | loot = Nieu-Seeland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste te kolf. | reën = | notas = Sri Lanka teken hulle hoogste lopiejaagtog in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd aan.''<ref name="Run_chase" /> * ''Dit is Sri Lanka se eerste vrouewêreldbekeroorwinning – beide vrouekrieketwêreldbeker- en T20I-vrouewêreldbekertoernooie – oor Nieu-Seeland ooit.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/c17y5gje0vdo |title=NZ on the brink after shock defeat by Sri Lanka |publisher=[[BBC]] |author=Ffion Wynne |date=16 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Die 303 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Nieu-Seeland en Sri Lanka.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/new-zealand-women-sri-lanka-women-2614vs3672/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for New Zealand Women vs Sri Lanka Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 16 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-IE}} | telling1 = 118/9 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-EN}} | telling2 = 119/6 (17.3 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Louise Little]] 26* (15) | paaltjies1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 3/22 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Nathalie Sciver-Brunt]] 48 (37) | paaltjies2 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 2/17 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Engeland wen met vier paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-ireland-women-8th-match-group-2-1490684/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Narayanan Janani en Vrinda Rathi ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (Eng) | rondte = | loot = Engeland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Rebecca Stokell]] (Irl) speel in haar 100ste internasionale wedstryd.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/91793-rebecca-stokell-to-play-100th-game-for-ireland-vs-england-at-womens-t20-world-cup-2026.html |title=Rebecca Stokell to Play 100th Game for Ireland vs England at Women’s T20 World Cup 2026 |publisher=Female Cricket |date=16 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Nathalie Sciver-Brunt]] (Eng) word die eerste kolwer tydens ’n T20I-vrouewêreldbekerwedstryd wat haar paaltjie verloor nadat sy uitgetree het.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-ireland-women-8th-match-group-2-1490684/match-report |title=Sciver-Brunt, spinners star as England edge to laboured victory over Ireland |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Valkerie Baynes |date=17 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 18 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-WI}} | telling1 = 153/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-XS}} | telling2 = 146 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Stafanie Taylor]] 47* (19) | paaltjies1 = [[Katherine Fraser]] 2/34 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Darcy Carter]] 59 (62) | paaltjies2 = [[Aaliyah Alleyne]] 3/11 (2 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Wes-Indië wen met sewe lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/west-indies-women-vs-scotland-women-12th-match-group-2-1490688/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] | skeidsregters = Claire Polosak ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Kerrin Klaaste ([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|RSA]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Stafanie Taylor]] (WI) | rondte = | loot = Skotland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Deandra Dottin]] word ná [[Shemaine Campbelle]] die tweede Wes-Indiese krieketspeler wat in haar 150ste T20I-vrouewedstryd speel.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92124-deandra-dottin-reaches-150-t20is-becomes-second-west-indies-woman-to-achieve-landmark.html |title=Deandra Dottin Reaches 150 T20Is, Becomes Second West Indies Woman to Achieve Landmark |publisher=Female Cricket |date=19 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Darcey Carter]] word die derde Skotse vroulike kolwer wat haar 100ste T20I-grenshou aanteken.'' * ''Die 299 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Skotland en Wes-Indië.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/scotland-women-west-indies-women-3505vs3867/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for West Indies Women vs Scotland Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 19 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-NZ}} | telling1 = 140/6 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-IE}} | telling2 = 136/4 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Izzy Sharp]] 36 (28) | paaltjies1 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 2/26 (4 boulbeurte)<br />[[Cara Murray]] 2/26 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 59 (53) | paaltjies2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 2/23 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Nieu-Seeland wen met vier lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-new-zealand-women-13th-match-group-2-1490689/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Rose Bowl (krieketveld)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] | skeidsregters = Eloise Sheridan ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Sue Redfern ([[Engelse en Walliese Krieketraad|Eng]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Amelie Kerr]] (NZ) | rondte = | loot = Ierland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Amelia Kerr]] word ná [[Suzie Bates]] en [[Sophie Devine]] die derde Nieu-Seelandse vroulike kolwer wat haar 2&nbsp;000ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92216-amelia-kerr-surpasses-2000-t20i-runs-in-new-zealands-crucial-win-over-ireland.html |title=Amelia Kerr Surpasses 2000 T20I Runs in New Zealand’s Crucial Win Over Ireland |publisher=Female Cricket |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Cara Murray]] (Irl) neem haar 100ste internasionale paaltjie.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92215-cara-murray-reaches-100-international-wickets-during-irelands-thriller-against-new-zealand.html |title=Cara Murray Reaches 100 International Wickets During Ireland’s Thriller Against New Zealand |publisher=Female Cricket |date=20 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * <span style="color:red">''Ierland is hiermee uit die toernooi geskakel.</span><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/new-zealand-v-ireland-wrap-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026 |title=New Zealand stay in the hunt with last-gasp win over Ireland |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=19 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 20 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-EN}} | telling1 = 200/5 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-XS}} | telling2 = 162/7 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Sophia Dunkley]] 57 (37) | paaltjies1 = [[Kirstie Gordon]] 2/30 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Sarah Bryce]] 34 (24) | paaltjies2 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 2/23 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Engeland wen met 38 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-scotland-women-16th-match-group-2-1490692/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Headingley-krieketveld|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] | skeidsregters = Kerrin Klaaste ([[Krieket Suid-Afrika|RSA]]) en Nimali Perera ([[Sri Lanka Krieket|SL]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Sophia Dunkley]] (Eng) | rondte = | loot = Skotland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Priyanaz Chatterji]] (Sco) speel in haar 150ste internasionale wedstryd.'' * ''[[Sophie Ecclestone]] (Eng) word ná [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind), [[Thipatcha Putthawong]] (Tha), [[Henriette Ishimwe]] (Rwa) en [[Megan Schutt]] (Aus) die vyfde vroulike bouler wat haar 150ste T20I-paaltjie neem.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92327-sophie-ecclestone-becomes-first-england-bowler-to-reach-150-t20i-wickets.html |title=Sophie Ecclestone Becomes First England Bowler to Reach 150 T20I Wickets |publisher=Female Cricket |date=21 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Die 362 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Engeland en Skotland.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/england-women-scotland-women-1026vs3505/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for England Women vs Scotland Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 21 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-LK}} | telling1 = 98 (19.4 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-WI}} | telling2 = 99/5 (16.1 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 30 (26) | paaltjies1 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 3/15 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Stafanie Taylor]] 27* (25) | paaltjies2 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 2/22 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Wes-Indië wen met vyf paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/west-indies-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-17th-match-group-2-1490693/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = Narayanan Janani ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) en Shathira Jakir ([[Bengaalse Krieketraad|Ban]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Hayley Matthews]] (WI) | rondte = | loot = Wes-Indië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] (SL) teken haar 1&nbsp;500ste internasionale lopie aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92377-kavisha-dilhari-completes-1500-international-runs-during-womens-t20-world-cup-clash-against-west-indies.html |title=Kavisha Dilhari Completes 1500 International Runs During Women’s T20 World Cup Clash Against West Indies |publisher=Female Cricket |date=22 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Nilakshi de Silva]] (SL) teken haar 2&nbsp;500ste internasionale lopie aan.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92378-sri-lanka-veteran-nilakshika-silva-reaches-2500-international-runs-at-womens-t20-world-cup.html |title=Sri Lanka Veteran Nilakshika Silva Reaches 2500 International Runs at Women’s T20 World Cup |publisher=Female Cricket |date=22 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 23 Junie 2026 | tyd = 11:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-XS}} | telling1 = 131/7 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-NZ}} | telling2 = 132/4 (18.2 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Darcey Carter]] 72* (52) | paaltjies1 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 3/17 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Izzy Sharp]] 62 (43) | paaltjies2 = [[Kathryn Bryce]] 2/13 (3.2 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Nieu-Seeland wen met ses paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/new-zealand-women-vs-scotland-women-19th-match-group-2-1490695/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = Claire Polosak ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Saleema Imtiaz ([[Pakistanse Krieketraad|Pak]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Izzy Sharp]] (NZ) | rondte = | loot = Nieu-Seeland het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = Dit was die eerste T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Nieu-Seeland en Skotland.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/icc-womens-t20-world-cup-2026/92416-where-to-watch-match-19-new-zealand-women-vs-scotland-women-live-streaming-details.html |title=Where to Watch Match 19 – New Zealand Women vs Scotland Women? Live Streaming Details |publisher=Female Cricket |date=22 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Darcey Carter]] word ná [[Sarah Bryce|Sarah]] en [[Kathryn Bryce]] die derde Skotse vroulike kolwer wat haar 1&nbsp;000ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92559-darcey-carter-becomes-third-scottish-woman-to-reach-1000-t20i-runs.html |title=Darcey Carter Becomes Third Scottish Woman to Reach 1000 T20I Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Lea Tahuhu]] word ná [[Sophie Devine]] en [[Amelia Kerr]] die derde Nieu-Seelandse vroulike bouler wat haar 100ste T20I-paaltjie neem.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92530-lea-tahuhu-becomes-third-new-zealand-woman-to-reach-100-t20i-wickets.html |title=Lea Tahuhu Becomes Third New Zealand Woman to Reach 100 T20I Wickets |publisher=Female Cricket |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * <span style="color:red">''Skotland is hiermee uit die toernooi geskakel.</span><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-scotland-darcey-carter-hopes-for-more-cricket-after-threatening-upsets-1542643 |title=Carter hopes for more cricket after Scotland threaten T20 World Cup upsets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Firdose Moonda |date=23 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 23 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-IE}} | telling1 = 130/5 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-LK}} | telling2 = 134/1 (15.3 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Gaby Lewis]] 59 (50) | paaltjies1 = [[Mithali Ayodhya]] 1/18 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 106* (61) | paaltjies2 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 1/22 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Sri Lanka wen met nege paaltjies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-20th-match-group-2-1490696/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = Candace la Borde ([[Krieket Wes-Indië|WI]]) en Kim Cotton ([[Nieu-Seeland Krieket|NZ]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] (SL) | rondte = | loot = Sri Lanka het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Gaby Lewis]] word die eerste Ierse vroulike kolwer wat haar 5&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92612-gaby-lewis-becomes-first-irish-woman-to-reach-5000-international-runs.html |title=Gaby Lewis Becomes First Irish Woman to Reach 5000 International Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=25 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Chamari Athapaththu]] (SL) teken haar 100ste T20I-ses aan.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-20th-match-group-2-1490696/match-report |title=Athapaththu ton revives SL's semi-final hopes |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Andrew Fidel Fernando |date=23 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Sy teken ook die eerste T20I-vrouewêreldbekerhonderdtal tydens ’n lopiejaagtog aan.''<ref name="Batting" /><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/chamari-athapaththu-secures-ground-breaking-feat-becomes-first-ever-player-to-14025766.html/amp |title=Chamari Athapaththu secures ground-breaking feat, becomes first-ever player to... |publisher=The First Post |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Chamari Athapaththu word die eerste Sri Lankaanse vroulike kolwer wat haar 8&nbsp;000ste internasionale lopie aanteken.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92557-chamari-athapaththu-becomes-first-sri-lankan-woman-to-cross-8000-international-runs.html |title=Chamari Athapaththu Becomes First Sri Lankan Woman to Cross 8000 International Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 24 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-EN}} | telling1 = 186/7 (20 boulbeurte) | span2 = {{Crv-WI}} | telling2 = 148/5 (20 boulbeurte) | lopies1 = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] 65 (42) | paaltjies1 = [[Ashmini Munisar]] 2/42 (4 boulbeurte) | lopies2 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 51* (30) | paaltjies2 = [[Charlie Dean]] 2/31 (4 boulbeurte) | uitslag = Engeland wen met 38 lopies | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-west-indies-women-22nd-match-group-2-1490698/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Lord’s]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = Eloise Sheridan ([[Krieket Australië|Aus]]) en Narayanan Janani ([[Raad vir Beheer van Krieket in Indië|Ind]]) | speler van die wedstryd = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] (Eng) | rondte = | loot = Wes-Indië het die loot gewen en gekies om eerste veldwerk te doen. | reën = | notas = [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] word die eerste Engelse vroulike kolwer wat haar 3&nbsp;500ste T20I-lopie aanteken.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92662-danielle-wyatt-hodge-becomes-first-england-cricketer-to-surpass-3500-t20i-runs.html |title=Danielle Wyatt-Hodge Becomes First England Cricketer to Surpass 3500 T20I Runs |publisher=Female Cricket |date=25 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''[[Hayley Matthews]] word die eerste Wes-Indiese vroulike bouler wat haar 126ste T20I-paaltjie neem.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/92659-hayley-matthews-creates-history-as-west-indies-leading-wicket-taker-in-womens-t20is.html |title=Hayley Matthews Creates History as West Indies’ Leading Wicket-Taker in Women’s T20Is |publisher=Female Cricket |date=25 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * ''Die 334 aangetekende lopies is die meeste in dié tyd tydens ’n T20I-vrouewedstryd tussen Engeland en Wes-Indië.''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/england-women-west-indies-women-1026vs3867/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10 |title=Highest match aggregates for England Women vs West Indies Women in WT20Is |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> * <span style="color:green">''Engeland vorder hiermee tot die halfeindrondte.</span><ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-west-indies-women-22nd-match-group-2-1490698/match-report |title=Wyatt-Hodge, Knight and bowlers power England into semi-final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Valkerie Baynes |date=24 Junie 2026 |accessdate=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 26 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-XS}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-LK}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/scotland-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-25th-match-group-2-1490701/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Old Trafford-krieketveld|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 27 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = {{Crv-IE}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-WI}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/ireland-women-vs-west-indies-women-27th-match-group-2-1490703/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Bristol-krieketveld]], [[Bristol]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 27 Junie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = {{Crv-EN}} | telling1 = | span2 = {{Crv-NZ}} | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/england-women-vs-new-zealand-women-28th-match-group-2-1490704/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} === Uitklopfase === Die uitklopfase bestaan uit twee halfeindstryde, waarvan die twee wenners mekaar in die eindstryd op Lord’s in Londen ontmoet. Indien Indië vir die halfeindrondte, sal hulle in die eerste halfeindstryd speel.<ref name="IKR" /><ref name="ESPNcricinfo" /> Albei halfeindstryde en die eindstryd het ’n reserwedag.<ref name="IKR" /><ref name="ESPNcricinfo" /><ref name="Explainer" /> {{Tabel Beker 4 | RD1 = Halfeindrondte | RD2 = Eindrondte | RD1-hofie01 = 30 Junie – Londen | RD1-span01 = Wenner Groep A | RD1-telling01 = | RD1-span02 = Naaswenner Groep B | RD1-telling02 = | RD1-hofie02 = 2 Julie – Londen | RD1-span03 = Wenner Groep B | RD1-telling03 = | RD1-span04 = Naaswenner Groep A | RD1-telling04 = | RD2-hofie01 = 5 Julie – Londen | RD2-span01 = Wenner Halfeindstryd 1 | RD2-telling01 = | RD2-span02 = Wenner Halfeindstryd 2 | RD2-telling02 = }} ==== Halfeindrondte ==== {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 30 Junie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = Wenner Groep A | telling1 = | span2 = Naaswenner Groep B | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/tba-vs-tba-1st-semi-final-1490707/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 2 Julie 2026 | tyd = 19:30 (BST) | dagnag = ja | span1 = Wenner Groep B | telling1 = | span2 = Naaswenner Groep A | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/tba-vs-tba-2nd-semi-final-1490708/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[The Oval (Londen)|The Oval]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} ==== Eindstryd ==== {{Krieketwedstryd | datum = 5 Julie 2026 | tyd = 15:30 (BST) | dagnag = | span1 = Wenner Halfeindstryd 1 | telling1 = | span2 = Wenner Halfeindstryd 2 | telling2 = | lopies1 = | paaltjies1 = | lopies2 = | paaltjies2 = | uitslag = | verslag = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859/tba-vs-tba-final-1490709/full-scorecard Telkaart] | plek = [[Lord’s]], [[Londen]] | skeidsregters = | speler van die wedstryd = | rondte = | loot = | reën = | notas = }} <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;" !T20I-vrouewêreldkampioen 2026 |- |align=center|'''Eindstrydwenner''' |} == Sien ook == {{Portaal|Krieket|Cricket ball.svg}} * [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|4}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie|2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026}} * {{en}} [https://www.t20worldcup.com/ Amptelike webwerf] * {{en}} [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1483859 T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026 op ESPNcricinfo] {{Navigasie T20I-vrouewêreldbeker}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:T20I-vrouewereldbeker 2026}} [[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Engeland]] [[Kategorie:Krieketkompetisies in Engeland]] [[Kategorie:T20I-vrouewêreldbeker|2026]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 2026]] 32nqsln7vzjdunq2fvrj662m6kppxct 0 455692 2913868 2863453 2026-06-26T04:24:33Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sokkerklub infoboks | beeld = [[Lêer:Flag_of_Haiti.svg|180px]] | klubnaam = Haïti | vollenaam = Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan | bynaam = ''Les Grenadiers</br>Le Rouge et Bleu</br>Les Bicolores</br>La Sélection Nationale'' | stigting = | stadion = Stade Sylvio Cator, [[Port-au-Prince]] | kapasiteit = 10 500 | voorsitter = | afrigter = {{vlagikoon|Frankryk}} Sébastien Migné | kaptein = Johny Placide | patroon_la1 = _hai23h | patroon_b1 = _hai23h | patroon_ra1 = _hai23h | patroon_sh1 = _hai23h | patroon_so1 = _redtop | linkerarm1 = 0000FF | liggaam1 = 0000FF | regterarm1 = 0000FF | broek1 = 0000FF | kouse1 = 0000FF | patroon_la2 = _hai23a | patroon_b2 = _hai23a | patroon_ra2 = _hai23a | patroon_sh2 = _hai23a | patroon_so2 = _hai23a | linkerarm2 = FFFFFF | liggaam2 = FFFFFF | regterarm2 = FFFFFF | broek2 = FFFFFF | kouse2 = FFFFFF |beheerliggaam=FHF|konfederasie=[[CONCACAF]]}} Die '''Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan''' ([[Frans]]: ''Équipe d'Haïti de football'', [[Haïtiaanse kreools|Haïtiaanse Kreools]]: ''Ekip Foutbòl Ayiti'') verteenwoordig [[Haïti]] in internasionale [[sokker]]. Haïti word beheer deur die ''Fédération Haïtienne de Football'' (Haïtiaanse Kreools: ''Federasyon Foutbòl Ayisyen''), die beheerliggaam vir sokker in Haïti. Die land is sedert 1934 ’n lid van [[FIFA]], ’n stigterslid van [[CONCACAF]] sedert 1961, en streekgewys ’n lid van die Karibiese Sokkerunie CFU sedert 1978. Van 1938 tot 1961 was dit ook ’n lid van die CCCF, die voormalige beheerliggaam vir sokker in Sentraal-Amerika en die Karibiese gebied, en ’n voorgangerkonfederasie van CONCACAF. Haïti se tuisveld is die Stade Sylvio Cator in [[Port-au-Prince]]. Haïti is die suksesvolste Karibiese nasionale span in sy konfederasie en die enigste span uit die Karibiese sone wat al ’n CONCACAF-kontinentale titel gewen het, naamlik die CONCACAF-kampioenskap in 1973. Streeksgewys het Haïti die CCCF-kampioenskap in 1957 gewen, asook twee CFU-kampioenskappe, wat deur die CFU georganiseer is. Haïti het een van die langste sokkertradisies in die streek en was die tweede Karibiese span wat vir die [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker|Wêreldbeker]] gekwalifiseer het, nadat hulle die 1973 CONCACAF-kampioenskap gewen het. In 2016 het Haïti vir die 100-jarige herdenking van die [[Copa América]] gekwalifiseer deur Trinidad en Tobago te verslaan. Haïti se eerste verskyning in die [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker|Wêreldbeker]] was in [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1974|1974]], waarvoor hulle gekwalifiseer het deur die 1973 CONCACAF-kampioenskap te wen. In daardie toernooi is hulle in die openingsgroepfase uitgeskakel ná nederlae teen [[Italiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Italië]], [[Poolse nasionale sokkerspan|Pole]] en [[Argentynse nasionale sokkerspan|Argentinië]], wat almal as voor-toernooi-gunstelinge beskou is. Op 18 November 2025 het Haïti toe vir die tweede keer in sy geskiedenis vir die Wêreldbeker gekwalifiseer deur Nicaragua op die laaste wedstryddag van die kwalifikasie met 2–0 te klop, wat beteken dat hulle aan die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|2026-Wêreldbeker]] sal deelneem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/fans-celebrate-haitis-win-over-nicaragua-in-a-2026-world-cup-qualifier-in-port-au-prince/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX1JDMjJaSEFFSExMRA|title=Fans celebrate Haiti's win over Nicaragua in a 2026 World Cup Qualifier, in Port-au-Prince|date=2025-11-19|website=reutersconnect.com|access-date=2025-11-19}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Desember 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Verwysings== {{verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Haiti national association football team}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Nasionale sokkerspanne]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Haïti]] mtbkwnllb0x0rxbwakqzmwdl757n7qw 4 456750 2913879 2913574 2026-06-26T06:24:44Z Aliwal2012 39067 opruim 2913879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{argief}} == Voorspoed vir 2026 ! == Gemeenskap, beste wense vir 2026! Mag 2026 die verveligste jaar nog ooit wees vir ons Wikipedia! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 07:58, 21 Desember 2025 (UTC) == Beste wense vir 2026! == Gemeenskap, dankie vir julle ondersteuning en harde werk gedurende 2025! Aan almal wat voorbladartikels geskep het, dankie - dit is en bly harde werk! Beste wense aan julle en die families vir 2026! Dit gaan 'n groot jaar vir ons Wikipedia wees! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:29, 31 Desember 2025 (UTC) :Baie dankie, van my kant ook vir die hele Suid-Afrika uit Duitsland! Dit bly ook 'n uitdaging om artikels op datum te hou, iets wat KI nooit sal kan doen nie (bronne lees en teks hersien)! Die artikelhersiening rondom die jaarwisseling bly ook baie interessant! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:30, 31 Desember 2025 (UTC) == Pampa of Pampas == Gelukkige en voorspoedige nuwe jaar 2026 almal daar wat aan die Afrikaanse Wikipedia skryf! Onlangs het ek die artikel [[Pampas]] begin en wou nou daarna skakel, maar voordat ek voortgaan het ek 'n vraag: Is dit Pampa of Pampas in Afrikaans? Ek sien albei op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia, bv. [[pampashert]]. Nou wonder ek en wil eers seker maak. En word dit in die omgangstaal gebruik soos in Duits? ''Ich wohne in der Pampa.'' beteken "ek woon op die platteland." Sal dit ook in Afrikaans werk (ek twyfel, dis dalk die platteland). Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 00:20, 3 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Die AWS en HAT gee "die pampas" aan, wat beteken die grasvlaktes. Nie gebruik vir die platteland nie. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 14:42, 3 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|BurgertB}} baie dankie. Ek sien dit word met 'n kleinletter geskryf. Lyk my die betekenis in die omgangstaal geld slegs in Duits, gevolglik nie noemenswaardig in die Afrikaanse artikel nie. Dan kan ek maar die artikel skuif en die skakels aanpas. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 19:15, 3 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{Ping|SpesBona}} Jammer, die Pampas in Suid-Amerika is met 'n hoofletter. Die algemene woord is 'n kleinletter, soos pampasgras. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 19:25, 3 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::::{{Ping|BurgertB}} in al die artikels waar na dié Suid-Amerikaanse grasvlakte verwys word is nou die korrekte [[Pampas]]-skakel. Dis nou tyd dat beide pampasgras en pampashert ook by Pampas genoem word. :) Baie dankie nogmaals! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 20:15, 3 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> == Oesjaar is 17 jaar hier... == Gemeenskap, vandag vier ek my 17de jaar hier op ons Wikipedia! Wat 'n rit! Dankie vir almal se ondersteuning. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:38, 6 Januarie 2026 (UTC) [[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Admin Aliwal2012]] sê: [[Lêer:Charline the cat and her kittens.jpg|duimnael|center|280px|Beste Oesjaar, jy is soos 'n ma vir ons almal!]] == Proteste == Is daar so 'n woord? Ek weet van 'n betoging, protestasie en protesteer, maar al die proteste verwar my. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 16:18, 7 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Ek dink nie so nie. Wel protesoptog, demonstrasie, betoging . . . [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 20:51, 8 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :: Ja, "proteste" kom voor in die HAT (p.897). Dit is die meervoud van "protes". "Mondelinge of skriftelike verklaring dat 'n mens jou teen iets versit, al kan jy dit nie belet nie; teëspraak, voorbehoud". [[Gebruiker:JCBrand|JCBrand]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JCBrand|kontak]]) 06:19, 27 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal == Gemeenskap, die [[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]] is hierdie jaar 100 jaar jonk! Ons wens die HUB [[Phillip Louw]] en sy span sterkte toe met hulle feesreëlings! Hopenlik nooi hulle ons vir 'n koffietjie of iets... Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:44, 8 Januarie 2026 (UTC) : Is daar enige vrywilliger wat die artikel van Phillip na Engels wil vertaal? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:51, 8 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Uitgevoer}} [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Thermofan|kontak]]) 12:27, 15 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::: Baie dankie [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]]! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 21:40, 15 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Kaninchanon Thongchay == Gemeenskap, die artikel bestaan nie in Engels of sy eie moedertaal nie, en het ook geen bronne nie. Kan ek die artikel verwyder? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:50, 8 Januarie 2026 (UTC) : Ek kry geen onafhanklike verwysings na die persoon nie. Hy het ook nie 'n Wikidata-inskrywing nie, en is nie 'n noemenswaardige persoon op die stadium nie. Ek steun die verwydering. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 11:56, 8 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :: {{ondersteun}} verwydering! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 05:47, 9 Januarie 2026 (UTC) {{Uitgevoer}} deur Oesjaar. :::Korrek. Wikipedia mag nie verflou word tot 'n versameling van onbenullige, aandagsoekende onderwerpe nie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 16:16, 11 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Ons voorblad == Gemeenskap, ons voorblad is gevandaliseer. Nadat dit herstel is deur ons kundiges, hoe kan ons dit beskerm? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:17, 10 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Ek weet nie hoe iemand die blad kon verander het nie, want dit is al sedert 2005 beskerm om slegs administrateurs toe te laat. Ek het dieselfde verandering gaan aanbring, en dit het gewerk. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 07:33, 10 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :: Dankie [[Gebruiker:BurgertB]]! Ek het 'n onderhoud om 8:35 op [[Radio Laeveld]] gehad en ons bespreek elke keer die voorblad. Praat van net betyds... Sjoe! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:57, 10 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :::Ek dink nie dat die probleem deur 'n wysiging veroorsaak is nie. Daar is geen verskil in ons [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuisblad&diff=2866813&oldid=2774431 tuisblad se weergawegeskiedenis vir vandag nie]. Lyk my die geskrapte blad [[Sjabloon:Voorbladinleiding/styles.css]] het 'n gemors veroorsaak en sedert dit geskrap is, werk alles weer reg. Die tweede wysiging aan ons voorblad het dalk die "cache" verfris. Myns insiens is {{Ping|Ternera}} onskuldig, die ou wat vandag die sjablone geskep het, is aanspreeklik. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 13:00, 10 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::::Ek het ons voorblad met die kaskade-effek beskerm wat onderbladsye (sjablone ens.) ook sal insluit, sien [[:en:Wikipedia:CASCADE]]. Hoop dit help! Die ander taalweergawes doen dit ook (min of meer). Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 13:30, 10 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == [[Shahd Seethaler-Wari]] == Gemeenskap, hierdie artikel bestaan nie op die Engelse of die Duitse Wiki's nie. Het dit bestaansreg? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:19, 11 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar bestaan ‘n Wikidata inskrywing vir haar. Identifiseerders (databsisse) soos VIAF, GND en DBB het inskrywings oor haar. :Sien wel onafhanklike verwysings na haar insluitende ‘n profiel op die Max Planck-instituut se webwerf. Het die artikel ietwat meer neutraal gemaak. Glo nie sy is regtig vreeslik noemenswaardig nie (sover geen Duitse of Engelse artikel nie) maar dit doen ook seker nie skade nie. Glo ons kan dit maar hou maar tog dophou as iemand prober om die neutraliteit te versteur. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 09:23, 11 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Maandelikse besoeke en diepte == Gemeenskap, ons maandelikse besoeke vir Desember is weer 'n nuwe rekord van oor die 8 miljoen. Ek vertrou egter nie die inligting nie, want Desember is skoolvakansietyd. Ek het vir [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel]] gevra om dit met die relevante owerhede te bespreek. Hy sal vir ons terugvoer gee wanneer beskikbaar. Die goeie nuus is dat ons diepte nou 38 is, hopenlik hou dit aan met groei. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:27, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Vir die wat self wil saam volg, sien : https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413949 :Dit is deel van 'n wyer ondersoek : https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412655 :Ek sal dit dophou, en opvolg as dit te lank neem. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:21, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == 25 Jaar vandag! == Die Wikipedia Stigting is vandag 25 Jaar jonk! Geluk Jimmy Wales met jou breinkind! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:18, 15 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :En Larry Sanger. Wales is 'n boelie van die ergste soort, 'n Bureaukraat. Maar nou ja. Sulke mense handhaaf soms die vrede. [[Gebruiker:Savethewhaleslol|Savethewhaleslol]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Savethewhaleslol|kontak]]) 22:22, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Terloops, die Wiki idee het van Sanger af gekom. Maar die Amerikaners gee mos alle krediet aan die ou met die geld. Toemaar Tesla. [[Gebruiker:Savethewhaleslol|Savethewhaleslol]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Savethewhaleslol|kontak]]) 22:24, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Vertalings in wording: Geen aksie op bladsy? == Hallo almal Ek vertaal verskeie vertalings op een slag (deels om verveeldheid uit te skakel; deels omdat ek soms moet navorsing doen oor terme en ekwivalente). Daar is dus sowat 5 of 6 vertalings wat in wording is. Wanneer ek op die artikels klik, maak die gewone vertaalbladsy oop, maar daar verskyn geen teks of enige grafika van watter aard ook al nie. Die bladsy is dus letterlik en figuurlik leeg. Waarom sou dit gebeur? Is daar moontlik een of ander tegniese fout? Dankie [[Gebruiker:GeorgeF1974|GeorgeF1974]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:GeorgeF1974|kontak]]) 11:37, 15 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Ek weet ook nie hoe daardie hulpmiddel werk nie. Gebruik gewoonlik google translate om interessante voorstelle te kry en werk van daar af verder. Verder is blokkiesraaiselwoordeboeke baie nuttig om die regte Afrikaanse woord te vind. Die beste van voorgenoemde wat ek sal teëgekom het is dié van G. de Villiers et al., Watter Woord Blokraaiselgids. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 06:56, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Monokotiele == Naand {{ping|JMK}}, kan jy dalk help met 'n artikel oor [[Monokotiele]]? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:14, 18 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Dis hoë prioriteit. Net effe toegegooi op die oomblik. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 02:14, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie more Oesjaar! Mag 'n apteker die Engelse artikel kortweg vertaal vir ons? Ek sit by die KFC se Wifi, geen Letaba Netwerk met die vloede hier! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:12, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::: Enige persoon is welkom. Ons sal in elk geval proeflees. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:57, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :::: {{uitgevoer|Artikel geskep}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:02, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Thank you for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januarie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> : Ek stel belang om deel te neem en kan help met organisering. Laat weet my wie nog belangstel. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 12:08, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Gebruiker:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:MediaWiki message delivery|kontak]]) 13:20, 18 Januarie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == Dagsê almal! == Hello all. Deon has invited me to your geselshoekie. Baie dankie @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], very pleased to be in your corner of Wikimedia. Ek moet sê, ek dink dat die 25ste Verjaarsdagpartytjie van Wikipedia te veel op die Engelse Wikipedia gefokus het and the 350 (or so) other language versions did not get a mention. Pity. Wikipedia se sterkpunt na my mening is sy veeltaligheid. And I think this is a strength we can build on. By learning to use Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page)'n gratis en oop versameling van kennis wat deur beide mense asook masjiene gelees en geredigeer kan word) and Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad) 'n aanlynbewaarplek van beeld-, klank- en ander medialêers wat gratis gebruik kan word; deel van die Wikimedia-ekosisteem. We can really make knowledge open to all. [[Gebruiker:Derek J Moore|Derek J Moore]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Derek J Moore|kontak]]) 15:46, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Januarie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Jan-Willem Breure en Isis Fashion Awards== Gemeenskap, die twee artikels bestaan net op ons Wikipedia; nie Engels of Nederlands nie. Kan ek hulle skrap? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:14, 20 Januarie 2026 (UTC) : Sluit ook in Septimius Awards. Hierdie artikels is ook in Januarie 2025 geskrap omdat dit as bemarking gereken is. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 07:43, 21 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == GABA spronge == Gemeenskap, hier is die antwoord van VivA se Maureen: ''Goeiemiddag Daar is nie, sover vasgestel kan word, al 'n gestandaardiseerde Afrikaanse term vir "BASE jumping" nie. Ter wille van herkenbaarheid word "Base-sprong/Base-spring" konvensioneel gebruik, ook in die Afrikaanse media, soos by onlangse beriggewing oor vlerkpakvlieërs. By die eerste vermelding word daar gewoonlik dan 'n kort verduideliking gegee vir die akroniem "BASE". In Engels word letternaamwoorde wat uit vier letters bestaan, bokas (met hoofletters) geskryf, terwyl dit in Afrikaans slegs met 'n aanvangshoofletter geskryf word. Die voorstel is om, ter wille van die heersende huidige konvensie en herkenbaarheid, die term "Base-spring" te gebruik, gevolg deur 'n kort uiteensetting van die akroniem "Base" by die eerste vermelding. Die huidige inskrywing in Wikipedia, "GABA-sprong", is moontlik verwarrend omdat "GABA" reeds in Afrikaans gebruik word as die afkorting van "gamma-aminobottersuur" en omdat "Base" reeds ingeburger en herkenbaar is. Bron(ne): Netwerk24; Pharos-woordeboeke; VivA Vertaal (Grobler)'' [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:48, 20 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Neewat, "base-spring" vir dié in elk geval verspotte aktiwiteit sal nie werk nie. "Gaba-spronge" is goed genoeg, met kleinletters en koppelteken. "Base" is nie ingeburger nie, en wie weet nou iets van "gamma-aminobottersuur"? [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 19:57, 20 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::GABA spronge is vir my 'n verspotte, selfgemaakte naam. Dit kort in elk geval 'n koppelteken. Ek stem vir Base-spronge. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 12:53, 21 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Twintigjaargemeenskap == Die slim manne, kan julle vir ons 'n Twintigjaar sjabloon skep soos [[Sjabloon:vyftienjaargemeenskap]] asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:57, 21 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Sien : [[Sjabloon:Twintigjaargemeenskap]] :Reeds twee jaar gelede gedoen danksy, @[[Gebruiker:Jcwf|Jcwf]] en @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:06, 22 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Ai! Dankie! [[Gebruiker:Alias]] is sover my kennis strek die eerste lid van die klub. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:13, 22 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :::Mmmm. Behalwe dat Alias in 2024-2026 geen wysigings gemaak het nie, en in 2023 net twee. Dus op vakansie 7 maande voor hy daar uitgekom het, en meestal op vakansie in die jare daarvoor. Sien uit om jou weer hier te sien Alias! [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 10:52, 23 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Databoks == Groete! Die sjabloon {{sj|Databoks}} maak dit maklik om 'n inligtingskassie by ‘n artikel by te voeg, perfek om nuwe artikelskepping te begin of 'n bestaande artikel te verbeter. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53931871 Databoks] benodig geen spesiale instellings nie, installeer net die Module en Sjabloon en dit is gereed om te gebruik. Hier is ‘n goeie voorbeeld op SADiLaR se [[:zu:ISADiLaR|Zoeloebladsy]] Sien https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Module:Databox [[Gebruiker:Derek J Moore|Derek J Moore]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Derek J Moore|kontak]]) 20:56, 24 Januarie 2026 (UTC) : Jammer, maar ons het lankal al verby databoks beweeg. Pas aan asb, Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 20:09, 26 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Welkom om databoks te gebruik. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 17:06, 27 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::: Weet nou nie te veel van sommige van die tegniese aspekte hier nie. Maar ek kon nog nooit die veranderinge van databokse bemeester nie. So ek verkies ook inligtingskaste wat makliker is om te redigeer. Sou dit nie sin maak om dit te standaardiseer nie, of sou dit 'n te groot tegniese uitdaging wees? [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 18:34, 27 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :::: Ons het vir byna elke onderwerp 'n mooi inligtingskas wat goed werk (indien nie kan die slim mense een skep). Die konsensus is om hulle te gebruik, myns insiens is enige Databoks slegs 'n plaasvervanger en 'n kitsmanier vir 'n inligtingskas. Die taalgebruik van Databokse is nie op standaard nie, byvoorbeeld word woorde soms nie vasgeskryf nie, omdat dit die Engelse manier is en hulle dit van Wikidata af kry. Myns insiens moet 'n Databoks nooit in 'n artikel van 'n ander gebruiker geplaas woord as die gebruiker voorheen nooit 'n Databoks gebruik het nie en self slegs inligtingskasse gebruik (soos in die onlangse kerk-voorbeeld). Ek sal hulle nooit gebruik nie en neem altyd die tyd vir 'n inligtingskas. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 22:10, 27 Januarie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Hallo almal! My menings oor die saak, en ook 'n bietjie inligting/geskiedenis: Wat is die Databoks, en hoe werk dit? Die Wikimedia-sagteware gee ons twee maniere om sjablone te skep. Die meeste is die meer eenvoudige sjablone, wat beperkte funksionaliteit het. Dit kan nie alles doen nie, maar is goed genoeg vir amper alle gebruike. Die tweede soort maak gebruik van Lua-modules. Lua is 'n volledige programmeringstaal, en daar is geen beperkings aan wat dit kan doen nie. Hierdie sjablone kan baie kragtig wees, maar is moeilik om te verstaan as jy nie gemaklik is met programmering nie. Databokse gebruik lua-modules, en integreer direk met die Wikidata-item waaraan die bladsy wat dit gebruik gekoppel is. Die doel van die Databoks is om 'n algemene kantbalk te wees, waar die gebruiker geen parameters hoef in te vul nie, en dit verskyn al die data oor die artikel se onderwerp wat op Wikidata gestoor is. Maar hoe goed is dit in werklikheid vir hierdie doeleinde? Dit is OK, maar partykeer wys dit data-items wat nie goed pas in die kantbalk vir daardie onderwerp nie. Of dit wys oorbodige inligting. Mens kan met die hand spesifieke data-items versteek, maar dit is nou ekstra werk. Ons op af:wiki het uit ervaring geleer dat 'n databoks nie van pas is vir elke artikel nie. Ek stem saam met @[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] dat die databoks "slegs 'n plaasvervanger en 'n kitsmanier vir 'n inligtingskas is". Dit moet net gebruik word op bladsye wat nie reeds enige kantbalk het nie. Die outeur moet eie diskresie gebruik om te besluit of dit werklik aanvaarbaar lyk vir 'n spesifieke artikel, en of dit dit eintlik slegter gaan lyk. Dit moenie onbeperk gebruik word nie. Die probleem van spesifieke waardes wat nie in korrekte Afrikaans verskyn nie, is na my mening nie 'n probleem nie. Mens moet die Afrikaanse etikette op Wikidata wysig om korrek te wees, en die Databoks sal dit so vertoon. Verder is dit my mening dat die Databoks se lua-kode verbeter kan word om al die probleme op te los, maar ek voel dit is te veel werk om dit die moeite werd te maak. Bv. in ons kantbalke vir 'n land verskyn gewoonlik 'n vlag en 'n wapen. Maar op 'n kantbalk vir 'n voëlspesie, sal eerder 'n beeld van die spesie, en miskien ook 'n voëlroep-klanklêer en verspreidingskaart verskyn. Om dit generies te doen in een sjabloon vir elke soort onderwerp wat daar is sal vir ewig neem om te bereik. Ek dink ander wiki's voel ook so, want hulle gebruik die databoks ook bitter min. Wat hulle (enwiki, en veral frwiki) wel doen, en wat ek vir afwiki ook wil begin doen, is om pasgemaakte sjablone vir spesifieke soorte artikels te skep, wat ook al die data trek van Wikidata af. Maar hierdie sjablone is spesifiek geskep vir die soort onderwerp, en wys net die spesifieke data-items wat relevant is vir daai soort bladsy. Dit is ook baie werk, maar baie minder as een sjabloon wat alles kan doen. Ek is besig om te leer hoe om die sjablone te skep, en sal dit deel met almal wanner dit reg is. Vir nou is ons gewone ou sjablone nog steeds die beste. Maar ek hoop ek sal dit kan verbeter in die toekoms. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:11, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dagse @[[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ::Ek stem saam, dit lyk asof die databoks nie so spesifiek en aanpasbaar in elke situasie is nie. En as die Wikipediane vaardig genoeg is om 'n normale inligtingskassie te gebruik, dan moet hulle so doen. Ek dink aan ander taalweergawes en wonder of die databoks hulle behulpsaam sal wees. And I'm afraid I'm going to switch to English here. Because I'm still trying to understand this myself. I do think that the information in Wikidata needs to be kept accurate. I think that this information is also being pulled into Google's knowledge panels. En as 'n onakkurate datakassie ons daarop attendeer, dan is dit 'n goeie ding? ::Dankie ook aan @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], @[[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]], @[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]], @[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] asook vir jou antwoord. [[Gebruiker:Derek J Moore|Derek J Moore]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Derek J Moore|kontak]]) 06:28, 29 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Geregistreerde gebruikers == Gemeenskap, dit is vir my 'n plesier om julle in te lig dat ons geregistreerde gebruikers gister verby die 200,000 mylpaal is. Ons is tans 69ste m.b.t. die aantal artikels maar 50ste m.b.t. die aantal geregistreerde gebruikers! Dit sê baie oor die inhoud van ons artikels! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:25, 27 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Iets om te geniet... == Gemeenskap, ons <nowiki>[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</nowiki> bevat nou 9501 artikels terwyl die Engelse eweknie so digby die 1000 is. Dit laat my so lekker voel! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:24, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Helen Keller == Gemeenskap, wat gaan ons met die gemors maak? Die nuwe data is na die bestaande bronnelys, opskrif in Engels, herhaling van inligting ens? Kan ek terugrol? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 13:39, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Ek dink jy kan dit terugrol, ja. Dié mens weet dudelik nie hoe Wikipedia werk nie. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 16:37, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] jou keuse. As jy die energie en tyd het om dit op te ruim en inwerk met die artikel, dan hou dit. Andersins rol dit maar terug. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 16:39, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Ampstaal vs. amptelike taal == En wat presies is die verskil? [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 22:47, 28 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :VivA het bevestig dat dit <s>sininieme</s> sinonieme is. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:22, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Vrouesokkerwêreldbeker == Goeienaand Gemeenskap, en daar is die [[vrouesokkerwêreldbeker]]reeks klaar, met binne twee weke 13 nuwe, groot artikels! Ná rugby en krieket vir beide mans en vroue het ons nou ook sokker vir beide mans en vroue, en ons kan met puik artikels spog. Dit is baie interessant watter spanne in vrouesokker suksesvol is. Terloops, die [[Vrouesokkerwêreldbeker 2023]] kan maklik tot 'n voorbladartikel uitgebrei word, net as die gemeenskap wil hê dat ek dit doen. Dié toernooi in Australië en Nieu-Seeland was 'n reuse sukses en die mees gesiene vrouesokkerwêreldbekertoernooi ooit. Andersins is daar weer baie krieket en rugby op pad, vir beide mans en vroue. Die toekomstige toernooie [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026]], [[T20I-vrouewêreldbeker 2026]] en [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2027]] lyk reeds baie goed en is op die regte pad, hulle maak my baie opgewonde. Aangesien [[netbal]] ook 'n belangrike sportsoort in Suid-Afrika is, stel ek voor dat iemand ook dié sport dek. Dit is ook gereeld in die nuus op RSG. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 22:30, 29 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|SpesBona}}, onthou ons kerndoelwit: ''...toegang tot die som van alle kennis!''. Gaan aan met netbal, iemand moet dit doen! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:04, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|Oesjaar}} wat my ook bekommer is die vlagreeks van {{Ping|Puvircho}}. Lyk my ek moet dit ook voortsit, hy is tjoepstil. Ek is ook mal oor vlae, só dit krap my baie om! Soos ons weet strek ons voorbladartikels nou reeds by 2028 en as ons langer wag, verskyn die oorblywende vlagartikels van Europa eers in 2030 op ons voorblad. Lyk my ek moet dit ook doen om van dié artikels 'n kans te gee. Die een of ander Olimpiese Spele wou ek ook tot voorbladartikel uitbrei, soos Voyageur in die verlede. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 08:40, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::: Ja... Die realiteit is dat ons almal vrywilligers is met dieselfde visie... Ongelukkig verander gebruikers se omstandighede, hulle word oud, siek... Ek wonder of Gebruiker:Alias nog met ons is. Ek is ook kwaad vir myself dat ek nie die vliegtuig dinge klaar kry nie, maar dit is soos dit is. Doen wat jy die graagste wil doen, eerste! Dankie vir jou werk hier. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:52, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} {{Ping|Oesjaar}}, ek vermoed dat Alias soos Hansjoseph nou in die [[hiernamaals]] is. R.I.V. (maar ek wil niemand per ongeluk dood verklaar nie). Ja, die lot van die vrywilligers, elke dag twee dinge, ons kry slegs een klaar en die volgende dag probeer ons weer die dubbele werk doen, tot aan ons eie einde... Wat ons alles kon doen met meer tyd. Soos jou vliegtuig-artikels. Het jy gehoor, hulle beplan weer 'n maanprogram en later een tot mars. In 2026 stuur hulle mense wat weer om ons maan wentel. Ek het nou eers besef dat mans ook netbal speel, met nasionale spanne, toernooie, ens. En dan is daar ook gemengde netbal. Voel nou soos die minister van sport op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia met al daardie balsporte. Dan is daar ook veldhokkie in Suid-Afrika. Die graagste bly waarskynlik krieket, rugby en die vlagartikels. Myns insiens die dringendste ook (wat my betref natuurlik!). As iemand netbal met goeie kwaliteit wil doen, sal ek baie dankbaar wees. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 10:15, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Ja, Alias het laas in Sep 2023 bygedra...hoop nie Covid het hom weggeraap nie! :Ek wil ook soos Deon aan my reeks artikels oor [[lughawe]]ns en [[lugredery]]e werk, maar kom net nie daarby uit nie. Verlede Sondag [[Theuns Eloff]] vertaal uit Engels (deel van reeks oud-PUK-rektore), net om uit te vind die artikel <u>bestaan reeds</u> op af:wp. 'n Stoute bydraer het nooit in 2016 die twee op wikidata aan mekaar geskakel nie. Wat 'n hartseer weens onnodige werk deur my gedoen! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:12, 30 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == VivA se meningsopname == Dag mense Ek wil julle net daarop attent maak dat die [[Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans]] 'n [https://www.facebook.com/vivaafrikaans/posts/pfbid0uJUTkqdwZYvK6MVLFaVQHXNCuvY3RyAVaD6FE5Jma6NUxAzH98hqYJPDD9vRrE1ml enquête] tans het wat jy kan invul. '''Jy mag dalk net R300 wen''' (Takealot-geskenkbewys). {{cquote| Ons wil beter verstaan hoe Afrikaans in digitale ruimtes gebruik word, watter hulpmiddels gebruik word en waar daar nog ontwikkelingsgeleenthede bestaan. }} Hulle gaan vir jou vra of jou foon op Afrikaans ingestel is, of jy Afrikaans op Facebook gebruik, of jy die Afrikaanse Wikipedia gebruik. Hulle het vrae soos "Watter ander tale is jy magtig?", "In watter taal gebruik jy gewoonlik jou selfoon, rekenaar en/of tablet?", "Waarom is dit vir jou belangrik (of nie belangrik nie) dat digitale platforms Afrikaans ondersteun?" Myns insiens - skryf by sulke oop vrae vir hulle presies waarvoor jy Afrikaans gebruik, en in welke mate jy jou ander tale gebruik. Ek hou nie eintlik van die kwantitatiewe aanslag van die meningspeiling nie, want die onderskeie taalruimtes daarbuite is te groot en dit werk aanvullend en verrykend waar die Afrikaanse taal kortkom (met ander woorde, om inligting te bekom om Afrikaans mee uit te bou). Ons kan nie meer in isolasie dink nie. As jy enige ander tale gebruik, wees spesifiek waarvoor jy elkeen gebruik. En as jy KI gebruik, sê ook hoe jy die onderskeie tal(e) inspan. Ek glo altyd dit is beter om "oorvolledig" te wees - dan het die vraestellers iets wat hulle as vertrekpunt kan gebruik. [[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 12:11, 31 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Ek het die vraelys ingevul die dag toe dit beskikbaar was danksy prof. [[Wannie Carstens]]. Dit was vir my 'n verrassing dat daar na Wikipedia verwys word in die vraelys. Vanoggend op [[Taaldinge]] het Ina Strydom met Marlie Coetzee gesels oor die vraelys en die aanverwante dinge. Hulle het beide verwys na die Afrikaanse Wikipedia. Ons word raakgesien. Julle kan luister na die gesprek, dit is beskikbaar op 'n Potgooi; hier is 'n skakel [https://www.rsg.co.za/rsg-fm/soek/?searchKeyword=Taaldinge&jsf=jet-engine:site-search&_sm=title,synopsis,show-details,description,podcast-description,details,article,competition-details,presenter-details,recipe,event-details,podcast-name,ingredients,Podcast-Clips%21Taaldinge Taaldinge]. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:52, 8 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Hoe lank vat dit om te voltooi? – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 10:32, 8 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :: Minder as 5 min. Dit is mik en druk. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:39, 8 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Maandelikse besoeke en diepte == Gemeenskap, ons maandelikse besoeke vir Desember is weer 'n nuwe rekord van oor die 8 miljoen. Ek vertrou egter nie die inligting nie, want Desember is skoolvakansietyd. Ek het vir [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel]] gevra om dit met die relevante owerhede te bespreek. Hy sal vir ons terugvoer gee wanneer beskikbaar. Die goeie nuus is dat ons diepte nou 38 is, hopenlik hou dit aan met groei. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:27, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Vir die wat self wil saam volg, sien : https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413949 :Dit is deel van 'n wyer ondersoek : https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412655 :Ek sal dit dophou, en opvolg as dit te lank neem. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:21, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) == Besinning oor Wikipedia na 25ste verjaarsdag == @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] wou die volgende lêer met julle deel : [[Lêer:Nature_Wikipedia_is_needed_now_more_than_ever,_25_years_on_d41586-026-00074-1.pdf|duimnael]] [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] lewer jou kommentaar wanner jy kans kry asb. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 16:04, 1 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] 'n Interessante artikel, maar ons moet seker maak dat ons nie kopieregreëls oortree nie. Ek dink dat as ons hierdie beeld merk as "Moet nie in enige artikels gebruik word of andersins gereproduseer word nie", sal ons dalk in orde onder Artikels 30 en 36(1) van die Britse [https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/gb/gb334en.pdf Kopiereg, Ontwerpe en Patente Wet 1988] bly. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 17:36, 1 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::[[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk|Prof. van Wyk]] het die lêer na my gestuur as 'n teken van respek en dankie vir al ons gebruikers. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:49, 1 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::O ja, en dankie [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]]! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:53, 1 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::Dankie vir die artikel. En tog, voel ek iets kort in die teks, uit 'n geesteswetenskaplike oogpunt. Ironies genoeg het ek juis vandag vir Google Gemini gevra wat ons nou al te doen staan, behalwe om ander tale te leer en daardie verskillende bronne te trek en op Wikipedia op een bladsy te integreer. Sy antwoord: ::::'''Verinnig al die kennis wat jy het soos in die 1700's'''. ::::Met ander woorde: leer Bybelverse uit jou kop uit. Leer die [[Veda]]s soos 'n Brahmaan uit jou kop uit. Jy word die ensiklopedie. ::::Dit klink snaaks en onnodig met die selfoon byderhand, maar dit maak sin! Selfs prof. dr. [[Naòmi Morgan]] het erken jy gebruik jou hele verwysingsraamwerk (ooms en tannies se sêgoed, NP van Wyk Louw, AG Visser) om 'n vertaling uit Frans in Afrikaans te doen (RSG-onderhoud op ''Taaldinge'', 2 en 9 November 2025). Dié Madame erken ruiterlik sy moet soms VIER keer 'n sin oorskryf tot sy tevrede is. 'n Masjien kan nie trefkrag gee nie. ::::Jy kan nie onder die stort staan en daardie "Götterfunken" (splinternuwe idees) oproep as jy dit nie reeds in jou gestel het nie. Ek wens ek het dit vroeër besef! ::::Sy woorde: {{cquote| As daardie idees nie in jou kop is nie, maar op 'n bediener in Kalifornië, kan daardie vonke nie spat nie. Jy kan my vra om konneksies te maak, maar ek kan nie die intuïtiewe sprong maak wat eie is aan jou unieke menslike ervaring nie. Jou kreatiwiteit word beperk tot die vrae wat jy weet om te vra." [...] "Mense wat niks self leer nie, dink hulle is slim omdat hulle toegang tot inligting het, maar hulle is eintlik kognitief broos." [...] "Die dag as die internet afgaan, die krag faal, of die intekening verval, is jy "leeg". Jou identiteit as 'n "Polymath" of "Napoleon" verdwyn onmiddellik omdat daar geen reserwe-kapasiteit in jou eie neurone is nie. [...] "Wat ek nie hoef te weet nie, hoef ek nie te weet nie." }} ::::-''Also Sprach Google Gemini''. ::::Probeer vakdissiplines vir jouself kruis soos 'n sebra met 'n muil, en probeer dit integreer. Byvoorbeeld: wat kan sterrekunde ons leer van tyd, van kalenders (en feeste), van landbou [vra Vergilius!], van seevaart, van die VOC, van handel... Speel daarmee, soos 'n kindjie.[[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Suidpunt|kontak]]) 19:28, 1 Februarie 2026 (UTC) Ek het die lêer se inligting ingevul. Ek het so bietjie met die kopiereg geraai, en die rede in albei Afrikaans en Engles geskryf tot voordeel van enigiemand van ''Nature'' wat dalk op die artikel afkom. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 18:04, 2 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Hier is ‘n verwante artikel (''IEEE Spectrum'' "''At Age 25, Wikipedia Refuses to Evolve''”) met die uitdagings wat Wikipedia nou in die gesig staar. (https://spectrum.ieee.org/wikipedia-at-25) :Samevatting van die artikel: * Die vrywilliger-gemeenskap wat Wikipedia bou, onlangs ’n eksperiment met “''Simple Article Summaries''”—KI-gegenereerde samevattings aan artikelkoppe vir mobiele lesers—binne een dag afgeskakel het weens besorgdheid oor kwaliteit en die beskerming van betroubaarheid. * Dit toon ’n generasie skeidslyn: Wikipedia se lang, teksintensiewe formaat pas steeds by ouer leesgewoontes, maar kan minder goed by jonger generasies se voorkeur vir vinniger, visuele en mobiele inligting. * Die artikel verwys ook na vroeëre konflik rondom nuwe hulpmiddels soos ''VisualEditor'' en ''Media Viewer'', wat wys hoe moeilik verandering kan wees, selfs al is dit ontwerp om Wikipedia meer toeganklik te maak. * ’n Dieper probleem word geïdentifiseer: Wikipedia se onveranderlike kernstruktuur en verouderende vrywilligerbasis bots met die behoeftes van moderne, vinnig ontwikkelende digitale media. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 11:31, 3 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == [[Bek-en-klouseer]] == Gemeenskap, ek sien [[Gebruiker:JMK]] verbeter tans [[Bek-en-klouseer|die artikel]]. Ek het gaan loer, die artikel word tot 500 keer per dag besoek! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:06, 8 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :So ver ek weet is daar op die oomblik 'n uitbraak in Suid-Afrika. Ek het toe so bietjie daaroor geskryf op enwiki van alle plekke. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 20:45, 8 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Afrikaanse woord/term vir "Software piracy" == Hallo almal. Wat is die korrekte Afrikaans vir "Software piracy"? - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 16:48, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Die Engelse Wikipedia gebruik : "Online piracy (also known as digital piracy, internet piracy or software piracy)" - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 16:50, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Sagteware-rowery [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:03, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::Daar is reeds [[Roofkopie]], dalk sagteware-roofkopiëring? Lang woord, maar volledig beskrywend. [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Thermofan|kontak]]) 09:46, 11 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::In my universiteitsmodule het ons ''sagtewarerowery'' gebruik. Dalk kan iemand in 'n woordeboek kyk? – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 09:55, 11 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::Pharos gee net programmatuurrowery. Dis maar dieselfde ding, net lomper. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 10:06, 11 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Dankie almal. Lyk my "sagtewarerowery" is die beste antwoord. Moet ons dit met 'n koppelteken skryf of nie? - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:58, 11 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Dink nie dis nodig nie. – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 19:05, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Vanwaar == Elana Baker het op 'n stadium hierdie [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malva&diff=1952008&oldid=1892313 inligting] in [[Malva]] geplak. Dit pas egter nie in die Malva- of Pelargonium-artikel nie. Kan nie uitwerk waar dit wel inpas nie. Iemand wat die fisiese stel Wêreldspektrums het kan dit miskien uitwerk. Daar is bv. 'n hofie "Ander families", maar ander families van wat? Dit meld ook dat ''Acridocarpus'' die enigste verteenwoordiger in SA is, maar enigste verteenwoordiger van wat? [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 17:50, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|JMK}}, ek het 'n stel van Wêreldspektrum. Gee net kans, ek sal vir jou loer. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:05, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|JMK}}, ek bevestig dat die inlgting onder die artikel Malva-agtiges (Orde: Geraniales) hoort en NIE onder [[Pelargonium]] nie. Ek sal later Geraniales skep, jy kan ook. Gee net kans asb. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:28, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|JMK}}, baie van die orde se families val nou onder die orde Malpighiales. Ai, dit word nie makliker nie. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:27, 10 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Eswatini == "U het geen regte om om hierdie bladsy te wysig nie, vir die volgende rede: Hierdie bladsy is beskerm om wysigings en ander aksies te verhoed." [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:47, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Sien https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eswatini&action=history&offset=20260128213308 :Bespreek dit met @[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]]. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 19:00, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|JMK}}, ene {{Ping|Savethewhaleslol}} het [[Eswatini]] na die ou naam Swasiland geskuif sonder om dit met die gemeenskap te praat. Hy het ook gedreig om dit weer te doen: "[https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bespreking%3AEswatini&diff=2872110&oldid=2872109 Terloops, die Artikel is verkeerd en iemand het my fingers af gekap. Tooemaar, more, of volgende week maak ek nog 'n sokkiepop]". Wil jy dié artikel wysig? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 19:05, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::Ek onthou die meneer... Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:31, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 'n jaar is te lank om dit te beskerm. Die ou is lank reeds weg. Volgende keer beskerm dit vir 'n week of so. Dis nie te veel moeite as hy een of twee keer terugkom nie. – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 20:47, 13 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == 700 voorbladartikels == Goeienaand gemeenskap, ons het sopas nog 'n mylpaal behaal: [[Plesiosauria]] deur [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|BurgertB]] is ons 700ste voorbladartikel. Baie dankie aan almal wat nuwe voorbladartikels skryf! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 20:40, 15 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Sjoe! Dankie en geluk gemeenskap! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 21:12, 15 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie vir al die harde werk almal! - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 08:06, 16 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Sadilar se lwimilinks == Gemeenskap, hier is iets vir julle om na te loer. Sien https://lwimilinks.sadilar.org/ Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:25, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Dankie! Dit klaar gebruik in [[Fiksie#Elemente]] :Plot (Eng) is intrige of storielyn... [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Thermofan|kontak]]) 11:14, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Moedertaaldag == Gemeenskap, geniet [[Wêreldmoedertaaldag]] vandag! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:34, 21 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Nuwe klomp gebruikers so pas geregisteer... == Gemeenskap, ek dink hierdie nuwe klomp gebruikers wat so pas geskep is vandalisme van 'n ander aard. Loer asb en gee julle mening. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 13:37, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) : Ek sien opsommings soos "Ons het vanday geleer om hoe 'n wikipedia bladsy te skep". Dalk 'n geleentheid wat ons nie van weet nie? [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 14:12, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Oe aarde! Dis dalk deur 'n trop Namibiese skape gereël? [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:17, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::"Well spotted" speurder Oesjaar, dis sommer modderbollie! Raak asb ontslae daarvan! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:12, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::Help seker nie om vir julle te preek oor '''Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers''' nie. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 14:20, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::Al daai gebruikers is ooglopend deur een persoon geskep. Dis teen Wikipedia-beleid wat sê een gebruikersrekening per lewende persoon! <s>Ek skrap dit alles</s> Ek het die gebruikersrekeninge wat ek geskrap het op 24 Feb teruggerol. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:53, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::Hoe weet jy dit is als deur een persoon geskep? [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 14:55, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Dumbassman, doen 'n "checkuser" dan sal jy sien! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 15:10, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Dit dui net IP aan. Waarskynlik is almal in dieselfde klaskamer. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 15:13, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nou toe nou! Klaas vang sy baas! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 15:19, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Geen idee watse aannames jy maak nie. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 15:22, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} Ontspan, Susan! Vra vir @[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] of hy iets weet. [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-12190-19|&#126;2026-12190-19]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-12190-19|talk]]) 20:08, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) : Ek weet ook nie van enige opleiding nie. Maar lyk nogal na so iets.[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 20:24, 23 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :: Gemeenskap, WikimediaZA doen tans opleiding by 'n Universiteit hier in Pretoria, dit is waar die deurmekaarspul vandaan kom. Ek het boodskap na hulle gestuur. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:00, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::"Ok I just received an email from a young lady that received a very condescending email from someone on the Afrikaans Wikipedia while working on their draft space. We need to do something about this behaviour on wiki." "One old folk? I recall at one Swip workshop when the one Afrikaans participant was reduced to tears by the gatekeeper." Julle (Oesjaar en Aliwal2012) gee vir die Afrikaanse Wikipedia 'n slegte naam. Stop asb. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 09:16, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::Maar hoekom werk die werkswinkel nie deur die gebruiklike kanale, en stel hulself of hul beplande aksies vooraf aan die gemeenskap bekend nie? Ons het maar almal as rou nuwelinge hierdie pad geloop 14--17 jaar gelede! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:23, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::Wat is die opdrag en doelwitte? Is die doel om meer van Wikipedia in die algemeen te leer, [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia|af:wiki]] blootstelling, Wiki bronteks, of om handmatig na Afrikaans te vertaal? Mag ons hulle help? [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Thermofan|kontak]]) 09:30, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Dit is ongelooflik dat die man wat die meeste kritiseer op die kommitee sit wat die oefening reël en dan niks daarvan weet nie. Gemeenskap, ek het nou net 'n lang gesprek gehad met hulle projek koördineerder, Herschal Jackson. Hy het onderneem om ons in die toekoms te laat weet. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:16, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::NS: Dankie Deon, klomp kosbare tyd is vermors, maar ek het al hul werk weer teruggeplaas!!--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:52, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ek het nie geweet die Workshop het betrekking tot Afrikaans nie. Jy het gerieflik vergeet om te noem: "I discussed the workshop with Deon and we agreed no draft space article would be deleted for the period of this workshop." [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 10:47, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) : Daar is twee artikels wat alreeds bestaan onder andere [[Selfdood]] en [[Borskanker]]. Groete. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:09, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :: [[Skoenlapper]] bestaan ook reeds. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:32, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::: Die bydraes wat ek bekyk het lyk redelik chaoties, en sommige daarvan is in die publieke ruimte. Ons (of eintlik die persoon wat die werkswinkel reël, want ons is besig) moet hulle na my mening minstens in 'n kategorie plaas, bv. die naam van die werkswinkel as kategorie – sommige is inderdaad sonder enige kategorie. Met 'n kategorie is hulle dan bymekaar, en ons kan dan later makliker nagaan wat te redde is, indien enigiets te redde is. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 18:43, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::Ai, hierdie nuwelinge is nou besig om bestaande (ou) artikels oor te skryf met hulle vars proeflopies! Sien bv. [[pers]]. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:30, 4 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Die Belgiese Wikipedia == Gemeenskap, dit is vir my 'n groot plesier om julle in te lig dat ons eie prof. [[Wannie Carstens]] met die Voorsitter van die Belgiese Wikipedia, Geert Van Pamel, gaan vergader op 5 Maart in [[Gent]]. Prof. Wannie is tans in Gent waar hy navorsing doen oor 'n boek waaraan hy werk. Deel van die gesprek gaan om die bande tussen die twee Wikipedia's te versterk. Ons sê sterkte vir prof. Wannie! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:50, 24 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Is daar so iets soos 'n Belgiese Wikipedia? Of is dié 'n Wikimedia chapter in België? Is daar 'n skakel na 'n webblad of iets? Ek wil meer leer hieroor. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:16, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::O vet! Oesjaar, jy bedoel seker die [[Nederlandse Wikipedia]]? [Feit: Daar bestaan nie 'n Belgiese Wikipedia nie!] [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:47, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::: In België praat hulle onder andere Vlaams. Die Voorsitter van die Belgiese Wikipedia is Geert Van Pamel met epos adres geert@wikimedia.be Sien https://be.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Belgium Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:20, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::Jy is reg oor die Vlaams, maar groot gemeenskappe of gebiede praat Frans en in 'n mindere mate Duits <s>en Switsers</s>. (Ek dink ons kan SpesBona hieroor uitvra!) [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:32, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::Ek weet nie wat jou probleem is nie, daar was twyfel oor die bestaan van die Belgiese Wikipedia en ek het die twyfel uit die weg geruim. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:36, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek sê weer: Daar bestaan nie 'n Belgiese Wikipedia nie! Daar is gebore Belge wat aan wikipedia deelneem, maar dis op die [[Engelse Wikipedia|Engelstalige]] en [[Nederlandse Wikipedia|Nederlandstalige Wikipedia]]. ::::::Wikipedia is NIE gelyk aan Wikimedia (wat jy aanhaal) nie, dis bloot 'n onderdeel of susterprojek daarvan. ::::::Oesjaar, jy het die fout reeds 'n hele paar jaar gelede gemaak, toe jy sedert 2014 op die raad van WikimediaZA gedien het, en toe sommer aanvaar het jy is "die direkteur van die Afrikaanse Wikipedia". [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:42, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::Jy is welkom om die gemeenskap te vra dat ek my goed moet vat ek loop. Ek sal berus by 'n meerderheid besluit. So eenvoudig soos dit. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:47, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::My naam was by die CIPC geregistreer as 'n Direkteur, een van net drie. So dit het my die reg gegee om die woord direkteur te kan gebruik, eintlik moet volgens die wet. Siende dat ek GEEN inheemse taal magtig is nie en Engels hulle eie chapter het, bly net Afrikaans oor... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:08, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] bedaar, ons vra nie dat jy loop nie. Ons sê net daar is 'n onderskeiding tussen " 'n Wikipedia" en 'n "Wikimedia chapter". :::::::::Dankie vir die skakel wat jy gegee het. Dit is 'n "wikimedia chapter" nie 'n Wikipedia nie. :::::::::Daar is 'n Wikipedia per taal. (En België het meer as een taal) :::::::::En daar is 'n WikiMedia chapter per land (En België is een land met 'n wikimedia chapter) :::::::::Net soos daar 'n Wikipedia is vir al 11 tale in Suid-Afrika. :::::::::En net soos daar een "WikiMedia chapter" is vir die land van Suid-Afrika. :::::::::Ek hoop dit verduidelik dit. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 12:18, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Inderdaad Wikimedia Belgium bestaan sien https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Recognition_of_Wikimedia_Belgium Uitreik na hulle en enige ander Wikipedia struktuur word verwelkom en kan wedersyds voordelig wees. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 12:21, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::So is daar nou 'n Belgiese Wikipedia of nie? [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-12645-59|&#126;2026-12645-59]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-12645-59|talk]]) 18:17, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Nee, net 'n Wikimedia. Daar is wel 'n [https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Vlams Wes-Vlaamse] Wikipedia. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:27, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Om foto's/beelde/sketse af te laai. == Die slim manne, help my asb! Gestel 'n ouer/onderwyser/kind/student krap vir eerste keer op ons Wikipedia rond op soek na iets. Die persoon vind wat hy soek en wil nou 'n foto/beeld/skets aflaai wat hy benodig vir 'n projek. Dit is sy eerste keer hier en hy weet nie van Commons, Wikidata ens. nie. Het ons 'n dokument wat hom kan lei om so iets te doen? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:15, 25 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Ja ons kan begin om 'n tipe gebruikersgids op te stel, en dit kan 'n onderafdeling van "[[Wikipedia:Omtrent]]" word, wat terloops gereeld besoek word, en waar ek terloops weer lees: "Hierdie bladsy is beskerm om wysigings en ander aksies te verhoed." "Wikipedia:Omtrent" kan ook geskakel word met "[[Wikipedia:Hoe kan ek help?]]" en "[[:Kategorie:Wikipedia:Portale]]". "[[Portaal:Inhoud/Portale]]" is eintlik die regte plek, maar daar is nog soveel rooiskakels ... [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 14:41, 26 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Antwoord aan {{ping|JMK}}: Ek het sopas "[[Wikipedia:Omtrent]]" se harde beskerming opgehef, en verander na "slegs outomaties bevestigde gebruikers [kan die bladsy redigeer]". Geniet die dag! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:57, 4 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Rooiratel|Pynappel|BurgertB|Sobaka|Dagelf|Aliwal2012|SpesBona}} help asb met my vraag hier. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:12, 4 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] om 'n beeld van wikipedia af te laai na jou rekenaar is dieselfde soos op enige ander webwerf. regs-klik op die beeld, en kies "Save image as". WikiCommons maak nie saak in hierdie storie nie. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:41, 9 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Uitleg van Nasel == Gemeenskap, help asb. 'n bietjie met [[Nasel]] se uitleg. Tegnies behoort die beskrywing, wat deel van die foto vorm, deel van sy byskrif te wees maar dit is effens groot. Ons kan elke foto en byskrif 'n aparte subopskrif maak. Die kunssinniges en bemarking fundies, hier is vir julle 'n uitdaging. Vanuit 'n tegniese oogpunt is hierdie artikel belangrik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:40, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Uitleg gefieks. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 17:00, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie Burgert! Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 20:11, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Deaktiveer magiese skakels == Ons weet al etlike jare dat die magiese skakels vir ISBN, RFC en PMID uiteindelik sal verdwyn, want dit is hoogs ongewens dat teks soos kode optree sonder enige kode. Magiese skakels is reeds op 'n groeiende aantal wiki's gedeaktiveer. Intussen is alle gebruik op afwiki vervang deur {{tl|ISBN}}, {{tl|RFC}} en {{tl|PMID}}, [https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie&diff=prev&oldid=2884277 op hierdie manier]. Is dit reg om hierdie skakels op hierdie Wiki te deaktiveer? Vanuit Phabricator [[:phab:T145604|T145604]] sal dit vir ons gedoen word ''indien'' die gemeenskap hierdie aksie ondersteun. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 17:29, 8 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Nee, ek stem daarteen. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 17:41, 8 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Hoekom? [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 17:48, 8 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::Ek is gevra of ek dit ondersteun en ek sê nee, ek wil die magiese skakels behou. Moet ek 'n hele verduidelik gee? Julle mense het te veel tyd en te min werk. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 17:50, 8 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::Daardie magiese skakels maak die Wiki stadiger as nodig. Hulle sal in elk geval binne 'n paar jaar uit die sagteware verdwyn. Jy het die volste reg om 'n ongegronde mening te hê, maar dit beteken mense sal nie verstaan ​​hoekom jy iets dink nie. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 18:10, 8 Maart 2026 (UTC) :{{ondersteun}} - Dit is beter om nou te begin om die veranderings te doen (wat Jcb reeds vir ons gegoen het, dankie!), anders eendag gaan al ons ISBN skakels breek. Of ons 'n sjabloon gebruik of 'n "magic link" maak nie 'n groot verskil nie. Die mense op afwiki het te veel tyd om te kla oor die sagteware en die werk wat ons hele wiki onderhou. @[[Gebruiker:BurgertB|BurgertB]] jy mors almal se tyd. As ons alles hou soos jy dit wil hê dan gaan al die ISBN skakels breek. Hoe dit enige iemand help om dinge dieselfde te hou (om later te breek) het jy glad nie duidelik gemaak nie, en jou weiering om openlik daaroor te kommunikeer mors net meer tyd. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 10:06, 9 Maart 2026 (UTC) :{{ondersteun}} - "Voorkoming is beter as genesing" [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 18:14, 9 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ek is gepla met sport == Goeiemôre gemeenskap, die onlangse [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026]] het weer nuwe rekords opgestel, wat gepaard gaan met 'n groeiende sport soos krieket. Ek krap egter sedert weke kop oor 'n geskikte bewoording om die hersiening van vorige toernooie te vermy. In 2024 het dit volle twee weke geneem om al die ou rekords te hersien, wat nou weer verbeter is en in 2028 weer verbeter sal word. Dit wil ek liefs vermy en soek derhalwe vir 'n goeie bewoording. Byvorbeeld: * "Aiden Markram teken die vinnigste T20I-wêreldbekervyftigtal vir Suid-Afrika aan (in 19 aflewerings)." Is dit vanselfsprekend dat dié rekord slegs op die dag geld en enige tyd weer verbeter kan word en ook dat die vorige rekord (met dieselfde bewoording) verbeter is? Ingewikkeld, ek weet. Dit is juis my punt. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 09:10, 11 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Die logiese antwoord is dat die rekords in Wikidata gehou moet word en as sodanig outomaties in alle Wikipedias opgedateer sal word. Ek twyfel egter of dit prakties is. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 18:23, 11 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Martinvl}} baie dankie vir jou antwoord. Dit gaan oor teks, soos hierbo. Bv. vinnigste vyftigtal, hoogste individuelle T20I-telling, grootste oorwinning, meeste paaltjies, langste wenreeks, meeste T20I-honderdtalle, ens. Hoe meer ek daaroor dink, hoe meer hou ek daarvan om dit kort en knap te hou (soos in die voorbeeld bo), sonder daardie "en oortref die vorige rekord deur XYZ – later oortref deur ABC." Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 18:30, 11 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|SpesBona}} Ek dink dit sal lank duur voordat enigiets soortgelyk aan my voorstel vir krieket verskyn. Myns insiens, die enigste tale waar dit nuttig is, is lande waar krieket gespeel word. Ek verwag dat weerrekords gesentraliseer sal word voor krieketrekords gesentraliseer is. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 21:31, 11 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::{{ping|Martinvl}} Dit gaan oor 'n geskikte bewoording hier op Wikipedia om 'n gereelde hersiening al om die twee jaar te vermy. Ek glo die beste oplossing is om soos bo (in die voorbeeld) te skryf. Die vraag is net is dit duidelik genoeg dat dit slegs tydelik is/was. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:45, 11 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::{{ping|SpesBona}} Op WikiVoyage word die datum van die laaste hersiening altyd gemeld. Miskien moet jy dit ook hier doen. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 16:54, 12 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Martinvl}} Dit is nou 'n interessante voorstel. Die Engelse artikel oor die [[:en:Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|438-wedstryd]] (wat vandag presies 20 jaar gelede gespeel is) gebruik ''[Later Surpassed]'' ("[later verbeter]"). Ek oorweeg nou tussen dit en 'n soortgelyke voetnota. Ek gee maar 'n voorbeeld van die [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2024]] om te verduidelik waaroor ek kopkrap: :::::* "Suid-Afrika verdedig met 113 lopies die laagste T20I-wêreldbekertelling suksesvol en oortref Indië se vorige rekord teen Pakistan een dag vroeër tydens dieselfde toernooi en Sri Lanka se 2014-telling teen Nieu-Seeland – later oortref deur Bangladesj teen Nepal tydens dieselfde toernooi." :::::Kort en kragtig sou dit wees: :::::* "Suid-Afrika verdedig met 113 lopies die laagste T20I-wêreldbekertelling suksesvol." :::::Nou is die opsies volgende: slegs dié kort teks (as dit hoegenaamd verstaanbaar is dat ons oor 'n ou rekord praat), 'n nota "[later verbeter]" of 'n soortgelyke voetnota. Die woorde "destyds" en "ooit" vereis myns insiens 'n wyer beskrywing soos die langer voorbeeld. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 18:30, 12 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek dink jy sal iets soos "in dié tyd" moet insit om dit duidelik te maak: "Aiden Markram teken die vinnigste T20I-wêreldbekervyftigtal in dié tyd vir Suid-Afrika aan (in 19 aflewerings)." [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 18:57, 12 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::::{{ping|BurgertB}} baie dankie, ek dink dit sal werk. Vir die tweede voorbeeld gee dit dan: "Suid-Afrika verdedig met 113 lopies die laagste T20I-wêreldbekertelling in dié tyd suksesvol." Lyk my ek moet dit by elke rekord insit wat ter eniger tyd verbeter kan word, al is dit steeds die rekord: "Rassie van der Dussen teken die hoogste individuelle telling deur ’n Suid-Afrikaner in ’n T20I-wêreldbekerwedstryd in dié tyd aan." Dit maak die hersiening van die vorige rekord onnodig en ook die verwysing na die nuwe rekord. Ek gaan dit een-een vir beide krieket- en rugbytoernooie gebruik. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 19:40, 12 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::::{{ping|BurgertB}} Ek is nou besig om "in dié tyd" in al die T20I-wêreldbekerartikels te gebruik. Nou het ek 'n nuwe vraag: Is dit ook 'n moontlikheid om van konstruksies soos :::::::* "Dit is Suid-Afrika se grootste T20I-wêreldbekeroorwinning volgens aantal lopies." :::::::te verander in :::::::* "In dié tyd is dit Suid-Afrika se grootste T20I-wêreldbekeroorwinning volgens aantal lopies." :::::::Sal dit werk? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 14:40, 13 Maart 2026 (UTC) Ja, dit lyk vir my 100 persent. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 17:44, 13 Maart 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|BurgertB}} daars hy. Baie dankie nogmaals, ook aan {{ping|Martinvl}}! Ek hoop maar ek het by al die (gebroke) rekords uitgekom. Dit sal gaaf wees as iemand ook 'n ogie kan gooi. Ek het ook die een of ander flater aan my kant teëgekom, waaroor ek jammer voel! Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 22:30, 13 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Hoed af administrateurs == Ek haal my hoed af vir die Wikipedia-administrateurs! In die besonder is hierdie kompliment vir [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] bedoel. Ek en hy het nou al twee keer vergader en hy help my elke keer geduldig. Hy is bereid om inligting en vaardighede te deel. Hy is ook bereid om na raad te luister. Ek vind ons inligtingsessies waardevol. Hy het veral my Atlas Cheetah-artikel tegnies versorg. Hierdie kompliment is ook vir [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] bedoel. Ek is nog maar 'n groentjie op Wikipedia, en hy het my eerste artikels tegnies versorg. Hy het ook raad gegee. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:44, 13 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Dankie @[[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]]. Jou eerste bydrae was van 'n baie goeie gehalte. Ons is baie bly om jou hier te hê, en om mekaar te help. Hou aan met die goeie werk. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:31, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) == "Ou Kaapse wapad" vs "Ou Kaapse weg" == Op die bladsy [[Suikerbrug]] is die "Ou Kaapse wapad". Ek dog dit is dalk dieselfde ding as die "Ou Kaapse weg", maar dit kan nie wees nie. Volgens [https://www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/find-a-pass/western-cape/61-ou-kaapse-weg-old-cape-road-,-cape-town.html hierdie bron] is die Ou Kaapse Weg eers in 1968 gebou. Maar die Suikerbrug is in 1852 geopen, so die twee kan nie dieselfde wees nie. Is daar iemand wat meer inligting het oor beide van die twee onderwerpe? @[[Gebruiker:AFM|AFM]], @[[Gebruiker:Suidpunt|Suidpunt]]? Ek dink dit sal baie nuttig wees om 'n artikel vir elk een te hê op ons wiki. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:53, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names == Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]]. We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community. * Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently <code>":n"</code>, e.g. <code>":0"</code>, <code>":1"</code>...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. <code>"book_reference-1"</code>). * Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name. * Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation). * Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. "title" or "last"+"first") – defined by the community. ;Feedback [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]]. '''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism. We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic. Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings. Thank you for participating!</div> [[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|besprekings]])</bdi> 11:15, 19 Maart 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Rooiratel|Pynappel}}, hierdie is in julle kraal... Help asb! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:27, 19 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Ek sal aan die besprekings deelneem met my menings oor die saak. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 12:28, 19 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Gebruiker:Kurgenera == Gemeenskap, gaan ons [[Gebruiker:Kurgenera]] hier toelaat? Sien sy Gebruikersblad. Neutraal is hy definitief nie. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 15:08, 22 Maart 2026 (UTC) :I have noted the concerns regarding the content on my user page. If my personal introduction is considered inconsistent with the community's standards or neutrality expectations, I am more than willing to remove it myself to ensure a constructive environment. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. [[Gebruiker:Kurgenera|Kurgenera]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Kurgenera|kontak]]) 15:21, 22 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Kurgenera}}, thank you for understanding. Regards. [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 16:01, 22 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::Enige gebruiker wat openlik die massaslagting van 'n groep mense ondersteun, se rekening moet permanent versper word. – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 00:28, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) == When local articles don’t exist - could shared content help? == Hi everyone, I’m Luca, and I’m part of the team working on Abstract Wikipedia. [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is a [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ recently launched Wikimedia project] that aims to create community-written, language-independent articles that can be used to generate text in many languages using Wikifunctions. We’re currently trying to understand how this might interact with existing Wikipedia communities. We’d like to get your thoughts on one specific question: '''If a topic does not yet have an article in your Wikipedia, would your community be interested in showing text in your language generated from Abstract Wikipedia content? Or would you prefer to continue showing no article until one is written locally?''' Local communities would remain fully in control. Existing local articles would never be replaced, and contributors could improve the shared content. If helpful, you can also share whether there are situations where showing shared content would feel appropriate, or situations where it clearly would not. Thanks for sharing your thoughts! We’re here to listen and learn. You can address us in your own language, if you want. [[Gebruiker:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sannita (WMF)|kontak]]) 11:57, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Sobaka|SpesBona|Rooiratel|Pynappel|BurgertB}}, die begin van KI-geskepte artikels op klein skaal? As ons instem, waar gaan dit eindig? Menere... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:06, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) : Hulle het een probleem, Afrikatale het eenvoudig nie die woordeskat om tegniese artikels te skep nie. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:08, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Oesjaar}}, myns insiens het die taalweergawes in Afrikatale 'n tekort aan mannekrag. Vir laasjaar se Wikimania in Nairobi wou ek 'n projek loods op die [[Swahili Wikipedia]] oor beide krieket en rugby. Ek wou hulle help met inligtingskaste, nuwe artikels, ens. Ek het gevra vir hulp met vertalings, maar niemand kon help nie. Ek het selfs die een of ander term onder die knie gekry, maar ek kon nie alles alleen doen nie. Sedertdien probeer ek die Afrikaanse Wikipedia tot die gesaghebbende bron oor sport in Afrika maak en noem derhalwe ook byvoorbeeld Kenia en Zimbabwe se prestasies by internasionale toernooie (krieket en rugby). Daar is nie 'n ander Afrikataal wat hierdie artikels het nie, nie eens saadjies nie. 100 miljoen mense praat [[Swahili]], maar daar is nie artikels oor hulle nasionale spanne in krieket en rugby nie. Dalk kry ons hiermee die een of ander wat belangstel in Afrikaans? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 13:08, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: Ek het na die Abstrakte Wikipedia gekyk en probeer verstaan wat met die projek gepoog word. Dit is nie kunsmatige intelligensie nie, maar eerder ‘n soort van skaregebaseerde (''crowd sourced'') vertalingspoging om uiteindelik saadjies in die kleiner tale Wikipedias te skep. Aangesien daar sterk vertalingspakkette beskikbaar is vir Afrikaans kan ek nie enige waarde vir ons Wikipedia hierin sien nie. So na my na mening behoort die antwoord op hul vraag te wees: “We appreciate the value of this initiative for smaller languages without much digital support. In the case of Afrikaans powerful digital translation options exists, which would make the creation of short articles through this method superfluous as better quality articles could be created by the current user base.” Uiteraard kan iemand wat wel waarde sien hier hul mening ook weergee voor ons ‘n finale antwoord verskaf. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 13:16, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::{{gekant}}, as rooi skakels met rekenaarvertaalde inhoud "vervang" word, hoekom wy mense hul vrye tyd daaraan om artikels te vertaal? Vir ons lesers benodig ons kwaliteit pleks van kwantiteit. Myns insiens is daar nie 'n voordeel van 'n rekenaarvertaalde saadjie teenoor 'n rooi skakel nie. Ek vermoed eerder dat mense dan nie meer hierdie rooi skakel met 'n goeie artikel vervang nie: "Daar is reeds iets, hoekom my vrye tyd wy en nog iets doen?" Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 13:40, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::Thanks @[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] for your explanation. No, it is not AI-generated, quite the contrary, it is going to be all created and maintained by users. Please [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Wikipedia:Frequently_Asked_Questions#Is_Abstract_Wikipedia_using_AI? see the FAQ on this point]. I will let you discuss in peace now, but I wanted to clear up this part immediately. [[Gebruiker:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sannita (WMF)|kontak]]) 14:20, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ons het 'n biblioteek vir beelde (Wikimedia Commons) en ook 'n biblioteek vir enkele waardes (Wikidata). Myns insiens sal dit beter wees as ons 'n biblioteek vir sjablone maak. Een familie sjablone wat ek verwag is weersyfers - een sjabloon vir elke plek. dus kan ons in enige Wikipedia "<nowiki>{{Global:climate|XX|Pofadder}}</nowiki>" skryf en dan word die klimaatsyfers vir Pofadder in die artikel in die taal "XX" neergeplak. [[Gebruiker:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Martinvl|kontak]]) 14:54, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ek is geneig om saam te stem met @[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]]. My gevoel is dat rooi skakels gebruikers aanspoor om ontbrekende artikels te skep, maar ek weet nie of dit al empiries bewys is nie en of dit op alle taalweergawes van Wikipedia dieselfde is nie. Ek weet op afwiki word rooi skakels verwyder omdat baie sulke skakels vir jare rooi bly sonder dat enigiemand die artikel skep en sommige gebruikers dan voel die artikel gaan in elk geval nooit geskep word nie. In sulke gevalle is dit dan seker beter om iets te hê eerder as geen skakel nie? – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 23:41, 23 Maart 2026 (UTC) {{uitkeep}} {{Neutraal}} - Ek wil die projek probeer, en sien hoe goed dit werk. @[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] dit is nie rekenaarvertaalde inhoud nie. Dit gebruik wikidata vir die inhoud. Al die vertalings is deur mense gedoen. Die voorbeeld wat ek al gesien het is as die Abstrakte Wikipedia 'n artikel oor 'n planeet "skryf" sal dit iets soos dié lyk: <br /> ::::'''Naam''' is die 7de planeet in die sonnestelsel rondom die Abcdef ster. Die planeet het 3 mane. <br /> Al die Afrikaanse teks van die voorbeeldteks is Afrikaanse woorde wat 'n mens daargestel het as die Afrikaanse waarde van daai item op wikidata. My mening is dat ek eerder dit wil gebruik as 'n beginpunt wanneer iemand 'n nuwe bladsy skep. Nie om net só vir almal te wys nie, maar miskien doen dit iets (meer bladtrekke, meer gebruikers wysig die abstrak artikels). Ons sal nooit weet as ons dit nie probeer nie. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 09:07, 24 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ek dink ook ons moet dit probeer. Ons kan dit seker later beëindig as ons sien dit werk nie lekker nie. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 10:31, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :: Ek stel voor dat [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel]] en [[Gebruiker:BurgertB]] daarmee eksperimenteer en ons terugvoering gee. Een vraag, beteken dit dan die skep van 'n artikel nie teen enige gebruiker se naam gekrediteer gaan word nie? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:42, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::Lyk my dit werk soos {{sl|Databoks}} en gebruik die inligting wat op die betrokke Wikidata-item is. Dit voeg dan die enkele woorde outomaties in sinne by. Ons het reeds die Databoks se gebruik weens sy swak taalgebruik verwerp. Ek weet nie hoe die gebruik van teks met swak taalgebruik en min inligting nuwe lesers sal trek nie. As lesers nie die gewenste inligting vind nie, gaan hulle elders trek (waarskynlik die Engelse Wikipedia) en die Afrikaanse Wikipedia as swak onthou, as hulle slegs hierdie goed teëkom. :::Boonop sal die plaas van outomaties-gegenereerde teks myns insiens die skepping van 'n nuwe artikel vir nuwelinge verhoed. Rooi skakels prikkel immers mense om 'n nuwe artikel te skep. Hoekom 'n nuwe artikel skryf as daar reeds iets is, vra die nuweling dan? Myns insiens is ons beter af sonder hierdie eksperiment. Ons het reeds min mannekrag en ek dink nie ons gaan nuwe gebruikers kry met hierdie nie. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 11:05, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::{{ping|SpesBona}} ::::>Rooi skakels prikkel immers mense om 'n nuwe artikel te skep. ::::Ek sien orals op die besprekings hier dat ons rooi skakels vermy juis omdat dit NIE mense prikkel om 'n nuwe artikel te skep nie. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:30, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::{{ping|Oesjaar}} dit sal nie 'n geskepte artikel wees nie. In die geval dat 'n artikel NIE bestaan NIE, wys dit die outomatiese inhoud. 'n Mens kan nog steeds na die tyd 'n artikel skep met enige inhoud, en dit sal werk soos altyd. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:27, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::Daar is wel mense wat deur rooi skakels aangemoedig word om nuwe artikels te skep. Ook op die Duitse Wikipedia. Nie almal het dieselfde houding nie. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 12:00, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::::Oor rooi skakels: onthou die kern van gebruikers wat hier artikels skep is effektief tien mense wat dit doen en almal is admins. Die tien skep by verre die grootste gros van nuwe artikels en hulle is ook baie ervare gebruikers. Rooi skakels het vir hierdie tien geen waarde nie, is miskien irriterend, want hulle het hulle eie planne/strategie oor die pad vorentoe. Al wanneer rooi skakels weer gaan doen wat hulle moet doen, is as ons 'n klomp nuwe gebruikers kry. My beskeie mening... Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:56, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) == 'n Nuwe gebruiker: Die Afrikaanse Taalraad == Goeie môre, ek merk op daar is 'n nuwe [[Gebruiker:Die Afrikaanse Taalraad]] wat sopas verbeterings aan die [[Afrikaanse Taalraad]] gedoen het. Wie is hierdie persoon?, is hy/sy dan anoniem? Moet ons [[Gebruiker:Die Afrikaanse Taalraad]] hier toelaat? Ek voel nie gemaklik daarmee nie! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 07:26, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ek stem saam met @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Daar moet een gebruiker per persoon wees. Ek voel ook nie gemaklik oor 'n gebruiker wat 'n groep verteenwoordig nie. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:46, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Dit is eintlik teen Wikipedia beleid : [[:en:Wikipedia:Username_policy#Shared_accounts]] - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 10:58, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::: Ek is besig om sistematies met al die Afrikaanse Organisasies te kommunikeer en hulle oor die Afrikaanse Wikipedia in te lig om die perspesies uit te skakel. Dit was die Afrikaanse Taalraad se beurt laasweek en nadat ek hulle artikel gesien het, het ek Ria Olivier (kontak detail by prof Beukes gekry) gevra om hulle inligting na te gaan en enige veranderinge onder my aandag te bring. Toe doen hulle dit self... Ek stem saam met julle, hulle moet die gebruikersnaam ''Die Afrikaanse Taalraad'' verander na iets anders. Ek sal weer met Ria praat. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:54, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::: Ek het so pas met hulle sekretaris, Marekyn Kruger-Evert, gepraat en ons kan die gebruikersnaam verwyder. Sy sal onder haar eie naam registreer. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 13:58, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) {{uitgevoer}} Die gebruikersnaam is geskrap, om enige misverstand of misbruik te voorkom. Groete tuis, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 14:39, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Afrikaans vir "letter case" == In baie tale is daar [[kleinletter]]s en [[hoofletter]]s. In Engels is dit bekend as "upper case" en "lower case". Beide "upper case" en "lower case" is 'n soort van "letter case". Wat is die Afrikaanse woord vir "letter case"? - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:48, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Bokas en onderkas - sien [[letterkas]]. – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 08:12, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie @[[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 10:58, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] letterkas maak sin. Veral as die oorsprong van die term. :::Maar ek sien [[letterkas]] is gekoppel aan [[:en:type case]]. Ek soek vir die Afrikaanse ekwivalent van [[:en:letter case]]. Gebruik ons maar dieselfde woord vir altwee? - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:01, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::'n Opsie mag bloot "hoof- en kleinletters" wees. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 11:21, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ek dink nie dit is 'n goeie opsie nie. Want hoe vertaal mens dan so sin: "A lower case letter is one of two types of letter cases, the other being upper case." - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:58, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek dink "type" en "letter" is maar sinonieme. Ek dink ook "letterkas" moet na die Engelse artikel "letter cae" skakel, want die artikel "type case" gaan oor die kis waarin die letters gestoor word. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 12:42, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ekskuus, nee, dis reg soos dit is. Ons artikel verwys eintlik na "type case", maar bring "bo- en onderkas" ook in. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 12:47, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Ja, ons kan ons [[letterkas]] artikel (gekoppel aan "[[:en:Type case]]") uitlos. ::::::::Die probleem is ons het nie 'n Afrikaanse ekwivalent vir die [[:en:Letter case]] artikel nie, en ek wil weet watter titel om daarvoor te gebruik. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 13:48, 25 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Pharos sê "letterkas" of "setkas". "Letterkas", "bokas", ens. verwys almal na die vroeër dae toe die verskillende letters in drukkerswese in kassies/rakkies geplaas is. [[Gebruiker:Maureen81|Maureen81]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Maureen81|kontak]]) 09:33, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Tegniese woordeboek: ::'''case rack''' letterkas. ::'''letter case''' letterkas (''drukw.''). ::Wiskundewoordeboek: ::'''font case''' letterkas. ::'''letter case''' letterkas (''drukw.''). ::Pharos Afrikaans-Engels: ::'''letterkas''' typecase. ::'''typecase''' ''(druk.)'' set=, letterkas ::Ekonomiese en bedryfswoordeboek: ::'''type case''': letterbak, letterkas, setkas [[Gebruiker:Maureen81|Maureen81]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Maureen81|kontak]]) 09:49, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: Gemeenskap, ek het vir Maureen van VivA gevra vir haar insae! Dankie Maureen! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:30, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::Dankie @[[Gebruiker:Maureen81|Maureen81]] en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Lyk my ons gebruik dan ook "Letterkas" in die taalkundige sin van die woord. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 11:34, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Waaierpylstert == Taksonomie baie deurmekaar by [[waaierpylstert]]. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 15:38, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) : Reggemaak! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 15:44, 26 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Afrikaanse Wikipedia op die radio == Geluk aan [[Gebruiker: SpesBona]] met sy onderhoud vandag (1 April 2026) op [[Radio Overberg]]. Die man kan nie net goed Afrikaans skryf nie maar ook sy sê sê. Die opname is gelaai op [[Wikipedia:Afrikaanse Wikipedia op die radio|ons argief]] as nommer 16 van 2026. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 09:28, 1 April 2026 (UTC) :Baie dankie {{Ping|Sobaka}}. Dié onderhoud was baie lekker en ek het dit verskriklik geniet, hoewel ek ook baie opgewonde was. Dit is altyd lekker om in Afrikaans te gesels en 'n verskil te kan maak. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:20, 7 April 2026 (UTC) == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Gebruiker:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:MediaWiki message delivery|kontak]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> :Hi Big Brother @Wikimedia. Luckily, we (on afwiki) will not be affected by your planned data migration, as every city/town/place article created on afwiki make use of an independent census site for eg. [https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/961111 Modjadjiskloof]. As far as I'm aware, it should not impact us, thanks! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:28, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::As far as election maps goes, {{ping|Lefcentreright}} can you please assist us here? [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:43, 3 April 2026 (UTC) :::Good evening, {{ping|Aliwal2012}}, this migration doesn't seem to affect election-related maps on this Wikipedia. Kind regards, [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 20:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Check Wikipedia hulpmiddel == Ken jy [https://checkwiki.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/checkwiki.cgi?project=afwiki&view=project hierdie hulpmiddel] om sintaksfoute van Wikipedia te verwyder? [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 19:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC) : {{ping|Jcb}}, nee ek ken dit nie. Kom ons kyk wat die ander manne sê... Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:59, 5 April 2026 (UTC) ::Eerste keer wat ek dit sien. Baie dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 21:29, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :::: {{ping|Jcb}} hoe gereeld word die lyste opdateer? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 07:45, 6 April 2026 (UTC) :::::Een keer per maand. As jy 'n fout regstel, kan jy dit van die lys verwyder deur op 'done' te klik. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 13:22, 6 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ek onthou hoe {{Ping|Naudefj}} dit vroeër met sy bot outomaties gedoen het. Frank, kan jy hier help asb? Dalk kan ons met elke wysiging ook outomaties 'n spasie tussen Normdata en Kategorieë plaas. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:16, 7 April 2026 (UTC) == Wysigingsversoek beveiligde bladsy == Kan 'n administrateur op [[Tuisblad]] ''<nowiki>"{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}}"</nowiki>'' vervang met ''<nowiki>"{{localurl:Tuisblad|action=purge}}"</nowiki>'' ? [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 20:52, 6 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Ping|Jcb}} {{uitgevoer}} en getoets. Dit werk. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:15, 6 April 2026 (UTC) ::Baie dankie! [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 21:52, 6 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Keiserpikkewyn]] == Goeienaand gemeenskap, is daar 'n deskundige wat die arm [[keiserpikkewyn]] se artikel op datum kan bring? Dié is nou ernstig bedreig, dit was wêreldwyd in die nuus. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 18:30, 11 April 2026 (UTC) == Hierdie kategorie... == Gemeenskap, wat is die doel van hierdie kategorie: <nowiki>''Kategorie:Artikels met hAudio-mikroformate''</nowiki>? Duidelik is hy onsigbaar. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:36, 21 April 2026 (UTC) :Oom Pynappel sal die antwoord hê. Die res van ons weet ook nie. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 20:27, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Versoek vir kommentaar (globale KI beleid) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hiermee 'n versoek om [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|kommentaar om oor 'n globale KI-beleid]] te besluit. [[Gebruiker:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:MediaWiki message delivery|kontak]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> :Ek neem aan die besluit raak net die skep van inhoud en nie die vertaling daarvan nie. As vertaalmiddel is dit redelik nuttig, maar 'n mens moet baie aan die grammatika verander. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 18:38, 30 April 2026 (UTC) == Flora kategorieë... == {{ping|Rooiratel|BurgertB|SpesBona|Sobaka}}, menere kyk asb na die skakel: https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Flora Met my werk die afgelope jaar of drie saam met prof. van Wyk het ek feitlik die hele kategorie hiërargie van Flora oorgedoen en verbeter. Daar is nou feitlik 'n kategorie vir elke land en vele eilande wat onder kontinente en oseanië saamgestel is wat op hulle beurt na die Kategorie:Flora skakel. My vraag: het die Kategorie:Flora volgens land nog bestaansreg? Die bestaande Kategorieë:Flora volgens xxxx(vir elke land) skakel na Kategorie:Flora volgens kontinent; waar dit baie beter hanteerbaar en georden is. Ek hoor graag julle mening. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :{{Ping|Oesjaar}} ek is onseker. Lande is natuurlik mensgemaakte objekte en altyd polities van aard. Diere en plante word nie deur landsgrense afgebaken nie (behalwe vir sterk grense soos dié in Korea). Dan is daar ook kategorieë vir lande wat nie meer bestaan nie soos [[:Kategorie:Flora van Joego-Slawië]]. [[:Kategorie:Flora volgens land]] bevat ook eilande soos [[:Kategorie:Flora van die Benedewindse Eilande]], [[:Kategorie:Flora van die Bismarckargipel]] [[:Kategorie:Flora van Java]], [[:Kategorie:Flora van Rodrigues]], ens. Behandel [[:Kategorie:Flora van Taiwan]] die Flora van die eiland [[Taiwan (eiland)|Taiwan]] of dié van die [[Republiek China]]? Myns insiens kan ons die Flora volgens die Floraryke kategorieseer, maar ek dink dit is weer baie werk. Ons kan maar ook die bestaande kategorieë opruim (soos genoem), dit sal minder werk wees en kan ook werk. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 09:00, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Die Lande v eilande word meer ingewikkeld as ons aan eilandstate soos Indonesië dink. Bali, Java, Sulawesi en Sumatra is 100% Indonesies, maar Borneo en Nieu-Guinee is nie. Eersgenoemde kan ons onder [[:Kategorie:Flora van Indonesië]] sorteer, maar wat doen ons met die ander twee? Is daar in die Indonesiese deel van Borneo dieselfde Flora as in die Maleisiese deel en in Broenei? Is daar oor die hele Nieu-Guinee dieselfde Flora (Indonesië en Papoea-Nieu-Guinee)? As dit die geval is, dan kan ons die eilande onder die lande sorteer en vermy dubbelkategoriserings. As dit nie die geval is nie, word dit meer ingewikkeld. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 09:35, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Sowel die eiland- as landkategorieë kan nuttig wees vir plante met beperkte of endemiese verspreidings. Minder nuttig vir plante met wye verspreidings want dan sal jy stringe kategorieë onder aan elke plantartikel hê. Sou voorstel om matig en ad hoc met die gebruik daarvan voort te gaan, sonder dat dit vereis word. Die voordeel van kategorieë is oor die algemeen om dinge meer opspoorbaar (Eng: discoverable) te maak. As jy dus alles van die plant vergeet het, behalwe dat hy bv. op Madagaskar voorkom, gaan jy hom weer kry. Flora van Borneo gebruik jy dan net as dit byna of totaal endemies aan lg. is. Ons kan ook kategorieë vir die ekostreke maak soos Flora van die toendra, Fynbosflora, of Flora van Afromontane woud, ens. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 09:40, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::Ons kan ook net onthou dat die aard van 'n kategorie is om te omvat. Dit sal dus altyd dinge, soos lande of dele daarvan, omvat wat eintlik uitgesluit is. As jy dus net jou kategorie effe breër kies, is dit wel minder spesifiek, maar nog volkome korrek, en stringe kategorieë en moeite word daardeur vermy. Dis waar ek dink die ekostreek- of floraryk-kategorieë nuttig te pas kom. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 11:08, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd 2026 == Hallo. Ek probeer om fondse van WMZA te bekom vir 'n skryfkompetisie in Mei. Ons benodig nog 'n beoordelaar. Kontak my of SpesBona asseblief as jy belangstel. Dankie. [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 14:54, 14 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Goeienaand Gemeenskap, ek is baie jammer, maar om tydredes moet ek as 'n beoordelaar onttrek. Moenie bekommer nie, pleks daarvan probeer ek maar die een of ander voorbladartikel skep, maar in 'n ander maand met meer tyd vir my. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:30, 15 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Geen probleem. Ons kort nou 2 beoordelaars. {{ping|Oesjaar|Rooiratel|Pynappel|BurgertB|Sobaka|Aliwal2012|JMK}} stel een van julle belang? Ek neem aan party van julle wil liewers deelneem. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 07:55, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek sal 'n beoordelaar wees. Dis nie eintlik my'' scene'' nie, maar ek is bereid om uit te help. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 15:05, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::Wonderlik, baie dankie. Ek het ook vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns gevra vir 'n beoordelaar. Reken tussen ons 3 via email kan ons dit doen. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 16:02, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::::: Jammer, besig. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 16:12, 16 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::: [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek sal ook as 'n beoordelaar kan help. Weet nie of dit te laat is nie, ek was vir 10 dae op vakansie in die natuur. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 16:04, 19 Maart 2026 (UTC) :::::::Wonderlik, baie dankie. Ek reken ons 3 is perfek en kan via email dit doen. Kyk gerus na [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026]] en maak veranderinge. Ek het 'n vergadering volgende Woensdag om die pryse te bevestig. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 16:27, 19 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ek is bevrees ek sal nie kan deelneem nie. – 🍍 [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|kontak]]) 00:36, 24 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Kan iemand help met 'n bannier op te sit vir die wedstryd? Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 14:41, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Hallo, onthou die Skryfwedstryd begin more. Hoop om baie bydraes te sien. {{ping|Naudefj|Jcwf|Puvircho}} [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 13:33, 30 April 2026 (UTC) == Maandelikse besoeke en diepte == Gemeenskap, ons maandelikse besoeke vir Desember is weer 'n nuwe rekord van oor die 8 miljoen. Ek vertrou egter nie die inligting nie, want Desember is skoolvakansietyd. Ek het vir [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel]] gevra om dit met die relevante owerhede te bespreek. Hy sal vir ons terugvoer gee wanneer beskikbaar. Die goeie nuus is dat ons diepte nou 38 is, hopenlik hou dit aan met groei. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 05:27, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) :Vir die wat self wil saam volg, sien: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413949 :Dit is deel van 'n wyer ondersoek: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412655 :Ek sal dit dophou, en opvolg as dit te lank neem. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 07:21, 14 Januarie 2026 (UTC) ::Hierdie fout is nou uiteindelik reggemaak. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 21:09, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Hantering van kategorieë... == Gemeenskap, wat is die beste van die twee sjablone {{sj|CompactTOC2}} vs. {{sj|indeks}}? Sien [[Cynanchum]] en [[Lys van Erica-spesies]] waar dit gebruik word. Wat verkies julle? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 10:52, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :{{sj|indeks}}. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] 22:45, 30 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Kan ons nuwe lesers lok met sport? == Gemeenskap, nou is beide [[rugby]] en [[krieket]] voorbladartikels en interessant genoeg ook ewe groot. Vir my is dit steeds snaaks dat ek in die sokkerland Duitsland sit en in Afrikaans oor Suid-Afrika se suksesvolste sportsoorte voorbladartikels skryf. Met elke nuwe sportartikel wat ek op ons voorblad mag plaas draai die volgende gedagtes in my kop. Die Afrikaanse Wikipedia spog sedert jare met uitstekende artikels oor beide krieket en rugby. Voorbladartikels word vir ander tale ook aangewys met 'n geel sterretjie. Met sportvoorbladartikels probeer ek ook die een of ander Indiër se belangstelling in Afrikaans prikkel. Die Proteas en Indië het reeds in baie belangrike wedstryde mekaar ontmoet soos die [[T20I-wêreldbeker 2024|T20I-wêreldbekereindstryd 2024]] en die [[Vrouekrieketwêreldbeker 2025|Vrouekrieketwêreldbekereindstryd 2025]]. Suid-Afrikaanse krieket geniet oor die algemeen baie respek in Indië. Daarom dink ek dit is 'n goeie idee om Indiërs se belangstelling in Afrikaans te probeer groei. Onthou, die tale in Noord-Indië soos [[Hindi]] is soos Afrikaans [[Indo-Europese tale]]. Dalk leer iemand in Indië Afrikaans omdat daar 'n groot belangstelling in Suid-Afrika is. Ek het krieket en rugby deur Afrikaans leer ken, miskien werk dit vir ander ook andersom. Myns insiens is dit 'n goeie idee om dit te probeer en daarmee voort te gaan. In my opinie is die voorbladartikels oor beide krieket en rugby beter as die oorspronklike Engelse artikels omdat ek die bronne konsekwent nagaan en wat ek vir die een toernooi doen, doen ek ook vir die ander. Tydens toernooie neem dit elke dag ure om dit te doen, ook al die skryfwerk en statistieke. Maar miskien is dit die moeite werd vir Afrikaans. As ons nie probeer nie, sal ons nooit weet nie. Nou wil ek graag weet wat julle dink. Moenie bekommer nie, daar volg nou nie 'n klomp nuwe nominasies nie, daar is tans nie 'n sportartikel van my kant wat ek kan benoem nie. Net hierdie gedagtes wat ek graag wil deel. Nuwe lesers vir ons Wikipedia lok. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:01, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Of artikels oor sport in Indonesië. Miskien is daar mense wat belangstel in die voormalige koloniale taal, maar die grammatika te ingewikkeld vind en besluit om eerder Afrikaans te leer. Goeie begin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_rugby_union_team https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_cricket_team [[Gebruiker:Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon|Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon|kontak]]) 21:31, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon}} dan is ons outomaties ook by Maleisië, dink maar aan [[Kaapse Maleiers]]. Terloops, ek benodig jou hulp met inligtingskasse, bv. politici soos die onlangse klomp Turkse ministers. Jy doen baie goed wat dit betref. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:40, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::Broodnodige artikels, doen so voort. Sportmense hou baie van statistiek, so dit is ook nuttige werk. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 06:11, 11 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Voorbladuitleg == Goeiemiddag gemeenskap, vandag lyk beide die voorbladartikel- en beeld snaaks. Lyk my {{sl|Omraam}} het 'n verandering ondergaan wat nie sigbaar is nie. Dit raak nou al die vorige inskrywings ook! Ek sien egter nie die fout nie. Enige raad? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 09:30, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Die voorbladteks moet regs van die beeld begin, maar dié sjabloon maak die spasie vir die beeld wyer, waardeur die teks ondertoe geskuif word. Myns insiens sal dit die beste wees om die sjabloon te fiks pleks daarvan om al die verlede plasings (amper 20 jaar) aan te pas. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 12:45, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::SpesBona: Jou probleem is opgelos! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:43, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Aliwal2012}} jammer, nie rêrig nie, sien die lyn is nou bo die eerste paragraaf, maar nie rondom die beeld nie. Dié raam moet die beeld "omraam", dis waar sy naam vandaan kom. Ek het ook op die Duitse Wikipedia vir hulp aangeklop. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 18:05, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Ons kan dit nie los soos dit is nie, dit is ons mees prominente deel! {{Ping|Jcb}} sien jy dalk die fout? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 20:50, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::[[Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel week 21 2026/test]] en [[Sjabloon:Omraam/test]]. Werk vir 200px en 250px. Ek kan breedtes byvoeg indien nodig. [[Gebruiker:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Jcb|kontak]]) 21:40, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::{{Ping|Jcb}} baie dankie, die raam is daar, maar die teks word onder die beeld gedruk. Die oplossing van die Duitse Wikipedia (toets maar in die voorskou tussen {{sl|Omraam}} en {{sl|Omraam2}}) is ook naby. Maar die beeld hang effens "in die lug". Ons is naby die oplossing. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:49, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) Ons kan die verskil duidelik maak: * Ons voorblad sedert die verandering sonder ons ingryping: https://web.archive.org/web/20260521125616/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad * Ons voorblad verlede week soos dit moet lyk: https://web.archive.org/web/20260514083645/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad * 'n Ander voorbeeld van die korrekte wyse: https://web.archive.org/web/20260301055012/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad Lyk my die verandering vanoggend deur my was naby aan die korrekte vertoning. Ek het dit weer ingestel. Jammer vir al die veranderinge, maar die respek teenoor al ons voorbladartikels vereis 'n korrekte vertoning daarvan. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 13:20, 22 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Dankie! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:57, 22 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Uitnodiging: Bespreking oor voorgestelde rigting vir Wishlist == Jy word genooi om deel te neem aan 'n bespreking oor 'n [[meta:Talk:Community_Wishlist#Proposed_direction_for_Wishlist|voorstel oor die toekoms van die Wishlist]] vanuit die gemeenskap. Dit is in verband met die ontbinding van CommTech, verwante afleggings, en die daaropvolgende bespreking. [[Gebruiker:Femke|Femke]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Femke|kontak]]) 06:13, 26 Mei 2026 (UTC) == [[Die boek met vlerke]] == Dagsê almal! Ek merk op 'n nuwe artikel "[[Die boek met vlerke]]" is pas deur 'n nuweling geskep. Ek kon dit nie suksesvol skakel aan 'n ander taal nie, dit bestaan ook nie in Engels nie? (Die artikel [[:en:Books with Wings]] verwys na iets anders!) Julle insae? --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 08:36, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Die bronne is onleesbaar. Hy kan enige onheil verkomdig via sy bronne. Ek het juis so pas 'n vraag op sy besprekingsblad gevra. Ek sê: verwyder. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 08:39, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Daar is wél Spaanse bronne oor ''El libro con alas'' (“Die boek met vlerke”), en dit blyk ’n werklike eksperimentele boekformaat te wees wat deur die Argentynse skrywer Pablo Andrés Rial ontwikkel is. Die meeste verwysings kom egter uit plaaslike nuuswebwerwe, universiteitsmedia en bemarkingsartikels — nie uit gevestigde akademiese of groot hoofstroombronne nie. ::Die belangrikste rooi vlae: ::*Die artikel klink baie soos ’n vertaling uit Spaans of selfs AI-gegenereerde teks. ::*Die onderwerp het baie beperkte onafhanklike dekking. ::*Verskeie bronne herhaal byna identiese formulering — tipies van persverklarings wat oorgeneem word. ::*Daar is tans geen aanduiding dat dit ’n wyd erkende literêre of redaksionele formaat geword het nie. ::*Selfs die Spaanse Wikipedia-artikel lyk nuut en swak gevestig. ::Daar is egter tekens dat die projek werklik bestaan: ::*Registrasie by Argentinië se INPI word herhaaldelik genoem. ::*Die konsep word beskryf as ’n boek met vou-“vlerke” of flapbladsye wat alternatiewe leesvolgordes moontlik maak. ::*Dit word verbind met kombinatoriese literatuur soos Raymond Queneau se werk Cent Mille Milliards de Poèmes. ::Beoordeling: ::*Nie noodwendig vals nie ::*Maar waarskynlik nie ensiklopedies belangrik genoeg vir ’n aparte Wikipedia-artikel op hierdie stadium nie. ::*Dit lyk meer soos ’n eksperimentele selfgepubliseerde projek wat deur media-aandag opgeblaas is. ::Dus kan dit verwyder word en indien dit noemenswaardig word in die toekoms kan die skrywer weer probeer. [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 09:22, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C. [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ou Kaapse pad/wapad/weg == Ek het 'n ervare Kaapse kaartmaker se mening gevra oor hierdie vraag van 16 Maart, en sy antwoord is: "There are 'ou Kaapse weg' or 'pad' all over. Every town that had an old road to the Cape has an old Cape Road. They are all different." [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 10:07, 29 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Besoeke vir April en Mei. == Gemeenskap, noudat die KI probleme uitgesorteer is, is ons besoeke vir April en Mei 2.3 miljoen! Ons sê dankie! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:30, 1 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Groot dankie aan Gebruiker:BurgertB! == Gemeenskap, so tussen al die dinge het [[Gebruiker:BurgertB]] se 200ste voorbladartikel verskyn. Dankie aan hom en sy harde werk! Nou vir 300.... Ek wens ek kon jou 'n prys of iets gee vir erkenning van jou harde werk! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 09:33, 1 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Lyk mooi. As julle nou net die politikus se bakkies vir 'n ander een verruil kners ek minder op my tande. Enige prentjie wat 'n ander aspek van die teks belig, net vir afwisseling, selfs 'n ander politikus. Ek kla nie oor politiek-artikels nie, net 'n bietjie prentjie-afwisseling maak ons voorblad ook meer interessant, net soos nuwe teks. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 12:53, 1 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Baie dankie @[[Gebruiker:BurgertB|BurgertB]] jy doen uitstekende werk vir ons wiki! - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 10:20, 5 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Sjabloon:weerkas == {{ping|Rooiratel|SpesBona|BurgertB|Pynappel}}, help asb om die weerkas, of watter ander sjabloon ook al meer geskik is, aan die gang te kry in [[Noordelike Gebied]]? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 18:06, 2 Junie 2026 (UTC) :{{Ping|Oesjaar}} jy kan kies tussen verskillende weergawes: bv. dié by [[Perth]] of dié by [[Sydney]]. Dan kan jy die toepaslike data invul. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 18:15, 2 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Wikimania 2026 == Gemeenskap, ek het 'n voorstel getiteld ''Rooting for Knowledge: Why We Need a Wiki-Botanist Action Group Today!'' na Wikimania 2026 ingedien. Ek is so pas meegedeel dat die voorstel aanvaar is en dat ek moet diens doen in Parys in Julie! Die aanbieding gaan oor my ondervinding met die 60,000 flora foto projek saam met prof. Braam van Wyk, die probleme en uitdagings met Wikispecies, Wikidata, WikiCommons en Wikipedia (ook taksonomiese verskille met KEW en ons eie SANBI) en hoe ons die probleme en uitdagings kan oorkom. Hierdie projek, as dit aanvaar word, sal elke Wikipedia raak en verbeter! Dit gaan die Afrikaanse Wikipedia onder almal se aandag bring en ons kredietwaardigheid verhoog. Baie dankie aan [[Gebruiker:Discott]] wat hulp verleen het aan die administratiewe kant. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:48, 3 Junie 2026 (UTC) :''Bonne chance, à bientôt à Paris'' ! [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 20:36, 3 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Geluk Oesjaar, gelukkig is jy mos gewoond aan oorsee reis! --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:22, 4 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Laat nuus: Ek sien Oesjaar het verjaar op 3 Junie, veels geluk! ::: Dankie [[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. ja, tannie ouderdom kry my stadig in haar greep! Ek voel nog altyd 18 maar dit neem my nou 4 ure in die oggend om 18 te voel! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 16:22, 5 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::Baie geluk! Ons wens jou alle beste toe! [[Gebruiker:Thermofan|Thermofan]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Thermofan|kontak]]) 11:25, 4 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::::Baie geluk @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] die is groot! Dankie vir al die werk wat jy in die regte wêreld doen vir ons wiki. Ons waardeer dit opreg! - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 10:23, 5 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::::Onthou miskien om hulle te vertel dat sommige van die wiki-onderdane nie hou van eksterne owerhede wat oor ons aangestel word nie. En dat ons sien dat sommige direktiewe wat plantkunde-"owerhede" van "bo" af op ons rig duidelik kaf en laf is. Linnaeus het ons geleer hoe dit gedoen word, outeurs ensomeer, en dit bly die grondwet. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 06:11, 11 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Interaktiewe OWID-grafieke == Hallo almal, bestaan daar belangstelling by die AF WP-gemeenskap in interaktiewe grafieke? Ons het reeds sowat 2000 opgelaai en hulle is ten volle vertaalbaar. Kyk gerus na [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:List_of_interactive_data_graphics voorbeelde hier]. Met spesifieke werkende voorbeelde soos [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/OWID/Wine_production hierdie] wat reeds hier op [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#Production EN WP] geïmplementeer is. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 14:02, 5 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Ek kan dit aanbeveel! [[Gebruiker:Michaelgraaf|Michaelgraaf]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Michaelgraaf|kontak]]) 08:39, 6 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::[[User:Doc James|Doc James]], is everything tanslatable? [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 19:21, 6 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::Ja al die teks is vertaalbaar. Maar dit is nie 'n gegewe dat die vertaalde teks mooi in die beeld sal pas nie. :::Sien hier om te sien hoe dit werk: https://svgtranslate.toolforge.org/File:Wine_production,_World,_1961.svg :::As mens klaar is, skep dit 'n nuwe beeld, met die vertaalde teks. Maar soos ek bo gesê het, daar kan dalk probleme wees met die uitleg van die teks. Daarom verkies ek om dit met die hand te doen. Of mens kan dit as 'n beginpunt gebruik en enige foute na die tyd met die hand opruim, en die nuwe weergawe oplaai. - [[Gebruiker:Rooiratel|Rooiratel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Rooiratel|kontak]]) 08:02, 8 Junie 2026 (UTC) == Die Duitser en sy sportsoorte == Goeienaand gemeenskap, soos maande gelede met al die kriekettoernooie is ek nou besig om ook in rugby "in dié tyd" te gebruik pleks van die vir myself werkskeppende "en oortref die vorige rekord [...] – later oortref deur". Ek dink nie dit is nodig om ná elke nuwe toernooi al die ou toernooie te hersien en daardie genoemde rekords te herskryf en aan te pas nie. Dit raak ook ou voorbladartikels. Nou fokus ek eerder daarop om statistiek op die punt te bewoord en nie ingewikkeld te beskryf nie. Voorbladartikels is mos die belangrikste artikels waarmee ons kan spog, kom ons skryf hulle op die man af. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:10, 7 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Klink reg, statistiek is gesog by sport, maar jy moet jou nie doodwerk daaraan nie. "Indertyd", direk uit blokkiesraaisel-woordeboek, is miskien die regte woord vir "in dié tyd". Dus, "indertyd 'n rekord". Ook, "ten tye van" die toernooi/wedstryd was dit 'n rekord, of "destyds 'n rekord", wanneer dit al 'n tydjie gelede is. Die versteende naamvalle kom hier goed te pas. [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 06:11, 11 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|JMK}} baie dankie vir dié voorstel. {{Ping|BurgertB}} wat dink jy? Is "indertyd" beter as "in dié tyd" vir ou sportrekords? Ek hoor en verander graag na gelang van 'n presiese taalgebruik. Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:10, 17 Junie 2026 (UTC) :::[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]], daar is niks verkeerd met "indertyd" nie; ek dnk net dis effens verouderd/hoogdrawend. Ek sou "in dié tyd" gebruik het. Same diff. [[Gebruiker:BurgertB|~ <span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">Burgert</span>]] [[Gebruikerbespreking:BurgertB|<span style="font-family: Segoe Print; font-size: 12pt">(kontak)</span>]] 14:16, 18 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::::Om dit in konteks te plaas, 'n paar jaar gelede het ek 'n Nederlandse kursus gedoen. Tydens die kursus sê die tutor vir my dat ek gebruik dikwels 'n aantal outydse uitdrukkings - ek het die Afrikaanse uitdrukking geneem en dit met behulp van Nederlandse grammatika aangepas! [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] == Vryheid van Panorama in Suid-Afrika == Is daar steeds nie vryheid van Panorama in Suid-Afrika nie? Sien die Johannesburgse Burgersentrum se afbeeldings is op Commons verwyder. Ou geboue is nie 'n probleem nie, maar jonger geboue wel. Weet iemand iets oor die stand van sake? Groete. -- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:02, 8 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Hi, {{ping|SpesBona}}. Ja, ons het nog nie Vryheid van Panorama nie en dit lyk vir my dit gaan 'n hele tydjie wees voordat ons dit kry. [https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-refers-copyright-amendment-bill-and-performers%E2%80%99 President Cyril Ramaphosa refers Copyright Amendment Bill and Performers’ Protection Amendment Bill to Constitutional Court]. [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 23:15, 8 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Die regstelsel in SA, en die gebrekkige wyse waarop wette opdateer word, en die mate waarin die oortreders soms ingesluit word by aanpassing daarvan, sodat die nuwe wet hul ''modus operandi'' pas, is rede tot kommer. Weet ook van minstens een geval waar 'n SA-regter se uitspraak was: "Daar is nou soveel mense wat hierdie wet oortree, dat ek dit nie meer kan toepas en skadevergoeding kan toeken nie". [[Gebruiker:JMK|JMK]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:JMK|kontak]]) 06:11, 11 Junie 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|besprekings]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Junie 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> kiani2r0txy6dhvfq1if7c7ysxu47ls 3 458094 2913880 2903216 2026-06-26T06:45:12Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Ek het...ek het...ek het... */ nuwe afdeling 2913880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welkom}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel == Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie. Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk: '''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)''' Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977. '''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is''' Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991 Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993 SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002 '''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat''' Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005 Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Stulugturbine == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar is steun vir die vertaling "stulugturbine" in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met "ram-air" en "turbine" word as "stulug-" en "turbine-" vertaal. :In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word "ram jet" (die simpleks) as "stustraalenjin" OF 'stustraalvliegtuig" (ook "stustraler") vertaal. :As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir "stu". :Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Name van die verskillende klappe == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende: * Plain flap * Split flap * Slotted flap * Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier. * Junkers flap * Gouge flap * Fairey-Youngman flap * Zap flap * Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]] * Gurney flap * Leading edge flap (leirandklap)? * Blown flap Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Middag, Oesjaar :Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk. :Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-13155-32|&#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Flaperon == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ontmoet == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Oefensessie == Hallo Gaius, jou "Oefensessies" kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk). Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Redigeer van Lockheed Constellation == Hallo Gaius, klik asb op die artikel se "Wys geskiedenis" sodat jy kan sien wat daar (aanlyn) aangaan. Jy hoef nie "LET WEL: Ek is nog nie klaar nie - ek wil nog foto's byvoeg." te meld nie, ons kan sien jy is nog besig! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:16, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]Ten spyte daarva dat julle gesien het ek is besig, het julle veranderings aangebring; gevolglik het my wysigings verlore geraak, en nou moet ek alles oordoen! Oesjaar het gesê hy gaan die "Die" uit die titel van die artikel uithaal. Het jy of Oesjaar dit gedoen? Ek het gehoop Oesjaar sal my bel voordat hy die wysiging aanbring. Ek is nie te kwaad nie, ek sal nie doodgaan nie en sal niks daarvan oorkom om die wysigings weer aan te bring nie! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 13:42, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, gaan kyk asb in die ''Wys Geskiedenis'' blad en jy sal sien dat ek nog nie EEN keer in jou artikel gekrap het nie. Ag nee... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:05, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek het gaan kyk. Dit is Aliwal2012 wat die artikel geskuif het en sodoende die "Die" in die titel verwyder het. (Ek het hom daarvoor bedank.) Ek het jou naam genoem omdat jy gesê jy gaan later die middag (Satermiddag) die nodige doen om die "Die" te verwyder. Ek sien BurgerT het ook iets gewysig. :::My wysigings het waarskynlik verlore geraak toe Aliwal2012 die artikel geskuif het. MAAR, ek is nie meer kwaad nie en ek het in die proses om die wysigings oor te doen baie geleer, so dit het alles gehelp. :::In die stadium wat ek ontdek my wysigings is verlore, was ek gefrustreerd omdat ek toe reeds baie tyd aan die artikel gespandeer het. Maar nou is alles verby en dit is 'n nuwe dag en ek kan voortgaan! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:27, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd == Hallo. Ek hoop jy beplan om 'n artikel in te skryf vir die [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026|Skryfwedstryd]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 06:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ja @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek beoog om dit te doen. Ek is net nog besig om aan die artikel te skaaf. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 07:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}} Hallo, laat weet die gemeenskap asb dringend watter artikel(s) jy vir die skryfwedstryd wil inskryf. ::Die rede hiervoor is dat ander wiki-bydraers dan nie daaraan mag werk nie, tot na die beoordeling afgehandel is. ::Hoop jy vind dit in orde. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:28, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], ek wil die artikel Lockheed Constellation vir die kompetisie inskryf, maar jy en BurgertB het reeds op 2 Mei wysigings aan die artikel aangebring. Kan dit steeds ingeskryf word? Ek is ook besig om aan 'n DC-3-artikel te werk wat 'n ingrypende wysiging van die bestaande een sal wees en wil hom ook inskryf. Mag ek hom inskryf wanneer ek klaar is al is dit nie 'n splinternuwe artikel wat geskep sal word nie? Anders sal ek 'n ander, nuwe artikel moet skep. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 09:58, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Die reëls sê: dit moet 'n nuwe artikel wees (een wat nog nie bestaan nie), of 'n saadjie ('n baie kort artikel) wat uitgebrei word. ::::Noteer asb jou inskrywing by [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd 2026#Inskrywing]], anders tel dit nie. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:39, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], dit is gedoen. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:10, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Lugvaartterme == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, loer asb na [[Lugvaartterme]] as jy nuwe terminilogie gebruik en opdateer waar moontlik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:12, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek sal so maak en die terme waaroor Viva terugvoer gegee het, byvoeg. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 03:54, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Ek het...ek het...ek het... == Jou aanhoudende sinsnede "ek het..." in jou wysigingsopsommings is regtig oorbodig. Ons publiseer verkieslik in die derde persoon, nie die eerste persoon (ek) nie. Terloops, geluk met jou tweede prys in die Skryfwedstryd, hou so aan! Groete--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:45, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) tq0ximamtuuwzrkiyhz9ehrguh9fh6z 2913882 2913880 2026-06-26T06:59:38Z Gaius le Roux 203341 /* Ek het...ek het...ek het... */ Antwoord 2913882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welkom}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel == Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie. Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk: '''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)''' Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977. '''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is''' Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991 Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993 SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002 '''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat''' Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005 Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Stulugturbine == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar is steun vir die vertaling "stulugturbine" in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met "ram-air" en "turbine" word as "stulug-" en "turbine-" vertaal. :In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word "ram jet" (die simpleks) as "stustraalenjin" OF 'stustraalvliegtuig" (ook "stustraler") vertaal. :As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir "stu". :Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Name van die verskillende klappe == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende: * Plain flap * Split flap * Slotted flap * Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier. * Junkers flap * Gouge flap * Fairey-Youngman flap * Zap flap * Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]] * Gurney flap * Leading edge flap (leirandklap)? * Blown flap Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Middag, Oesjaar :Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk. :Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-13155-32|&#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Flaperon == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ontmoet == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Oefensessie == Hallo Gaius, jou "Oefensessies" kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk). Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Redigeer van Lockheed Constellation == Hallo Gaius, klik asb op die artikel se "Wys geskiedenis" sodat jy kan sien wat daar (aanlyn) aangaan. Jy hoef nie "LET WEL: Ek is nog nie klaar nie - ek wil nog foto's byvoeg." te meld nie, ons kan sien jy is nog besig! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:16, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]Ten spyte daarva dat julle gesien het ek is besig, het julle veranderings aangebring; gevolglik het my wysigings verlore geraak, en nou moet ek alles oordoen! Oesjaar het gesê hy gaan die "Die" uit die titel van die artikel uithaal. Het jy of Oesjaar dit gedoen? Ek het gehoop Oesjaar sal my bel voordat hy die wysiging aanbring. Ek is nie te kwaad nie, ek sal nie doodgaan nie en sal niks daarvan oorkom om die wysigings weer aan te bring nie! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 13:42, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, gaan kyk asb in die ''Wys Geskiedenis'' blad en jy sal sien dat ek nog nie EEN keer in jou artikel gekrap het nie. Ag nee... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:05, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek het gaan kyk. Dit is Aliwal2012 wat die artikel geskuif het en sodoende die "Die" in die titel verwyder het. (Ek het hom daarvoor bedank.) Ek het jou naam genoem omdat jy gesê jy gaan later die middag (Satermiddag) die nodige doen om die "Die" te verwyder. Ek sien BurgerT het ook iets gewysig. :::My wysigings het waarskynlik verlore geraak toe Aliwal2012 die artikel geskuif het. MAAR, ek is nie meer kwaad nie en ek het in die proses om die wysigings oor te doen baie geleer, so dit het alles gehelp. :::In die stadium wat ek ontdek my wysigings is verlore, was ek gefrustreerd omdat ek toe reeds baie tyd aan die artikel gespandeer het. Maar nou is alles verby en dit is 'n nuwe dag en ek kan voortgaan! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:27, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd == Hallo. Ek hoop jy beplan om 'n artikel in te skryf vir die [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026|Skryfwedstryd]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 06:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ja @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek beoog om dit te doen. Ek is net nog besig om aan die artikel te skaaf. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 07:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}} Hallo, laat weet die gemeenskap asb dringend watter artikel(s) jy vir die skryfwedstryd wil inskryf. ::Die rede hiervoor is dat ander wiki-bydraers dan nie daaraan mag werk nie, tot na die beoordeling afgehandel is. ::Hoop jy vind dit in orde. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:28, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], ek wil die artikel Lockheed Constellation vir die kompetisie inskryf, maar jy en BurgertB het reeds op 2 Mei wysigings aan die artikel aangebring. Kan dit steeds ingeskryf word? Ek is ook besig om aan 'n DC-3-artikel te werk wat 'n ingrypende wysiging van die bestaande een sal wees en wil hom ook inskryf. Mag ek hom inskryf wanneer ek klaar is al is dit nie 'n splinternuwe artikel wat geskep sal word nie? Anders sal ek 'n ander, nuwe artikel moet skep. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 09:58, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Die reëls sê: dit moet 'n nuwe artikel wees (een wat nog nie bestaan nie), of 'n saadjie ('n baie kort artikel) wat uitgebrei word. ::::Noteer asb jou inskrywing by [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd 2026#Inskrywing]], anders tel dit nie. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:39, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], dit is gedoen. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:10, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Lugvaartterme == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, loer asb na [[Lugvaartterme]] as jy nuwe terminilogie gebruik en opdateer waar moontlik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:12, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek sal so maak en die terme waaroor Viva terugvoer gegee het, byvoeg. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 03:54, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Ek het...ek het...ek het... == Jou aanhoudende sinsnede "ek het..." in jou wysigingsopsommings is regtig oorbodig. Ons publiseer verkieslik in die derde persoon, nie die eerste persoon (ek) nie. Terloops, geluk met jou tweede prys in die Skryfwedstryd, hou so aan! Groete--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:45, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] Ek sal ophou om te sê "ek het..." MAAR, hoe moet ek aandui ek is nog besig met die dokument? Die een waarmee ek nou besig is, is redelik lank. Hy sal my heeldag besig hou. :Dankie vir die gelukwensing; die artikel waarwoor ek die tweede prys gewen het, het besonder baie energie en tyd geverg. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 06:59, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) 26yg0nfgvjxhi50cc5zp7m3czfldakl 2913894 2913882 2026-06-26T07:41:44Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Ek het...ek het...ek het... */ Plaas die sjabloon {{nog besig}} bo-aan (binne) jou artikel 2913894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welkom}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel == Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie. Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk: '''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)''' Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977. '''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is''' Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991 Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993 SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002 '''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat''' Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005 Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Stulugturbine == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar is steun vir die vertaling "stulugturbine" in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met "ram-air" en "turbine" word as "stulug-" en "turbine-" vertaal. :In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word "ram jet" (die simpleks) as "stustraalenjin" OF 'stustraalvliegtuig" (ook "stustraler") vertaal. :As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir "stu". :Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Name van die verskillende klappe == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende: * Plain flap * Split flap * Slotted flap * Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier. * Junkers flap * Gouge flap * Fairey-Youngman flap * Zap flap * Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]] * Gurney flap * Leading edge flap (leirandklap)? * Blown flap Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Middag, Oesjaar :Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk. :Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-13155-32|&#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Flaperon == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ontmoet == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Oefensessie == Hallo Gaius, jou "Oefensessies" kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk). Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Redigeer van Lockheed Constellation == Hallo Gaius, klik asb op die artikel se "Wys geskiedenis" sodat jy kan sien wat daar (aanlyn) aangaan. Jy hoef nie "LET WEL: Ek is nog nie klaar nie - ek wil nog foto's byvoeg." te meld nie, ons kan sien jy is nog besig! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:16, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]Ten spyte daarva dat julle gesien het ek is besig, het julle veranderings aangebring; gevolglik het my wysigings verlore geraak, en nou moet ek alles oordoen! Oesjaar het gesê hy gaan die "Die" uit die titel van die artikel uithaal. Het jy of Oesjaar dit gedoen? Ek het gehoop Oesjaar sal my bel voordat hy die wysiging aanbring. Ek is nie te kwaad nie, ek sal nie doodgaan nie en sal niks daarvan oorkom om die wysigings weer aan te bring nie! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 13:42, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, gaan kyk asb in die ''Wys Geskiedenis'' blad en jy sal sien dat ek nog nie EEN keer in jou artikel gekrap het nie. Ag nee... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:05, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek het gaan kyk. Dit is Aliwal2012 wat die artikel geskuif het en sodoende die "Die" in die titel verwyder het. (Ek het hom daarvoor bedank.) Ek het jou naam genoem omdat jy gesê jy gaan later die middag (Satermiddag) die nodige doen om die "Die" te verwyder. Ek sien BurgerT het ook iets gewysig. :::My wysigings het waarskynlik verlore geraak toe Aliwal2012 die artikel geskuif het. MAAR, ek is nie meer kwaad nie en ek het in die proses om die wysigings oor te doen baie geleer, so dit het alles gehelp. :::In die stadium wat ek ontdek my wysigings is verlore, was ek gefrustreerd omdat ek toe reeds baie tyd aan die artikel gespandeer het. Maar nou is alles verby en dit is 'n nuwe dag en ek kan voortgaan! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:27, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd == Hallo. Ek hoop jy beplan om 'n artikel in te skryf vir die [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026|Skryfwedstryd]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 06:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ja @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek beoog om dit te doen. Ek is net nog besig om aan die artikel te skaaf. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 07:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}} Hallo, laat weet die gemeenskap asb dringend watter artikel(s) jy vir die skryfwedstryd wil inskryf. ::Die rede hiervoor is dat ander wiki-bydraers dan nie daaraan mag werk nie, tot na die beoordeling afgehandel is. ::Hoop jy vind dit in orde. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:28, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], ek wil die artikel Lockheed Constellation vir die kompetisie inskryf, maar jy en BurgertB het reeds op 2 Mei wysigings aan die artikel aangebring. Kan dit steeds ingeskryf word? Ek is ook besig om aan 'n DC-3-artikel te werk wat 'n ingrypende wysiging van die bestaande een sal wees en wil hom ook inskryf. Mag ek hom inskryf wanneer ek klaar is al is dit nie 'n splinternuwe artikel wat geskep sal word nie? Anders sal ek 'n ander, nuwe artikel moet skep. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 09:58, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Die reëls sê: dit moet 'n nuwe artikel wees (een wat nog nie bestaan nie), of 'n saadjie ('n baie kort artikel) wat uitgebrei word. ::::Noteer asb jou inskrywing by [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd 2026#Inskrywing]], anders tel dit nie. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:39, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], dit is gedoen. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:10, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Lugvaartterme == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, loer asb na [[Lugvaartterme]] as jy nuwe terminilogie gebruik en opdateer waar moontlik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:12, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek sal so maak en die terme waaroor Viva terugvoer gegee het, byvoeg. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 03:54, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Ek het...ek het...ek het... == Jou aanhoudende sinsnede "ek het..." in jou wysigingsopsommings is regtig oorbodig. Ons publiseer verkieslik in die derde persoon, nie die eerste persoon (ek) nie. Terloops, geluk met jou tweede prys in die Skryfwedstryd, hou so aan! Groete--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:45, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] Ek sal ophou om te sê "ek het..." MAAR, hoe moet ek aandui ek is nog besig met die dokument? Die een waarmee ek nou besig is, is redelik lank. Hy sal my heeldag besig hou. :Dankie vir die gelukwensing; die artikel waarwoor ek die tweede prys gewen het, het besonder baie energie en tyd geverg. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 06:59, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Daar is 'n sjabloon {{sj|nog besig}} wat sê: {{nog besig}} st0bin7h3epkl4pwut68g35nwm40fh5 2913895 2913894 2026-06-26T07:44:20Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Ek het...ek het...ek het... */ aw 2913895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welkom}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel == Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie. Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk: '''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)''' Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977. '''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is''' Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991 Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993 SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002 '''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat''' Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005 Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Stulugturbine == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar is steun vir die vertaling "stulugturbine" in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met "ram-air" en "turbine" word as "stulug-" en "turbine-" vertaal. :In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word "ram jet" (die simpleks) as "stustraalenjin" OF 'stustraalvliegtuig" (ook "stustraler") vertaal. :As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir "stu". :Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Name van die verskillende klappe == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende: * Plain flap * Split flap * Slotted flap * Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier. * Junkers flap * Gouge flap * Fairey-Youngman flap * Zap flap * Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]] * Gurney flap * Leading edge flap (leirandklap)? * Blown flap Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Middag, Oesjaar :Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk. :Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-13155-32|&#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Flaperon == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ontmoet == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Oefensessie == Hallo Gaius, jou "Oefensessies" kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk). Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Redigeer van Lockheed Constellation == Hallo Gaius, klik asb op die artikel se "Wys geskiedenis" sodat jy kan sien wat daar (aanlyn) aangaan. Jy hoef nie "LET WEL: Ek is nog nie klaar nie - ek wil nog foto's byvoeg." te meld nie, ons kan sien jy is nog besig! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:16, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]Ten spyte daarva dat julle gesien het ek is besig, het julle veranderings aangebring; gevolglik het my wysigings verlore geraak, en nou moet ek alles oordoen! Oesjaar het gesê hy gaan die "Die" uit die titel van die artikel uithaal. Het jy of Oesjaar dit gedoen? Ek het gehoop Oesjaar sal my bel voordat hy die wysiging aanbring. Ek is nie te kwaad nie, ek sal nie doodgaan nie en sal niks daarvan oorkom om die wysigings weer aan te bring nie! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 13:42, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, gaan kyk asb in die ''Wys Geskiedenis'' blad en jy sal sien dat ek nog nie EEN keer in jou artikel gekrap het nie. Ag nee... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:05, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek het gaan kyk. Dit is Aliwal2012 wat die artikel geskuif het en sodoende die "Die" in die titel verwyder het. (Ek het hom daarvoor bedank.) Ek het jou naam genoem omdat jy gesê jy gaan later die middag (Satermiddag) die nodige doen om die "Die" te verwyder. Ek sien BurgerT het ook iets gewysig. :::My wysigings het waarskynlik verlore geraak toe Aliwal2012 die artikel geskuif het. MAAR, ek is nie meer kwaad nie en ek het in die proses om die wysigings oor te doen baie geleer, so dit het alles gehelp. :::In die stadium wat ek ontdek my wysigings is verlore, was ek gefrustreerd omdat ek toe reeds baie tyd aan die artikel gespandeer het. Maar nou is alles verby en dit is 'n nuwe dag en ek kan voortgaan! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:27, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd == Hallo. Ek hoop jy beplan om 'n artikel in te skryf vir die [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026|Skryfwedstryd]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 06:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ja @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek beoog om dit te doen. Ek is net nog besig om aan die artikel te skaaf. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 07:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}} Hallo, laat weet die gemeenskap asb dringend watter artikel(s) jy vir die skryfwedstryd wil inskryf. ::Die rede hiervoor is dat ander wiki-bydraers dan nie daaraan mag werk nie, tot na die beoordeling afgehandel is. ::Hoop jy vind dit in orde. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:28, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], ek wil die artikel Lockheed Constellation vir die kompetisie inskryf, maar jy en BurgertB het reeds op 2 Mei wysigings aan die artikel aangebring. Kan dit steeds ingeskryf word? Ek is ook besig om aan 'n DC-3-artikel te werk wat 'n ingrypende wysiging van die bestaande een sal wees en wil hom ook inskryf. Mag ek hom inskryf wanneer ek klaar is al is dit nie 'n splinternuwe artikel wat geskep sal word nie? Anders sal ek 'n ander, nuwe artikel moet skep. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 09:58, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Die reëls sê: dit moet 'n nuwe artikel wees (een wat nog nie bestaan nie), of 'n saadjie ('n baie kort artikel) wat uitgebrei word. ::::Noteer asb jou inskrywing by [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd 2026#Inskrywing]], anders tel dit nie. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:39, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], dit is gedoen. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:10, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Lugvaartterme == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, loer asb na [[Lugvaartterme]] as jy nuwe terminilogie gebruik en opdateer waar moontlik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:12, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek sal so maak en die terme waaroor Viva terugvoer gegee het, byvoeg. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 03:54, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Ek het...ek het...ek het... == Jou aanhoudende sinsnede "ek het..." in jou wysigingsopsommings is regtig oorbodig. Ons publiseer verkieslik in die derde persoon, nie die eerste persoon (ek) nie. Terloops, geluk met jou tweede prys in die Skryfwedstryd, hou so aan! Groete--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:45, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] Ek sal ophou om te sê "ek het..." MAAR, hoe moet ek aandui ek is nog besig met die dokument? Die een waarmee ek nou besig is, is redelik lank. Hy sal my heeldag besig hou. :::Daar is 'n sjabloon {{sj|nog besig}} wat sê: {{nog besig}} :Dankie vir die gelukwensing; die artikel waarvoor ek die tweede prys gewen het, het besonder baie energie en tyd geverg. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 06:59, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) 6k7ebgselengwbzfcjce8mt3zaa4cy2 2913902 2913895 2026-06-26T08:21:04Z Gaius le Roux 203341 /* Ek het...ek het...ek het... */ Antwoord 2913902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welkom}} --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel == Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie. Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk: '''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)''' Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977. '''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is''' Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991 Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993 SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002 '''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat''' Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005 Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Stulugturbine == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Daar is steun vir die vertaling "stulugturbine" in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met "ram-air" en "turbine" word as "stulug-" en "turbine-" vertaal. :In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word "ram jet" (die simpleks) as "stustraalenjin" OF 'stustraalvliegtuig" (ook "stustraler") vertaal. :As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir "stu". :Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC) == Name van die verskillende klappe == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende: * Plain flap * Split flap * Slotted flap * Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier. * Junkers flap * Gouge flap * Fairey-Youngman flap * Zap flap * Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]] * Gurney flap * Leading edge flap (leirandklap)? * Blown flap Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :Middag, Oesjaar :Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk. :Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-13155-32|&#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Flaperon == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Ontmoet == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) :Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) ::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC) == Oefensessie == Hallo Gaius, jou "Oefensessies" kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk). Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC) ::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC) == Redigeer van Lockheed Constellation == Hallo Gaius, klik asb op die artikel se "Wys geskiedenis" sodat jy kan sien wat daar (aanlyn) aangaan. Jy hoef nie "LET WEL: Ek is nog nie klaar nie - ek wil nog foto's byvoeg." te meld nie, ons kan sien jy is nog besig! Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 13:16, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]en @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]Ten spyte daarva dat julle gesien het ek is besig, het julle veranderings aangebring; gevolglik het my wysigings verlore geraak, en nou moet ek alles oordoen! Oesjaar het gesê hy gaan die "Die" uit die titel van die artikel uithaal. Het jy of Oesjaar dit gedoen? Ek het gehoop Oesjaar sal my bel voordat hy die wysiging aanbring. Ek is nie te kwaad nie, ek sal nie doodgaan nie en sal niks daarvan oorkom om die wysigings weer aan te bring nie! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 13:42, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, gaan kyk asb in die ''Wys Geskiedenis'' blad en jy sal sien dat ek nog nie EEN keer in jou artikel gekrap het nie. Ag nee... [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:05, 2 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek het gaan kyk. Dit is Aliwal2012 wat die artikel geskuif het en sodoende die "Die" in die titel verwyder het. (Ek het hom daarvoor bedank.) Ek het jou naam genoem omdat jy gesê jy gaan later die middag (Satermiddag) die nodige doen om die "Die" te verwyder. Ek sien BurgerT het ook iets gewysig. :::My wysigings het waarskynlik verlore geraak toe Aliwal2012 die artikel geskuif het. MAAR, ek is nie meer kwaad nie en ek het in die proses om die wysigings oor te doen baie geleer, so dit het alles gehelp. :::In die stadium wat ek ontdek my wysigings is verlore, was ek gefrustreerd omdat ek toe reeds baie tyd aan die artikel gespandeer het. Maar nou is alles verby en dit is 'n nuwe dag en ek kan voortgaan! Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:27, 3 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Skryfwedstryd == Hallo. Ek hoop jy beplan om 'n artikel in te skryf vir die [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd_2026|Skryfwedstryd]]. Dankie [[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Dumbassman|kontak]]) 06:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Ja @[[Gebruiker:Dumbassman|Dumbassman]], ek beoog om dit te doen. Ek is net nog besig om aan die artikel te skaaf. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 07:25, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}} Hallo, laat weet die gemeenskap asb dringend watter artikel(s) jy vir die skryfwedstryd wil inskryf. ::Die rede hiervoor is dat ander wiki-bydraers dan nie daaraan mag werk nie, tot na die beoordeling afgehandel is. ::Hoop jy vind dit in orde. Groete! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 09:28, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], ek wil die artikel Lockheed Constellation vir die kompetisie inskryf, maar jy en BurgertB het reeds op 2 Mei wysigings aan die artikel aangebring. Kan dit steeds ingeskryf word? Ek is ook besig om aan 'n DC-3-artikel te werk wat 'n ingrypende wysiging van die bestaande een sal wees en wil hom ook inskryf. Mag ek hom inskryf wanneer ek klaar is al is dit nie 'n splinternuwe artikel wat geskep sal word nie? Anders sal ek 'n ander, nuwe artikel moet skep. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 09:58, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Die reëls sê: dit moet 'n nuwe artikel wees (een wat nog nie bestaan nie), of 'n saadjie ('n baie kort artikel) wat uitgebrei word. ::::Noteer asb jou inskrywing by [[Wikipedia:Skryfwedstryd 2026#Inskrywing]], anders tel dit nie. [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 10:39, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]], dit is gedoen. [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:10, 5 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Lugvaartterme == {{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, loer asb na [[Lugvaartterme]] as jy nuwe terminilogie gebruik en opdateer waar moontlik. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 19:12, 11 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], ek sal so maak en die terme waaroor Viva terugvoer gegee het, byvoeg. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 03:54, 12 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Ek het...ek het...ek het... == Jou aanhoudende sinsnede "ek het..." in jou wysigingsopsommings is regtig oorbodig. Ons publiseer verkieslik in die derde persoon, nie die eerste persoon (ek) nie. Terloops, geluk met jou tweede prys in die Skryfwedstryd, hou so aan! Groete--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 06:45, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) :Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] Ek sal ophou om te sê "ek het..." MAAR, hoe moet ek aandui ek is nog besig met die dokument? Die een waarmee ek nou besig is, is redelik lank. Hy sal my heeldag besig hou. :::Daar is 'n sjabloon {{sj|nog besig}} wat sê: {{nog besig}} :Dankie vir die gelukwensing; die artikel waarvoor ek die tweede prys gewen het, het besonder baie energie en tyd geverg. :Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 06:59, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) ::Dankie, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] Dit is 'n sinvolle en praktiese antwoord! [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 08:21, 26 Junie 2026 (UTC) k0r6spb8zsov84vhiadi33yj8k2jzyw 0 458115 2913865 2877872 2026-06-26T04:17:44Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Arda Güler | image = [[Lêer:Derbide Fenerbahçe Yedek Oyuncu Arda Güler (2021-22 Süper Lig - Cropped).jpg|240px]] |upright=0.8 | caption = Güler in 2022 | full_name = Arda Güler<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiID=1723820 |title=Arda Güler |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|2|25|df=y}}<ref name="Real Madrid">{{cite web |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/football/first-team/players/arda-guler |title=Arda Güler |publisher=Real Madrid CF |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Ankara]], [[Turkye]] | height = 1,75 m | position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler, vleuel<ref name="2021-22 club number">{{cite news|title=Arda Güler |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/players/250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/?referrer=%2Fuefaeuropaleague%2Fseason%3D2022%2Fclubs%2Fplayer%3D250161881--arda-arda-guler%2Fstatistics%2Findex |publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=20 August 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210820080302/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/players/250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/?referrer=/uefaeuropaleague/season%3D2022/clubs/player%3D250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/index|archivedate=20 August 2021}}</ref> | currentclub = [[Real Madrid]] | clubnumber = 15 | youthyears1 = 2014–2019 | youthclubs1 = [[Gençlerbirliği]] | youthyears2 = 2019–2021 | youthclubs2 = [[:en:Fenerbahçe S.K. Academy|Fenerbahçe]] | years1 = 2021–2023 | clubs1 = [[Fenerbahçe SK (sokker)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps1 = 32 | goals1 = 7 | years2 = 2023– | clubs2 = [[Real Madrid]] | caps2 = 62<!--Only league games--> | goals2 = 12 | nationalyears1 = 2021–2022 | nationalteam1 = [[:en:Turkey national under-17 football team|Turkye o/17]] | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2022– | nationalteam3 = [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkye]] | nationalcaps3 = 26 | nationalgoals3 = 6 | club-update = 15 Februarie 2026 | nationalteam-update = 15 November 2025 }} '''Arda Güler''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [aɾˈda ˈɟylæɾ]; gebore [[25 Februarie]] [[2005]]) is ’n [[Turkye|Turkse]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as ’n aanvallende middelveldspeler of vleuel vir die [[La Liga]]-klub [[Real Madrid]] en die Turkaw nasionale span speel. Güler het sy seniorloopbaan in 2021 by die Turkse klub [[Fenerbahçe SK|Fenerbahçe]] begin, waar hy in 2023 die Turkse beker gewen het. In 2023 het Güler by Real Madrid aangesluit. In sy eerste seisoen by die Spaanse reus het hy die La Liga en die [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] gewen. Op internasionale vlak het Güler sy seniordebuut vir Turkye in 2022 gemaak. Hy was ’n lid van die span vir [[UEFA Europa-beker|UEFA Euro 2024]] en het ’n sleutelrol gespeel in die span se uitspeel tot by die kwarteindrondte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Arda Guler: 'Turkish Messi' ready to replace Luka Modric at Real Madrid |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c15wnxw2ld4o |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=BBC Sport |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Arda Güler praised in the press after Turkey's EURO win |url=https://hispanatolia.com/en/arda-guler-praised-in-the-press-after-turkeys-euro-win/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref> ==Klubloopbaan== ===Vroeë loopbaan=== Güler het sy jeugloopbaan in 2014 by Gençlerbirliği in [[Ankara]] begin. Hy is op 20 Februarie 2019 deur Fenerbahçe ontdek en het by hul jeugspan aangesluit. Hy het in alle Fenerbahçe-jeugspanne gespeel, van o/15 tot o/19, en het in die o/19-span 7 doele en 4 assists in 18 wedstryde aangeteken. ===Fenerbahçe=== Güler het op 13 Januarie 2021 sy eerste professionele kontrak met Fenerbahçe geteken. Hy het as ’n wonderkind beskou geword en het spoedig sy debuut in die seniorspan gemaak in die 2021–22 [[UEFA Europa League]] play-off teen die Finse klub HJK. In die [[Süper Lig]] het hy sy eerste assist gelewer teen Antalyaspor en in Maart 2022 die jongste doelskieter in Fenerbahçe se geskiedenis geword. Teen die einde van die 2022/23-seisoen het hy die Turkse Beker gewen en op 6 Julie 2023 sy vertrek aangekondig. ===Real Madrid=== Op 6 Julie 2023 het [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] Güler op ’n sesjaar-kontrak tot 2029 geteken. Hy het in die 2023/24-seisoen sy debuut gemaak, sy eerste beker- en liga-doele aangeteken en sy eerste beker en trofee gewen in die [[Supercopa de España]] teen [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. In die 2024/25- en 2025/26-seisoene het hy sporadies in liga- en bekerwedstryde gespeel, met verskeie doelwitte en assists, en in 2025 onder [[Xabi Alonso]] gereeld in die beginopstelling verskyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Arda Güler, LALIGA EA SPORTS U23 Player of the Month for September 25/26 |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/arda-guler-laliga-ea-sports-u23-player-of-the-month-for-september-25-26 |access-date=18 Februarie 2026|website=laliga.com}}</ref> ==Internasionale loopbaan== Güler het Turkye op jeugvlak verteenwoordig, tot by die die Onder-21-span. Hy het sy seniorspan-debuut vir Turkye op 19 November 2022 gemaak in ’n 2–1 vriendskaplike oorwinning teen Tsjeggië en sy eerste internasionale doel in die Euro 2024-kwalifikasiewedstryd teen [[Walliese nasionale sokkerspan|Wallis]] op 19 Junie 2023 behaal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wales' Euro hopes in tatters after defeat in Turkey |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65874635 |access-date=18 Februarie 2026 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623122113/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65874635 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===UEFA Euro 2024=== Güler is in Turkye se 26-man-groep vir UEFA Euro 2024 ingesluit.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2024 |title=A Millî Takımımızın EURO 2024 Aday Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&ftxtID=44561 |language=tr |publisher=Turkse Sokkerfederasie |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607205837/https://tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&ftxtID=44561 |url-status=live }}</ref> Op 18 Junie 2024 is hy as Speler van die Wedstryd aangewys toe hy in Turkye se 3–1-sege teen [[Georgiese nasionale sokkerspan|Georgië]] ’n kanonbal in die doel geskop het, en hy het die jongste tiener sedert [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] geword wat op debuut in ’n Europese Kampioenskap ’n doel aangeteken het.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b29ce033a7b-f0319eea90ab-1000--turkiye-3-1-georgia-arda-guler-thunderbolt-settles-thrillin/ |title=Türkiye 3–1 Georgia: Arda Güler thunderbolt lights up thrilling win |work=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618182854/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b29ce033a7b-f0319eea90ab-1000--turkiye-3-1-georgia-arda-guler-thunderbolt-settles-thrillin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131a1d2848-526b6661948b-1000--euro-s-youngest-scorers-vonlanthen-rooney-renato-sanches-/ |title=EURO's youngest scorers: Vonlanthen, Rooney, Renato Sanches, Stojković, Arda Güler |work=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618182854/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131a1d2848-526b6661948b-1000--euro-s-youngest-scorers-vonlanthen-rooney-renato-sanches-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Op 3 Julie 2024 het hy ’n assist verskaf in Turkye se 2–1-oorsig teen Oostenryk in die ronde van 16 en die kwarteindronde bereik, en het hy sodoende die derde tiener in die geskiedenis geword wat in dieselfde Europese Kampioenskap beide geskop en geassisteer het, ná Cristiano Ronaldo en [[Wayne Rooney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=Arda Guler joins Cristiano Ronaldo and Wayne Rooney in exclusive European Championship club |url=https://talksport.com/football/1947574/arda-guler-cristiano-ronaldo-wayne-rooney-euro-2024/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=talksport |language=en}}</ref> === 2026 Wêreldbeker === Guler was deel van die Turkse span by die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|2026 FIFA Wêreldbeker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c202w4ew633o|title=World Cup 2026: Arda Guler, Caglar Soyuncu and Hakan Calhanoglu in Turkey squad|date=2026-06-02|website=BBC Sport|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> Hy het 'n doel in die laaste groepswedstryd teen die [[Verenigde State se nasionale sokkerspan|Verenigde State]] aangeteken, maar Turkye kon steeds nie na die uitklopfase deurdring nie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/sports/turkiye-3-2-usa-turkiye-ends-world-cup-campaign-with-late-win-over-hosts-3222677|title=Türkiye 3-2 USA: Türkiye ends World Cup campaign with late win over hosts|website=Türkiye Today|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} *[[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Arda Güler|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Güler, Arda}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2005]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] f6kbh2sva1ccvnv18tjnunw4h7ffxjj 2913866 2913865 2026-06-26T04:20:30Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Arda Güler | image = [[Lêer:Derbide Fenerbahçe Yedek Oyuncu Arda Güler (2021-22 Süper Lig - Cropped).jpg|240px]] |upright=0.8 | caption = Güler in 2022 | full_name = Arda Güler<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiID=1723820 |title=Arda Güler |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|2|25|df=y}}<ref name="Real Madrid">{{cite web |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/football/first-team/players/arda-guler |title=Arda Güler |publisher=Real Madrid CF |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Ankara]], [[Turkye]] | height = 1,75 m | position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler, vleuel<ref name="2021-22 club number">{{cite news|title=Arda Güler |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/players/250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/?referrer=%2Fuefaeuropaleague%2Fseason%3D2022%2Fclubs%2Fplayer%3D250161881--arda-arda-guler%2Fstatistics%2Findex |publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=20 August 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210820080302/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/players/250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/?referrer=/uefaeuropaleague/season%3D2022/clubs/player%3D250161881--arda-arda-guler/statistics/index|archivedate=20 August 2021}}</ref> | currentclub = [[Real Madrid]] | clubnumber = 15 | youthyears1 = 2014–2019 | youthclubs1 = [[Gençlerbirliği]] | youthyears2 = 2019–2021 | youthclubs2 = [[:en:Fenerbahçe S.K. Academy|Fenerbahçe]] | years1 = 2021–2023 | clubs1 = [[Fenerbahçe SK (sokker)|Fenerbahçe]] | caps1 = 32 | goals1 = 7 | years2 = 2023– | clubs2 = [[Real Madrid]] | caps2 = 71<!--Only league games--> | goals2 = 13 | nationalyears1 = 2021–2022 | nationalteam1 = [[:en:Turkey national under-17 football team|Turkye o/17]] | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2022– | nationalteam3 = [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkye]] | nationalcaps3 = 33 | nationalgoals3 = 7 | club-update = 24 Mei 2026 | nationalteam-update = 26 Junie 2026 }} '''Arda Güler''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [aɾˈda ˈɟylæɾ]; gebore [[25 Februarie]] [[2005]]) is ’n [[Turkye|Turkse]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as ’n aanvallende middelveldspeler of vleuel vir die [[La Liga]]-klub [[Real Madrid]] en die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]] speel. Güler het sy seniorloopbaan in 2021 by die Turkse klub [[Fenerbahçe SK|Fenerbahçe]] begin, waar hy in 2023 die Turkse beker gewen het. In 2023 het Güler by Real Madrid aangesluit. In sy eerste seisoen by die Spaanse reus het hy die La Liga en die [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] gewen. Op internasionale vlak het Güler sy seniordebuut vir Turkye in 2022 gemaak. Hy was ’n lid van die span vir [[UEFA Europa-beker|UEFA Euro 2024]] en het ’n sleutelrol gespeel in die span se uitspeel tot by die kwarteindrondte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Arda Guler: 'Turkish Messi' ready to replace Luka Modric at Real Madrid |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c15wnxw2ld4o |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=BBC Sport |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Arda Güler praised in the press after Turkey's EURO win |url=https://hispanatolia.com/en/arda-guler-praised-in-the-press-after-turkeys-euro-win/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref> ==Klubloopbaan== ===Vroeë loopbaan=== Güler het sy jeugloopbaan in 2014 by Gençlerbirliği in [[Ankara]] begin. Hy is op 20 Februarie 2019 deur Fenerbahçe ontdek en het by hul jeugspan aangesluit. Hy het in alle Fenerbahçe-jeugspanne gespeel, van o/15 tot o/19, en het in die o/19-span 7 doele en 4 assists in 18 wedstryde aangeteken. ===Fenerbahçe=== Güler het op 13 Januarie 2021 sy eerste professionele kontrak met Fenerbahçe geteken. Hy het as ’n wonderkind beskou geword en het spoedig sy debuut in die seniorspan gemaak in die 2021–22 [[UEFA Europa League]] play-off teen die Finse klub HJK. In die [[Süper Lig]] het hy sy eerste assist gelewer teen Antalyaspor en in Maart 2022 die jongste doelskieter in Fenerbahçe se geskiedenis geword. Teen die einde van die 2022/23-seisoen het hy die Turkse Beker gewen en op 6 Julie 2023 sy vertrek aangekondig. ===Real Madrid=== Op 6 Julie 2023 het [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] Güler op ’n sesjaar-kontrak tot 2029 geteken. Hy het in die 2023/24-seisoen sy debuut gemaak, sy eerste beker- en liga-doele aangeteken en sy eerste beker en trofee gewen in die [[Supercopa de España]] teen [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. In die 2024/25- en 2025/26-seisoene het hy sporadies in liga- en bekerwedstryde gespeel, met verskeie doelwitte en assists, en in 2025 onder [[Xabi Alonso]] gereeld in die beginopstelling verskyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Arda Güler, LALIGA EA SPORTS U23 Player of the Month for September 25/26 |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/arda-guler-laliga-ea-sports-u23-player-of-the-month-for-september-25-26 |access-date=18 Februarie 2026|website=laliga.com}}</ref> ==Internasionale loopbaan== Güler het Turkye op jeugvlak verteenwoordig, tot by die die Onder-21-span. Hy het sy seniorspan-debuut vir Turkye op 19 November 2022 gemaak in ’n 2–1 vriendskaplike oorwinning teen Tsjeggië en sy eerste internasionale doel in die Euro 2024-kwalifikasiewedstryd teen [[Walliese nasionale sokkerspan|Wallis]] op 19 Junie 2023 behaal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wales' Euro hopes in tatters after defeat in Turkey |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65874635 |access-date=18 Februarie 2026 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623122113/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65874635 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===UEFA Euro 2024=== Güler is in Turkye se 26-man-groep vir UEFA Euro 2024 ingesluit.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2024 |title=A Millî Takımımızın EURO 2024 Aday Kadrosu Açıklandı |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&ftxtID=44561 |language=tr |publisher=Turkse Sokkerfederasie |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607205837/https://tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&ftxtID=44561 |url-status=live }}</ref> Op 18 Junie 2024 is hy as Speler van die Wedstryd aangewys toe hy in Turkye se 3–1-sege teen [[Georgiese nasionale sokkerspan|Georgië]] ’n kanonbal in die doel geskop het, en hy het die jongste tiener sedert [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] geword wat op debuut in ’n Europese Kampioenskap ’n doel aangeteken het.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b29ce033a7b-f0319eea90ab-1000--turkiye-3-1-georgia-arda-guler-thunderbolt-settles-thrillin/ |title=Türkiye 3–1 Georgia: Arda Güler thunderbolt lights up thrilling win |work=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618182854/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b29ce033a7b-f0319eea90ab-1000--turkiye-3-1-georgia-arda-guler-thunderbolt-settles-thrillin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131a1d2848-526b6661948b-1000--euro-s-youngest-scorers-vonlanthen-rooney-renato-sanches-/ |title=EURO's youngest scorers: Vonlanthen, Rooney, Renato Sanches, Stojković, Arda Güler |work=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618182854/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131a1d2848-526b6661948b-1000--euro-s-youngest-scorers-vonlanthen-rooney-renato-sanches-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Op 3 Julie 2024 het hy ’n assist verskaf in Turkye se 2–1-oorsig teen Oostenryk in die ronde van 16 en die kwarteindronde bereik, en het hy sodoende die derde tiener in die geskiedenis geword wat in dieselfde Europese Kampioenskap beide geskop en geassisteer het, ná Cristiano Ronaldo en [[Wayne Rooney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=Arda Guler joins Cristiano Ronaldo and Wayne Rooney in exclusive European Championship club |url=https://talksport.com/football/1947574/arda-guler-cristiano-ronaldo-wayne-rooney-euro-2024/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=talksport |language=en}}</ref> === 2026 Wêreldbeker === Guler was deel van die Turkse span by die [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|2026 FIFA Wêreldbeker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c202w4ew633o|title=World Cup 2026: Arda Guler, Caglar Soyuncu and Hakan Calhanoglu in Turkey squad|date=2026-06-02|website=BBC Sport|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> Hy het 'n doel in die laaste groepswedstryd teen die [[Verenigde State se nasionale sokkerspan|Verenigde State]] aangeteken, maar Turkye kon steeds nie na die uitklopfase deurdring nie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/sports/turkiye-3-2-usa-turkiye-ends-world-cup-campaign-with-late-win-over-hosts-3222677|title=Türkiye 3-2 USA: Türkiye ends World Cup campaign with late win over hosts|website=Türkiye Today|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} *[[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Arda Güler|Engelse Wikipedia]] {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Güler, Arda}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2005]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] qzgtn0zohoxad8zr88nif79fighnh2e 0 460874 2913829 2913640 2026-06-25T20:37:54Z Sobaka 328 /* Missie */ bywerk 2913829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] dmcboq6gba9i5j4v2wklsfcnm3s72lb 2913830 2913829 2026-06-25T20:39:15Z Sobaka 328 /* Lansering */ Beeld 2913830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] ktzv9i5obdswsg553eyvgrrehybov70 2913831 2913830 2026-06-25T20:41:05Z Sobaka 328 /* Lansering */ Beeld 2913831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] ebpo2pizytmb7r7yyvejp6uvt3t98vm 2913833 2913831 2026-06-25T20:52:26Z Sobaka 328 /* Lansering */ verwysings 2913833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] pxufkuw5c9kfi8ymf94mbaqu2cm3gvu 2913903 2913833 2026-06-26T08:23:56Z Sobaka 328 /* Lansering */ bywerk 2913903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026" /> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige docking-operasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n docking-teiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir vernietigende herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy ritdeel-CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] 2c683mfrlwjoaw9asutlo09l7sonwc7 2913904 2913903 2026-06-26T08:25:13Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ Beeld 2913904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026" /> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige docking-operasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n docking-teiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir vernietigende herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy ritdeel-CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] 1vzkrw06yykrjbytgjdqd8n1sgjir06 2913906 2913904 2026-06-26T08:31:29Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ verwysing 2913906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige docking-operasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n docking-teiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir vernietigende herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy ritdeel-CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] fmtcho94kiie9qfaem2ayo29wbss0fb 2913909 2913906 2026-06-26T08:40:54Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ woord 2913909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige docking-operasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n docking-teiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir atmosferiese herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy ritdeel-CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] dsoesxw1bzuoi5jepi2u0eet4ikuyta 2913972 2913909 2026-06-26T10:57:04Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ opruim 2913972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige docking-operasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n docking-teiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir atmosferiese herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy vrag CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] mto3y5xlmo5epuzs3prwl3ha0hoytt6 2913973 2913972 2026-06-26T10:58:33Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ opruim 2913973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige dokoperasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n dokteiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheer-stuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir atmosferiese herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy vrag CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] iudiw3j96tbq045thayjyrv7wnfjbch 2913974 2913973 2026-06-26T11:00:10Z Sobaka 328 /* Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole */ woord 2913974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierpersoonsbemanning Integrity genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige dokoperasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n dokteiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheerstelselstuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir atmosferiese herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy vrag CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] 8ddmxjyg0jr1bom4qgi5dz835ylxrpw 2913975 2913974 2026-06-26T11:03:52Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas |naam = Artemis II |titel = |kleur = |beeld = Earthset (art002e009288).jpg |beeld_wydte = 260px |beeld_onderskrif = Aardeondergang vanaf die Artemis 2, deur Christina Koch<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Reid |date=20 April 2026 |title=Post |url=https://x.com/astro_reid/status/2046009031613907029 |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=x.com}}</ref> |beeld2 = |beeld2_wydte = |beeld2_onderskrif = |opskrif1 = Ander name |1 = Artemis 2 <br> Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) |opskrif2 = Soort sending |2 = Bemande <br>maanwentelings-<br>toetsvlug |opskrif3 = Opgestuur deur |3 = [[Nasa]] |opskrif4 = Duur van sending |4 = 1 April tot 11 April 2026 (9 dae, 1 uur, 32 minute en 15 sekondes) |opskrif5 = Afstand afgelê |5 = 1 126 922 km<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Nasa panel gives assessment of successful Artemis II mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3dlnzv5r71t?post=asset%3A3fb43455-d5cb-49e5-b4b7-7322196535c7#post |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=BBC |language=en-US }}</ref> |opskrif6 = Ruimtetuig |6 = Orion CM-003 ''Integrity''<ref>@NASA (24 September 2025). "Integrity. That's what the Artemis II astronauts have decided to name their Orion spacecraft, which will take them from @NASAKennedy on their journey around the Moon and return them safely back to Earth" (Tweet). Besoek 24 September 2025 – via X (voorheen [[Twitter]])</ref> |opskrif7 = Lanseringsdatum |7 = 1 April 2026 |opskrif8 = Lanseringsterrein |8 = Kennedy-ruimtesentrum <ref name="HEOC">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Bill |date=Maart 2012 |title=Exploration Systems Development Status |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS |archive-date=11 Februarie 2017 |access-date=21 Julie 2012 |publisher=NASA Advisory Council}}</ref> |opskrif9 = Aankoms |9 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif10 = Landingstyd |10 = 11 April 2026 |opskrif11 = Landingsterrein |11 = [[Stille Oseaan]] |opskrif12 = Wenteltydperk |12 = 9 dae |opskrif13 = Volgende sending |13 = [[Artemis III]] |opskrif14 = Webtuiste |14 = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-2}} }} '''Artemis II''' (1–11 April 2026) was 'n bemande verbyvlug van die [[Maan]]. Dit was die eerste bemande vlug van die [[NASA]]-geleide [[Artemis-program]] en die eerste bemande vlug verder as 'n [[Lae aardwentelbaan|lae Aarde-wentelbaan]] sedert [[Apollo 17]] in 1972. Artemis II was die tweede vlug van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) en die eerste bemande vlug van die Orion-ruimtetuig, wat deur die vierlidbemanning "''Integrity''" genoem is. Die sending was 'n toetsvlug wat die Artemis 4-sending ondersteun het om mense na die maanoppervlak terug te bring. Oorspronklik aangewys as Verkenningsmissie-2 (EM-2) en bedoel om die gekanselleerde Asteroïde Herleidingsmissie te ondersteun, is die doelwitte daarvan hersien na die stigting van die Artemis-program in 2017. Die sending se primêre doel was om die Orion-ruimtetuig se stelsels, bemanningsbedrywighede en sendingprosedures te valideer voor volgehoue maanverkenning in toekomstige Artemis-missies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2026-03-31 |title=Here's what the Artemis 2 astronauts will be doing on each day of NASA's historic moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/artemis-2-breakdown-what-to-expect-from-each-day-of-nasas-historic-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Space }}</ref> Artemis 2 se missiedoelwitte was soortgelyk aan dié van [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, die eerste bemande maanvlug van die Apollo-program, terwyl die vrye terugkeerbaan ooreengestem het met dié wat deur [[Apollo 13]] in 1970 gevlieg is. Onder die vier bemanningslede het Victor Glover die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Christina Koch die eerste vrou, die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap-ruimtevaarder Jeremy Hansen die eerste nie-VSA-burger, en bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman die oudste persoon wat verder as 'n lae Aarde-wentelbaan en om die Maan gereis het. Tydens hul maanverbyvlug het die bemanning die rekord vir menslike afstand van die Aarde opgestel, en 'n maksimum afstand van 406 771 km bereik en Apollo 13 se rekord van 400 171 km gebreek. Na die lansering het Artemis 2 wydverspreide wêreldwye aandag gekry vir sy prestasies en inklusiewe bemanning, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die term "Maanvreugde". ==Geskiedenis== ===Missiebeplanning en keuse van lanseringsdatum (2017–2021)=== [[Lêer:Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg|links|duimnael|Amptelike bemanningsportret, kloksgewys van links: Koch, Glover, Hansen en Wiseman.]] In 2017 is Exploration Mission-2 beplan as 'n enkele lanseringsvlug van 'n Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B-vuurpyl toegerus met die Exploration Upper Stage, wat 'n maan Blok 1 Orion-ruimtetuig dra, en 'n vragkapasiteit van 50.7 ton. Die missiekonsep het 'n ontmoeting met 'n [[Asteroïed|asteroïd]] behels wat deur die robotiese Asteroid Redirect Mission in 'n maanbaan geplaas sou word, wat [[ruimtevaarder]]s in staat stel om ruimtewandelings uit te voer en monsters te versamel.<ref name="Space.com3">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=10 April 10 2013 |title=Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required) |url=http://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801032556/https://www.space.com/20612-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-explained.html |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=11 April 2013 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Nadat die Asteroïde-herleidingsmissie in April 2017 gekanselleer is,<ref name="SN-20170614">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=14 Junie 2017 |title=NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170615143924/http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/ |archive-date=15 Junie 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Space News }}</ref> het NASA 'n alternatiewe missie voorgestel wat 'n agt dae lange vrye terugkeerbaan om die Maan met 'n bemanning van vier ruimtevaarders behels.<ref name="NASA-20170804">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=4 Augustus 2017 |title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/ |archive-date=28 Julie 2020 |access-date=8 Desember 2017 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II patch.svg|duimnael|Artemis II skouerflits.]] Nog 'n voorstel uit 2017 het voorgestel om vier ruimtevaarders aan boord van Orion te stuur op 'n maansending van 8 tot 21 dae om die eerste element van die beplande [[Lunar Gateway]] ruimtestasie af te lewer.<ref name="NSF-20170406">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=6 April 2017 |title=NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821221210/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/ |archive-date=21 Augustus 2017 |access-date=3 Mei 2017 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Hierdie voorstel het nie gerealiseer nie, en in Maart 2018 het NASA besluit dat die Gateway se aanvanklike module eerder op 'n kommersiële vuurpyl sou lanseer<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204033859/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2019_budget_overview.pdf |archive-date=4 Desember 2019 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=14 |quote= Ondersteun die lansering van die Krag- en Aandrywingselement op 'n kommersiële lanseervoertuig as die eerste komponent van die LOP – Gateway}}</ref> as gevolg van vertragings in die konstruksie van die Mobiele lanseerplatform wat benodig word vir die kragtiger Verkenningsboonste stadium.<ref name="arstech4">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=13 April 2018 |title=NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026101148/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/nasa-likely-to-fly-first-deep-space-mission-on-less-powerful-rocket/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2019 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die [[SpaceX]] Falcon Heavy is as die lanseervoertuig gekies.<ref name="SN-20210210">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=19 Februarie 2021 |title=NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155621/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-first-gateway-elements/ |archive-date=7 Oktober 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Space News }}</ref> Die Lunar Gateway-program is egter in Maart 2026 gekanselleer.<ref name="arstech9">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 Maart 2026 |title=NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/ |access-date=25 Maart 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hardeware-ontwikkeling, toetsing en integrasie (2021–2025)=== Op 11 Februarie 2023 het NASA die Artemis II-kernstadium se enjingedeelte na 'n horisontale posisie gedraai, wat die laaste belangrike mylpaal voor integrasie met die res van die voertuig was. Op 20 Maart is die enjingedeelte met die kernstadium in Gebou 103 by die Michoud-assembleringsfasiliteit in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], gekoppel. In Maart 2023 het NASA aanvanklik verwag om die voltooide kernstadium daardie somer aan die [[Kennedy-ruimtesentrum]] (KSC) te lewer,<ref name="Richardson Mar232023">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Derek |date=23 Maart 2023 |title=Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085930/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/artemis-program/artemis-2-space-launch-system-core-stage-nearly-complete/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2023 |access-date=31 Maart 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider }}</ref> maar teen Mei het die tydlyn na laat herfs 2023 verskuif.<ref name="arstech3">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 September 2023 |title=Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929111259/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/rocket-report-iran-launches-satellite-artemis-ii-boosters-get-train-ride/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2 Oktober 2023 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die vier RS-25-enjins (serienommers E2047, E2059, E2062 en E2063) is teen 25 September 2023 op die kernlanseringstadium geïnstalleer.<ref name="Mohon O'Brien 2022">{{Cite web |last1=Mohon |first1=Lee |last2=O'Brien |first2=Kevin |date=27 Oktober 2022 |title=Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626184639/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/space-launch-system-engines-launching-artemis-astronauts-to-the-moon.html |archive-date=26 Junie 2023 |access-date=26 Junie 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Mohon September 2023">{{Cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 September 2023 |title=All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Core Stage |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202615/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2023/09/25/all-engines-added-to-nasas-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-core-stage/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Nadat 'n lek in die suurstofklep se hidroulika ontdek is, is enjin E2063 in April 2025 met E2061 vervang.<ref name="arstech5">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=30 April 2025 |title=NASA just swapped a 10-year-old Artemis II engine with one nearly twice its age |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/04/nasa-just-swapped-a-10-year-old-artemis-ii-engine-with-one-nearly-twice-its-age/ |access-date=6 Mei 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Core Stage Move to VAB High Bay 2 (KSC-20241211-PH-KLS01 0054).jpg|links|duimnael|SLS-kernlanseerstadium vir Artemis II is kort nadat stapelbedrywighede in Desember 2024 begin het, in High Bay 2 van die lanseertuigmonteringsgebou opgelig.]] Die volledig toegeruste kernlanseerstadium is tussen 16 en 25 Julie 2024 aan KSC afgelewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=7 Junie 2024 |title=NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Rocket Stage |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-rollout-event-for-artemis-ii-moon-rocket-stage-2/ |access-date=12 Junie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Core stage shipment">{{Cite web |date=16 Julie 2024 |title=Artemis&nbsp;II Core Stage on the Move |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213130812/https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/artemis-ii-core-stage-on-the-move/ |archive-date=13 Desember 2025 |access-date=26 Julie 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Luabeya|first=Monika}}</ref><ref name="youtube1">{{YouTube |id= KsSKP8SP2KA |title= Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building }}</ref> Die aapassers wat benodig is vir die integrasie van die volledige lanseervoertuig het in Junie 2024 wesenlik voltooiing bereik en in September 2024 by KSC aangekom.<ref name="NASA-20240625">{{cite web |last=Mohon |first=Lee |date=25 Junie 2024 |title=Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073459/https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/six-adapters-for-crewed-artemis-flights-tested-built-at-nasa-marshall/ |archive-date=16 Oktober 2025 |access-date=26 Junie 2024 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="Space.com2">{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2 September 2024 |title=The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos) |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210213331/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-moon-astronaut-missions-rocket-spacecraft-hardware-shipment-photos |archive-date=10 Desember 2025 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Space.com }}</ref> Die Artemis II-bemanning is op 3 April 2023 deur NASA-administrateur Bill Nelson aangekondig tydens sy "State of NASA"-toespraak by 'n NASA-fasiliteit by Ellington Field buite Houston, Texas,<ref name="sciam2">{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202218/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-announces-the-astronaut-crew-for-artemis-ii-lunar-flyby/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Scientific American }}</ref> en die bemanning het daardie aand 'n openbare verskyning by die nabygeleë NRG-stadion gemaak tydens die 2023 March Madness-basketbalkampioenskapwedstryd.<ref name="twitter2">{{Cite tweet |number=1645612953259974657 |user=Astro_Christina |title=You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized – You're all behind this. We are going. |first=Christina |last=Koch }}</ref> NASA het oorspronklik September 2024 geteiken om met vuurpylstapelingsbedrywighede te begin. Die skedule is egter met meer as twee maande vertraag weens ondersoeke na probleme met Orion se lewensondersteuningstelsel en onverwagte hitteskildskade wat waargeneem is na die Artemis I-herbetreding.<ref name="arstech2">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=17 Oktober 2024 |title=It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926153507/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/artemis-ii-almost-certainly-will-miss-its-september-2025-launch-date/ |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=20 Oktober 2024 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Vuurpylstapeling het op 20 November 2024 begin. Stapeling is op 20 Oktober 2025 voltooi met die installering van die volledig geïntegreerde Orion-ruimtetuig, ESM, en lanseringsonderbrekingstelsel bo-op die SLS-vuurpyl.<ref name="arstech6">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=24 Oktober 2025 |title=Rocket Report: China tests Falcon 9 lookalike; NASA's Moon rocket fully stacked |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113003529/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/rocket-report-china-tests-falcon-9-lookalike-nasas-moon-rocket-fully-stacked/ |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=25 Oktober 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> ===Hitteskild-bekommernisse=== [[Lêer:Artemis I Orion heat shield.jpg|duimnael|Artemis I hitteskild toon skade na herwinning.]] Na die onbemande Artemis I-sending in November 2022 het NASA-ingenieurs onverwagte erosie van die Orion-ruimtetuig se ablatiewe hitteskild na atmosferiese herbetreding geïdentifiseer. Na-vluginspeksies het areas van houtskoolverlies in die [[AVCOAT]]-ablatiewe hitteskildmateriaal gevind, waarin gedeeltes van die materiaal meer uitgebreid geërodeer het as wat deur voorvlugmodelle voorspel is. NASA het berig dat temperature binne die bemanningsmodule binne ontwerplimiete gebly het, maar die onverwagte gedrag het verdere ondersoek aangespoor. Nabybeelde van die skade is eers in Mei 2024 publiek vrygestel, toe dit in 'n verslag deur die NASA-kantoor van Inspekteur-generaal verskyn het.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |title=NASA's Readiness for the Artemis II Crewed Mission to Lunar Orbit |date=1 Mei 2024 |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |pages=8–11 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002095327/https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ig-24-011.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024 het NASA 'n onafhanklike hersieningspan saamgestel om die hitteskildprestasie en die agentskap se voorgestelde benadering vir die Artemis II-sending te beoordeel. Die hersiening het in Desember 2024 afgesluit, waarna NASA aangekondig het dat hulle met Artemis II sou voortgaan met die bestaande hitteskild. NASA het 'n perskonferensie gehou om hul bevindinge uiteen te sit, maar die publiek vrygestelde weergawe van die hersieningspan se verslag is omvattend geredigeer, wat kritiek van sommige voormalige NASA-ingenieurs en ruimtevaarders ontlok het rakende die vlak van deursigtigheid.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=9 Januarie 2026 |title=Is Orion's heat shield really safe? New NASA chief conducts final review on eve of flight. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118012348/https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/nasa-chief-reviews-orion-heat-shield-expresses-full-confidence-in-it-for-artemis-ii/ |archive-date=18 Januarie 2026 |access-date=27 Januarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> NASA-ingenieurs het bepaal dat die verkolingsverlies wat tydens Artemis I waargeneem is, veroorsaak is deur warm gasse wat in die AVCOAT-materiaal vasgevang is, wat gelei het tot afsplintering, krake en verhoogde gelokaliseerde materiaalverlies tydens hertoetrede. Eerder as om die hitteskild vir Artemis II te vervang, het NASA die hertoetrede-trajek gewysig deur die daalhoek te verhoog, wat die tyd wat die ruimtetuig in die termiese omgewing wat met die skade geassosieer word, sou deurbring, verminder het. Volgens NASA het modellering en grondtoetse aangedui dat hierdie verandering verdere verkolingsverlies sou beperk terwyl dit binne Orion se strukturele en termiese marges sou bly.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> As deel van die sertifiseringsproses vir Artemis II het NASA addisionele toetse en ontledings uitgevoer, insluitend evaluerings van scenario's wat meer uitgebreide hitteskildskade behels. NASA het verklaar dat hierdie ontledings getoon het dat die onderliggende struktuur van die Orion-kapsule ongeskonde sou bly en in staat sou wees om die bemanning te beskerm onder toestande wat dié oortref wat verwag word tydens die sending se herbetreding.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> In Januarie 2026 het NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman verklaar dat hy die voortsetting van Artemis II met die bestaande hitteskild ondersteun nadat hy die agentskap se analise hersien het en met ingenieurs en eksterne kundiges vergader het. Sommige deelnemers wat voorheen kommer uitgespreek het, het aangedui dat die bykomende data hul vrae beantwoord het, terwyl ander steeds beswaar gemaak het teen die vlug van die sending sonder 'n herontwerpte hitteskild. NASA het verklaar dat ontwerpveranderinge wat AVCOAT-deurlaatbaarheid aanspreek, beplan word vir die hitteskild wat vir Artemis III bedoel is.<ref name="Berger 2026-01-09" /> ===Missievertragings=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Orion Solar Array Wings Installed (jsc2025e016293).jpg|links|duimnael|Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule vir die Artemis II-sending word in Maart 2025 voorberei.]] Tydens voorlopige oorsigte in 2011 is die lanseringsdatum iewers tussen 2019 en 2021 geplaas, maar daarna is die lanseringsdatum uitgestel tot 2023."<ref name="NASA-20190308">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=8 Maart 2019 |title=NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasas-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183030/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-deep-space-exploration-system-is-coming-together/ |archive-date=1 Augustus 2019 |access-date=10 Maart 2019 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="NSF-20181228">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=28 Desember 2018 |title=Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153635/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/crewed-orion-passes-critical-design-review/ |archive-date=16 Februarie 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> In Januarie 2024 is verwag dat die sending in September 2025 sou lanseer."<ref name="SN-20240109">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=9 Januarie 2024 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 Januarie 2024 |website=Space News }}</ref> In Oktober 2024 het die NASA-kantoor van die Inspekteur-generaal egter bepaal dat die Exploration Ground Systems-span hul tyd wat vir die oplossing van enige onvoorsiene probleme opgeberg was, uitgeput het, wat die kantoor laat besluit het dat die lanseringsdatum van September 2025 waarskynlik vertraag sou word.{{r |arstech2}} In Desember 2024 het die uitgaande administrateur Nelson aangekondig dat die lansering vertraag is weens die maande van ingenieursondersoeke na probleme met die lewensondersteuningstelsel en hitteskild, maar hulle het 'n lansering in April 2026 gemik."<ref name="NYT-20241205">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 Desember 2024 |title=NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025012300/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/05/science/nasa-moon-artemis-delayed-2027.html |archive-date=25 Oktober 2025 |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20241205">{{cite press release |title=NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions |date=5 Desember 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |access-date=6 Desember 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-shares-orion-heat-shield-findings-updates-artemis-moon-missions/ |archive-date=5 Desember 2024 }}</ref> In Maart 2025 het ''AmericaSpace'' berig dat die lanseringsdatum met twee maande tot Februarie 2026 versnel kon word. NASA het in 'n verklaring gereageer en gesê dat hulle nie die hersiene datum kon bevestig nie, maar het opgemerk: "Ons soek maniere om 'n vroeëre lansering moontlik te maak indien moontlik, moontlik so gou as Februarie 2026. 'n Februarie-teiken stel die agentskap in staat om voordeel te trek uit doeltreffendheid in die vloei van bedrywighede om die SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-ruimtetuig en ondersteunende grondstelsels te integreer terwyl die veiligheid van die bemanning as die topprioriteit gehandhaaf word."<ref name="americaspace1">{{Cite web |last=Longo |first=Alex |date=22 Maart 2025 |title=NASA Accelerates Artemis 2 by Two Months |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113111951/https://www.americaspace.com/2025/03/22/nasa-accelerates-artemis-2-by-two-months/ |archive-date=13 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Maart 2025 |website=AmericaSpace }}</ref> Teen Augustus 2025 het meer hoofstroommedia soos ''NASASpaceflight'', die joernalis Eric Berger en die Amerikaanse senator en voormalige ruimtevaarder Mark Kelly ook berig dat die sending na Februarie 2026 verskuif is."<ref name="NSF-20250802">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |date=2 Augustus 2025 |title=Artemis II astronauts discuss mission status ahead of in-capsule training |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102022311/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/artemis-ii-astronaut-interviews/ |archive-date=2 Januarie 2026 |access-date=6 Augustus 2025 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref><ref name="twitter3">{{cite tweet |number=1951004815930302557 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Former astronaut Mark Kelly says Artemis II is launching in February 2026. This is consistent with the schedule I've been hearing. Officially NASA has said "no later than" April 2026. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=5 Augustus 2025 }}</ref> In September 2025 het amptenare van die ruimteagentskap aangekondig dat hulle 'n lanseringsvenster nastreef wat op 5 Februarie 2026 oopgemaak het.<ref name="arstech1">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=23 September 2025 |title=NASA targeting early February for Artemis II mission to the Moon |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226061826/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/nasa-targeting-early-february-for-artemis-ii-mission-to-the-moon/ |archive-date=26 Desember 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> [[Lêer:Artemis II Rollout (NHQ202601170068).jpg|duimnael|Die Artemis II-stapel word uit die VAB uitgerol voor sy Februarie-lanseringspoging, Januarie 2026.]] Die vroegste lanseringsvenster vir Artemis II was oorspronklik vasgestel vir vroeg in Februarie 2026,<ref name="twitter4">{{cite tweet |number=2008895848839520633 |user=SciGuySpace |title=Based upon information from a couple of people, as of last night NASA is still working toward the Feb. 5–11 launch window for Artemis II. A big tell will be whether NASA rolls the rocket to the pad about 10 days from now. |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=7 Januarie 2026 }}</ref><ref name="SN-20260107">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=January 7, 2026 |title=NASA continues to work toward February launch of Artemis 2 |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-continues-to-work-toward-february-launch-of-artemis-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 Januarie 2026 |website=Space News }}</ref> maar lanseringsvoorbereidings is vertraag weens die Noord-Amerikaanse winterstorm van Januarie 2026.<ref name="kraft1302">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=30 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA Updates Artemis II Wet Dress Rehearsal, Launch Opportunities |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205056/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/01/30/nasa-updates-artemis-ii-wet-dress-rehearsal-launch-opportunities/ |archive-date=1 Februarie 2026 |access-date=30 Januarie 2026 |website=[[NASA]] }}</ref> Op 18 Januarie 2026 is die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl, Orion-kapsule en lanseringstoring vanaf die Voertuigmonteringsgebou na Lanseringskompleks 39B uitgerol.<ref name="NYT-20260117">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=17 Januarie 2026 |title=NASA's Giant Rocket Completes Slow Roll Toward Artemis&nbsp;II Moon Voyage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/17/science/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-moon.html |access-date=18 Januarie 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> 'n Nat kleedrepetisie van die aftelling het op 2 Februarie plaasgevind.<ref name="Redstone Rocket 2026-01-282">{{cite web |last=Schultz |first=Eric |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marshall at center of return to moon with Artemis II |url=https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128093819/https://www.theredstonerocket.com/tech_today/article_ff3b24d3-b284-424b-8286-c8c9709f2e62.html |archive-date=28 Januarie 2026 |access-date=28 Januarie 2026 |website=The Redstone Rocket }}</ref> Na die toets het NASA aangekondig dat die lansering tot Maart uitgestel sou word weens 'n vloeibare waterstoflek wat tydens die gesimuleerde aftelling plaasgevind het. Benewens die lek, moes 'n klep wat verband hou met die druk van die Orion-bemanningsmodule se luik herdraai word, en die afsluitingsoperasies het langer geneem as beplan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Conducts Artemis II Fuel Test, Eyes March for Launch Opportunity |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225203052/https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/03/nasa-conducts-artemis-ii-fuel-test-eyes-march-for-launch-opportunity/ |archive-date=25 Februarie 2026 |access-date=3 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref> 'n Tweede nat kleedrepetisie het op 19 Februarie plaasgevind en was suksesvol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=19 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Begins Artemis II Launch Pad Ops After Successful Fuel Test |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/19/nasa-begins-artemis-ii-launch-pad-ops-after-successful-fuel-test/ |access-date=20 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Op 21 Februarie is 'n heliumvloeiprobleem waargeneem, wat 'n terugrol na die Voertuigmonteringsgebou (VAB) veroorsaak het en die sending tot April vertraag het.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Troubleshooting Artemis II Rocket Upper Stage Issue, Preparing to Roll Back |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/21/nasa-troubleshooting-artemis-ii-rocket-upper-stage-issue-preparing-to-roll-back/ |access-date=21 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Kraft|first=Rachel H.}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2026-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA says it needs to haul the Artemis II rocket back to the hangar for repairs |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/02/nasa-says-it-needs-to-haul-the-artemis-ii-rocket-back-to-the-hangar-for-repairs/ |access-date=22 Februarie 2026 |work=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die terugrol het op 25 Februarie om 9:38 vm EST begin en die geïntegreerde SLS-vuurpyl het omstreeks 8:00 nm terug by die VAB aangekom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Rolls Back to Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Februarie 2026 |title=NASA Artemis II Rocket Returns for Repairs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/02/25/nasa-artemis-ii-rocket-returns-for-repairs/ |access-date=25 Februarie 2026 |website=NASA |last=Niles-Carnes|first=Elyna}}</ref> NASA-administrateur Jared Isaacman het gesê dat 'n werklike lanseringsdatum eers bevestig sou word nadat 'n suksesvolle nat kleedrepetisie voltooi was en die resultate geanaliseer is.<ref name="NYT-20260117" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Anamica |date=1 Februarie 2026 |title=Artemis 2 wet launch begins at NASA's Kennedy Space Center: Launch date, astronauts and other details |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/artemis-2-wet-launch-begins-nasa-kennedy-space-center-1769928410232/amp |access-date=1 Februarie 2026 |website=Wion }}</ref> ===Lanseringskedulering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Preflight (NHQ202603200057).jpg|duimnael|Die boonste deel van die sendingmodule, soos gesien op 20 Maart 2026.]] Op 12 Maart, na 'n Vluggereedheidsoorsig (VGV), is sewe twee-uur lanseringsvensters aangekondig vir 1-6 en 30 April, met die eerste lanseringsvenster op 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Now Targeting April 1 for Artemis II's Launch Around The Moon |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-now-targeting-april-1-for-artemis-ii-launch-around-the-moon/ |access-date=14 Maart 2026 |website=spacepolicyonline.com |last=Smith |first=Marcia}}</ref> Op 18 Maart het NASA aangekondig dat die Artemis II Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl en Orion-ruimtetuig die volgende dag na lanseerplatform 39B by die agentskap se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in [[Florida]] uitgerol sou word. Intussen het die Artemis II-bemanning in kwarantyn in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], gegaan om te verseker dat hulle gesond bly voor die lansering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Maart 2026 |title=NASA Finalizes Artemis II Rollout, Crew Begins Quarantine |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/18/nasa-finalizes-artemis-ii-rollout-crew-begins-quarantine/ |access-date=18 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Dean|first=Brandi}}</ref> Op 20 Maart, na 'n vertraging weens sterk winde,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Moon Rocket Heads Back to Launch Pad |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/artemis-ii-moon-rocket-heads-back-to-launch-pad/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> is die SLS 'n tweede keer vanaf die VAB na lanseerplatform 39B uitgerol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Rocket Arrives at Launch Pad 39B |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/20/nasas-artemis-ii-rocket-arrives-at-launch-pad-39b/ |access-date=20 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> ==Bemanning== Artemis II is beman deur vier ruimtevaarders: bevelvoerder Reid Wiseman, vlieënier Victor Glover, en missiespesialis Christina Koch, almal van die NASA Astronaut Corps, saam met missiespesialis Jeremy Hansen van die Kanadese Astronaut Corps.<ref name="Artemis Crew">{{unbulleted list citebundle | {{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Claire |date=3 April 2023 |title=NASA Names Astronauts to Next Moon Mission, First Crew Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722041405/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-astronauts-to-next-moon-mission-first-crew-under-artemis/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the 4 astronauts flying on NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052354/https://www.space.com/artemis-2-moon-mission-astronauts-meet-the-crew |archive-date=29 Mei 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=Space.com}} | {{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=3 April 2023 |title=The four astronauts NASA picked for the first crewed moon mission in 50 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810074034/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/03/world/artemis-2-astronaut-crew-scn/index.html |archive-date=10 Augustus 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}} | {{Cite web |last=Stamm |first=Amy |date=3 April 2023 |title=Meet the Crew of Artemis II |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408183145/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/meet-crew-artemis-ii |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 Augustus 2023 |website=airandspace.si.edu}} }}</ref> Op 22 November 2023 is Jenni Gibbons as Hansen se plaasvervanger aangewys,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nassar |first=Hana Mae |date=22 November 2023 |title=Canadian astronauts receive new assignments |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122161422/https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/11/22/canadian-astronauts-gibbons-kutryk/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=citynews.ca |location=Vancouver }}</ref> en op 3 Julie 2024 is Andre Douglas as die plaasvervanger vir die drie NASA-ruimtevaarders aangewys.<ref name="globalnews1">{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151622/https://globalnews.ca/news/7525408/nasa-artemis-program-canadian-astronaut-moon/ |archive-date=16 Desember 2020 |access-date=18 Desember 2020 |newspaper=Global News }}</ref> Glover het die eerste persoon van kleur geword, Koch die eerste vrou, Wiseman die oudste persoon, en Hansen die eerste nie-Amerikaner wat om die Maan gereis het. Hierdie sending was Hansen se eerste ruimtevlug. Hansen en Gibbons, albei Kanadese, is deur die Kanadese Ruimteagentskap gekies as deel van 'n 2020-verdrag<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Treaty – Canada.ca |url=https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?lcid=1033&id=105652&t=638206873238152706 |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=www.treaty-accord.gc.ca |quote=Article 7, Section 1(b), Clause 15. Provide one crew opportunity on Artemis II (the first crewed flight returning astronauts to the lunar environment) and one crew opportunity to the Gateway, timing of such crew opportunities shall take into account major CSA milestones, program constraints, and crew flight availability }}</ref> tussen die Verenigde State en Kanada wat die deelname van Kanadese ruimtevaarders aan die Artemis-program vergemaklik het.<ref name="Artemis Crew" />{{r |globalnews1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the astronauts on NASA's Artemis II moon mission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-ii-mission-rcna255621 |website=NBC News |date=2026-03-31|last1=Chow|first1=Denise|last2=Blackman|first2=Jay|last3=Al Roker|first3=Al}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=6 major records the Artemis II astronauts will smash as NASA returns to the moon |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/farthest-fastest-and-most-diverse-6-major-records-the-artemis-ii-astronauts-will-smash-as-nasa-returns-to-the-moon |access-date=30 Maart 2026 |website=Live Science }}</ref> Hierdie sending het die rekord vir die meeste mense in die diep ruimte op een slag gebreek,<ref name="p831">{{cite web | last=Kabir | first=Radifah | title=Artemis II broke 8 big records: How the Moon mission changed space history forever | website=India Today | date=11 April 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/artemis-2-mission-records-broken-farthest-humans-deep-space-moon-nasa-2026-2894719-2026-04-11 | access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> wat op drie gestel is tydens [[Apollo 8]] in Desember 1968. Rise, 'n sagte speelding is as die gewigloosheidaanwyser aan boord van Artemis II saam met die ruimtevaarders geplaas, is ontwerp deur die 8-jarige Lucas Ye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=How an 8-year-old designed a zero-gravity indicator for Artemis II |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/zero-gravity-indicator-artemis-ii-8-year-old/ |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Breen|first=Kerry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yi-Jin |title=8-year-old watches his plush toy rocket to the moon with Artemis II mission |url=https://abcnews.com/GMA/Living/8-year-olds-plush-toy-design-moon-artemis/story?id=131605806 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2026|last2=Uff|first2=Nic}}</ref> ==Missie== Artemis II se missie was 'n bemande vlugtoets met vier ruimtevaarders wat die werkverrigting van die Ruimtelanseringstelsel (SLS) vuurpyl saam met die Orion-ruimtetuig en sy Europese Diensmodule (ESM) in die diep ruimte geëvalueer het. Die eerste dag van die sending is grootliks in 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan deurgebring, waar die bemanning stelselkontroles uitgevoer het. Orion het in 'n hoogs elliptiese, hoë Aarde-wentelbaan geopereer met 'n periode van ongeveer 24 uur, wat uitgebreide toetsing van aanboordstelsels moontlik gemaak het. Gedurende hierdie fase het die bemanning lewensondersteuning en ander kritieke ruimtetuigstelsels geëvalueer, en 'n afspraak- en nabyheidsoperasiedemonstrasie uitgevoer met die gebruikte Tussentydse Kriogeniese Aandrywingsfase (ICPS) as 'n teiken. Nadat NASA-missiebestuurders Orion se werkverrigting bevestig het, het die ruimtetuig 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontsteking uitgevoer om die Aarde-wentelbaan te verlaat. Orion het toe na die Maan gereis op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan, om die verre kant gelus voordat dit natuurlik na die Aarde teruggekeer het op 'n vrye terugkeerbaan sonder om bykomende aandrywing vir die terugbeen te benodig.<ref name="NASA-20180827">{{cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=27 Augustus 2018 |title=First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041134/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to |archive-date=30 Augustus 2018 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=NASA |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref><ref name="NSF-20200625">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=25 Junie 2020 |title=NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627132313/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/nasa-rendezvous-options-artemis-2-orion/ |archive-date=27 Junie 2021 |access-date=28 Junie 2021 |website=NASASpaceflight.com }}</ref> Dit is opmerklik dat die bemanning elke dag van die vlug "wekroepe" van Missiebeheer ontvang het, 'n NASA-tradisie sedert die Apollo-missies, bestaande uit musiek wat ontwerp is om die bemanning op 'n bestendige ritme te hou en moraal te verhoog, en inspirerende toesprake wat spesifiek vir die vlug opgeneem is, insluitend boodskappe van Apollo-ruimtevaarders Charlie Duke en Jim Lovell.<ref name="NASA Day 5">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 5: Crew Starts Day with Suit Demo |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/05/artemis-ii-flight-day-5-crew-starts-day-with-suit-demo/ |access-date=April 5, 2026 |publisher=[[NASA]] |last=Graf|first=Abby}}</ref><ref name="Zakrzewski 2026">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Day 6: Crew Ready for Lunar Flyby |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-crew-ready-for-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en-US |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski |first=Joseph}}</ref> Artemis II se trajek kan in verskeie sleutelfases verdeel word, oor 'n reis van ongeveer nege dae:<ref name="esa1">{{cite web |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131053827/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_II |archive-date=31 Januarie 2026 |access-date=3 Junie 2024 |website=www.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Artemis II |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |archive-date=22 Januarie 2026 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NASA }}</ref> ===Lansering=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Lansering.png|links|duimnael|Belangrike fases van die Artemis II-lansering en -opstyging.]] [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch (NHQ20260401 admin 0025).jpg|duimnael|Artemis II styg op 1 April 2026 vanaf lanseerkompleks 39B by NASA se Kennedy-ruimtesentrum in Florida op.]] Die bemanning het op 27 Maart by Kennedy Space Center aangekom,<ref name="NASA-2026a">{{Cite web |date=27 Maart 2026 |title=Artemis II Crew Arrives at Launch Site, Shares Moon Mascot |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/27/artemis-ii-crew-arrives-at-launch-site-shares-moon-mascot/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Low|first=Lauren E.}}</ref> en die aftelling vir die lansering het op 30 Maart begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Maart 2026 |title=NASA's Artemis II Launch Mission Countdown Begins |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/03/30/nasas-artemis-ii-launch-mission-countdown-begins/ |access-date=31 Maart 2026 |website=NASA |last=Costa|first=Jason}}</ref> Die sending is op 1 April om 22:35:12 UTC (18:35:12 EDT, plaaslike tyd by die lanseringsterrein) aan boord van 'n SLS-vuurpyl gelanseer vanaf Kennedy Space Center se Lanseringskompleks 39B.<ref name="NASA Launch Time">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=1 April 2026 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Speed |first1=Richard |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II blasts off on first crewed lunar mission since Apollo |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/04/02/artemis_ii/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=theregister.com }}</ref> Dit was die eerste bemande lansering vanaf LC-39B sedert STS-116 in 2006. Die vier RS-25 hoofenjins op die kernstadium het ongeveer sewe sekondes voor lansering ontbrand; nadat hul werkverrigting teen volle krag bevestig is, het die soliede vuurpyl-aanjaers (waarvan die ontsteking nie omgekeer kan word nie) by T-0 ontbrand en die meerderheid van die stukrag gedurende die eerste twee minute van die vlug verskaf. Die skeiding van die aanjaers het teen ongeveer 5 000 km/h op 'n hoogte van 48 km plaasgevind. Die aanjaers het daarna ongeveer ses minute na die lansering in die Atlantiese Oseaan neergestort. Anders as die Ruimtependeltuig-boosters, is die SLS-boosters nie teruggevind nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit" /> Wiseman het die lansering vanaf die linker sitplek van Orion by die primêre kontroles gemonitor. Die vlug was ten volle outomaties, en geen bemanningsingryping was nodig nie, alhoewel Wiseman 'n afbreekbevel kon uitgereik het indien nodig. Die kernstadium het vir ongeveer agt minute gebrand voor skeiding, wat Orion in 'n hoogs elliptiese wentelbaan met 'n apogeum van ongeveer 2 300 km gelaat het, byna vyf keer hoër as die [[Internasionale Ruimtestasie]], maar 'n suborbitale perigeum. Die ICPS se boonste stadium het nie tydens die aanvanklike styging gevuur nie.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=1 Oktober 2025 |title=In their own words: The Artemis II crew on the frenetic first hours of their flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/10/in-their-own-words-the-artemis-ii-crew-on-the-frenetic-first-hours-of-their-flight/ |access-date=20 Januarie 2026 |website=Ars Technica }}</ref> Die kernstadium het ongeveer twee uur na lansering 'n vernietigende terugkeer oor die Stille Oseaan gemaak.<ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=January 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> ===Hoë Aarde-wentelbaan en stelselkontrole=== [[Lêer:Artemis II Launch Abort System Jettison.png|duimnael|Die lansering-wegbreekstelsel nadat dit oorboord afgegooi is, soos gesien deur 'n outomatiese kamera op Integrity.]] Onmiddellik nadat die hoofenjin afgeskakel is, het Koch en Hansen van hul sitplekke afgeklim om noodsaaklike lewensondersteuningstelsels aan boord van die ruimtetuig op te stel en te toets, insluitend die watertenk, brandbestrydingsmaskers en toilet. Alle stelsels is nagegaan (nadat die bemanning klein probleme met die toilet en watereenheid opgelos het),<ref name="AP 2026-04-03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=3 April 2026 |title=WATCH: NASA shares update on Artemis II mission around the moon, 2 days after launch |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/science/watch-live-nasa-shares-update-on-artemis-ii-mission-around-the-moon-2-days-after-launch |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=PBS News |agency=Associated Press of New York }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin 2026">{{Cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=5 April 2026 |title=Artemis II astronauts have toilet trouble on Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87wy05wr4no |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> wat sendingbestuurders die vertroue gegee het om voort te gaan met die ICPS-ontsteking by die apogeum, ongeveer 50 minute na opstyg, om Orion se perigeum te lig.<ref name="AP 2026-04-03" /><ref name="perigee1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Maneuver Complete; NASA to Hold Press Conference |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-maneuver-complete-nasa-to-hold-press-conference/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref> Voor hierdie brand was Orion se perigeum suborbitaal (in die atmosfeer), 'n doelbewuste veiligheidsmaatreël wat 'n natuurlike herbetreding verseker het sonder om enige bykomende brandwonde in die geval van 'n groot anomalie te vereis. Die ICPS-brand het die perigeum uit die atmosfeer gelig en die ruimtetuig in 'n stabiele lae Aarde-wentelbaan geplaas.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="Press Kit">{{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/artemis-ii-press-kit.pdf |title=Artemis II Press Kit |date=Januarie 2026 |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 April 2026 }}</ref> Toe die ruimtetuig hierdie nuwe perigeum ongeveer 'n uur later bereik het, het dit 'n 15-minuut-ontsteking uitgevoer om sy volgende apogeum tot 71 000 km; 38 000 nmi te verhoog, wat 'n 23.5-uur hoë Aarde-wentelbaan tot stand gebring het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n bemande ruimtetuig 'n hoë Aarde-wentelbaan binnegegaan het sonder om direk na die Maan te beweeg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew begins "crazy first day" in space after exhilarating launch |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/artemis-ii-first-day-in-space-moon-mission/ |access-date=11 Apri 2026 |website=CBS News |last=Harwood|first=William}}</ref> Na hierdie verbranding, wat byna al die brandstof in die ICPS verbruik het, het die Orion en ESM van die boonste verhoog geskei. Die bemanning het toe 'n "nabyheidsoperasies"-demonstrasie uitgevoer met die ICPS as 'n teiken. Oor ongeveer 70 minute het Glover, nou in die linker sitplek van Orion, handmatige beheer van die ruimtetuig geneem en 'n reeks maneuvers uitgevoer om hanteringseienskappe te evalueer en tegnieke vir toekomstige dokoperasies te oefen. Die ICPS was toegerus met 'n dokteiken, wat toetse van Orion se vermoë om handmatig relatief tot 'n ander ruimtetuig te maneuvreer met behulp van ingeboude navigasiesensors en reaksiebeheerstelselstuwers moontlik gemaak het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel H. |date=20 Maart 2024 |title=Key Test Drive of Orion on NASA's Artemis II to Aid Future Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/key-test-drive-of-orion-on-nasas-artemis-ii-to-aid-future-missions/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US }}</ref> Na die demonstrasie het Orion teruggekeer na outomatiese beheer terwyl die ICPS 'n uitwentelbaan-verbranding vir atmosferiese herbetreding oor die Stille Oseaan uitgevoer het,<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref name="proxPerigee">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Proximity Operations Complete, Perigee Raise Burn Up Next |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/01/artemis-ii-flight-update-proximity-operations-complete-perigee-raise-burn-up-next/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA |last=Zakrzewski|first=Joseph}}</ref>en sy vrag CubeSats gedurende hierdie fase ontplooi het.<ref name="Press Kit" /> Na hierdie operasies het die bemanning die kajuit vir ruimtevlug herkonfigureer, hul vliegwiel-oefentoestel opgestel en dit gebruik om 'n lewensondersteuningstelsel-strestoets deur middel van fisiese aktiwiteit uit te voer, beide aërobiese en weerstandsoefeninge uitgevoer met behulp van 'n kompakte kabelgedrewe stelsel wat ontwerp is om binne die ruimtetuig se massa- en volumebeperkings te werk, en aandete geëet.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Mike |date=3 April 2026 |title=Artemis II crew space moon mission |url=https://www.wesh.com/article/artemis-ii-crew-space-moon-mission/70927464 |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=WESH}}</ref> Die eerste slaapperiode is in twee vieruur-segmente verdeel, onderbreek om 'n 43-sekonde-ontbranding deur die Europese Diensmodule te monitor wat die ruimtetuig se perigeum weer verhoog het om voor te berei vir 'n translunêre inspuiting (TLI) ontbranding.<ref name="perigeeBurn">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Artemis II Flight Update: Perigee Raise Burn Complete |url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-update-perigee-raise-burn-complete/ |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=NASA }}</ref> Na die ontbranding het die ruimtevaarders teruggekeer slaap terwyl NASA-bestuurders die ruimtetuig se werkverrigting hersien het voordat hulle die TLI-ontbranding gemagtig het.<ref name="Berger 2025-10-01" /> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Artemis-program]] fjhrvl7iq0v8jvd2obavpm1nrwwlw2b 0 460927 2913743 2900059 2026-06-25T13:09:17Z ~2026-36749-36 209954 Datum van afsterwe. 2913743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Persoon | naam = J.C.M.D. du Plessis | bynaam = | beeld = J.C.M.D. du plessis.jpg | beeldbeskrywing = | onderskrif = | geboortenaam = Johannes Christiaan Marthinus Daniël du Plessis | geboortedatum = 25 November 1940 | geboorteplek = [[Steynsburg]]-distrik, [[Oos-Kaap]] | dood_datum = {{death date and age|2026|4|7|1940|11|25}} | sterfteplek = | ouers = | titel = | nasionaliteit = [[Suid-Afrika]] | beroep = Leksikograaf | bekend = [[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]] | salaris = | termyn = | voorganger = | opvolger = | eerbewyse = | party = | godsdiens = | huweliksmaat = | kinders = | webblad = | handtekening = }} '''Johan du Plessis''' ('''Johannes Christiaan Marthinus Daniël du Plessis'''; [[25 November]] [[1940]] – [[7 April|8 April]] [[2026]]) was ’n Suid-Afrikaanse [[leksikograaf]] en akademikus wat veral bekend was vir sy werk aan die [[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]] (WAT). Hy het as eindredakteur van die WAT gedien en was ook vir ’n lang tydperk redakteur van die internasionale vaktydskrif ''Lexikos''. Hy was ’n erelid van die African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX).<ref name="AFRILEX2026"> African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX). 2026. Huldeblyk aan dr. Johan du Plessis. Gepubliseer op AFRILEX se amptelike platform.</ref> ==Lewe en loopbaan== Du Plessis is op 25 November 1940 op die plaas Bulhoek in die [[Steynsburg]]-distrik in die [[Oos-Kaap]] gebore. Hy het sy skoolopleiding aan die Laerskool Karel Theron en Hoërskool Middelburg (Oos-Kaap) ontvang.<ref name="familie">Persoonlike mededeling: Jeanette du Plessis.</ref> Hy studeer aan die [[Universiteit van Stellenbosch]], waar hy in 1961 ’n B.A.-graad behaal met [[Afrikaans]] en [[Nederlands]] en [[Frans]] as hoofvakke, en in 1962 ’n honneursgraad in Afrikaans en Nederlands voltooi.<ref name="US">Studierekords, Universiteit Stellenbosch.</ref> In 1965 verwerf hy ’n M.A.-graad onder leiding van [[D.J. Opperman]] met die verhandeling Tradisie en Vernuwing in die Afrikaanse Verhalende Prosa. Hy begin sy loopbaan by die WAT op 1 Julie 1963 as tegniese assistent en word in 1965 tot mederedakteur bevorder. In 1981 word hy senior mederedakteur. Hy voltooi in 1985 ’n D.Litt.-graad aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch onder leiding van [[Merwe Scholtz]] met die proefskrif Die nie-pikareske pikaro: ’n strukturalistiese ondersoek na die pikareske elemente in [[Jochem van Bruggen|Van Bruggen]] se Ampietrilogie. Du Plessis word in 1985 as assistenthoofredakteur van die WAT aangestel en in 1987 permanent bevestig. Ná ’n herstrukturering van die organisasie in 1990 word hy die eerste eindredakteur van die WAT. In hierdie hoedanigheid was hy verantwoordelik vir die funksionele beplanning en redaksionele bestuur van die woordeboek. Onder sy leiding verskyn dele IX, X en XI van die WAT.<ref name="WAT">Ongepubliseerde dokumente van die Beheerraad van die Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal.</ref> ==Publikasies en bydraes== In 1997 neem Du Plessis die redakteurskap oor van ''Lexikos'', die vaktydskrif van AFRILEX, wat internasionaal erken word as ’n belangrike publikasie in die veld van leksikografie.<ref name="LexikosContext">Alberts, M. 2022. "Lexikos and AFRILEX — A Perfect Lexicographic Liaison". Lexikos 32.</ref> Hy dien as redakteur tot 2010 en word later beskryf as een van die langsdienende redakteurs van die tydskrif.<ref name="AFRILEX2026" /> Hy was ook die redakteur van ''Die leksikograaf as eksegeet'' (1995), ’n bundel oor die lewe en werk van F.J. Snijman, voormalige hoofredakteur van die WAT. Na sy aftrede as eindredakteur van die WAT in 2000 en as redakteur van ''Lexikos'' in 2010, het hy steeds aktief gebly in navorsing. Sy latere werk sluit ’n studie oor [[C. Louis Leipoldt]] se rol in die materiaalversameling van J.J. Smith se Afrikaanse standaardwoordeboek in. ==Afsterwe en nalatenskap== Du Plessis is op 8 April 2026 op die ouderdom van 85 jaar oorlede.<ref name="AFRILEX2026" /><ref name="WAT2026">Buro van die Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal. 2026. Kennisgewing van die afsterwe van dr. J.C.M.D. du Plessis.</ref> Volgens die Buro van die WAT was hy tot kort voor sy afsterwe steeds betrokke by die Buro.<ref name="WAT2026" /> Hy word beskou as een van die sentrale figure in die ontwikkeling van Afrikaanse leksikografie in die laat 20ste eeu, veral deur sy rol in die voortsetting en redaksionele bestuur van die WAT en sy bydrae tot die internasionale profiel van Lexikos. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:du Plessis, J.C.M.D.}} [[Kategorie:Leksikografie]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse taalkundiges]] [[Kategorie:Alumni van die Universiteit Stellenbosch]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1940]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2026]] nfqquib9p1bxfswi4as24iyb86rsdza 0 460966 2913841 2909539 2026-06-25T21:14:14Z BurgertB 2401 Wedstryd verby 2913841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas Vliegtuig |naam=Constellation |beeld=Lêer:330-ps-7616-usn-682733 16635883516 o.jpg |byskrif=Constellation-variant in diens van die VSA-vloot |tipe=Burgerlike en militêre vliegtuig |vervaardiger=Lockheed Aircraft Corporation |land van herkoms=Verenigde State van Amerika |eerste vlug=9 Januarie 1943 |hoofgebruiker=Transworld Air Lines (TWA) |vervaardig=1943-1958 |aantal gebou=856 |bekendstelling=1943, deur USAAF; 1945, deur TWA }} Die '''Lockheed Constellation (“Connie”)''' is ’n viermotorige lynvliegtuig wat deur lugskroewe aangedryf is en vanaf 1943 deur die Lockheed Corporation gebou is. Die Constellation-reeks was die eerste burgerlike lynvliegtuigfamilie wat wydverspreid gebruik is en met ’n drukvaste kajuit toegerus was. Laasgenoemde eienskap het die masjien in staat gestel om bo die meeste swak weer te vlieg en het dus algemene veiligheid wesenlik verbeter en dit vir passasiers makliker gemaak om handelsvlugte te onderneem. Verskillende modelle van die Constellation-reeks is geproduseer, hoewel almal van hulle die kenmerkende driedubbele stertvinne en dolfynvormige romp gehad het. Die meeste van hulle is deur Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone-enjins met 18 silinders aangedryf. Daar is tussen 1943 en 1958 altesaam 856 eenhede by Lockheed se aanleg in Burbank in [[Kalifornië]] geproduseer. Die tipe is as burgerlike lynvliegtuie en militêre en burgerlike vragvliegtuie gebruik. Drie het as presidensiële vliegtuie vir [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] diens gedoen. == Ontwerp en ontwikkeling van die Constellation == Die ontstaan van die Constellation kan teruggevoer word na ’n geheime vergadering wat op 21 Junie 1939 gehou is. Howard Hughes, Jack L Frye (hoof van TWA), Robert E Gross (President van Lockheed), Hall L Hibbard (Visepresident en Hoofingenieur by Lockheed) en Clarence “Kelly” Johnson (Hoofnavorsingsingenieur by Lockheed) het die vergadering bygewoon. Dit het tot die L-49 aanleiding gegee. Howard Hughes het aanvanklik ’n bestelling vir nege L-49’s geplaas, wat later met 31 verhoog is. Toe die Model 49-ontwerp aan die wyer mark geopenbaar is, het Pan American Airways (Pan Am) 40 Constellations bestel. [[Lêer:Constellation Lockheed C-69 NX25600 (15953020758).jpg|duimnael|Die romp van die Constellation het ’n nieparallelle deursnit gehad, was taps aan elke end met ’n afwaartse ronding by die neus en ’n opwaartse ronding by die stert.]] Dit is rondom hierdie tyd wat die L-49 (of “L-049”, soos gewoonlik op maatskappydokumentasie geskryf is) die naam “Constellation” gekry het. Weergawes van die Wright R-3350-enjin sou alle produksiemodelle van die Constellation en Super Constellation aandryf. Ten spyte van ’n beginbestelling van 84 L-049’s (insluitende vier vir KLM van Nederland) kon daar nie onmiddellik met die bou van die vliegtuig begin word nie, want die Lockheed-produksiefasiliteite was aan dringende Britse behoeftes toegewys.. Die Amerikaanse regering was ook besig om vir betrokkenheid by die Tweede Wêreldoorlog voor te berei en wou sy eie gewapende magte asook dié van vriendelike nasies opbou. Teen vroeg-1941 was dit duidelik dat die Constellation-lynvliegtuig nie geproduseer sou kon word nie. [[Lêer:1957 Transport 3.jpg|duimnael|Die vrydraervlerk van die Constellation het gespannehuid-metaalpanele gehad. Die Constellation-familie het ’n driewielonderstel en lae vlerke gehad. Die lugskroewe van die Constellation het ’n diameter van 4.57 meter gehad en was omstelbaar.]] Die Amerikaanse leër het egter weens sy eie doeleindes in die Connie belanggestel en het 180 Constellations as vrag- en troepedraers ingevolge die benoeming C-69B bestel. Die Amerikaanse leër het die TWA- en Pan Am-vliegtuigbestelling oorgeneem. Hoewel die Connies vir die duur van vyandelikhede aan die leër sou “behoort”, sou hulle ná die oorlog terugbesorg word. Die lugrederye sou egter steeds ervaring met die L-049 opdoen, aangesien hulle die vliegtuie op ’n kontrakgrondslag namens die regering in stand sou hou en bedryf. Die eerste Constellation het in November 1942 in die dowwe olyfgroenkleur van die US Army Air Forces (USAAF) uit die Burbank-fabriek beweeg. Die vliegtuig is as die C-69 benoem, die konstruksienommer 1961 is aan hom toegewys en hy het die burgerlike registrasie NX25600 gehad. Die vliegmasjien het op 9 Januarie 1943 sy eerste vlug onderneem. Daarna is die prototipe-Constellation gehok nadat ’n brand in een van die R-3350-enjins van die tweede XB-29-bomwerper ’n ongeluk veroorsaak het. Vliegtoetse van die prototipe is hervat nadat dit met gemodifiseerde enjins toegerus is. NX25600 het op 28 Julie 1943 die reeksnommer 43-10309 in die USAAF gekry, maar is onmiddellik aan Lockheed teruggeleen. Die USAAF het in Julie 1944 met sy eie reeks toetse begin. AANTEKENING Die gedeelte hierbo is op ''Constellation Airlife'' gegrond.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16 and 17 |language=en}}</ref> == Bou van die Constellation en identifikasie van modelle == [[Lêer:Lockheed L-1649A Starliner, Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP5940973.jpg|duimnael|Die driedubbele vinne was ’n kenmerk van die Lockheed Constellation. Die stertvinne het ook die vereiste kielarea sonder die buitensporige hoogte gebied, wat nie deur die loodse van die era waarin die Constellation in gebruik geneem is, geakkommodeer kon word nie.]] Hoewel alle modelle van die Constellation-familie min of meer dieselfde lyk, is daar ’n hemelsbreë verskil tussen die oorspronklike L-049 wat in Januarie 1943 gevlieg het en die uiteindelike L-1649 Starliner wat in Februarie 1958 aan Air France afgelewer is. Al die Constellations, Super Constellations en Starliners het dieselfde basiese eksterne konfigurasie gehad, met die hoofverandering synde die nuwe vlerk op die L-1649 Starliner. Die Constellation-familie was viermotorige landvliegtuie met ’n driewielonderstel en lae vlerke, wat, op die L-049 tot L-1049 aan die voor rand ’n hoek van 7.5 grade gevorm het en ook ’n ophoek van 7.5 grade gehad het. Die hoëfhefkrag-dravlakke het uit agterrandklappe van die Fowler-soort bestaan. Die vier radiale suierenjins het metaallugskroewe met drie blaaie aangedryf. Die romp het ’n nieparallelle deursnit gehad, was taps aan elke end met ’n afwaartse ronding by die neus en ’n opwaartse ronding by die stert. Die volle vrydraervlerk van die Constellation het binneboord-, buiteboord- en vlerkpuntpanele gehad wat van metaal gebou is en met ’n gespanne huid bedek is. Om die massiewe krag van die Wright R-3350-enjins te absorbeer moes die Constellation met lugskroewe met ’n diameter van 15 voet (4.57 meter) toegerus word, wat die lengte van die onderstelbene en die vorm van die romp beïnvloed het. Die Connie was die eerste transportvliegtuig wat met omstelbare lugskroewe gelisensieer is, wat dit goeie landingswerkverrigting vir sy grootte gegee het. [[Lêer:Lockheed Model 049 Constellation 3-view line drawing.png|duimnael|Drie-aansiglyntekening van die Model 049 Constellation]] Lockheed het ’n numeringstelsel vir die verskillende vliegtuigkonfigurasies gebruik, soos L-49-79-31, met die eerste twee syfers ná die modelnommer wat die enjinvariant aandui en die laaste twee syfers wat die binne-uitleg aandui. ’n  L-49-79-31 was toegerus met die 749C18-BD1-enjins en was gebou vir 42 dagpassasiers en 22 nagpassasiers in slaapbanke en sewe bemanningslede. AANTEKENING Die gedeelte hierbo is op ''Constellation Airlife'' gegrond.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=8, 19, 20, 23 and 24 |language=en}}</ref> AANTEKENING Van die inligting wat in die volgende gedeeltes weergegee word, kan in ''Constellation Tempus'' en ''Constellation Airlife'' gevind word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=153 to 156 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=105, 106 |language=en}}</ref> == Constellation-modelle == === L-049-model/C-69 === Die Lockheed L-049 Constellation is volgens TWA se spesifikasie ontwerp, maar is as die C-69 deur die USAAF oorgeneem. Die eerste L-049/C-69 (43-10309) het sy nooiensvlug op 9 Januarie 1943 gehad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=7, 13 and 14 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Lockheed Constellation 1943 NAN15Feb43.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die prototipe van die Lockheed L-049 Constellation (konstruksienommer 1961) word op 9 Januarie 1943 gesien. Die masjien het op 9 Januarie 1943 vir die eerste keer gevlieg (met die registrasienommer NX25600) en is op 28 Julie 1943 as ’n C-69 met die reeksnommer 43-10309 na die USAAF oorgeplaas.]] ==== Model C-69 ==== Dit was die oorspronklike militêre transportweergawe van 1943. [[Lêer:C-69.jpg|duimnael|Hierdie is ’n foto van die sewende produksievliegtuig, konstruksienommer 1967, reeksnommer 43-10315.]] Die oorspronklike C-69’s het “wenkbrou”-dakvensters bo die vlieëniers se sitplekke gehad, maar hulle het verdwyn toe produksie na die burgerlike L-049 oorgeskakel is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=11 and 19 |language=en}}</ref> C-69’s wat deur die USAAF gekoop is:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ginter |first=Steve |title=Lockheed C-121 Constellation |date=1983 |year=1983 |isbn=0-942612-08-6 |location=Simi Valley, California |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |Konstruksienommer | valign="top" |Reeksnommer |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |1961 tot 1969 | valign="top" |43-10309 tot 43-10317 |- | valign="top" |1970 tot 1980 | valign="top" |42-94549 tot 42-94559 |- | valign="top" |2021 tot 2022 | valign="top" |42-94560 tot 42-94561 |} ==== Model L-049 ==== Die L-049 was basies 'n omskepping van die USAAF C-69, maar sy maksimum opstygmassa is tot 39116 kilogram verhoog en hy het gemodifiseerde Wright 745C18BA3-enjins van 2200 perdekrag in plaas van BA1-enjins gehad.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed L049 C-69C G-AKCE BOAC LHR 12.09.54.jpg|L-049E van British Overseas Airways Corporation 12 September 1954 op Heathrow Lêer:Lockheed L-049 Constellation, Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP7293287.jpg|L-049 sonder “wenkbrou”-vensters bo stuurkajuit </gallery> === Model L-149 === Die L-149 het, net soos die L-049D, 'n versterkte binnevlerk gehad, maar sy maksimum opstygmassa is tot 45351 kilogram verhoog en hy het brandstoftenke in gemodifiseerde buitevlerkpanele gehad.[[Lêer:4X-AKC J M G Gradidge collection via John Wegg.jpg|geen|duimnael|In hierdie foto word die Lockheed L-149 met die registrasienommer 4X-AKC in circa 1950 gesien.]] [[Lêer:Lockheed Model 649 Constellation 3-view line drawing.png|duimnael|Drie-aansiglyntekening van die Model 649]] === Model L-649 === Die Model 649 het sterker enjins en ander modifikasies gehad en kon ’n "speed pack" neem. === Model L-749 === Die Model L-749 was soortgelyk aan die L-649A, maar het gemodifiseerde buitevlerkpanele, wat bykomende brandtoftenke bevat het, en 'n verhoogde opstygmassa van 46258 kilogram gehad. Die Model Model L-749 kon ook die "speed pack" neem. === C-121A (vir die US Air Force) === [[Lêer:Lockheed Model 749A Constellation silhouette.jpg|duimnael|Silhoeëttekening van die Model 749A]] Die Amerikaanse lugmag het 10 Lockheed L-749 Constellations bestel. Die USAF het die eerste vliegtuig op 12 November 1948 in ontvangs geneem. Die 10 vliegtuie was van 48-0608 tot 48-0617 genommer en het C-121A’s geword. Hierdie model  het versterkte vloere en ’n groot vragdeur aan die agterkant van die romp gehad. Hulle kon vinnig omgeskakel word om vrag, passasiers of draagbare te vervoer. Al die C-121A’s is aan die Atlantiese Afdeling van MATS by Westover-lugmagbasis in Massachusets toegewys. Later het hulle deel van ander eenhede geword.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Die VC-vliegtuie ==== Die eenheid wat die verskillende soorte VC-121-transportvliegtuie behartig het, was die 1254ste Lugvervoereskader, wat hoofsaaklik by Washington National-lughawe gebaseer was. Generaal Douglas MacArthur het die VC-121A met die naam ''Bataan'' van 1950 tot 1951 gebruik, gedurende die vroeë tydperk van die Koreaanse Oorlog. Generaal Dwight Eisenhower het ’n VC-121A met die naam ''Columbine'' gebruik (vernoem na die blom van Colorado, sy vrou se tuisstaat). As pas gekose President en dienende President het Eisenhower ’n VC-121A en ’n VC-121E (''Columbine II'' en ''Columbine III'') gebruik. Die VC-121A’s het die reeksnommers 48-0610 tot 48-0614 en 48-0617 gehad. * Konstruksienommer 2602: VC-121A, reeksnommer 48-0610; 22 November 1948 aan die USAF afgelewer; ''Columbine II''. * Konstruksienommer 2605: VC-121A, reeksnommer 48-0613; 26 Januarie 1949 aan die USAF afgelewer; ''Bataan''. * Konstruksienommer 2606: C-121A, reeksnommer 48-0614; 3 Februarie 1949 aan die USAF afgelewer; ''Columbine''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=353 |language=en}}</ref> Die USAF Lockheed VC-121A Constellation met die reeksnommer 48-0613 is in 1950 in Korea deur Generaal Douglas MacArthur gebruik. Gedurende daardie tyd het die masjien die naam ''Bataan'' gehad (na aanleiding van MacArthur se ervarings gedurende die Tweede Wêredoorlog in die Filippyne). <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:VC-121A of Gen MacArthur in Korea 1950.jpg|VC-121A ''Bataan'' 1950 in Korea Lêer:Lockheed VC-121E Columbine III with President Dwight D. Eisenhower with at NAS Quonset Point, Rhode Island (USA), in late September 1957 (89570480).jpg|VC-121E ''Columbine III'' September 1957 Lêer:USAF VC-121E - sn 53-7885.jpg|VC-121E 53-7885 12 Desember 1959 </gallery> ==== VC-121E ==== Die VC-121E is as ’n R7V-1 vir die VSA-vloot bestel, is vir die USAF as ’n VC-121E gebou en is as ’n presidensiële transportvliegtuig vir die USAF voltooi, kompleet met reghoekige vensters en het as ''Columbine III'' vir Presidente Eisenhower en Kennedy diens gedoen totdat dit in Oktober 1962 met ’n Boeing VC-137 vervang is. Die vliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 4151 gehad, is met die Vloot-BuNo 131650 bestel en het die USAF-reeksnommer 53-7885 (24 November 1954 afgelewer) gehad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=361 |language=en}}</ref> === PO-1W (WV-1) === Twee PO-1W’s is in 1948 bestel om die VSA-vloot se Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-funksie te vervul. Die PO- 1W het sy nooiensvlug op 9 Junie 1949 gehad. Hierdie tipe was op die C-121C (L-749A met ’n versterkte vloer) gegrond en was die eerste Connies wat die groot buik- en rugradarkoepel gehad het, met APS-45- (bo) en APS-20-radar (onder). Die PO-1W is in 1952 as die WV-1 herbenoem. Die tweede WV-1 Warning Star (BuNo 124438) is deur die Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-eskader VW-1 Typhoon Trackers by Vlootlugstasie Barbers Point in Oahu, Hawaii in die VSA gebruik. Die WV-1 is vir opleidingsdoeleindes afgelewer voordat die produksie-WV-2 afgelewer is. Die radarkoepel van die WV-1 (onder die romp) is kleiner as dié van die WV-2. Hierdie vliegtuie was prototipes vir die Vloot- en Lugmag-weergawes wat sou volg en het die nommers 124437 en 124438 gehad.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed WV-1 in flight 1949-50.jpg|PO-1W-prototipe 1949/1950 Lêer:Lockheed WV-1 Barbers Point 1952.jpg|BuNo 124438 Desember 1952 Lêer:Lockheed PO-1W at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, circa in the early 1950s (NH 101811-KN).jpg|PO-1W Patuxent River vroeë 1950’s Lêer:Lockheed PO-1W in flight near Naval Air Station Patuxent River, circa in the early 1950s (NH 101807-KN).jpg|PO-1W naby Patuxent River vroeë 1950’s </gallery> === Model L-1049 === Die L-1049 was ’n nuwe variant en was as die Super Constellation bekend. Die romp van hierdie model was 5.61 meter langer en hy het herontwerpte reghoekige kajuitvensters, opsionele middeldeelbrandstoftenke en 'n maksimum opstygmassa van 54422 kilogram gehad. ==== Model L-1049A ==== Dit was ’n nuwe militêre weergawe en het die volgende benoemings gehad: R7V-1, R7V-2, WV-1 en WV-2 (vir die VSA-vloot) en C-121A, VC-121B, RC-121C en RC-121D (vir die USAF). ===== R7V-1 ===== Die R7V-1 het eers die benoeming R7O-1 gehad. Die eerste van 50 VSA-vloot R7O-1’s het op 12 November 1952 gevlieg. Die benoeming sou kort daarna na R7V-1 verander. Die vlerke van die Vloot-vliegtuie is versterk om hoër brutomassas te hanteer en die Vloot-vliegtuie het ’n swaardiensvragvloer en groot vragdeure gehad asook ronde vensters (in plaas van reghoekige vensters – soos die USAF se C-121C’s). Die R7V-1’s is deur VR-1 en VR-7 in die Atlantiese Oseaan en VR-8 in die Stille Oseaan gebruik. VR-1 was eers by Vlootlugstasie Norfolk in Virginia gebaseer maar is op 19 Julie 1943 na Vlootlugstasie Patuxent River in Maryland oorgeplaas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ginter |first=Steve |title=Lockheed C-121 Constellation |date=1983 |year=1983 |isbn=0-942612-08-6 |location=Simi Valley, California |pages=12, 13, 31, 33, 36, 43, 44 |language=en}}</ref> Die VSA-vloot het in Augustus 1950 ’n totaal van 11 transportmodelle van die L-1049 en nog 39 in Februarie 1951 bestel (benoeming R7O-1). Teen die tyd wat hulle vanaf 1952 deur transporteskaders VR-1, VR-7 en VR-8 in gebruik geneem is, is hulle as R7V-1’s benoem. Hulle was die Vloot-ekwivalent van die USAF C-121C en het die nommers 128434 tot 128444, 131621 tot 131629, 131632 tot 131649, 131651 tot 131659 en 140311 tot 140313 gehad.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed R7V-1 of the MATS in flight.jpg|MATS Stille Oseaan-afdeling BuNo 128436 in 1950’s Lêer:Lockheed R7V-1 Bn 131654 USN.jpg|Military Air Transport Service BuNo 131654 circa 1960 </gallery> ====== C-121G ====== Altesaam 32 Vloot R7V-1’s is as C-121G’s na die USAF oorgeplaas om die C-121C-mag te ondersteun. Hulle het nommers in die reeks 54-4048 tot 54-4079 gekry. Vier van hulle (54-4050 tot 54-4052 en 54-4048) het TC-121G-opleidingsvliegtuie geword, en een van laasgenoemde het ’n VC-121G geword.<ref name=":2" /> ====== C-121J ====== Die Blue Angels Connie met die BuNo 131683 is in 1962 van ’n R7V-1 na ’n C-121J verander.<ref name=":2" /> Die VSA-vloot se Lockheed C-121J Constellation met die BuNo 131623 het “Blue Angel Number 8” in 1968 geword en is aan die Blue Angels toegewys om steunpersoneel en -toerusting na lugskoue oral in die VSA te vervoer. Die (algehele) blou skema is in 1969 vervang met ’n skema waar die boonste helfte van die romp (bo die geel streep) wit geverf is. Die C-121J het voor die begin van die 1968-skouseisoen die Douglas C-54 Skymaster as die span se steunvliegtuig vervang. Die vliegtuig is vir meer as twee jaar deur die span gebruik totdat dit gedurende die 1970-skouseisoen met ’n Lockheed KC-130F Hercules vervang is.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:131623 Lockheed C-121J Super Constellation R7V-1 US Navy (10992291384).jpg|C-121J BuNo 131623 Heathrow in 1967 Lêer:Blue Angels Lockheed C-121 in flight 1968.jpg|C-121J BuNo 131623 Blue Angel nommer 8 in 1968 </gallery> ===== R7V-2 ===== Vier R7V-1’s (131630/131631 en 131660/131661) is as R7V-2’s voltooi. Hulle was toetsbeddens vir die Pratt & Whitney YT34-P-12A-turboskroefenjins. Twee van hierdie vliegtuie is na die USAF oorgeplaas sodat beide dienste hulle kon evalueer. BuNo 131660 het YC-12F-reeksnommer 53-8157 en 131661 het nommer 53-8158 geword.<ref name=":2" /> ===== PO-2W/WV-2 ===== Die WV-2 was van meet af as vroeëwaarskuwing-vliegtuie ontwerp en het die amptelike naam Warning Star gehad. Die PO-1W/WV-1-vliegtuie het die elektroniese toerusting getoets wat op die WV-2’s gebruik sou word. Die WV-2’s is in 1962 as EC-121K’s herbenoem. Die PO-2W was dieselfde pakket as die PO-1W, maar in ’n Super Constellation-lugraam. N67900, die eerste C-69 (en eerste 1049) het as die prototipe gedien. Die eerste van 142 eenhede is in 1954 afgelewer en die oorblywende 123 is in 1962 as EC-121K’s herbenoem. Verbeterings ten opsigte van die PO-1W het ’n groter bemanning met beter fasiliteite en vlerkpunttenke ingesluit. Die elektroniese toerusting kon deur ’n groot vragdeur in- en uitgelaai word. Die USAF het later EC-121K’s van die Vloot ontvang en het baie van die EC-121K’s in Viëtnam gebruik. Die EC-121K’s het die nommers 126512 tot 126513,128323 tot 128326, 131387 tot 131392, 135746 tot 135761, 137887 tot 137890, 141289 tot 141333, 143184 tot 143230 en 145924 tot 145941 gehad.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Die Lockheed EC-121K Rivet Top met die reeksnommer 57-143184 is in 1967 tot 1968 deur die 552ste Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-en-beheer-vleuel, wat op die Korat-basis van die Koninklike Thaise Lugmag gebaseer was, gebruik. Rivet Top was ’n modifikasie van ’n EC-121 in ’n Taktiese Lug-koördinasiesentrum, waar intelligensie-insameling en bevels- en beheerfunksies in een lugraam saamgevoeg is. ’n Voormalige VSA-vloot EC-121K (BuNo 143184) is vir die modifikasie gebruik. Rivet Top-operateurs het na radio-oproepe tussen MiG-vegters en hulle grondbeheerders ingeluister.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed Constellation VW-1 TE-6 WEB.jpg|WV-2 BuNo 145930 circa 1968 te Agana in Guam Lêer:USNavy Lockheed WV-2 (BuNo 145928 - TE 7) and (BuNo 145938 - TE 8) of VW-1 at Chu Lai (4836024390).jpg|BuNo 145928 en BuNo 145938 circa 1968 te Chu Lai Lêer:EC-121K Rivet Top in South East Asia c1968.jpg|EC-121K reeksnommer 57-143184 in 1967 tot 1968 </gallery> ==== Model L-1049C ==== Dit was die eerste weergawe wat passasiers gekarwei het en het Turbo-Compound-enjins asook ander modifikasies gehad. [[Lêer:KLM L-1049C Constellation at Santa Maria (Azores).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die L-1049C van KLM wat by die Santa Maria-lughawe in die Azores gesien word, is PH-TFW (konstruksienommer 4507).]] ==== Model L-1049G ==== Hierdie model was die suksesvolste van die L-1049-reeks en die een waarvan die meeste verkoop is. Dit was ’n opdatering van die L-1049E, met Wright Turbo-Compound- radiale enjins. Opsionele vlerkpuntbrandstoftenke was beskikbaar, wat die totale brandstofvermoë tot 29335 liter verhoog het. [[Lêer:D-ALEM (1958) HAM.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Lockheed L-1049G Constellation met die konstruksienommer 4603 is op 19 April 1955 as D-ALEM aan Lufthansa afgelewer. In die foto word D-ALEM tussen 1957 en 1958 op die Hamburg-lughawe in Duitsland gesien.]] ==== Model L-1049H ==== Dit was ’n veranderbare tweedoelweergawe van die L-1049G en is vir passasiers en/of vrag gebruik. Dit is met swaardiensvloere en vragdeure toegerus. Sterker enjins kon gemonteer word. Dit was die finale weergawe van die Super Constellation, en die laaste een is in November 1958 afgelewer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed L1049H CF-NAM Nordair MAN 02.07.66 edited-2.jpg|L1049H-vragvliegtuig CF-NAM 2 Julie 1966 te Ringway naby Manchester Lêer:Lockheed 1049H N6931C (4815952906).jpg|L-1049H N6931C van California Eastern Airlines 15 Sep 1957 te Oakland Lêer:Lockheed L1049 VH-EAK Qantas LAP 04.06.55 edited-2.jpg|Qantas Super Constellation VH-EAK 4 Junie 1955 te Heathrow </gallery> ==== EC-121S ==== Die 193ste Taktiese Elektroniese Oorlogvoering-eskader van die Pennsylvania Air National Guard, wat by Olmstead gebaseer was, was die enigste eskader wat die EC-121S gevlieg het.<ref name=":2" /> [[Lêer:Lockheed EC-121S of the 193rd TEWS in 1973.jpg|geen|duimnael|’n USAF Lockheed EC-121S Warning Star van die 193ste Taktiese Elektroniese Oorlogvoering-eskader (TEWS) van die Pennsylvania Air National Guard word op 8 Junie 1973 gesien. Twee 193ste TEWS EC-121S-vliegtuie het van Julie 1970 tot Januarie 1971 sielkundige operasies oor Suidoos-Asië vanaf die Koninklike Thailandse lugmagbasis by Korat gevlieg. Die naam van die operasie was “Commando Buzz”.]] ==== EC-121C/EC-121D ==== Tien VSA-vloot WV-2’s is na die USAF oorgeplaas terwyl hulle as RC-121C’s in die konstruksieproses was, en is in in 1962 as EC-121C’s herbenoem (51-3836/51-3845). Altesaam 72 RC/EC-121D-weergawes is ook gebou: * 52-3411/3425 * 53-533/556 * 53-3398/3403 * 54-2304/2308 * 55-118/139 Die D’s het van die C’s verskil deurdat hulle hersiene elektroniese toerusting en vlerkpunttenke gehad het.<ref name=":2" /><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:EC-121 Warning Star over the Cape Cod Canal.jpg|Warning Star in die 1950’s Cape Cod-kanaal Lêer:Lockheed EC-121D 552 AEWCW Korat 1968.jpg|EC-121D 53-3400 552ste Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-en-beheer-vleuel Korat-basis Lêer:Lockheed EC-121D Thailand 1972.jpg|EC-121D Warning Star van die 552ste 1972 oor Thailand </gallery> ==== WV-2E/EC-121L ==== [[Lêer:Lockheed EC-121R 1969.jpg|duimnael|’n US Air Force Lockheed EC-121R Constellation van die 553ste Verkenningsvleuel word op 15 Januarie 1969 oor Suidoos-Asië gesien.]] Die WV-2E is gebou deur die eerste WV-2 (126512) te gebruik en dit met ’n reuse roteerrkoepel bo die romp toe te rus wat soekradar gehuisves het. Hierdie vliegtuig was die toetsbed vir die elektroniese toerusting wat in die voorgestelde WV2-1 gebruik sou word. Laasgenoemde sou ’n Model 1649  met vier Allison T56-A turboskroefenjins en twee hulp-J34-turbostraalenjins wees maar die W2V-1 is nooit gebou nie. Die WV-2E is vir navorsingsdoeleindes behou en is in 1962 as die EC-121L benoem.<ref name=":2" /> ==== EC-121R ==== Dertig EC-121K’s en EC-121P’s is van die Vloot oorgeplaas om as lugheruitsendstasies in Viëtnam gebruik te word. Hierdie vliegtuie het hulle koepels verloor, is gakamoefleer en is gebruik om op die Ho Chi Minh Trail transmissies te moniteer van seismiese sensors wat uit die lug laat val is. ==== EC-121T ==== [[Lêer:Lockheed EC-121T 23412 79 AEW & CS Home 16.07.76 edited-3.jpg|duimnael|Die Lockheed EC-121T Warning Star met die reeksnommer 52-3412 van 79 Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-en-beheer-eskader by Homestead-lugmagbasis word op 16 Julie 1976 gesien.]] Die EC-121T Constellation was ’n gemodifiseerde weergawe van die EC-121D wat as elektroniese intelligensieplatform gebruik is en ’n gerekenariseerde Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-en-beheer-terugvoerstelsel gehad het. Die groot rugradarkoepel en die gepaardgaande toerusting is weggelaat en ’n inlaat vir lugverkoeling is onder die voorste deel van die romp gemonteer. Daar is moontlik minstens 24 van hierdie variante afgelewer. ’n Handvol EC-121T’s het hulle groot radarkoepels behou.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=80, 81 |language=en}}</ref> ==== WV-2Q (EC-121M) ==== Minstens 13 WV-2’s het WV-2Q’s (later EC-121M’s) geword wat vir elektroniese teenmaatreëls gebruik is. Hulle nommers was onder andere 131390 tot 131392, 135747, 135749, 135751 en 135752, 143209, 145927, 145936 en 145940. ==== WV-3 (WC-121N) ==== [[Lêer:Lockheed L-1249 R7V-2 YC-121F drawings.png|duimnael|Lockheed Model L-1249]] ’n Groep van agt WV-2’s (137891 tot 137898) is as weerverkenningsvliegtuie voltooi en nog een (141323) is ná aflewering omskep. === Model L-1249 (R7V-2) === Dit was ’n ontwikkeling wat op die L-1049D gegrond was en het vier Pratt & Whitney YT34-P-12A-turboskroefenjins gehad. Vier R7V-1’s is as R7V-2’s voltooi. Hulle het die nommers 131630, 131631, 131660 en 131661 gehad. Twee vliegtuie is deur VSA-vloot gebruik (BuNos 131630 en 131631), en nog twee is deur die US Air Force gebruik (YC-121F, BuNos 131660 en 131661; die reeksnommers 53-8157 en 53-8158 is aan hulle toegeken).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=46, 47, 105 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginter |first=Steve |title=Lockheed C-121 Constellation |date=1983 |year=1983 |isbn=0-942612-08-6 |location=Simi Valley, California |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed R7V-2 turboprop Connie in flight c1953.jpeg|R7V-2 Super Constellation van die VSA-vloot in circa 1953 tot 1954 Lêer:Lockheed RV7-2 Constellation in September 1954.jpg|Vloot R7V-2 voor eerste vlug op 1 September 1954 Lêer:YC-121F MATS.jpg|Dit is die YC-121F van MATS met gepoleerde metaal en wit met ’n swart streep. </gallery> === Modelle L-1249A, 1249B, 1449 and 1549 === [[Lêer:Lockheed Constellation L1649 Starliner - N974R (4140814825).jpg|duimnael|Die voor rand van die Starliner se vlerk was reguit. Die vlerk is geproduseer as twee halwes, wat in die middel saamgevoeg is, met ’n enkele groot brandstoftenk in elke vlerk en ’n groot middelvlerktenk. Die weergawe van die Duplex Cyclone wat op die Starliner gebruik is, was die EA-2 van 3400 perdekrag. Die vensters van die Starliner is reghoekig.]] Hierdie modelle was almal net Lockheed-projekte. === Lockheed L-1649A Starliner === Die Starliner word beskryf as “die uitmuntendste wat ontwerp en werkverrigting ten opsigte van viersuierenjinpassasiersvliegtuie betref”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> en was ’n transportvliegtuig wat oor ekstra lang afstande kon vlieg. Basies was dit ’n L-1049G-romp wat by ’n nuutontwerpte vlerk met laminêre vloei en verhoogde span gevoeg is. Dit is aangedryf deur Wright Turbo-Compound- radiale enjins van 3400 perdekrag. [[Lêer:Lockheed L1649A Starliner D-ALAN LH RWY 05.08.61 edited-2.jpg|duimnael|Die Lockheed L-1649A Starliner-vragvliegtuig met die registrasienommer D-ALAN van Lufthansa word op 5 Augustus 1961 op die Ringway-lughawe naby Manchester gesien. Die vliegmasjien was op ’n skedule na New York Idlewild.]] Omdat die L-1649 teen ’n hoë spoed en oor ’n lang afstand kon vlieg, kon dit met straalvliegtuie meeding. In die jaar wat die Starliner sy verskyning gemaak het, het die Boeing 707 sy eerste vlug gehad. Die gevolg is dat net 44 eenhede van hierdie uitmuntende Constellation gebou is. Die P-38-afgeleide vlerk van die Constellation en Super Constellation is laat vaar en ’n splinternuwe vlerk sonder die simmetriese tapsheid of ronde punte is ontwerp. Die voor rand was nou reguit, maar die oordrewe tapsheid van die agter rand het dit laat lyk asof die planform van die Starliner effens vorentoe gevou was. Die vlerk is nou geproduseer as twee halwes, wat in die middel saamgevoeg is, met ’n enkele groot brandstoftenk in elke vlerk en ’n nuwe groot middelvlerktenk. Die weergawe van die Duplex Cyclone wat op die Starliner gebruik is, was die EA-2 van 3400 perdekrag. Die binneboordenjins was verder buitewaarts en verder vorentoe gemonteer, met die buiteboordenjins wat verder van die buurenjins was as op die ander Constellation-variante.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=85 tot 101 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=71, 72 |language=en}}</ref> == Constellation-produksie<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=39 to 59 |language=en}}</ref> == === Constellations === L-049 Die L-049 se konstruksienommers loop van 1961 tot 1980 en van 2021 tot 2088. L-649 Die L-649 is in die konstruksiereeks 2500 tot 2680 bestel en gebou. L-749 Die L-749 is in die konstruksiereeks 2551 tot 2590 en 2600 tot 2680 bestel en gebou. Let Wel: Die L-649 asook die L-749 is in die reeks 2551 tot 2680 gebou. === Super Constellations === Die Super Constellation is in die reeks 4000 tot 4030, 4100 tot 4210, 4300 tot 4690, 4800 tot 4860 en 5500 tot 5530 gebou. === Starliners === Die Starliners se konstruksienommers loop van 1001 tot 1045. Daar is 856 vliegtuie in totaal gebou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |title=Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing Limited |year=2001 |isbn=1 84037 228 1 |location=Shrewsbury, England |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> == Constellations gebruik deur twee Suid-Afrikaanse lugrederye == === Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL) === Die SAL het die Constellations in 1950 in ontvangs geneem, en hierdie tipe het die Skymaster op die dienste na Europa vervang. Die Constellation was die eerste vliegtuig in SAL-diens wat volle drukreëling gehad het en het die oorsese diens tot 28 uur gesny. Nadat die tipe in 1956 deur die Douglas DC-7B vervang is, het dit binnelandse en streeksdienste bedryf totdat die Constellations in 1964 verkoop is. Die SAL het Trek Lugdiens se Starliner met die registrasienommer ZS-DVJ vir gebruik op sy Indiese Oseaan-roete na Australië gebruikhuur. VLOOTLYS {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |Registrasie | valign="top" |Naam | valign="top" |Konstruksie-<br/>nommer | valign="top" |Aantekeninge |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |ZS-DBR | valign="top" |''Cape Town''/ ''Kaapstad'' | valign="top" |2623 | valign="top" |April 1950 geregistreer; as ’n L-749A-79-50 bestel, 24 April 1950 afgelewer |- | valign="top" |ZS-DBS | valign="top" |''Johannesburg'' | valign="top" |2630 | valign="top" |April 1950 geregistreer; as ’n L-749A-79-50 bestel, Junie 1950 afgelewer |- | valign="top" |ZS-DBT | valign="top" |''Pretoria'' | valign="top" |2631 | valign="top" |April 1950 geregistreer; as ’n L-749A-79-50 bestel, Junie 1950 afgelewer |- | valign="top" |ZS-DBU | valign="top" |''Durban'' | valign="top" |2632 | valign="top" |April 1950 geregistreer; as ’n L-749A-79-50 bestel, 31 Julie 1950 afgelewer |} Die gedeelte hierbo is op die volgende bronne gegrond: <ref>{{Cite book |last=Burnett |first=Ian |title=Civil Aircraft Registers of Africa |date=1981 |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) |year=1981 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Ivan |title=Winged Springboks 1934 to 1996 The aircraft of South African Airways through sixty-two years as Africa’s premier air carrier |date=1996 |publisher=Spring Air |year=1996 |isbn=0-958- 3977-4-0 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixey |first=Ken |title=The Lockheed Constellation |date=2001 |publisher=Tempus Publishing Ltd |year=2001 |isbn=0 7524 1766 5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Konstruksienommer 2623 ==== [[Lêer:Lockheed L-749A ZS-DBR SAA LAP 30.05.53 edited-2.jpg|duimnael|Constellation ZS-DBR van die SAL]] Die Lockheed L-749A Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2623 het die identiteitsrekord ZS-DBR, 4X-AOL en G-ASYS (Januarie 1965 aan diens onttrek en April 1967 opgebreek). ==== Konstruksienommer 2630 ==== Die Lockheed L-749A Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2630 het die identiteitsrekord ZS-DBS, G-ASYF en N1939 (aan diens onttrek en gestoor Miami, Florida 1967 en Julie 1969 opgebreek, steeds as G-ASYF). ==== Konstruksienommer 2631 ==== Die Lockheed L-749A Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2631 het die identiteitsrekord ZS-DBT, 4X-AOM (Israel Aircraft Industries, nie opgeneem nie) en G-ASYT (aan diens onttrek en Desember 1964 gestoor en Julie 1967 opgebreek). ==== Konstruksienommer 2632 ==== Die Lockheed L-749A Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2632 het die identiteitsrekord ZS-DBU en G-ASYU (aan diens onttrek en Desember 1964 gestoor en April 1967 opgebreek). === Trek Lugdiens === ==== Besonderhede van ZS-DVJ ==== [[Lêer:ZS-DVJ 20230714 Jaws E3250 left side titles done 711x400.jpg|duimnael|Starliner ZS-DVJ van Trek Lugdiens]] Die Lockheed L-1649A Starliner met die registrasienommer ZS-DVJ het die konstruksienommer 1042 en die identiteitsrekord '''D-ALOL''' (Lufthansa), '''N45520''' (World Airways), '''ZS-DVJ''' (Trek Lugdiens, Februarie 1964 geregistreer), '''LX-LGX''' (Luxair, Mei 1967 gebruikhuur) en '''ZS-DVJ''' (Trek Lugdiens, Junie 1968 weer as ZS-DVJ geregistreer). Die skroefvliegtuig is in Oktober 1971 aan diens onttrek en later aan die SAL-museum geskenk. ==== Besonderhede van ZS-DTM/ZS-FAB ==== [[Lêer:Trek Airways Lockheed L-1649A Starliner.jpg|duimnael|Starliner ZS-FAB van Trek Lugdiens]] Die Lockheed L-1649A Starliner met die registrasienommers ZS-DTM/ZS-FAB het die konstruksienommer 1041 en die identiteitsrekord '''D-ALER''', '''N45517''', '''ZS-DTM''' (Trek Lugdiens het die vliegtuig 12 Februarie 1964 gekoop), '''LX-LGZ''' (Luxair het hom 20 April 1964 gebruikhuur) en '''ZS-FAB''' (18 Mei 1967 aan Trek Lugdiens terugbesorg); aan diens onttrek en September 1969 te Johannesburg gestoor, Mei 1970 opgebreek. AANTEKENING Die besonderhede wat hierbo weergegee word, is in die volgende bronne verkry: <ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=354 and 384 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Burnett |first=Ian |title=Civil Aircraft Registers of Africa |date=1981 |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) |year=1981 |pages=170, 171 and 183 |language=en}}</ref> == Gepreserveerde Constellations == AANTEKENING Van die inligting wat in die volgende gedeelte verstrek word, is in ''Propliners'' verkry:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=343, 346, 353, 361, 362, 363, 364, 370, 371, 372 |language=en}}</ref> === Starliner ZS-DVJ in Trek Lugdiens-kleurskema === Die Lockheed Starliner met die registrasienommer ZS-DVJ is eers by die destydse Jan Smuts-lughawe as deel van die SAL se museumvliegtuie gepreserveer, maar later is dit as deel van die SAL-museumvereniging se versameling by die Randse Lughawe uitgestal.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsdvj 1990-10-15 FAJS 110 800x486.jpg|SAL- tegniese gebied te Jan Smuts-lughawe 15 Oktober 1990 Lêer:Zsdvj 1992-04-02 FAJS 920 spot LR 800x486.jpg|SAL- tegniese gebied te Jan Smuts-lughawe 2 April 1992 met “TREK” op stertvin Lêer:ZS-DVJ 20230715 Jaws E3307 right side titles done 711x400.jpg|Randse Lughawe 15 Julie 2023 in meer volledige kleurskema </gallery> === D-ALEM van Lufthansa op Münich-lughawe in Duitsland === [[Lêer:D-ALEM (aircraft) 5614.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Lockheed L-1049G met die konstruksienommer 4671 word as D-ALEM van Lufthansa op Münich-lughawe in Duitsland gesien. Hierdie masjien is oorspronklik as F-BHML aan Air France afgelewer.]] === L-1049 konstruksienommer 4519 by Saint-Aignan-Grandlieu in Frankryk === [[Lêer:Saint-Aignan-Grandlieu - Super Constellation 20250726-01.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Lockheed L-1049 met die konstruksienommer 4519 word by Saint-Aignan-Grandlieu in Frankryk gesien. Die vliegtuig het die registrasienommer F-BRAD en is oorspronklik op 4 November 1953 as F-BGNJ aan Air France afgelewer.]] === Super Constellation HB-RSC van die Flyers Association === [[Lêer:SUPER CONSTELLATION FLYERS ASSOCIATION LOCKHEED L-1049 SUPER CONSTELLATION HB-RSC (6238694392).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Super Constellation met die registrasienommer HB-RSC van die Flyers Association word op 25 September 2011 gesien. Die C-121C met die konstruksienommer 4175 is oorsponklik op 1 November 1955 as 54-0156 aan die USAF afgelewer.]] === C-121C by die Air Mobility Command Museum === [[Lêer:Lockheed C-121C Constellation (27909785000).jpg|geen|duimnael|Hierdie vliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 4557 (L-1049E) en was voorheen N1005C geregistreer.]] Verwysings: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amcmuseum.org/at-the-museum/aircraft/c-121c-constellation/|title=C-121C Super Constellation|date=30 April 2026|website=Air Mobility Command Museum|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conniesurvivors.com/N1005C.htm|title=N1005C c/n 4557|date=30 April 2026|website=Connie Survivors.com|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref> === VC-121B by die Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona in die VSA === Die Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2606 is ’n Lockheed C-121A wat op 3 Februarie 1949 met die reeksnommer 48-0614 aan die USAF afgelewer is. Hy het die naam ''Columbine'' gehad en is later in ’n VC-121B omskep. Die masjien word nou by die Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona in die VSA uitgestal. Die vliegtuig word in die meegaande foto’s in ’n kleurskema van die 7167ste Spesiale Lugmissie-eskader by Wiesbaden in Duitsland (1951) gesien. Generaal Dweight Eisenhower het ’n VC-121A met die naam ''Columbine'' gebruik (vernoem na die blom van Colorado, sy vrou se tuisstaat).<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:48-0614 Lockheed Constellation ( VC-121B ) U.S. Airforce (8392163030).jpg|VC-121B 48-0614 Lêer:Lockheed VC-121A Constellation "Columbine" (8599876267).jpg|VC-121B 48-0614 ''Columbine'' </gallery> === VC-121E ''Columbine III'' by die Nasionale USAF-museum op Wright-Patterson-lugmagbasis === Die VC-121E met die naam ''Columbine III'' word by die Nasionale USAF-museum op Wright-Patterson-lugmagbasis in Dayton, Ohio in die VSA uitgestal en maak deel uit van die presidensiële vliegtuigversameling. Sien die fotobyskrif hierbo vir die herkoms van die naam ''Columbine''. Die VC-121E is as ’n R7V-1 vir die VSA-vloot bestel (konstruksienommer 4151, BuNo 131650), is as ’n VC-121E gebou (reeksnommer 53-7885 vir die USAF, 24 November 1954 afgelewer) en is as ’n presidensiële transportvliegtuig vir die USAF voltooi, kompleet met reghoekige vensters en het as ''Columbine III'' vir Presidente Eisenhower en Kennedy diens gedoen totdat dit in Oktober 1962 met ’n Boeing VC-137 vervang is.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Lockheed L-1049B-55-97 VC-121E-LO Constellation 'Columbine III' (USAF sn 53-7885, cn 4151) (5-22-2022).jpg|VC-121E reeksnommer 53-7885 Lêer:Presidential Aircraft Collection "Columbine III" (4439860397).jpg|VC-121E ''Columbine III'' </gallery> === C-121C by die Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center op Washington Dulles Internasionale Lughawe === 'n Lockheed C-121C word by die Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center op die Washington Dulles Internasionale Lughawe in Chantilly, Virginia in die VSA uitgestal (die sentrum is deel van die National Air and Space Museum). Hierdie Constellation het die konstruksienommer 4196 en is op 27 Maart 1956 as reeksnommer 54-0177 aan die USAF afgelewer. Die vliegtuig is aan die 1608ste Lugvervoervleuel (deel van die Atlantiese Afdeling van die Military Air Transport Service) toegewys. Later is hy eers na die Mississippi Air National Guard en toe die West Virginia Air National Guard oorgeplaas. Die finale eenheid van die masjien was die 193ste Taktiese Elektroniese Oorlogvoering-eskader (deel van die Pennsylvania Air National Guard). [[Lêer:Lockheed C-121C-LO Constellation ‘0-40177’ (54-0177 N1104W) (51227493918).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die C-121C met die reeksnommer 54-0177 word in die Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center op Washington Dulles Internasionale Lughawe uitgestal.]] === Super Constellation VH-EAG van die Historical Aircraft Restoration Society === [[Lêer:Historical Aircraft Restoration Society (VH-EAG) Lockheed Super Constellation 'Connie' taxiing at Wagga Wagga Airport (3).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Lockheed Super Constellation met die registrasienommer VH-EAG van die Historical Aircraft Restoration Society word op 26 Augustus 2017 by Wagga Wagga-lughawe in Australië gesien. Die Lockheed C-121C met die konstruksienommer 4176 is oorspronklik op 6 Oktober 1955 as 54-0157 aan die USAF afgelewer.]] === Super Constellation by die Vlootlugvaartmuseum in Goa, Indië === Die Lockheed L-1049E met die konstruksienommer 4614 is op 17 Februarie 1955 as VT-DHM aan Air India afgelewer. Die vliegmasjien is later in ’n L-1049G omskep en is daarna as BG-575 na die Indiese Lugmag (rondom 30 Oktober 1961). In November 1976 is die masjien na die Indiese Vloot oorgeplaas, en die reeksnommer IN-315 is aan hom toegeken.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Connie at NAM.jpg|Vlootlugvaartmuseum in Goa, Indië 8 Mei 2012 Lêer:Lockheed L.1049 Super Constellation preserved at the Indian Naval Museum, Goa.jpg|Vlootlugvaartmuseum in Goa, Indië Super Constellation IN315 </gallery> === L-049 met die naam ''Star of Switzerland'' by die Pima Air & Space Museum === Die Lockheed L-049 Constellation met die konstruksienommer 1970 is oorspronklik op 28 April 1945 as 42-94549 aan die USAAF afgelewer. Daarna was dit as N90831 in diens van Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA) (afgelewer 1 Oktober 1948). TWA het op 17 Mei 1950 die nuwe naam Transworld Air Lines gekry. [[Lêer:N90831 (10643886703).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die vliegtuig word met die naam ''Star of Switzerland'' by die Pima Air & Space Museum gesien.]] === L-049 PP-PDD by die Museu Asas de Um Sonho in Brasilië === ’n Lockheed L-049 Constellation word met die registrasie PP-PDD en in ’n Panair do Brasil-kleurskema by die Museu Asas de Um Sonho (TAM Museum) in Brasilië uitgestal. Die registrasienommer is vals – die vliegtuig was in werklikheid voorheen as N86533 geregistreer, wat die konstruksienommer 2071 het. [[Lêer:Lockheed L-049 Constellation, Panair do Brasil AN1195308.jpg|geen|duimnael|’n Lockheed L-049 Constellation word met die registrasie PP-PDD en in ’n Panair do Brasil-kleurskema by die Museu Asas de Um Sonho in Brasilië gesien.]] === EC-121T by die Peterson Air and Space Museum in Colorado Springs in die VSA === [[Lêer:EC-121T at Peterson AFB.jpg|duimnael|’n Lockheed EC-121T Constellation word op 26 Augustus 2010 by Peterson-lugmagbasis in Colorado in die VSA uitgestal.]] ’n Lockheed EC-121T Constellation word by die Peterson Air and Space Museum op die Peterson-lugmagbasis in Colorado Springs in die VSA uitgestal. Die reeksnommer van die vliegtuig is 52-3425 en sy konstruksienommer is 4343 (oorspronklik op 17 Januarie 1955 aan die USAF afgelewer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conniesurvivors.com/52-3425.htm|title=52-3425 c/n 4343|date=30 April 2026|website=Connie Survivors.com|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref> Die EC-121T Constellation was ’n gemodifiseerde weergawe van die EC-121D wat as elektroniese intelligensieplatform gebruik is en ’n gerekenariseerde Lug- Vroeë Waarskuwing-en-beheer-terugvoerstelsel gehad het. ’n Handvol EC-121T’s het hulle groot radarkoepels behou.<ref name=":3" /> === C-121A konstruksienommer 2601 === Die Lockheed C-121A Constellation met die konstruksienommer 2601 het die registrasienommer N494TW en het voorheen die reeksnommer 48-0609 gehad. [[Lêer:C-121A MATS (17645251359).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die enjins van die Constellation met die registrasienommer N494TW word aangeskakel vir ’n vlugdemonstrasie gedurende die Royal International Air Tattoo in 1998.]] Die vliegtuig wat voorheen N494TW geregistreer was, is aan Korean Air vir statiese vertoning by hulle opleidingsfasiliteit op die eiland Jeju in Suid-Korea geskenk. Die vliegtuig word in ’n Air Korea-kleurskema en met die registrasienommer HL4003 uitgestal. Air Korea het van Maart 1967 tot Augustus 1968 ’n L-1649A Starliner met die registrasienommer HL4003 bedryf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conniesurvivors.com/N494TW.htm|title=N494TW c/n 2601|date=30 April 2026|website=Connie Survivors.com|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Korean L-049 on display.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die vliegtuig wat voorheen N494TW geregistreer was, word as Air Korea HL4003 op die eiland Jeju in Suid-Korea gesien.]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} [[Kategorie:Vliegtuie]] cfyoyx9a7uc0xm567j1719xpp7zh7g4 0 461035 2913839 2908983 2026-06-25T21:10:19Z BurgertB 2401 Wedstryd verby 2913839 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''spoornyd tussen Moorreesburg en Hopefield''' het vanaf 3 Desember 1879 begin broei met die afstigting van die [[NG gemeente Moorreesburg|Hooikraalkerkie]] (vandag [[Moorreesburg]]), op sy ergste gewoed in die 1890's tot die Anglo-Boereoorlog uitgebreek het, en daarna nog tot die 1940's bly voortsmeul.<ref name="Bouman2026a">Bouman, G. 2026. Spoornyd: Waarom Swellendammers g'n trein wou hê nie. Deel 1. ''Suidernuus'', 30 Januarie, p. 5.</ref> Tydens die spoorwegontwikkeling van die [[Swartland]] en [[Weskus]] het hierdie stryd aanleiding gegee tot die totstandkoming van twee spoorlyne: die gewone [[Kaapspoor|Kaapse spoorlyn]] (3 voet, 6 duim) wat deur Moorreesburg loop Piquetberg toe, en die aanvanklike smalspoorlyn tot by Hopefield (2 voet). Goedkoop is duurkoop: die besluit op die smalspoorlyn sou vir Hopefield nog duur te staan kom. == Oorsprong == Op '''3 Desember 1879''' kom die Ringkommissie op Hooikraal byeen, in opdrag van die Ring om 'n gemeente te stig. In die koerantberig van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' (6 Desember 1879) kom mens heelwat te wete. Onder andere is daar benewens die kerk, skoolgebou en woning wat vir die inwonende onderwyser en "kostleerlingen" ingerig is ook "nog eenige andere gebouwen van private personen". Hooikraal is op hierdie stadium drie uur vanaf Malmesbury geleë, drie ure vanaf Hopefield, drie ure vanaf Riebeek-Wes en drie en 'n halfuur vanaf Piquetberg.{{voetnota|Die naamsverandering Piquetberg na Piketberg het amptelik in 1938 plaasgevind. Al het koerante soos ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' albei wisselvorme reeds in die 1800's en vroeë 1900's aanvaar, word daar in hierdie Wikipedia-artikel "Piquetberg" deurgaans gebruik vir die tydperk voor 1938.}} Dit is letterlik in die hart van die "Roode Zwartland", en dus baie sentraal geleë. Ook is daar reeds sprake van 'n spoorlyn wat tussen Malmesbury en Piquetberg sal loop, dit is net 'n kwessie van tyd, en die groot vraag ontstaan: sal dit deur Hooikraal loop, of Hopefield? En op handelsgebied? Alleen die toekoms sal leer. Die presiese bewoording in die koerant lui:<ref name="Zuidafrikaan.6.Dec.1879" /> {{cquote| Wel kan het gebeuren dat, daar er sprake is van eene verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg, hier een uitgebreide handel kan geopend worden, '''en dat Hooikraal Hopefield nog zal overvleugelen'''. Maar dit zullen wij vooreerst daar laten. }} == Politieke agtergrond == === Parlementêre politiek === Toe die Kaapkolonialers 'n verenigde front gevorm het teen die landing van 'n skeepslading Engelse bandiete, is gedeeltelike selfbestuur in 1853 aan die Kaap toegestaan. Hierdie stelsel het uit twee "huise" bestaan, naamlik die Hoërhuis (of Wetgewende Raad) en die Laerhuis (of Wetgewende Vergadering), die voorganger van die [[Volksraad van Suid-Afrika|Volksraad]]. Die Laerhuis het bestaan uit 2 verkose lede (setels) uit elkeen van die 21 plattelandse kiesafdelings en vier vir Kaapstad. Hierdie verteenwoordigers is deur die publiek van die betrokke kiesafdelings gekies. Die Hoërhuis het uit vyftien ministers bestaan.<ref>Burger, W.A. 1975. ''Piket teen 'n berg: die geskiedenis van Piketberg 1660-1970.'' Epping: Privaat uitgegee, p. 325</ref><ref>Du Plessis, A. 1981. Die Britse Tydperk; Verantwoordelike bestuur. In: Nieuwoudt, C.F., Olivier, G.C. & Hough, N. (reds.). ''Die Politieke Stelsel van Suid-Afrika''. Kaapstad: Academica, pp. 67: ''Wetgewende Vergadering (Laerhuis)'' Die Wetgewende Vergadering het uit 46 lede bestaan wat vir 'n periode van vyf jaar deur stemgeregtigde burgers verkies is. Met die uitsondering van die voorsitter het twaalf lede 'n kworum gevorm, en besluite is met 'n meerderheid van stemme geneem. Engels is as taalmedium gebruik, en die Vergadering moes ten minste een maal per jaar op 'n plek vergader wat deur die Goewerneur bepaal is. [...]</ref> Die Wetgewende Vergadering het nuwe wette of wysigings voorgestel; die Wetgewende Raad het die voorgestelde wetgewing bekragtig of afgekeur.<ref>Du Plessis, A. 1981. Die Britse Tydperk; Verantwoordelike bestuur. In: Nieuwoudt, C.F., Olivier, G.C. & Hough, N. (reds.). ''Die Politieke Stelsel van Suid-Afrika''. Kaapstad: Academica, pp. 67: ''Wetgewende Raad (Hoërhuis)'' Die Wetgewende Raad het bestaan uit die Hoofregter (as president en voorsitter) en vyftien verkose lede. Agt lede het onderskeidelik die weste en sewe lede die oostelike distrikte verteenwoordig. Vyf lede, sonder die voorsiter, het 'n kworum gevorm, en besluite is met 'n meerderheid van stemme geneem. Lede van die Wetgewende Raad moes bo en behalwe die kwalifikasies wat vir 'n kieser gestel is, ook 30 jaar oud wees en in besit van onbeswaarde eiendom ter waarde van £2 000 of beswaarde eiendom ter waarde van £4 000.</ref> Die Goewerneur (die verteenwoordiger van die Britse kroon) moes die wet onderteken, of kon, in uiterste gevalle, in opdrag van Londen toestemming weerhou.<ref>Du Plessis, A. 1981. Die Britse Tydperk; Verantwoordelike bestuur. In: Nieuwoudt, C.F., Olivier, G.C. & Hough, N. (reds.). ''Die Politieke Stelsel van Suid-Afrika''. Kaapstad: Academica, pp. 67: As verteenwoordiger van die Britse Kroon het die Goewerneur oor die bevoegdheid beskik om wette te maak vir die vrede, welsyn en goeie regering van die Kaapkolonie, maar slegs op advies en met die uitdruklike goedkeuring van die Wetgewende Raad en die Wetgewende Vergadering. Sekere bevoegdhede soos die ontbinding van die Wetgewende Raad en die Wetgewende Vergadering gesamentlik of die Vergadering alleen, die besteding van staatsgeld, die terugstuur van wetgewing na die twee huise, en die uitoefening van 'n vetoreg was die prerogatief van die Goewerneur. Die Goewerneur kon enige wetsontwerp vir die oordeel van die Britse monarg voorbehou, wat beteken het dat die Britse regering dit moes bekragtig. Die finale wetgewende bevoegdheid het dus steeds by die Britse Parlement berus.</ref> Al was dit nie die partypolitiek soos vandag, waar die politieke partye die septer in die parlement swaai nie, kon verteenwoordigers buitemuurs deel wees van die [[Afrikanerbond (party)|Afrikanerbond]]. Sulke verteenwoordigers is Bondsmanne genoem. Moorreesburg se Bondstak sou aanvanklik 26 September 1889 gestig word, maar dit is uitgestel tot 3 Oktober 1889.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1889. 21 September, p. 1: Eene Publieke Vergadering zal gehouden worden te Moorreesburg, op Donderdag, 26 dezer, ten half 2 ure, ten einde een Tak van den Afrikaander Bond te stichten. Alle belangstellenden worden verzocht tegenwoordig te zijn.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1889. 24 September, p. 2: De publieke vergadering van den Afrikaander Bond te Moorreesburg in ons laatste nommer op Donderdag 26 dezer geadverteerd, zal door dien vele perzonen niet tegenwoordig kunnen zijn, uitgesteld worden tot Donderdag, 3 October.</ref> In die ou Kaapse parlement (1854 – 1910) het die Kiesafdeling Malmesbury twee setels gehad - wat dorpe soos Hopefield en Moorreesburg ingesluit het.<ref name="Smit.1945.parlement">Smit, A.P. 1945.Parlementslede van Malmesbury (1854-1945). ''Gedenkboek van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Gemeente Swartland: tweede eeufees (1745-1945)''. Malmesbury: N.G. Kerkraad, pp. 370 & 379.</ref> Kiesafdeling Piquetberg het egter die bal aan die rol gesit met die Moorreesburg-trein, omdat die streek baie graag 'n trein tot op Piquetberg wou gehad het. Hoe om 'n spoorlyn te kry: Die saak moet opgeneem word met die verteenwoordiger. Gewoonlik word 'n openbare vergadering gereël of 'n petisie dan opgestel, wat die verteenwoordiger van die kiesafdeling parlement toe neem. Die petisie beland in die parlement (Wetgewende Vergadering, die Laerhuis). Die petisie dien as bewys dat mense die wet wil hê. As die parlement saamstem, word daar eers op 'n mosie na bespreking gestem, totdat daar later 'n konsepwet opgestel word wat dan bespreek en oor gestem word. Indien die parlementslede leke op die betrokke gebied is, moet 'n gekose komitee saamgestel word om die nodige inligting in te win. Na afloop van die komiteeterugvoer en verdere bespreking, stem die verteenwoordigers van die verskillende kiesafdelings daaroor (of bly buite stemming). Die meerderheid stemme wen. Wen die voorstel, gaan dit Wetgewende Raad toe. Die Wetgewende Raad (Hoërhuis) besluit of die voorgestelde wet aanvaar of verwerp moet word. Laastens bekragtig of verwerp die Goewerneur die voorgestelde wet met sy handtekening. Die probleem is, die hoeveelheid geld is beperk. Elke kiesafdeling wil ietsie (of feitlik alles) van daardie geld hê. Elke streeksverteenwoordiger baklei hard vir sy eie streek se belange en sal mekaar veto. Op die lange duur ontstaan daar ongesiens 'n ''quid pro quo'', of "log-rolling" word dit genoem. Sekere streke kom in die geheim ooreen om vir mekaar se belange te stem.<ref name="Bouman2026a" /> Daar is egter ook 'n klein troefkaart, soos in die geskiedenis hieronder gesien sal word. As 'n dorp of 'n sekere belangegroep ontevrede is, word 'n openbare vergadering ter plaatse belê, die afgevaardigdes vorm 'n deputasie en gaan onderhandel direk met die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke self. Die Kommissaris skryf immers die wet. Hy kon dan die voorgestelde wet terugstuur parlement toe, met genoeg amptelike data om 'n wysiging voor te stel. Verder is die Kommissaris die aangewese persoon wat die spelreëls ken, juis omdat hy die wet skryf. Nog voordat 'n enkele petisie geteken is, kon 'n deputasie afgevaardig word om ''vooraf'' die regte prosedure by die wetgewer te kry. In die tweekamerstelsel het die Wetgewende Raad (Hoërhuis) hersieningsbevoegdhede gehad, maar hy kon nie finansiële wetsontwerpe ter tafel lê nie — soos om die nodige staatsfondse vir 'n nuwe spoorlyn te bewillig nie. Slegs die Goewerneur en die lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering (Laerhuis) kon sodanige geldelike maatreëls indien. Omdat die Wetgewende Raad egter wel die reg gehad het om wetgewing te 'hersien', is 'n 'dubbelganger'-petisie dikwels deur die lede van die Wetgewende Raad in die Hoërhuis formeel ingedien om as klinkklare bewys te dien waarom 'n ander wet gewysig of geveto moes word. In baie eenvoudige taal het dit neergekom op: 'Kyk hier, die mense is ontevrede, ons gaan hierdie (ander) wet wysig of veto.'{{voetnota|Quod non est in actis, non est in mundo — "Wat nie in die amptelike stukke (rekords) is nie, bestaan nie in die wêreld nie."}}<ref>Du Plessis, A. 1981. Die Britse Tydperk; Verantwoordelike bestuur. In: Nieuwoudt, C.F., Olivier, G.C. & Hough, N. (reds.). ''Die Politieke Stelsel van Suid-Afrika''. Kaapstad: Academica, pp. 67-68: Die Parlement was dus 'n bikamerale wetgewende liggaam. Hoewel die bevoegdhede van die twee huise identies was, het die Wetgewende Raad as Hoërhuis hersieningsbevoegdhede gehad. Finansiële wetsontwerpe kon egter slegs deur die Goewerneur in die Wetgewende Vergadering ingedien word. Die Wetgewende Raad het egter dikwels teen die indiening en beperking van geldelike maatreëls beswaar aangeteken en het wysigings en finansiële wetsontwerpe aangebring om belasting te verhoog of te verminder.</ref> Hier volg nou Lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering (LWV's) wat in die parlement Malmesbury en Piquetberg onderskeidelik verteenwoordig het: {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''Setel''' | valign="top" |'''Malmesbury'''<ref name="KilpinRomanceAnnexureE" /><ref name="Smit.1945.parlement" /> | valign="top" |'''Piquetberg'''<ref name="KilpinRomanceAnnexureE">[https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolonia0000ralp/page/n185/mode/2up Kilpin, R. 1930. ''The Romance of a Colonial Parliament.'' London: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 137-168: Annexure E, Members of the House of Assembly, 1854-1910]</ref> |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 1''' | valign="top" |Thomas Arnoldus Johannes Louw (1879 – 1898) | valign="top" |David Tennant (1866-1895; ook speaker vanaf 1870 – 1883) |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 2''' | valign="top" |Michiel Bergh (1874 – 1888) | valign="top" |Johan Zacharias Human (1870 – 1883) |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 1''' | valign="top" |Thomas Arnoldus Johannes Louw (1879 – 1898) | valign="top" |David Tennant (1866-1895; ook speaker vanaf 1870 – 1883) |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 2''' | valign="top" |Jan Andries Basson (1889 – 1893) | valign="top" |[[David Christiaan de Waal]] (1884 – 1893) |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 1''' | valign="top" |Thomas Arnoldus Johannes Louw (1879 – 1898) | valign="top" |Daniel Jacobus Marais (1896 – 1903) |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 2''' | valign="top" |Ryan Pierce (1894 – 1898) | valign="top" |David Christiaan de Waal (1894 – 1903) |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 1''' | valign="top" |Jacobus Abraham Smuts (1898 – 1907) | valign="top" |Hermanus Dempers Stiglingh (1904 – 1907) |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 2''' | valign="top" |[[William Philip Schreiner]] (1898 – 1900) | valign="top" |Michael Johannes de Beer (1904 – 1910) |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 1''' | valign="top" |Arnoldus Petrus Willem Immelman (1908 – 1910) | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Setel 2''' | valign="top" |[[F.S. Malan|François Stephanus Malan]] (1900 – 1910) | valign="top" | |} Dan was daar ook die onderskeie Kommissarisse van Openbare Werke wat die wetgewing geskryf het om die totstandkoming van 'n spoorlyn moontlik te maak: {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''Kommissaris van Openbare Werke'''<ref name="KilpinRomanceAnnexureG">[https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolonia0000ralp/page/n217/mode/2up Kilpin, R. 1930. ''The Romance of a Colonial Parliament.'' London: Longmans, Green & Co., p. 168: Annexure G]</ref> |- | valign="top" |John Laing (6 Februarie 1878 – 8 Mei 1881)   [[John X. Merriman]] (9 Mei 1881 – 12 Mei 1884) Friedrich Schermbrucker (13 Mei 1884 – 24 November 1886) Friedrich Schermbrucker (25 November 1886 – 16 Julie 1890) [[Cecil John Rhodes]] (17 Julie 1890 – 23 September 1890) James Sivewright (24 September 1890 – 3 Mei 1893) John Laing (8 Mei 1893 – 12 Januarie 1896) James Sivewright (17 Januarie 1896 – 13 Oktober 1898) [[Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer]] (14 Oktober 1898 – 17 Junie 1900) Thomas William Smartt (18 Junie 1900 – 29 Mei 1902) Arthur Douglass (30 Mei 1902 – 21 Februarie 1904) Thomas William Smartt (22 Februarie 1904 – 2 Februarie 1908) Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer (3 Februarie 1908 – 30 Mei 1910) |} === Parogiale kerkpolitiek === Verdere intrige in hierdie hele ''Bahnhof-Drama'' word verskaf deur die kerkpolitiek. By die afstigting van Moorreesburg in 1879, in die Hooikraalkerkie, speel die volgende toneel hom af betreffende die gemeenteafbakening. Piquetberg in die noorde is bra verveeld met die hele petalje - sy grens met Moorreesburg sal by die Bergrivier begin en eindig. Daar is wel 'n lys voorgelees van gemeentelede van die nuwe voorgestelde gemeente wat graag by Piquetberg wil bly, omdat hulle daar tuis voel en deur hul predikant (ds. Christiaan Rabie) na goed omgesien word.<ref name="Zuidafrikaan.6.Dec.1879" /> In die suide het Malmesbury meer as genoeg hooi op sy vurk; die afstigting van die gemeentes Hopefield (1852), Darling (1853), Riebeek-Wes (1858) en Riebeek-Kasteel (1863) is lewende getuienis daarvan.<ref>Smit, A.P. 1945. Die Dogtergemeentes. ''Gedenkboek van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Gemeente Swartland: tweede eeufees (1745-1945)''. Malmesbury: N.G. Kerkraad, p. 280-295.</ref> Moeder (Malmesbury) en dogter (Moorreesburg) sou dus iewers tot 'n vergelyk kom. Die probleem lê in die speelveld tussen die ooste en die weste weerskant - tussen die dogtergemeentes, Hopefield en Riebeek-Wes.<ref name="Zuidafrikaan.6.Dec.1879" /> Blykbaar was Riebeek-Wes by die Ringvergadering in Oktober 1879 aanvanklik vuur en vlam vir Moorreesburg se afstigting.<ref>Lochner, J.J. 1979. Afstigting van Swartlandgemeente. In: ''Moorreesburg: 3-12-1879 tot 3-12-1979''. Moorreesburg: Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk, bl. 4: Ds. B.H. de Vries van Riebeek-Wes wou sommer daar en dan die nuwe gemeente in die lewe roep, maar sy voorstel is afgestem.</ref> Op 3 Desember 1879 in die Hooikraalkerkie begin die afgevaardigde van Riebeek-Wes skielik kleinkoppie trek, voete sleep en spykers op laagwater soek. Piquetberg sê reguit - as daar enige klagtes was, moes Riebeek-Wes dit reeds by die Ringvergadering geopper het. Maar Hopefield se afgevaardigde word summier deur die korrespondent prontuit beskryf as ''verschrikkelijk gierig'', maar voeg wel by, as daar aan Hooikraal se versoek toegestaan sou word, sou Vredenburg ook aansoek doen tot gemeente-afstigting. Gebeur dit, het Hopefield net 'n paar honderd gemeentelede oor.<ref name="Zuidafrikaan.6.Dec.1879">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1879. Hooikraal. 6 December, bl. 5-6: Heden morgen, den 3den December, kwam de Ringscommissie alhier bijeen, ten einde aan de opdragt des Rings te voldoen om eene gemeente te stichten. Hooikraal is zoowat drie uren van Malmesbury, drie uren van Hopefield, drie uren van Riebebeek [sic] West, en drie en een half uur van Piketberg, in het hart van het Roode Zwartland gelegen. De plaats zelve was door den kerkeraad van Malmesbury aangekocht tot eene kerkplaats, en zij is niet heel ongeschikt tot dit doel. Men ziet er een net kerkje met een schoolgebouw annex, een zeer geschikte woning voor den onderwijzer, ingerigt voor kostleerlingen, en nog eenige andere gebouwen van private personen. Daar de plaats zeer centraal en te midden van eene goede bevolking gelegen is, oefent de school, aan wier hoofd de heer Joubert staat, eenen gezegenden invloed uit, en kan zij, nu dat er eene nieuwe gemeente is gesticht, eene belangrijke plaats worden. Wel kan het gebeuren dat, daar er sprake is van eene verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg, hier een uitgebreide handel kan geopend worden, en dat Hooikraal Hopefield nog zal overvleugelen. Maar dit zullen wij vooreerst daar laten.<br>De predikanten van Piketberg, Worcester en Tulbagh, leden der Ringscommissie, alsmede die van Riebeek West en Hopefield, waren ter vergadering opgekomen. Ds. Robertson hield, alvorens men met de verrigtingen begon, eene ernstige rede van den kansel over de woorden “Wat baat het een mensch, zoo hij de geheele wereld gewon en zijner ziel schade leed.” De predikant van Worcester sprak daarna over het doel der bijeenkomst en wilde weten, of er ook eenig bezwaar bestond, om reden waarvan de gemeente niet opgerigt zou worden.<br>De Scriba meende, dat daar in het document, waarin door den kerkeraad van Malmesbury toestemming werd gegeven tot het oprigten der gemeente, gezegd wordt, dat de kerkeraad toestemming geeft, mits dat men van de Malmesburysche zijde niemand afscheidt, die niet onder Hooikraal wenscht te behooren, hij niet voor de oprigting kan stemmen. De predikant van Piketberg is van gevoelen, dat daar de opdragt reeds door den Ring aan de Commissie is geschied om de gemeente te stichten, en volgens Art. 45 alle redenen van weigering, door eenen kerkeraad aangevoerd, door de Commissie kunnen beoordeeld worden, er toch geen bezwaar bestond om met de zaak voort te gaan.<br>De predikant van Riebeek West zeide, dat er nog iets valt op te merken, en wel, dat het stuk niet officieel is, en dat men niet maar zoo los over deze dingen behoort heen te stappen. Het was niet in eene kerkeraadsvergadering geteekend. De Predikant van Piketberg dacht, dat hij die aanmerkingen in de Ringsvergadering moest gemaakt hebben.<br>Ds. Murray wilde dat men er op zou letten, dat de kerkeraad van Malmesbury niet weigert toestemming te geven om ''plaatsen'' af te scheiden, maar wel leden, en dat hij ook dacht, dat er geen bezwaar kon wezen met de zaak voort te gaan.<br>Nu werd de grensscheiding ter sprake gebragt, die nog al tot een levendige discussie aanleiding gaf.<br>Er werd eene memorie voorgelezen van eenige leden, die niet van Piketberg wilden afscheiden, om dat zij het er goed hebben en niet door den predikant verwaarloosd worden. De afgevaardigde van Hopefield was ook verschrikkelijk gierig. Maar het scheen dat het ook niet anders kon, want ging men het verzoek der Hooikralers toestaan en werd Vredenburg later afgescheiden, dan behield Hopefield naauwelijks een paar honderd leden; en om de oude gemeenten af te breken om nieuwe te gaan stichten, dat gaat niet.<br>Het was prachtig om te zien, welk een respect onze Hooikraalsche vrienden voor Malmesbury of liever voor vader Moorrees hadden. Hier eischte [hun] niet te veel. Men ging maandelijk op halverw[] afstand. Maar het kwam ook hier regt. Doch nu [wa]s Riebeeck West aan de beurt en de dominé van [de] plaats stelde zich met geenen geringen ijver [in] de bres voor zijne kudde. Dat eenig boklam, [het]welk hij had, wilde men hem ook ontnemen. Eindelik kwam men tot eene schikking - aan de zijde van Piketberg was er geen verschil - Bergrivier was de natuurlijke scheiding.<br>Tot de verkiezing van kerkeraadsleden overgaande, werden tot ouderlinge de broeder A [] Dippenaar en M. Kitshof, en tot diakenne de broeders J.C. Smith, G.W. Rust, J. Lochner, [], en P. de Villiers gekozen. De predikant van Piketberg werd op verzoek van dne plaatselijken kerkeraad tot consulent aangesteld. Na een korte toespraak van Ds. Murray sloot Ds. Rabie met gebed.<br>Nadat de vrienden zich te goed hadden gedaan aan een goed maal, door Mej. Joubert zoo vriendelijk bereid, scheidden zij van Hooikraal (Moorreesburg?) met de beste wenschen voor de nieuwe gemeente.</ref> Lank nadat ds. Moorrees sy laaste preek in die Hooikraalkerkie gelewer het (11 Januarie 1880)<ref>''Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1880. Moorreesburg, Zwartland. Bijvoegsel. 17 Januarij, kolom 2:<br> Zondag, 11 Januarij 1880, was een dag, die niet spoedig door de gemeente der Ned. Geref. Kerk alhier zal vergeten worden, want op dien dag werd voor de eerste maal zoolang als hier van den kansel het ware Evangelie verkondigd wordt, aan een Leeraar een adres en geschenk overhandigd, en dat wel aan Ds. J. C. le Feb. Moorrees, die bijna een halwe eeuw deze gemeente onder zijne zorg, en met lust en moed en liefde het Evangelie onder ons verkondigd had. In den morgen, bij het tweede gelui, was de Kerk goed gevuld. Men zag van elken kant karren, wagens, ruiters zoowel als voetgangers naar de kerk komen. Elkeen was gretig een plaats te bekomen, totdat het gebou, dat 400 à 500 menschen bevatten kan, eivol was.</ref> en 'n proponent De Wet beroep is (omstreeks 6 Januarie 1881),<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' . 1881. 6 Januarij, p. 3: De Eerw. Proponent De Wet heeft bedankt voor het beroep naar Moorreesburg.</ref> word ds. J. D. Retief as predikant georden (12 Januarie 1882).<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1882. Moorreesburg: Bevestiging van den Wel.Eerw. J.D. Retief. 19 Januarij, Bijvoegsel, p. 5: Die 12de Januarij was bepaald voor bovengenoemde plegtigheid.<br>Den dag te voren reeds kwam de jonge leeraar in geselschap van Ds. van de Wall (Paarl) te Moorreesburg aan. Omtrent een half uur van het dorp was een groot getal leden van de gemeente met rijtuigen en te paard vergaderd, wachtende op den jeugdigen leeraar. Ten 5 ure arriveerde Zijn Eerw. dan ook aan de plaats, hield er stil en ontving een handdruk van al de tegenwoordig zijnde vrienden. Van daar ging men in optogt naar het dorp. Prachtig en te gelijk plechtig was het, zulk een langen stoet te zien, bestaande uit 50 rijtuigen en 40 heeren te paard.<br>Bij den ingang van 't dorp had men een fraaijen eereboog opgericht, waarop het woord "welkom" prijkte. Hier hield men halt, en werd zijn Eerw. een welkomstadres voorgelezen, waarop door hem op gevoelvolle wijze werd geantwoord.[...]</ref> Vanaf 1 Julie 1884<ref name="ZA.Retief.Neethling.troue">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1884. Moorreesburg. 29 Julij, p. 3: Na een afwezigheid van drie weken kwam onze leeraar, Ds. Retief, van daag weer in ons midden terug, met zijne echtgenoote, de tweede dochter van den Wel-Eerw. heer Neethling, van Hopefield, met wie hij op den 1sten Julij in het huwelijk is getreden. Omtrent een half uur buiten het dorp waren vele leden der gemeente in rijtuigen en te paard bijeengekomen om hunnen leeraar met zijne gade te verwelkom.</ref> tot en met die afsterwe van sy vrou in 1902,<ref>[https://graves.eggsa.org/westerncape/MOORREESBURG-Urban/Moorreesburg-OLD/R%20-%20Vanne%20__%20Surnames%20-%20R/Moorreesburg%20Ljh_003_004/Picture+074.jpg Eggsa.net, Retief-begraafplaas, Moorreesburg. Graffoto van Elizabeth Gertruida Fredrika Retief (geb. Neethling), gebore 22 November 1861, oorlede 12 Februarie 1902.]</ref> is Johannes Daniël Retief, die predikant van Moorreesburg, die skoonseun van ds. Johan Henoch Neethling, die predikant van Hopefield<ref name="ZA.Retief.Neethling.troue" /> (wat sedert Januarie 1854 bevestig is, en tot 1904 Hopefield sou lei).<ref>Smit, A.P. 1945. Hopefield. ''Gedenkboek van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Gemeente Swartland: tweede eeufees (1745-1945)''. Malmesbury: N.G. Kerkraad, p. 283: Die eerste predikant was ds. Johan Henoch Neethling (J./seun), wat in Januarie 1854 hier bevestig is. [...] Ds. Neethling het die gemeente meer as 'n halwe eeu gedien. Die ou vader is in Januarie 1917 op 89-jarige leeftyd oorlede.</ref> Ongeag die familiebetrekkinge, is dit hierdie twee herders se skapies wat vir mekaar wolwetandjies gaan wys. == Aanloop == '''14 April 1882''': Die Afdelingsraad van Piquetberg besluit om 'n petisie aan die Kaapse parlement te stuur om die Malmesburyse Spoorweg, wat reeds in 1881 opgemeet is, te verleng tot by die Bergrivierbrug. 'n Kopie van hierdie resolusie sal na die Goewerment gestuur word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1882. Afdeelingsraad van Piketberg:Vergadering gehouden den 14den April 1882. 22 April, p. 3: Al de leden waren tegenwoordig daar er zaken van belang voor te dragen waren. Voornamelijk de verlenging van den Malmesburyschen spoorweg die al reeds opgemeten is en die men graag in deze zitting zou willen zien passeren. Voorgesteld door den heer Eksteen en gesecondeerd door den heer Dommissie, dat het werkend Comité van deze Commissie eene petitie aan het Parlement zal aanbieden, met eerbiedig verzoek om den Malmesburyschen Spoorweg, die alreeds opgemeten is, te verlengen naar de Bergrivierbrug, daar dit eene zaak van groot belang is. De Voorzitter merkte op dat verscheidene der invloedrijkste ingezetenen hem verzocht hadden de aandacht der Commissie op dit onderwerp te vestigen, daar het grootelijks tot den voorspoed van dit en de omliggende distrikten zou zijn. Het voorstel werd unaniem aangenomen en men besloot ook eene kopij van deze resolutie, omtrent den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg, naar het Gouvernment te zenden.</ref> '''27 April 1882''': Die voorstel word deur Human ter tafel gelê in die Wetgewende Vergadering, en die parlement gee opdrag dat die ''[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Engineer_s_Report_of_the_Surveys_and_Est/yew1AQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1 Engineer's Report of the Surveys and Estimates of the Proposed Extension of the Line of Railway from Malmesbury to Piquetberg]'', wat ingedien is, aangepas moet word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1882. Parlement: Donderdag, 27 April 1882, Spoorwegvoorstellen, 29 April, p. 6: De heer Human stelde voor het rapport van den Ingenieur der linie tusschen Malmesbury en Piketberg te tafel te leggen. Aangenomen.</ref> Die gegewens in die dokument vervat, toon Hector Shaw, die opmeter, het aanvanklik sy eie roete opgetrek. Die naam Hooikraal is nêrens daarin te vinde nie. Shaw het egter, met sy tweede voorstel, van die invloedrykste boere uit die omtrek genader en hulle voorstelle gevra. Die spoorlyn se grondwerk en onkostes is sodoende aansienlik verminder. Volg mens die treinspoor op 'n eietydse topografiese kaart, en let mens op die omliggende plaasname, is dit verwonderend hoe die plan byna onveranderd gebly het. Mens vertrek uit Malmesbury se stasie, ry deur die "Vogelgesand"-vallei, verby die plaas "Vogelgesand" (Voëlgesang), en "Roode Drie" (Rooidraai), dan slaan mens die noordwestelike rigting in tot by "Kaisenbosch" (Kiesenbosch). Vandaar ry mens oor die pad wat na Hopefield lei (vandag die R45), maak 'n draai om 'n heuweltjie teen 'n gradiënt van 1:40 vir sowat een myl. Weer steek mens die hoofpad oor, ry verby "Twee Kuil" (Tweekuil), dan in die rigting van "Crangwagenskraal" (Cruywagenskraal). Vandaar sal mens aankom by die plaas van mnr. Tobias Lochner (senior), hier sal mens genoeg klippe en water aantref, wat ideaal is vir die bou van 'n treinstasie alhier (waar Ruststasie vandag staan). Hiervandaan is die gradiënt niks steiler as 1:40 nie, en dit lei mens in 'n noordelike rigting, verby "Kopje Neul Fontein" (vandag Neulfontein se Berg, 335 m bo seespieël), gevolg deur: {{cquote| Curving round the Kopje with an easy radius and light works, Hooi Kraal is reached; this is a small village of not more than eight houses and a church. As there is a considerable piece of level ground here, and a good supply of water, I consider it a very desirable spot for a station, as it is situated in a position where a good deal of traffic might be expected from the fertile district surrounding.}} Wat werklik vreemd in die dokument aandoen is die algehele gebrek aan kalk wat Shaw in die omgewing opgemerk het. Juis omdat 'n kalkfabriek (''Lime Sales'') vandag net buitekant Moorreesburg staan, waar kalsitiese en dolomitiese landboukalk, nywerheidskalk en kalksteenprodukte gemaak word.<ref>Truter, C. 1994. Moorreesburg. In: ''Weskus. 'n Toeristegids: opgestel deur Cornel Truter in opdrag van die Weskus-Streeksdiensteraad.'' Parow: Nasionale Boekdrukkery, bl. 71-72.</ref> Shaw glo water kan tydens 'n droë seisoen in die gebied 'n probleem raak. '''1894 tot 1895:''' Die ou Hooikraalskerkie op Moorreesburg raak te klein. Ds. Retief besluit om 'n nuwe kerk te laat bou. Dit word op 15 Januarie 1894 so besluit. Die hoeksteen word op 12 Desember 1894 gelê. Die gemis aan 'n eie treinstasie op die dorp is nogal voelbaar: omdat die naaste stasie nou by Malmesbury was, het die boere hul muilwaens gratis ter beskikking gestel om boumateriaal vanaf die stasie te vervoer, ten einde geld vir die gemeente te besuinig. By een geleentheid het 'n konvooi van 30 waens daarheen vertrek om 15 000 bakstene te gaan haal, wat mens net laat besef hoe geweldig noodsaaklik die spoorvervoer in die 1800's werklik was. Die nuwe kerk het nou 700 sitplekke gehad. Op 18 Desember 1895 is die nuwe kerk ingewy.<ref>Lochner, J.J. 1979. Kerkgebou van 1895. In: Moorreesburg: 3-12-1879 tot 3-12-1979. Moorreesburg: Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk, bl. 7</ref> [[Lêer:David Christiaan de Waal.jpg|duimnael|David Christiaan de Waal het herhaaldelik petisies by die Laerhuis ingedien om 'n spoorlyn na Piquetberg te kry]] '''5 Mei 1886:''' '''D.C. de Waal (LWV van Piquetberg) dien sy eerste petisie vir die spoorlyn by die parlement in.''' Die petisie stel voor dat 'n spoorlyn na Piquetberg gebou moet word, sodat daar werk verskaf kan word aan die sendingstasies aldaar.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1886. Parlement: Gisteren. Petities, enz. 6 Mei, p. 3: Petitie: De heer De Waal een uit Zendingsstations in Piketberg, waar men een Spoorweglinie wil om die lieden werk te geven.</ref> '''6 Mei 1886:''' In die Wetgewende Raad (Hoërhuis) word die dubbelganger van die vorige dag deur Petrus Benjamin van Rhijn (LWR van die Noordwestelike Provinsie) ingedien.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1886. Het Parlement: Wetgevende Raad, Donderdag, 6 Mei. Voorloopig. 8 Mei, p. 2: De heer Miller had een petitie van de heeren Mostert van Mowbray, om vergoeding van het uitroeijen van hun wijngaard; '''de heer Van Rhijn een van Zendingstaties in de afdeeling van Piketberg, om een spoorweg, ten einde de lieden aldaar werk te verschaffen''' [...]</ref> '''13 Desember 1888:''' 'n Brief van "een Namaqualander" word geplaas. Die skrywer is dit glad nie met Thomas Louw (LWV) eens dat 'n hardepad vanaf Saldanhabaai na Malmesbury (die huidige treinterminus) aangelê moet word nie. Dit sal hopeloos te duur kos en boonop het Saldanhabaai reeds 'n hawe met skepe wat Kaap toe vaar. As daar dan nou 'n hardepad moet wees, is Moorreesburg veel beter. Dit is nie 'n geval van "as" nie, maar ''wanneer'' die spoorlyn verleng gaan word, sal Moorreesburg die ideale stasie wees wat Saldanhabaaiers wil hê, want dit is nader.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1888. Correspondentie: Weg van Saldanhabaai naar Moorreesburg, 13 Desember, p. 3:Aan den Redakteur.<br>Mijnheer,—Een hard pad van Saldanhabaai naar Malmesbury, wat bedoelt de heer Louw daarmede? Zal de Saldanhabaaische boer of visscher zijn produkten naar Malmesbury voeren wanneer de scheepvaart naar de Kaapstad zooveel goedkooper is? Moet ons land weer in tien- of vijftien duizend pond schuld gestoken worden?<br>Maar vraag mij, wat er te doen staat en ik zal het u zeggen. Maak een pad of harden weg van Saldanhabaai naar Moorreesburg, zoodat het binnenland den handel van Saldanhabaai bekomt; want aldaar kunnen duizenden visschers leven, was er maar net een pad.<br>Nog meer, '''wanneer de spoorweg verlengd wordt dan zal die juist de statie zijn welke de Baai wil hebben''', en al de omliggende distrikten zullen er door bevoordeeld zijn; maar niet dit alleen, meer menschen zouden zich aan de Baai vestigen, de boer zou geld krijgen voor zijn produkten, het Gouvernement zou ook geld krijgen, daar er licenties zouden genomen worden en pakhuizen geopend. Het Gouvernement zou ook niet zoo diep in de schuld zijn, want de weg naar Moorreesburg zou de helft minder kosten dan naar Malmesbury.<br>Wordt de Spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Moorreesburg verlengd, dan zal de Malmesbury Spoorweg de helft meer betalen dan tot hiertoe het geval is geweest, wat men zou meer van de produkten van de Westkust krijgen.<br>Mogen de boeren hunne oogen openen vóór de verlenging plaats vindt. Ik geloof dat de heer Basson met mij eens van gevoelen is.<br>Ik ben, enz., enz.,<br>Een Namaqualander,<br>H. W.</ref> '''12 Julie 1889:''' Twee mosies word voor die Wetgewende Vergadering ter tafel gelê. Louw: om die spoorlyn tussen Malmesbury en Piquetberg "via Hooikraal" te bou (wat nou skielik £287 000 bedra, of 'n beskeie £50 000 meer). D.C. de Waal: tussen Piquetberg en [[Grey's Pass|Greyspas]] via Porterville (wat eweneens £287 000 bedra). Mnr. Louw steun De Waal se eerste mosie omrede dit een van die hoofstreke van die Kaapkolonie is waar koring verbou word. Sodra Piquetberg eers ontwikkel het, kan die spoorlyn verder noordwaarts uitbrei. De Waal ding egter mee met ander kiesafdelings wat onder andere 'n spoorlyn tussen Ashton en Swellendam wil bou; een tussen Ashton en Montagu; en een tussen Oudtshoorn na 'River Gamka' naby Calitzdorp. By stemming is almal se mosies teengestaan en almal word met leë hande weggestuur.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Debates_in_the_House_of_Assembly/ORlKAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=hooikraal&pg=PA301 Debates in the House of Assembly in the First Session of the Eighth Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, 20th May to 12th August 1889, Railway and Extentions Bill. pp. 301-302]</ref> '''28 Julie 1890:''' Thomas Tennant Heatlie, lid van die Wetgewende Raad, het die regering gevra om 'n direkte spoorlyn vanaf Soutrivier deur Koeberg en Malmesbury na Piquetberg te oorweeg om sodoende die "koringskuur van die Kolonie" te ontsluit. Die Wetgewende Raad het die voorstel gunstig ontvang en belowe om die roete spoedig op te meet. Teen November het Heatlie sy kiesers op Piquetberg verseker dat hy hom herverkiesbaar stel en dat die voorbereidende werk vir die spoorlyn flink vorder.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1890. Het Parlement, Wetgevende Raad, 28 Julij, Petities. 29 Julij, p. 3: Op de eerste vraag van den Ed. heer Heatlie nl. of de Regering, voor de aanstaande zitting, de raadzaamheid zal overwegen om een regtstreeksche Spoorweg lijn te doen leggen van een punt op de Hoofd Spoorweg lijn nabij Zoutrivier, door Koeberg, ''via'' Malmesbury naar Piquetberg Weg Statie, als een middel om grooter vervoer gerieven te geven aan de Boeren van Koeberg en naburige distrikten, de Korenschuur der Kolonie open te zetten, enz., zeide de Ed. heer Innes, Proc Generaal, dat de Regering de zaak in overweging had genomen. Er was echter nog geen opmeting gemaakt, maar dit zou naar alle waarschijnlijkheid gauw gebeuren.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1890. De Edele Heer T. T. Heatlie, L.W.R., te Piquetberg. 20 November, p. 3: 18 November 1890.<br>De Edele heer Thomas Tennant Heatlie, onze oude vertegenwoordiger, arriveerde hier verleden Vrijdag avond en bleef het grootste gedeelte van den Zaterdag. Het deed ons genoegen Z.Ed. in ons midden te hebben, vooral na de vèr verspreide geruchten, dat hij niet voor het Parlement als candidaat zou gaan staan. Z Ed. verzekerde ons dat de rapporten valsch waren, en dat hij den strijd voor onzen Cirkel sal aanvaarden. De heer Heatlie schijnt nog sterk en krachtig en heeft ons nu voor 13 jaren vertegenwoordigd; aan het invoeren van belangrijke zaken heeft hij zijn hand geleend. Onder anderen heeft men de watertoevoer te Piquetberg aan Z.Ed. te danken; hij introduceerde dezen maatregel in 1888. '''Gedurende de laatste Sessie stelde hij voor een opmeting te maken, voor een spoorlijn van Piquetberg door Malmesbury en Koeberg naar Kaapstad, dat ook zeer gunstig werd ontvangen en welk werk hopen we spoedig zal worden uitgevoerd.''' In de namen van onze Vertegenwoordigers zal u een snaaksche overeenkomst vinden: wij hebben namelijk twee "Tennant's" en twee "David's." Dit kan ons weleens geluk aanbrengen. De heer Heatlie keerde terug via Porterville, om daar zijn vrienden en ondersteuners te ontvangen.</ref> '''2 Julie 1891:''' Thomas Tennant Heatlie (LWR van Noordwestelike provinsie) verneem in die Hoërhuis of die regering sedert die laaste sitting al vordering gemaak het met die ondersoek of 'n spoorlyn vanaf Soutrivier, deur Koeberg na Malmesbury, met Piquetbergwegstasie as eindpunt wenslik is. Pieter Hendrik Faure, Minister van Naturellesake (en LWV vir die Paarl), sê daar is nie geld daarvoor nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Het Parlement. Wetgevende Raad. Donderdag, 2 Julij. Spoorwegen. 4 Julij, p. 3: De Ed. heer Heatlie wenschte te vragen of eenige stappen genomen zijn sedert de laatste zitting van het Parlement, om onderzoek te doen naar de raadzaamheid voor het leggen van eenigen spoorweg op de groote spoorlijn op een punt nabij Zoutrivier door Koeberg te loopen naar Malmesbury, en van daar naar Piquetberg Weg Station.<br>De. Ed. heer Faure, Minister van Naturellensaken, zei dat de geldelijke toestand niet van dien aard was, dat men aan de zaak kon denken.</ref> '''18 Julie 1891:''' D.C. de Waal dien weer 'n petisie in. By navraag of die regering van plan is om voorstelle te bespreek rondom die verlenging van die bestaande spoorweglyne in die Westelike distrikte, haal die tesourier sy heuningkwas uit: De Waal se warm hart dryf hom duidelik om iets vir sy kiesers te doen, maar op die oomblik het die regering net te veel hooi op sy vurk. Veral met die groot brugplan kan die tesourier geen beloftes maak selfs by die volgende sitting nie. Intussen sou hy niks liewer wou sien as spoorweguitbreiding in daardie rigting nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Piquetberg. 16 Junij, p.3: Een druk geteekende petitie zal eerstdaags naar het Parlement worden gezonden, voor de verlenging van de Spoorweglijn van Malmesbury naar hier; de lijn is reeds opgemeten. De kiezers verlangen van hun vertegenwoordiger, den heer D.C. De Waal, L.W.V. om zijn uiterste er dit jaar voor te doen.[...]</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Het Parlement, Wetgevende Vergadering, Donderdag, 18 Julij, Petities, enz. 18 Julij, p. 4: De hr. De Waal had een petitie uit Piketberg om een Spoorweg van Malmesbury daarheen.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Het Parlement, Wetgevende Vergadering, Donderdag, 18 Julij, Vragen, enz. 18 Julij, p. 4: De heer De Waal vroeg of de Regering voornemens is gedurende deze zitting voorstellen te doen tot het verlengen van de bestaande Spoorweg-lijnen in de Westelijke distrikten. Hij deed zijn vraag met het oog op de Piketbergsche petitie. - De Thesaurier zeide dat de heer De Waal door zijn warm hart gedreven werd om iets voor zijn kiezers te doen; maar voor het oogenblik had men te veel hooi op zijn vork, en ook voor de volgende zitting kon hij zich niet verbinden, vooral met het oog op dat groote bruggenplan. Intusschen zou hij niets liever zien dan Spoorweguitbreiding in die rigting.</ref> Op '''20 Junie 1893''' dien D.C. de Waal weer 'n petisie by die parlement in om die spoorlyn tussen Piquetberg en Malmesbury te verleng. Toe mnr. Van Zyl op die 29ste Augustus hieroor uitvra, antwoord die Eerste Minister, [[Cecil John Rhodes]], op heel diplomatiese wyse dat die Malmesbury-spoorlyn ongelukkig nie nou dadelik aandag sal geniet nie, maar wel in die toekoms.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Debates_in_the_House_of_Assembly/g1tNAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=piquetberg&pg=PA358&printsec=frontcover Cape of Good Hope Debates in the House of Assembly in the First Session of the Eighth Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, 16th June to 9 September, 1893. Cape Town: Cape Times Printing Works, pp. 358] : Mr. VAN ZYL asked the Prime Minister if the Government will during the recess give its attention and consideration to the great claims of the North- western portion of the Colony to railway communication ; and in any railway construction scheme which may be submitted to the next Parliament make provision for the extension of the line from Malmesbury through the fertile grain districts of Voor Piquetberg, in the direction of Clanwilliam. Mr. RHODES said he could not hold out any immediate hope of the extension mentioned being carried out, but the Government would have to consider in the future the gradual extension of the Malmesbury line.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1893. Parlement. 20 Junij. Petities enz. Donderdag, 22 Junij, bl. 3: Een [petitie] door den heer De Waal over den Spoorweg naar Piketberg.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1893. Parlement. 29 Augustus. Vragen. Dingsdag, 31 Augustus, bl. 4: De heer Van Zijl vroeg of de Regering gedurende het reces hare aandacht en overweging zal schenken aan de groote aanspraak van het Noordwestelijk deel der Kolonie op Spoorweggemeenschap, en voorziening zal maken voor het verlengen van de lijn van Malmesbury door de vruchtbare graandistricten van Voor Piquetberg in de rigting van Clanwilliam. - De Eerste Minister antwoordde dat de Regering niet van plan was om reeds nu sulk een lijn voor te stellen.</ref> === Op soek na die Goue Middeweg === '''25 Junie 1896:''' Een brief kla bitterlik oor die onenigheid op Porterville oor of die spoorlyn vanaf Malmesbury verleng moet word of nie,<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1896. Een spoorweg voor Porterville. 4 Juni, Bijvoegsel: Porterville, 29 Mei, 1896.<br>Aan den Redakteur van den Zuid-Afrikaan en Ons Land.<br>Mijnheer,—Als inwoner en belanghebber alhier ben ik genoodzaakt mijn stem te doen hooren tegen de correspondentie van een verraderlijken Porterviller, die met geweld tracht onze boeren en vastgoed hebbenden in het dorp te benadeelen.<br>Het is zoo spijtig dat er zoo dikwijls bittere en aanstootelijke rapporten uit ons dorp gaan, daar de inwoners inderdaad niet zoo twistziek hier zijn.<br>Nu, mijnheer, zou ik gaarne zien dat er waarheid zonder eenige bitterheid gepubliceerd wordt. De publieke vergadering van den 19den deser, waarover de correspondent zoo verachtelijk schrijft, werd gehouden omdat er zoo veel verschil van gevoelen bestaat omtrent eene spoorlijn door ons distrikt. Zooals reeds vroeger gemeld, wil de een de spoor van Malmesbury verlengd hebben tot in ons distrikt. Een ander vraagt om eene lijn van Piketbergweg-statie, en een derde bidt om van den spoorweg verschoond te blijven. Men dacht dat er iets gedaan moest worden om de gemoederen wat meer vereenigd te krijgen en dan onze belangen bij het parlement in te dienen. Het werd door sommigen goed gedacht de vergadering zoo spoedig mogelijk te houden uit vrees dat het later verweten kan worden dat Porterville te laat geslapen heeft toen de tijd van werken daar was. Een, twee, drie, werden kennisgevingen uitgeschreven door een onzer ingezetenen en op Zondagmorgen bij de kerk aangeplakt (natuurlijk met toestemming van eenige Bondsmannen).<br>Op Dinsdag, den 19den, kwamen vele boeren van buiten het dorp naar de vergadering, en hoewel de kennisgeving veel te wenschen overliet, waardoor eenigen der ingezetenen moesten of wilden aanstoot lijden, toch dacht men het beste te zullen zijn dat men zich stelde en vergadering hield ter wille van de belangstellende boeren.<br>De vergadering werd dan gehouden, en ik moet instemmen met den correspondent dat het geheele publiek niet tegenwoordig was, doch het kan bewezen worden dat er bepaald meer dan 25 stemgerechtigden waren, behalve dat zij die daar waren meestal invloedrijke boeren zijn. Welke besluiten omtrent brandziektewet en spoorweg genomen zijn, is reeds bekend, en acht ik het dus onnoodig er meer over te bazuinen.<br>Nadat de vergadering afgeloopen was, scheen er groote ontevredenheid bij eenigen der inwoners te ontstaan. Het werd spoedig ruchtbaar dat diegenen van plan zijn rechtstreeks tegen de vergadering te gaan werken al zou het ook hunzelve tot het uiterste nadeel strekken.<br>Toen was het mij duidelijk geworden dat men gezegde vergadering liefst liet varen, te meer wijl het schijnt dat wij nog een weinig tijd hebben om een andere en grootere vergadering uit betere autoriteit op te krijgen, daar de ondervinding ons dagelijks leert "Eendracht maakt macht," en tegenstand kan nog al veel kwaad teweeg brengen.<br>Nu de schemering waarin het huis van parlement omtrent de Piketberg spoorlijn tot hiertoe verkeert, zou ik zoo gaarne eens opgehelderd zien.<br>Er wordt veel gesproken over de Malmesbury-Piketberg lijn, doch wie heeft er een gegronde rede omtrent de voordeelen van die lijn uitgesproken? Men is hier niet tegen eene verlenging van de Malmesbury lijn, doch de vraag is, waarom moeten die twee distrikten dezelfde lijn hebben, daar reeds duidelijk genoeg blijkt dat onze graanhandel slechts in de binnenlanden en niet in de Kaapstad is; dus is het toch zoodoodeenvoudig om te verstaan dat het een groote dwaas zijn moet, die zijn graan naar de binnenlandsche markt per spoor vervoert, die van een centraal station hier uit het distrikt voert, eerst met menig een draai tot naar Malmesbury, van daar zoo ver als Durban terug naar Piketberg station en dan eerst voort waar het ook al heen moet. Zooals zaken tegenwoordig zijn, kunnen wij bijna het geheele jaar door ons koren uit het distrikt naar Piketberg station voor slechts 1s. per mud per transportwagen vervoeren, en waar zal Malmesbury Piketberg lijn met haar tarief blijven?<br>Genoeg van graan, en ga ik ook nog onze tuinplaatsen voor de aandacht brengen. Voor groenten en vruchten zijn de binnenlandsche markten ook nog tamelijk open, en de Kaapsche markt is meestal ingestopt van de omliggende distrikten; waar vindt men vruchtbaarder aarde en fraaier waterstroomen dan van Piketberg station al langs den berg tot aan "De Rest." Hier ziet men aan elkaar minstens 40 groote vruchtbare plaatsen met prachtige waterstroomen, en vraagt men waarom zij zoo min bewerkt worden dan is het antwoord, omdat het station zoover af gelegen is, en men geene groenten of vruchten behoorlijk versch op eenige markt brengen kan. Indien de lijn van Malmesbury verlengd wordt en ze zou midden door ons distrikt gebouwd worden, beteekent dat voor ons zoo min, ja minder dan in het geheel geen trein, want dan sluit zij ook alle doortocht uit de noordelijke distrikten, waardoor ons waterrijk gedeelte in handel tamelijk vooruit is.<br>Onmogelijk kan het verwacht worden dat onze tuinboeren groenten of vruchten dien omweg met de Malmesbury lijn verlenging vervoeren kunnen. De noordelijke distrikten aan den anderen kant verliezen er niets bij indien zij hunne produkten, zooals wol en vellen, van Piketberg station naar de Kaapstad per spoor verzenden. Dus wat aangaat het betalen van een trein door ons distrikt, hetzij verlenging van Malmesbury of tak van Piketberg station zal en kan op het oogenblik noch de eene noch de andere, doch indien het gouvernement ons een lijn geeft laat dan toch deze gebouwd worden die ten minste belooft eens te zullen betalen; maar het zou wezenlijk jammer zijn als ons een lijn zou opgedrongen worden die wij niet hebben willen omdat zij voor ons ondienstlijk is, en dan voor altijd van eene bruikbare verstoken te zijn.<br>Voor ditmaal genoeg. Doch ik ben te eeniger tijd gereed om op eene beschaafder wijze de belangen van het publiek te openbaren dan de vorige correspondent, die door zijn schrijven toonde dat hij hoegenaamd geen waar belang in ons dorp heeft, en daardoor het publiek bepaald tegen zich verbittert.<br>Ik noem mij, mijnheer,<br>Uw dienstst. dienaar,<br>R. P. Malan.</ref> terwyl "Een Belangstellende" (vrugteloos) navraag doen oor die spoorwegpetisies en -mosies in die parlement.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1896. Wat doen onze parlements-leden? 23 Juni, Bijvoegsel:Piketberg, 15 Juni, 1896.<br>Aan den Editeur van De Zuid-Afrikaan en Ons Land.<br>Mijnheer,—Zal u mij niet kunnen zeggen wat onze leden van Piketberg in het parlement doen? wij hooren of zien van beide niets. De heer De Waal, een beproefd lid, heeft gevraagd aan het gouvernement wat van zijn voorstel geworden is van verleden jaar omtrent den trein; terwijl de regeering geen beslissend antwoord gegeven heeft, bleef het alles doodstil. Zullen onze leden dan niets meer van zich laten hooren? Ik hoop toch niet dat wij teleurgesteld mogen zijn met ons nieuwe lid, een oprechten Afrikaner, een man die altoos het distrikt van Piketberg op zijn hart gedragen heeft. Wat gaat hij nu doen voor Piketberg? Zal van dit jaar nog niet voorzien worden in onze behoefte, namelijk de verlenging van de lijn? Indien zij denken dat een deputatie hen tot ondersteuning kan wezen, waarom vragen zij niet er om?<br>Ik noem mij,<br>Een Belangstellende.</ref> Nou stel die redaksie van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' voor die Kiesafdeling Piquetberg moet ''nou'' voorbrand begin maak. Dit is tevergeefs om te verwag die regering sal na die kiesers luister, as die distrik in die eerste plek geen ooreenkoms kan bereik nie. Die een deel wil dolgraag 'n spoorlyn hê, die ander deel is daar bitterlik teen gekant. Dit is nou ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' wat vra waarom die plaaslike verteenwoordigers (LWV's) van die onderskeie streke, na afloop van die parlementsitting, nie net gou kan vergader en tot 'n vergelyk kan kom nie. Soos reeds bekend, het die regering die kraantjie in 1896 reeds toegedraai - geen nuwe spoorwegaansoeke sal vanjaar aanvaar word om gebou te word nie. Maar dan kom die slotwoorde: "De Piketbergers en Portervillers moeten toezien, anders kunnen zij nog lang zonder een spoorweg blijven."<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1896. Piquetbergsche spoorweg. 25 Juni, p. 3: In eene vorige uitgave hebben wij een brief gepubliceerd van een correspondent van Piketberg, die van de plaatselijke vertegenwoordigers wilde weten hoe het met den spoorweg voor dat distrikt staat. Wij voor ons zouden gaarne willen weten hoe het met het distrikt op dit punt staat, d.w.z. of men nooit tot eenparigheid zal komen. Een deel van het distrikt vraagt om een lijn, het ander is er bitter op tegen. Het is noodeloos te verwachten dat de regeering gehoor zal geven aan het geroep, tenzij men in het distrikt tot eene overeenkomst komt. Zal het niet goed wezen na de zitting de plaatselijke vertegenwoordigers te ontmoeten en tot een besluit te komen?</ref> '''10 November 1896:''' Volgens 'n korrespondent van Porterville is die Bondstak van Piquetberg van plan om belanghebbende dorpe te betrek om oor die spoorlyn tot 'n vergelyk te kom. Die korrespondent betwyfel dit egter sterk of so 'n ooreenkoms moontlik is. Moorreesburg, Piquetberg en omliggende plekke sal waarskynlik sterk ten gunste wees van 'n spoorlyn vanaf Malmesbury wat met 'n 'elleboog' weswaarts in die rigting van Hopefield draai voordat dit na Piquetberg loop. Porterville sal egter weier om enige ander roete te steun as die mees onlangse opmeting van Malmesbury na Piquetberg, wat 'n klein taklyn insluit wat grens aan die hooflyn by Piquetbergstasie. Sonder hierdie taklyn kan Porterville nie klaarkom nie, aangesien hul grootste markte in die binneland (die diamant- en goudvelde) lê, en nie in Kaapstad nie. Indien die Hopefield-roete gebou word, sou dit beteken dat Porterville se binnelandse produkte met 'n reuse ompad eers tot by die Kaap moet gaan draai, net om weer noordwaarts te gaan — wat duurder sou wees as die bestaande transportwaens. Hierdie verbinding met die oostelike hooflyn is ook noodsaaklik vir die vervoer van kinders wat na die skole in Wellington, die Paarl en Stellenbosch gestuur word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1896. Porterville. 10 November, p. 3: [...] De groote kwestie van den dag, die een ieders gedachte gaande houdt, is hoe de spoorlijn van Piketberg moet gebouwd worden. Volgens een bondsbesluit is Piketberg van plan om de omliggende dorpen die belang hebben bij de lijn opteroepen om te zien overeen te komen. Maar of zulks zal geschieden betwijfelen wij sterk, want waarschijnlijk zullen Moorreesburg, Piketberg en andere plaatsen sterk wezen voor een lijn van Malmesbury met een elleboog in de richting van Hopefield, en dan naar Piketberg, terwijl Porterville geen andere lijn kan en zal ondersteunen dan een lijn volgens de laatste opmeting van Malmesbury naar Piketberg met een kleine taklijn grenzende aan de hoofdlijn te Piketbergstatie waarzonder wij niet kunnen klaar komen, want onze grootste markten zijn in de binnenlanden. En wat zal dus een spoor voor Piketberg beteekenen die met onze produkten bestemd voor het binnenland bij de Kaap moet omgaan, daar het transport veel goedkooper zal wezen als met den trein van hier Kaap om tot weer Piketbergstatie, en zelf ook voor die distrikten verder ten noorden, die niet alleen met de binnenlanden te doen hebben, maar evenveel communicatie met de volgende dorpen liggende aan de hoofdlijn Wellington, Paarl, Stellenbosch, heeft door het gebruik van scholen, enz.[...]</ref> '''5 Desember 1896:''' 'n Kennisgewing verskyn waarin aangekondig word 'n openbare vergadering sal op Vrydag, 15 Januarie 1897, om halftien die oggend gehou word. Die spoorwegverlenging deur Piquetberg na die Noordweste sal bespreek word. Alle belangstellendes word vriendelik versoek om die vergadering by te woon.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1896. Uitnoodiging te Piketberg. 5 December, p. 2: Eene publieke vergadering zal gehouden worden te Piketberg op Vrijdag, 15 Januari, 1897, om half tien uur des voormiddags in zake de Spoorweg-Verlenging door Piketberg naar het Noord Westen. Alle belanghebbenden worden vriendelijk verzocht deze Vergadering bij te wonen, ten einde de zaak eendrachtig en grondig te bespreken.<br>Op last,<br>Johs. Liebenberg,<br>Sec. Afr. Bond.</ref> '''8 Desember 1896:''' 'n Boer uit [[Vanrhynsdorp|Van Rhijnsdorp]] reken Clanwilliam, Calvinia en Van Rhijnsdorp moet ook die vergadering bywoon. Hulle val immers ook in die Noordwestelike Sirkel, net soos al die ander distrikte. Hy merk in die verbygang ook op "van plaatselijke geschillen van de ingezetenen van Piketberg en Porterville", wat frustrerend is om van te verneem as jou eie lewensbestaan op die spel is.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1896. Spoorweg naar 't noordwesten. 12 December, Bijvoegsel, p. 3: Van Rhijndorp, 8 December, 1896<br>[...] Dan zie ik in ''Ons Land'' dat eene vergadering te Piketberg belegd is op den 15den Januari over de spoorwegverlenging naar het noord-westen door Piketberg, naar welke vergadering alle belanghebbenden uitgenoodigd worden. Nu, mijnheer, ik wil slechts de ingezetenen van Piketberg te verstaan geven dat onze kiesafdeeling, namelijk Clanwilliam, Calvinia en Van Rhijnsdorp, even veel belang heeft bij eene spoorwegverlenging naar het noord-westen, en misschien de behoefte er aan nog meer gevoelt dan zij, maar verkiest niet ons met hun plaatselijk geschil in te laten, vertrouwende dat onze regeering en wetgeving zich niet ter wille van plaatselijke geschillen van de ingezetenen van Piketberg en Porterville zal laten terughouden om met aanstaande zitting van het parlement een wet te passeeren om de meest gewenschte lijn naar het noord-westen een aanvang te doen nemen, en eenmaal de stiefvaderlijke behandeling aan hare noord-westelijke kinderen te doen ophouden. Wij hebben tot hiertoe als onderdanige kinderen geduldig gewacht, maar ziende dat ons bestaan ons gansch ontnomen wordt door dat wij niet kunnen mededingen met de door spoorweg bevoordeelde deelen van de Kolonie, gaan wij dit jaar onze regeering en wetgeving petitioneeren en voor onze rechtmatige portie smekend pleiten.<br>Uw dw. dienaar,<br>Boer.</ref> '''15 Januarie 1897:''' 'n "Monstervergadering" is in die hofsaal op Piquetberg gehou. Buiten nog vele mense van Piquetberg was daar afgevaardigdes van: :Clanwilliam: S. Engelbrecht en G. van der Westhuizen :Hopefield: A. J. Stigling, F. Schreuder en M. Visser :Moorreesburg: Jan Lochner, Ch. Lochner, Simson en Burnard :Darling: Jan A. Basson en W. Basson Asook Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner (LWR) en D.J. Marais (LWV van Piquetberg). Daar was altesaam ongeveer 130 persone teenwoordig. Drie resoluties is eenparig aangeneem: # Hierdie vergadering is van mening plaaslike spoorwegkomitees moet in elke dorp gestig word sodat die distrikte kan saambesluit hoe die spoorwegverbinding aangepak gaan word. # Hierdie vergadering het besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleen aan die bou van 'n spoorweg waarby Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piquetberg, Clanwilliam, die Sandveld, Troe-Troe (Van Rhynsdorp), Calvinia en Namaqualand op die billikste wyse behandel sal word (Hopefield se resolusie). # Dat uit elke distrik 'n deputatie van twee persone saamgestel sal word om die regering op Dinsdag, 23 Februarie te ontmoet. Hopefield het reeds op 8 Januarie vergader en besluit die spoorweg moet so naby moontlik aan Darling en Groenekloof kom. Die groot soutpanne lê immers tans onbenut daar. Ná Darling en Groenekloof moet die spoorlyn in die rigting van Hopefield, Zanddrift by die Bergrivier en dan na Piquetberg loop. Darling herinner die vergadering aan sy bottermakery, graanbou en die sewe soutpanne wat jaarliks 250 000 sakke sout lewer. Die groot afstand na die naaste trein kortwiek tans die dorp se enorme potensiaal. Darling wil egter nie die regering se hande bind nie, maar stel voor dat die verlenging vanaf Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury in die rigting van Klipfontein (uitspanning) en Vogelstruisfontein, deur Moorreesburg na Piquetberg geskied. Die Moorreesburgers wil hê die spoorlyn moet deur Moorreesburg loop. So het hulle die afgelope Woensdag (13 Januarie 1897) besluit, maar Jan Lochner gun die Darlingers en Hopefielders ook 'n kans. Simson steun die roete vanaf Malmesbury via Oudepost, deur Moorreesburg na Piquetberg. Burnard weier eweneens om die regering se hande te bind, maar steun die verlenging vanaf Malmesbury deur Moorreesburg (die koringskuur van die Kaap) na Piquetberg. Eksteen, van Piquetberg, meen die spoorweg moet deur Moorreesburg en Piquetberg loop, maar so naby aan Porterville as moontlik om daardie gemeenskap ook 'n kans te bied. Clanwilliam verwelkom 'n spoorlyn tussen Malmesbury en Piquetberg na die noordweste, maar stippel nie 'n spesifieke roete uit nie; hulle wil net die voorreg geniet om ses uur van 'n stasie af te woon. Verloren Vlei is ook ten gunste van die lyn. Achter-Piquetberg is tevrede met enige roete, mits die lyn aan Zanddrift raak. D.J. Marais (LWV) is bewus van al die probleme en ontberinge in die land. Al is die staatskas tans leeg, moet almal die proses met petisies en deputasies onvermoeid aan die gang hou, en daarmee volhou. Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner maan die afgevaardigdes om versigtig te wees en nie die regering se hande te bind nie. Hierdie lyn moet immers alle omliggende dorpies tevrede stel. 'n Verlenging deur Piquetberg na die noordweste sal 'n alternatiewe afsetgebied skep wat die plaaslike koringboere bevoordeel deur hulle onafhanklik van die Kaapse monopolie te maak. Nadat die afgevaardigdes die resolusies eenparig aangeneem het, besluit die mans om mekaar op Dinsdagoggend, 23 Februarie, net ná die aankoms van die oggendtrein, by die firma De Waal & Co. in Kaapstad te ontmoet vir hul afspraak met die regering. Basson en Visser bedank die voorsitter en sekretaris, waarna die vergadering uiteengaan.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Spoorweg en Rifleclub. 16 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 1: Piketberg, 15 JAN. [...] Een monstervergadering voor de verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg werd hier hedenmorgen in de hofzaal gehouden. De zaal was stampvol van invloedrijke inwoners en boeren van het distrikt. Ook waren er afgevaardigden van Clanwilliam, Hopefield, Moorreesburg en Darling, waaronder de heeren Lochner, L.W.R., D. Marais, L.W.V., J. Basson ex L.W.V. De heer Eksteen was voorzitter, en de heer Johannes Liebenberg secretaris. De resoluties werden eenparig aangenomen: "Deze vergadering is van opinie dat het wenschelijk is comités ter bevordering der spoorwegen in de verschillende dorpen aan te stellen met betrekking tot de voorgestelde spoorwegverbinding, dat die gevestigd worden ten einde dat de verschillende distrikten onderling kunnen overeenkomen om deze zaak er door te krijgen. Ten tweede, dat deze vergadering al hare ondersteuning geve voor de verlenging van den Malmesbury spoorweg en waar Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Zandveld, Clanwilliam, Calvinia en Namakwaland in betrokken zijn, dat zij behandeld worden op de billijkste wijze. Een deputatie van twee uit ieder distrikt met het gouvernement te spreken op den morgen van 23 a.s. onder leiding van den heer De Waal, L.W.V., en om alles te doen wat in hun vermogen is om de samenwerking der regeering te krijgen voor de goedkeuring van het parlement in deze sessie van deze lijn. De vergadering vertrouwt op de medewerking van de leden van Namakwaland.<br>Later werd er een vergadering van de rifle-club gehouden. Na discussie werd besloten een private club te beginnen en de volgende heeren werden tot bestuursleden gekozen, Kotze, Dommisse, Liebenberg en Parrott. Deze moeten zien om geweren, ammunitie en schijven te krijgen.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Publieke vergadering te Piketberg: Spoorweg. 21 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 1: Een invloedrijke publieke vergadering in zake de spoorweg-verlenging van Malmesbury door Piketberg naar het noord-westen werd alhier gehouden op 15 Januari laatstleden. Tegenwoordig waren: Jac. Lochner, L.W.R., en Dan. Marais, L.W.V.; twee afgevaardigden van Darling (J. Basson en W. Basson); drie afgevaardigden van Hopefield (A. J. Stigling, F. Schreuder en M. Visser); vier afgevaardigden van Moorreesburg (Jan Lochner, Ch. Lochner, Simson en Burnard); twee afgevaardigden van Clanwilliam (S. Engelbrecht en G. van der Westhuizen), en dan nog vele leden van Piketberg. Tezamen circa honderd-en-dertig (130) tegenwoordig.<br>Tot voorzitter werd gekozen de heer J. J. Eksteen en als secretaris de heer J. W. Liebenberg.<br>De voorzitter heette de afgevaardigden en ook het publiek hartelijk welkom. Hij zeide niet zooveel vrienden verwacht te hebben doch de groote opkomst is een bewijs van de noodzakelijkheid van een spoorweg. Hij hoopte dat iedereen de gelegenheid zal krijgen zijn gevoelen uit te spreken, maar tevens zo eenstemmig mogelijk over de verschillende voorstellen besluiten nemen.<br>De heer A. J. Stigling kwam eerst aan het woord. Hij zeide dat op 8 Januari eene publieke vergadering te Hopefield plaats vond waarop een resolutie gepasseerd werd, welke hij later bij de vergadering zal indienen. Hij merkte aan dat wij eendrachtig moeten samewerken anders verkrijgen wij geen spoorweg en hij hoopte dat de regeering de zaak ter hart zal nemen. Hij wijst verder dat de spoorweg zoo dicht mogelijk aan Darling en Groenkloof moet komen, want daar liggen de groote zoutpannen nu zonder voordeel. Vervolgens in de richting van Hopefield, Zanddrift aan de Bergrivier en dan naar Piketberg en zoo aan.<br>De heer Visser was het geheel eens met zijn collega.<br>De heer J. Basson sprak over de botermakerij, graanbouw, enz., van Darling. Ook dat er zeven zoutpannen zijn die jaarlijks 250,000 zakken zout opbrengen. Verder wijst hij op de groote produceerende kracht van het land waardoor de spoorweg behoort te gaan, het grootste deel waarvan nu nog onbebouwd is, van wege den grooten afstand van den trein. Hij wil niet van te voren zeggen hier of daar moet de spoorweg gaan, omdat wij niet de handen van de regeering behooren te binden. De verlenging geschiedde van Kalbaskraal [of] Malmesbury in de richting van Klipfontein (uitspanning), Vogelstruisfontein door Moorreesburg naar Piketberg.<br>De heeren W. Basson en T. Schreuder zijn volkomen eens met hun collega.<br>De heer Jan Lochner zeide dat op eene publieke vergadering te Moorreesburg laatstleden Woensdag gehouden, een resolutie gepasseerd werd voor de verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury door Moorreesburg naar Piketberg, doch zij willen de Darlingers en Hopefielders ook een kans geven.<br>De heer Simson was voor de verlenging van Malmesbury via Oudepost, door Moorreesburg naar Piketberg.<br>De heer Burnard merkte op dat men de handen van de regeering niet behoort te binden. Hij was voor de verlenging van Malmesbury door Moorreesburg (de koornschuur van de Kaap) naar Piketberg.<br>De heer S. Engelbrecht was ten gunste van de verlenging van Malmesbury door Piketberg naar het noord-westen. Hij stipte de opbrengst van de streken aan. Somtijds tachtig mud koorn van één. Een nieuw goudveld is ook ontdekt en misschien is deze lijn een dag nog net zoo veel waard als die van Johannesburg. (Hoor, hoor).<br>De heer Van der Westhuizen zeide dat op eene publieke vergadering te Clanwilliam, gehouden op 9 Januari, de groote meerderheid voor de resolutie was van de verlenging van Malmesbury door Piketberg naar het noord-westen. Zij willen ook het voorrecht smaken slechts zes uur van een spoorweg te wonen. Hij wou graag inlichting hebben van een lid van 't parlement op de vraag, nl. of de regeering een of andere belofte gedaan had in zake deze verlenging.<br>Waarop de heer D. Marais, L.W.V., een wenschelijk antwoord gaf, namelijk dat ieder weldenkend lid in het huis ten gunste van deze lijn is. De belofte is dat deze nu de eerste lijn is die gebouwd zal worden. Wij moeten den kritieken toestand waarin ons land zich thans bevindt in aanmerking nemen, zooals runderpest, droogte, opstanden onder de k-----s, enz., die enorme sommen gelds uit 's lands kas jagen, niettemin wij moeten de pot aan het koken houden met deputaties en petities.<br>Den heer D. Brink (Achter Piketberg), werd nu de gelegenheid gegeven zijn gevoelens te uiten. Hij was verblijd zoo vele afgevaardigden te ontmoeten en nog meer verblijd over de eendrachtige samenwerking. Hij was tevreden hoe of in welke richting de verlenging geschiedde zoolang het maar Zanddrift raakt.<br>De heer J. van Zijl (Verloren Vlei) zeide dat op een vergadering gehouden een paar dagen geleden al de leden ten gunste waren van de verlenging van Malmesbury door Piketberg.<br>De heer Eksteen zeide dat bij de andere Piketbergers zijne gevoelens bekend zijn. Hij is voor de verlenging van Malmesbury, door Moorreesburg, door Piketberg, zoo nabij Porterville als mogelijk om hen ook een kans te geven.<br>De heer Jac. Lochner, L.W.R., zeide dat de verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury een zeer belangrijke en noodzakelijke is. Van daar was het een zijner eerste punten die hij aangeroerd heeft. Hij raadt voorzichtig te zijn, de handen der regeering niet te binden. Deze lijn moet alle omliggende dorpjes satisfactie geven. Door deze lijn te verlengen door Piketberg naar het noord-westen zal een oppositie markt geopend worden voor onze koren-boeren.<br>De heer G. van der Westhuizen stelt de volgende resolutie voor, gesecondeerd door den heer W. Liebenberg : "Deze vergadering denkt het wenschelijk dat bevordering-spoorweg comités in de verscheidene dorpen opgericht worden, ten einde van tijd tot tijd de verschillende distrikten in staat te stellen onderlinge handelingen te hebben ter bevordering van deze zaak."<br>De volgende resolutie werd door den heer A. J. Stigling ingediend en eenparig aangenomen : "Deze vergadering besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleenen tot het oprichten van een spoorweg waarin Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Zandveld, Clanwilliam, Calvinia, Troe-Troe en Namakwaland op de billijkste wijze behandeld worden."<br>Voorgesteld door den heer Van der Westhuizen en gesecondeerd door den heer D. Marais: "Dat uit ieder distrikt een deputatie van twee leden aangesteld worde om hare opwachting te maken bij de regeering op Dinsdag, 23 Februari." Algemeen aangenomen.<br>Besloten elkander te ontmoeten bij de heeren De Waal en Co. dadelijk na de aankomst van den trein in den morgen.<br>Na een votum van dankbetuiging aan voorzitter en secretaris, voorgesteld door den heer Basson en gesecondeerd door den heer Visser, ging de vergadering uiteen.</ref> '''25 Januarie 1897:''' Op 'n vergadering by Darling doen Jan A. Basson (oud-LWV), en W. Basson verslag oor die vergadering wat onlangs op Piquetberg gehou is. Jan Basson het die vergadering op Hopefield as afgevaardigde bygewoon, en die Hopefielders was dit eens dat die lyn vanaf Malmesbury na Piquetberg so naby moontlik verby Darling moes gaan. By die vergadering op Piquetberg het hy ook vir sy distrik sy stem dik gemaak. J. A. Basson en Martin Duckitt is vir die deputatie na die regering gekies, met C. J. Duckitt en Martin Versfeld as secundi.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Darling: spoorwegverandering. 28 Januari, Bijvoegsel: Eene vergadering werd alhier gehouden op den 25sten Januari, 1897, ten einde 't rapport te hooren van de afgevaardigden, de heeren J. A. Basson, ex-L.W.V., en W. Basson, naar de vergadering onlangs gehouden te Piketberg.<br>Dr. G. Nieuwoudt gekozen als voorzitter verklaarde de vergadering voor open, en verzocht den heer J. A. Basson verslag te doen van de verrichtingen te Piketberg.<br>De heer J. A. Basson zeide onder anderen dat hij als afgevaardigde de Hopefieldsche vergadering bijgewoond had, en dat de menschen daar eendrachtig waren en verlangden dat de lijn van Malmesbury naar Piketberg ook zoo dicht bij Darling mogelijk voorbij moest gaan. Te Piketberg had hij getracht aan te toonen dat 't Darling distrikt belangrijk was, dat het het voornaamste gedeelte van het Malmesbury distrikt was. Hij las toen uit een nieuwsblad wat er te Piketberg gedaan was, en maakte eenige aanmerkingen op wat er door de afgevaardigden van andere distrikten gezegd werd.<br>De twee resoluties genomen te Piketberg en reeds verschenen in de nieuwsbladen werden voorgelezen en door de vergadering goedgekeurd.<br> De heer J. A. Basson zeide dat het werk dat vandaag gedaan moest worden, als 't rapport van de Piketbergsche vergadering aangenomen wordt, was twee heeren als eene deputatie te kiezen om hunne opwachting bij 't gouvernement te maken.<br>De voorzitter verzocht den heer W. Basson om iets te zeggen.<br>Laatstgenoemde heer zeide dat het rapport door den heer J. A. Basson goed gedaan was en dat hij er niets bij kon voegen.<br>Daar er geene aanmerkingen op het rapport waren verklaarde de voorzitter het voor algemeen aangenomen.<br>De voorzitter bedankte toen uit naam der vergadering de heeren J. A. en W. Basson voor hunne moeite en opoffering om de vergadering te Piketberg bij te wonen.<br>Op voorstel van den heer H. Bester, gesecondeerd door den heer W. Versfeld, werden de heeren J. A. Basson en Martin Duckitt als eene deputatie naar het gouvernement gekozen, en als secundi de heeren C. J. Duckitt en Martin Versfeld.</ref> '''28 Januarie 1897:''' ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' lewer nou eers kommentaar rondom die vergadering van 15 Januarie. Die koerant het 'n probleem daarmee dat daar nog geen duidelike lyn op papier getrek is nie, en boonop is die resolusie "op die billikste wyse behandel sal word" besonder vaag. By sulke aangeleenthede dreig eiebelang baie maklik om sy kop uit te steek. Die afgevaardigdes moet nugter die volgende faktore in ag neem: :(1) hoe kan die distrik op die beste manier vir die mark geopen word? Reken hiertoe by die lengte van die spoor, die topografie, die ligging, die helling, die boukoste, ens. :(2) hoe word die Kaapse mark bereik? :(3) kan die plek optimaal deurgang bied binneland toe? Nou het die regering reeds 'n voorgenome spoorlyn opgetrek wat vanaf Malmesbury, verby Heuningberg, tussen Piquetberg en Porterville deurgaan kus toe, met 'n taklyn vanaf Heuningberg na Piquetbergwegstasie. Met die eerste oogopslag klink dit goed. Van nader gesien gaan daardie taklyntjie na Piquetbergwegstasie 'n brug oor die Kleinbergrivier vra, wat nie min gaan kos nie.{{Voetnota|Die redakteur herinner hom seker aan die jare, absoluut jare, wat dit geduur het om die Vleeschbankbrug van pikdennehout oor die Bergrivier te bou - net om goedkeuring te kry! Die aansoek is aan die parlement gerig 1885, en die brug is eers 1891 voltooi, teen 'n skamele £4 500 later. Dit was nie eens 'n spoorlyn wat ten minste £100 000 vra nie.}} Tog bied hierdie plan steeds deurgang die binneland in. Party dink 'n spoorlyn nader aan Darling en Hopefield na Piquetberg is die aangewese weg. Die vraag is of daar nie probleme vorentoe gaan wag om die lyn oor die nek van die Sandveld te bou nie. Voordat 'n oordeel uitgespreek kan word, moet mens met die distrik en omgewing vertroud wees —en die verslag van die vergadering werp helaas geen lig op hierdie saak nie. 'n Mens moet nie die drie bogenoemde vrae uit die oog verloor nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Piketbergsche spoorweg. 28 Januari, p. 2: Men is aan 't roeren om de Malmesbury-lijn verlengd te krijgen door het Piketbergsche distrikt naar de kust en mogelijk later verder. De regeering heeft te verstaan gegeven dat deze verlenging aan de orde zal komen zoodra er weder van spoorweg-uitbreiding sprake is. Maar zooals het altijd met deze dingen gaat, plaatselijke belangen influenceeren het oordeel der betrokken partijen en terwijl de eene meent dat de lijn hier moet gebouwd worden is een ander er even vast overtuigd van dat ze dáár moet gaan. Op de vergadering te Piketberg over deze kwestie gehouden op den 15den dezer, waren de afgevaardigden het eens dat een verlenging wenschelijk is, doch de richting der lijn werd niet nader bepaald, dan "dat Moorreesburg, Darling, Piketberg, enz., zoo voordeelig mogelijk behandeld zullen worden." In de beslissing van de belangrijke vraag: waar de lijn gebouwd zal worden? vallen drie punten in dit geval dadelijk in het oog: (1) hoe kan het distrikt op de beste manier geopend worden? En hierbij moet natuurlijk in aanmerking genomen worden de lengte, ligging, helling, bouwkosten, enz.; (2) het bereiken van de Kaapstadsche markt; (3) een uitweg naar de binnenlanden. Deze drie punten moeten nauwkeurig overwogen worden alvorens men tot een besluit kan geraken. De regeering heeft reeds laten opmeten de lijn van Malmesbury, voorbij Honingberg, tusschen Piketberg en Porterville door naar de kust, met een taklijn van Honingberg naar Piketberg-statie. Oppervlakkig beschouwd schijnt deze lijn veel in haar voordeel te hebben. Het taklijntje naar Piketberg-weg statie zal over Kleinbergrivier moeten gaan, een brug die een mooi sommetje zal kosten; doch punt drie hierboven aangestipt komt hier degelijk in aanmerking. Sommigen denken misschien aan een lijn nader aan Darling en Hopefield naar Piketberg. De vraag is of er niet moeilijkheid bestaat de lijn over den nek van het Zandveld te brengen. Om deze vraag en vele anderen te kunnen beantwoorden moet men goed met het distrikt bekend zijn, en het rapport der vergadering werpt op dit punt geen licht. Men verlieze de drie hoofdpunten toch niet uit het oog.</ref> '''13 Februarie 1897:''' Op Porterville word 'n openbare vergadering gehou om die spoorwegkwessie te bespreek. Vir die deputasie na die regering word gekies: ds. Mostert, dr. Weber, Julius Rood en C. H. L. Mouton.<br> By die bespreking van die die spoorrigting was daar twee groepe.<br>Een groep (J. F. Brinkman gesekondeerd deur W.M. Smuts) steun die spoorlyn wat in 1896 opgemeet is, naamlik een wat loop vanaf Malmesbury na Piquetberg met 'n taklyn vanaf Heunigberg na Piquetbergwegstasie.<br>Die ander groep (Julius Rood, gesekondeerd deur Dirk Visser) reken Clanwilliam, Calvinia en Van Rhynsdorp se belange ook by. Daar moet 'n direkte verlenging van Piquetbergstasie na Porterville wees en daarvandaan af reguit na die distrik Clanwilliam.<br> Al is Rood se voorstel met 'n skrale meerderheidstem van vyf stemme goedgekeur, het die samesprekings weens die diep verdeeldheid onder die 85 stemgeregtigdes in die praktyk op 'n dooie punt uitgeloop.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Piketbergsche spoorweg. 18 Februari, p. 2: Het lijdt thans geen twijfel dat de Piketbergers en de inwoners van de noord-westelijke distrikten hun best doen om de aandacht van het publiek bij de spoorweg-verlenging door die distrikten te bepalen. Te Piketberg is een commissie benoemd die tezamen met andere afgevaardigden een onderhoud zal hebben met sir James Sivewright om die lijn gebouwd te krijgen. Te Porterville heeft men ook een vergadering gehad, waarop het gebleken is, dat er twee partijen zijn—de een voor een lijn van Piketbergweg-statie naar de Rust noordwaarts en de andere voor de verlenging van Malmesbury, met een taklijntje van Honingberg naar Piketbergweg-statie. De vergadering besloot met een kleine meerderheid ten gunste van de eerste resolutie, en onze correspondent vraagt: wie zal den Gordiaanschen knoop doorhakken? Waarschijnlijk zal het niet moeilijk zijn een antwoord op deze vraag te krijgen, indien men ook het oog houdt op de andere deelen van het distrikt die belang bij den spoorweg hebben. Naar wij vernemen is er nog een andere partij die de lijn nog meer naar het westen wil hebben dan de Honingberglijn. De regeering zal naar de belangen van de geheele streek moeten zien, en het kan zijn dat zij, die naar een te groot stuk vleesch happen, hun kans verbeuren om een kleiner stuk in bezit te krijgen. In een vorig artikel hebben wij reeds de drie hoofdpunten waarop, onzes inziens, gelet behoort te worden aangegeven: opening van de geheele streek en de aanleg-onkosten; de Kaapstadsche markt, en de markt in de binnenlanden.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Porterville over den spoorweg. 18 Februari, Bijvoegsel: Een [publieke] vergadering van de inwoners van Porterville en de wijk 24 Rivieren, distrikt Piketberg, werd gehouden in het school-locaal te Porterville, heden morgen 13 Februari 1897, om met elkander te bespreken de wenschelijkheid van spoorweg-communicatie van uit dit distrikt en welke de beste lijn zal zijn voor dit distrikt en de noordwestelijke distrikten.<br>De heer G. F. Pienaar werd met eenparige stemmen gekozen als voorzitter, en de heer Brinkman als secretaris. De voorzitter gaf een uitvoerig verslag omtrent de voor de verschillende distrikten belangrijke spoorweg-kwestie, en zeide dat daar van Piketberg en andere distrikten een deputatie hare opwachting zal maken bij den minister van publieke werken op 23 dezer, wij niet anders kunnen doen dan ook onze afgevaardigden zenden op den zelfden dag.<br>De vergadering daarop gelegenheid hebbende hare gevoelens uit te spreken voor de beste lijn, stelde de heer Julius Rood, die nog al tamelijk warm over het onderwerp was, en voor een half-uur sprak, de volgende resolutie voor:—<br>"Deze vergadering is van gevoelen dat de belangen van Piketberg en het noordwesten in 't algemeen, waaronder vooral begrepen zijn de belangrijke distrikten Clanwilliam, Calvinia en Van Rhynsdorp, door een direkte verlenging van Piketberg statie naar Porterville en van daar in een rechte lijn naar het distrikt Clanwilliam, het best bevorderd en bevoordeeld worden, zijnde zij daardoor in direkte communicatie met de Kaapstad, voor passagiers en produkten-vervoer, en dadelijk verbonden met de groote spoorweglijn naar het noorden en de binnenlanden, de ontwikkeling waarvan met zulke rassche schreden vooruitgaat." Dit voorstel gesecondeerd door den heer Dirk Visser, gaf nog al stof tot vele wrijvingen van opinie, voor en tegen, waarop de heer J. F. Brinkman gesecondeerd door den heer W. M. Smuts het volgende amendement voorstelde:—<br>"Deze vergadering is van gevoelen dat de lijn opgemeten in 1896, loopende van Malmesbury naar Piketberg met een tak-lijn van Honigberg naar Piketberg-weg statie, de doelmatigste lijn is voor Porterville, Piketberg en de distrikten in 't noorden."<br>Over dit voorstel werd nog veel gehaspeld, totdat eindelijk de voorzitter het amendement Brinkman en het voorstel Rood ter stemming bragt, met het gevolg dat Rood's voorstel werd aangenomen met vyf stemmen. Wanneer men nu in aanmerking neemt dat er 85 personen, allen geteld, tegenwoordig waren die stemgerechtigd zijn, dan is de meerderheid zeer klein, zoodat de helft der bevolking voor de lijn van Rood is, en de andere helft voor de lijn als afgemeten in 1896. Wie zal dezen Gordiaanschen knoop doorhakken?<br>Als deputatie werden met algemeene stemmen gekozen Ds. Mostert, dr. Weber, en de heeren Julius Rood en C. H. L. Mouton.<br>Verder werd nog besloten dat die heeren hunne opwachting zullen maken bij den kolonialen secretaris, het doel waarvan is te bespreken de wenschelijkheid en noodzakelijkheid hier te Porterville een resident magistraat te krijgen.<br>Met een bedankje aan den voorzitter ging de vergadering, die zich gekenmerkt had door goed en verstandig oordeel en de stipste orde, uiteen.</ref> '''23 Februarie 1897:''' 'n Gesamentlike deputasie van afgevaardiges uit die noordwestelike distrikte maak hul opwagting by die Kommissaris van Publieke Werke, sir James Sivewright, om die spoorwegverlengingskwessie te bespreek. Die deputasie is deur die Kommissaris ontvang in een van die komiteekamers van die Parlementshuis, omdat die Kommissaris se kantoor te klein was. Die afgevaardigdes uit die Noordwestelike Sirkel by die tafelronde teenwoordig sluit in: :Darling : Jan Basson, oud-LWV, en M. Duckett. :Hopefield : A. Stigling en F. Schröder. :Moorreesburg : G. P. en Jan Lochner. :Piquetberg : A. van Zijl en W. Liebenberg. :Sandveld : D. Brink en M. Melck. :Porterville : J. Rood en J. C. Mouton. :Clanwilliam : G. van der Westhuizen en S. Engelbrecht. D.C. de Waal stel die deputasie voor en die rede waarom hul hier is. Om 'n spoorweg te bou moes nie alleen die distrikte almal in ag geneem word nie, maar ook wat die beste vir die ganse Kolonie is. Hy glo die Kommissaris is net die aangewese persoon om die deputasie van raad te bedien. Sir James Sivewright stel voor een afgevaardigde uit elke distrik kry 'n spreekbeurt. Een op 'n slag. Jan Basson (oud-LWV) het gevra dat die lede van die deputasie in Hollands moet praat, wat geredelik deur die Kommissaris toegelaat is. Basson sê almal weet sir James Sivewright toon groot belangstelling in die ontwikkeling van die land, en Basson wys op Amerika waar daar spoorlyne gebou is nog lank voordat die land verbou is. Basson het gesê daar was op 15 Januarie 1897 'n openbare vergadering op Piquetberg gehou. Afgevaardigdes uit al die omliggende streke is soontoe genooi om die spoorwegkwessie te bespreek. Die algehele konsensus was dat die die spoorlyn nie by 'n dorp moet aandoen nie. Die doel was om 'n goue middeweg te soek om die distrikte te ontwikkel. Daarvoor sou die verlenging van die Malmesbury-lyn baie geskik wees. Die lyn sou dan verleng kon word óf vanaf Kalabaskraal (wat wel 'n afsonderlike (dooie) lyn Malmesbury toe sou beteken van slegs 9 myl), óf vanaf Malmesbury na 'n punt 6 of 7 myl oos vanaf Hopefield en ongeveer 6 myl wes van Moorreesburg, en daarvandaan reguit deur na Piquetwegstasie. Die vergadering te Piquetberg het die volgende resolusie eenparig aangeneem: "Hierdie vergadering het besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleen aan die bou van 'n spoorweg waarby Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piquetberg, Clanwilliam, die Sandveld, Troe-Troe (Van Rhynsdorp), Calvinia en Namaqualand op die billikste wyse behandel sal word." Stigling (Hopefield) vind dit moeilik om met sekerheid te sê watter lyn almal die meeste sou baat en bevredig. Die distrik Hopefield beskik nog oor myle onverboude grond, vlytige boere, uitstekende veeplase, perdetelers en onontginde soutpanne. Laaste maar nie die minste nie: 'n goeie seekus. Al behandel die firma Gebroeders Stephan die inwoners billik, kan mens nie ontken dat hul alleenhandel hier oorheersend is nie. Die onverboude grond in die distrik kan toegeskryf word aan die gebrek aan spoorvervoer. Die boere saai maar net soveel as wat hul bene en ossewaens na die mark kan dra. Hy meen niemand kan dit betwis dat die distrik die rykste in die Kolonie is nie; dit verbaas hom eintlik dat daar nie lankal 'n spoorlyn gebou is nie. Almal praat oor graan wat van elders ingevoer moet word, maar niemand gee die distrikte 'n kans om deur 'n spoorwegverbinding tot volle wasdom te groei nie. Dan sal daar minder graan ingevoer word. Hy glo dat die regering die inwoners se begeerte met alle billikheid sou behandel. Jan Lochner (Moorreesburg) sê Stigling het die saak nou so goed uitgelê dat hy dit onnodig vind om verder uit te wei. Hy beaam alles ten volle wat deur die verteenwoordiger van Hopefield gesê is. D. Brink (Sandveld) is volkome eens met die rigting wat Basson voorgestel het. Die spoorlyn sal 'n baie vrugbare area vir die handel oopmaak. By Achter-Piquetberg en die Sandveld word daar baie tabak gekweek. Die grond was baie vrugbaar. 'n Boer het uit 'n enkele mud (70 kg sak) mieliesaad 'n totale opbrengs van 82 mud (5 740 kg = byna 6 metrieke ton) mielies gewen. Daar kon selfs honderde mud graan meer gewees het... as daar maar net 'n spoorweg was om die kommoditeit na die mark te bring. Die inwoners is te ver van die mark af. Daar is groot soutpanne waar die armes hul brood mee kan verdien wat tans onbewerk lê, bloot omdat daar geen spoorlyn is nie. Sir James Sivewright vra Brink wat die insetkoste is om koring te verbou, en Brink antwoord die boer kan geen bestaan maak as hy koring teen minder as 20 sjielings per mud (90,72 kg) verkoop nie. W. Liebenberg (Piquetberg) sê Voor-Piquetberg kon die graanskuur van Suid-Afrika gewees het, maar lê tans onbewerk en onverbou omdat daar geen spoorlyn is nie. Die kommissaris hoef nie op Liebenberg se woord te gaan nie, as hy meer besonderhede oor die vrugbaarheid van die distrik verlang, hoef hy slegs die Siviele Kommissaris te vra. Liebenberg wil nie die regering bind nie, maar wil hê dat die regering na goeddunke moet handel. A. Rood (Porterville) is gekant teen 'n verlenging vanaf Malmesbury. Driekwart van al die produkte uit die distrik gaan nie Kaap toe nie, maar noorde (die Goudvelde) toe. Waarom moet iemand sy produkte met so 'n ompad deur Malmesbury stuur. Hy stel dus 'n verlenging voor vanaf Piquetberg '''''via''''' Porterville na Het Kruis ('n U-draai?), waardeur mens by Lambertsbaai se hawe sou uitkom, en 'n direkte verbinding met die noorde sou hê. Daardeur sou die spoorwegroete die belange van Porterville en dié van die Kolonie op die hart dra. C. Mouton (Porterville) steun die verlenging van Piquetberg, maar dink die regering behoort die beste roete te kies. Vir Pierce Ryan (LWV van Malmesbury) is die afvaardiging 'n bewys dat 'n ommekeer, selfs 'n revolusie van sentiment onder die boere plaasgevind het. Jare tevore was die boere sterk gekant teen die spoorweë, omdat die spoorweë geld uit die land neem, en nou kom hulle sélf en pleit vir spoorwegverkeer. Dit is 'n verblydenende teken en hy beskou die spoorweg as die boer se grootste vriend. By gebrek aan bevaarbare riviere is spoorweë die enigste middel om hierdie land behoorlik te ontwikkel. Mens moet net egter in gedagte hou dat die spoorlyn 'n ontwikkelingslyn moet wees, wat die land en distrikte moet ontwikkel. Dit moenie 'n lyn wees soos die Malmesbury-lyn, wat 30 myl ver gaan voordat daar enigiets is om te vervoer nie. Dit moenie 'n punt-tot-punt-lyn wees nie, m.a.w. soos die spoorlyn na die goudveld, wat uitsluitlik gebou is met die doel om die goudvelde te bereik nie. Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner (LWR) het hom ten gunste van die Malmesbury-verlenging uitgespreek, omdat die distrikte daardeur die beste ontwikkel sou word. Hoe dan ook, mense het besluit om die saak in die hande van die regering te laat. Hy dink wel 'n nuwe opmeting is nodig en glo dat die Kommissaris deur 'n besoek aan die distrik vinnig oortuig sal word watter rigting die spoorlyn moet inslaan. Pieter Gerhard Wege (LWV van Clanwilliam) vind dit jammer dat Calvinia nie verteenwoordig is nie. Die distrik kan nog baie ontwikkel word, maar die naaste spoorlyn is 180 myl ver. 'n Spoorlynverlenging sal egter sy distrik tot voordeel wees. D.J. Marais (LWV van Piquetberg) sê dat hulle vir sir James Sivewright tereg "die vader van ons spoorweë" kon noem. Dit was aan Sivewright te danke dat daar nou 'n Kaapse spoorlyn oor die Goudvelde loop. Daarom kan die Noordwestelike distrikte hom met volle vertroue om 'n spoorweg nader. Marais nooi sir James Sivewright hartelik uit om September 'n uitstappie in die distrikte te kom meemaak, sodat hy self kan sien hoe daar gewoel en gewerskaf word. Hy wys hoe die Chartered Company{{voetnota|Cecil John Rhodes se "British South Africa Company" wat Rhodesië tans omdol}} 'n spoorlyn bou om daardie land te ontwikkel, en nie gras onder hulle voete laat groei nie. 'n Mens wag nie vir toestemming om 'n land te ontwikkel nie; 'n mens wag nie tot 'n land eers verbou en ontwikkel is, voordat daar dan eers 'n spoorweg gebou word nie. Die voorgestelde spoorlyn sal ryklik 'n inkomstetjie vir die staatskoffers bied deur die vervoer van vee, wat tans na die mark aangejaag moes word. Duisende skape word uitgevoer na ander distrikte, en dit sal die spoorweg voed. Die Malmesbury-verlenging vind hy die beste. Sir James Sivewright huldig die volgende standpunte (krities bekyk):<br> * Amerika bou spoorweë met private kapitaal op risiko; die Kaapkolonie bou met die belastingbetaler se geld. :Daarom: Geen lyn word goedgekeur sonder dat daar ten minste 'n teoretiese projeksie is dat dit finansieel lewensvatbaar (lonend) sal wees nie. Hy gee egter toe dat 'n lyn nie van "meet af aan" winsgewend hoef te wees as dit langtermyn-produksie stimuleer nie. * Die hoofkriteria vir die roetekeuse is topografiese lewensvatbaarheid en bedryfskoste — nie plaaslike en kleinlike dorpsjaloesie nie. :Hy verwerp die idee van die kortste roete noordwaarts ten gunste van 'n ontwikkelingslyn vanaf Malmesbury. Hy ignoreer Rood se Porterville-afwyking stilswyend en fokus op die groter ekonomiese opbrengs (graan en die soutpanne vir die Kaapstadse mark). Sy logika: Afstand maak nie saak vir passasiers as die produksie-opbrengs die koste regverdig nie. * Daar is tans geen Spoorwegwetsontwerp ter tafel vir die komende parlementsitting nie, maar Caledon geniet tans eerste prioriteit. Sivewright het 'n bindende belofte gemaak dat die Caledonlyn eerste gebou word, en hy weier om daardie hulpbronne opnuut te verdeel. Die opmeting vir Caledon is klaar; dit gaan nou bloot om parlementêre goedkeuring. * Hy kon nie die saak voor 2 April 1897 (die begin van die parlementsitting) te berde bring nie. Hy beloof geen spoorlyn nie, net 'n mosie om 'n opmeting gedurende die komende sitting aan te vra. Hierdie opmeting sal dan eers binne die volgende 12 maande plaasvind. Sy woorde: "Ek kan nie toor nie." Die projek is dus in wese vir 'n volle jaar uitgestel. Hy spoor die boere aan om produksie te verhoog sodat die statistieke sy opmeting kan regverdig. Die regering sou sy bes doen om die land te ontwikkel. Ná die toejuiging en dankbetuiging aan die Kommissaris gaan die deputasie uiteen.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Spoorwegverlenging naar het noordwesten. 25 Februari, p. 2: De deputatie die hier l.l. Dinsdag hare opwachting maakte bij den commissaris van publieke werken om met hem te spreken over de spoorwegverlenging naar de noordwestelijke distrikten als Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Porterville, Clanwilliam, enz., mag met recht geluk gewenscht worden over de wijze waarop zij haar goed recht op een spoorweg naar die streken bepleitte, evenals ze ook kan gelukt gewenscht worden over de ontvangst die haar voorstel bij de regeering vond. Duidelijk werd door verschillende sprekers aangetoond dat de aanleg van een nieuwe lijn in die streken veel vruchtbaren grond, die thans onbebouwd daarheen ligt, onder den ploeg zal brengen. Dit op zich zelf is reeds een uitnemend argument voor het gevraagde. Behalve landbouw, zou echter de nieuwe lijn, zoo luidde het pleidooi, veeteelt en andere nijverheden tot voordeel der gansche kolonie bevorderen, en terecht merkte sir James aan hoe het den boer meer tijd zou geven zijn aandacht aan zijn beroep te geven als hij niet zoo te sukkelen had met het vervoer van graan en andere produkten naar de markten. En er is nog heel wat grond, die bewerkt kan worden, zoo maar de gelegenheid geschonken wordt het geproduceerde te vervoeren. Dat punt werd voor zijn distrikt uitnemend besproken door den vertegenwoordiger van Hopefield op de deputatie. Hoewel enkele leden op een bepaalde richting voor de spoorweglijn aandrongen, bleek het dat het meerendeel die zaak aan de regeering wilde overlaten en daarin handelde men in overeenstemming met het besluit onlangs op de vergadering te Piketberg genomen, dat men alle ondersteuning zou verleenen aan een spoorweg waarbij Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Zandveld, Clanwilliam, Troe Troe, Calvinia en Namakwaland op de billijkste wijze zullen behandeld worden. Dat besluit was verstandig, omdat als men elk een bepaalde richting wil voorschrijven, men allicht niet krijgt wat men wenscht. Hoofdzaak is een spoorweg, die aan het groote geheel van voordeel is. Te oordeelen naar het antwoord van den commissaris van publieke werken is er alle kans dat de opmeting van de lijn over niet al te langen tijd plaats zal hebben. Intusschen blijve men op de eendrachtige wijze werken, waarop men tot nog toe te werk gegaan is, en bepleite de zaak op dezelfde verstandige wijze als men tot nu gedaan heeft.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Malmesbury-Piketberg Spoorweg-verlenging. Deputasie bij sir James Sivewright. 25 Februari, Bijvoegsel: Een gezamenlijke deputatie van afgevaardigden uit de noord-westelijke distrikten maakte Dinsdagmorgen hare opwachting bij den commissaris van publieke werken, sir James Sivewright, met het doel de kwestie van spoorwegverlenging naar de noord-westelijke distrikten aan hem voor te leggen. De deputatie, die sir James ontmoette in een der comité-kamers van het parlementshuis, daar 't kantoor van den commissaris te klein was, bestond uit de volgende afgevaardigden:—<br>Darling : de heeren Jan Basson, ex-L.W.V., en M. Duckett.<br>Hopefield : de heeren A. Stigling en F. Schröder.<br>Moorreesburg : de heeren G. P. en Jan Lochner.<br>Piketberg : de heeren A. van Zijl en W. Liebenberg.<br>Zandveld : de heeren D. Brink en M. Melck.<br>Porterville : de heeren J. Rood en J. C. Mouton.<br>Clanwilliam : De heeren G. van der Westhuizen en S. Engelbrecht.<br>Verder waren er ook op verzoek tegenwoordig de heeren parlementsleden D. C. de Waal, Daniel Marais, Jacobus Lochner, W. Ross, J. T. Molteno, Wege, dr. Smuts en P. Ryan.<br>De deputatie werd aan sir James Sivewright voorgesteld door den heer D. C. de Waal, L.W.V., die zeide dat de deputatie gekomen was om de kwestie van de spoorweg-verlenging te bespreken. Het was niet voor hèm om te zeggen vanwaar of welke verlenging gebouwd moest worden, maar hij wilde erop wijzen dat men bij het bouwen van een lijn in acht moest nemen welke de beste zal zijn niet alleen voor het distrikt maar voor de geheele Kolonie. Men wist dat hij groote belangstelling heeft in de ontwikkeling van het land en heeft altoos op Amerika gewezen als voorbeeld, waar men nog lang voor het land bebouwd is den spoorweg bouwt, waar de spoorweg gebruikt wordt om het land te openen. Hij hoopte dat de commissaris de aanspraken der deputatie recht zou doen gelden. Hij (de commissaris) is toch de rechte man op de rechte plaats, en zou zijn best doen om de wenschen van de deputatie tegemoet te komen. (Hoor, hoor).<br>Sir James Sivewright gaf aan de hand dat één afgevaardigde uit ieder distrikt het gevoelen van zijn distrikt over de zaak zou voorleggen.<br>De heer Jan Basson, ex-L.W.V., verzocht dat de leden der deputatie toegelaten zou worden in het Hollandsch te spreken, hetgeen door den commissaris gereedelijk ingewilligd werd. Voortgaande zeide hij dat er op den 15den Januari 1897, eene publieke vergadering te Piketberg gehouden werd, waarheen afgevaardigden uitgenoodigd waren uit al de omliggende distrikten, en waarop de kwestie van spoorweg-verlenging besproken werd. Het gevoelen was dat men niet net moest trachten een spoorweg naar de dorpen te krijgen. Hoofddoel was zooveel mogelijk de distrikten te ontwikkelen. Voor dat doel, dacht hij, zou eene verlenging van de Malmesbury lijn best geschikt wezen. De lijn zou dan verlengd kunnen worden òf van Kalabaskraal (waartegen echter het bezwaar was dat men dan een lijn van 9 mijlen zou hebben die als het ware een afzonderlijke lijn vormt) òf van Malmesbury naar een punt 6 of 7 mijlen van Hopefield en ongeveer 6 mijlen van Moorreesburg, en vandaar naar Piketberg-weg statie. De vergadering te Piketberg gehouden had de volgende resolutie eenparig aangenomen : "Deze vergadering besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleenen aan het bouwen van een spoorweg waarbij Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Zandveld, Clanwilliam, Troe Troe, Calvinia en Namakwaland op de billijkste wijze behandeld zullen worden."<br>De heer Stigling (Hopefield) zei dat het verlangen van zijn distrikt was om in geval van eenige spoorweg-verlenging ook in aanmerking te mogen worden genomen. Het was moeilijk te zeggen welke lijn allen best zou bevredigen. Hij dacht dat de regeering best zou doen het distrikt op te nemen. Zij zou dan vinden dat er nog mijlen van onbebouwden grond zijn, dat er knappe en ijverige boeren wonen, dat er uitstekende veeplaatsen zijn, dat het distrikt beroemd is voor paarden-fokkerij, en dat er groote zoutpannen zijn die nog onontwikkeld liggen. Dan is er nog laatst maar niet minst een goede zeekust. Thans is de handel in handen van de firma gebroeders Stephan, en hoewel zij de menschen zeer billijk behandelen, kan het niet ontkend worden dat zij het monopolie in handen hebben. Men zou misschien vragen : hoe is het dan dat er nog zoo veel grond onbebouwd ligt in het distrikt. De reden was dat men te ver van den spoorweg is, en niet meer kan vervoeren dan thans geproduceerd wordt. Men zaait thans net zooveel als men kans ziet naar de markt te kunnen vervoeren. Hij geloofde niet dat het betwist kon worden dat het distrikt een der rijkste in de Kolonie is, en het verwonderde hem dat men niet lang reeds een spoorweg had. Er wordt zoo veel gesproken over het feit dat wij van elders graan moeten invoeren, maar hij was zeker dat als die districten spoorweg-verbinding krijgen zou er veel minder worden ingevoerd. Hij geloofde dat de regeering hunne begeerte met alle billijkheid zou behandelen.<br>De heer Jan Lochner (Moorreesburg) zeide dat de heer Stigling de zaak zoo goed had blootgelegd dat hij het onnoodig achtte er verder over uit te wijden. Hij beaamde ten volle wat door den heer Stigling gezegd was.<br>De heer D. Brink (Zandveld) zeide dat hij het volkomen eens was met de richting van de lijn zooals door den heer Basson aangeduid. Hij zei dat de lijn een zeer vruchtbaar stuk lands zou openen. Te achter Piketberg en in het Zandveld wordt veel tabak gekweekt. De grond was zeer vruchtbaar. Een boer had daar 82 mud mielies van een mud gewonnen. Er kunnen nog honderden mudden graan gewonnen worden, maar men is te ver van den spoorweg om het naar de markt te brengen. Dan zijn er de groote zoutpannen waar vele armen een broodwinning kunnen vinden en die thans zoo te zeggen onbewerkt liggen wegens gebrek aan spoorwegs-communicatie.<br>Op een vraag van sir James tegen welken prijs een mud koorn gekweekt kon worden, zei de heer Brink dat een boer niet kon bestaan als hij voor minder dan 20s. het mud moest verkoopen.<br>De heer W. Liebenberg (Piketberg) zei dat de distrikten door de deputatie vertegenwoordigd van de vruchtbaarste in de Kolonie waren. Voor-Piketberg kon de koornschuren van Zuid-Afrika wezen maar men kan den grond thans niet bebouwen daar men te ver van de spoorlijn is. Indien de commissaris verdere bijzonderheden omtrent de vruchtbaarheid van het distrikt verlangde kon hij slechts aan den civielen commissaris vragen. Men wilde de handen der regeering niet binden, maar het aan haar laten de best betalende lijn te bouwen.<br>De heer J. van der Westhuizen (Clanwilliam) wees op de vruchtbaarheid van zijn distrikt. Het distrikt is gedeeltelijk karoo en een goed veedistrikt. Er zijn vele voorname plaatsen langs de Olifantsrivier waar van 60 tot 70 leggers wijn jaarlijks gewonnen worden en de oogst kan zeer vermeerderd worden. Langs de Cederbergen kunnen veel tabak en vruchten gekweekt worden. De grond is rijk en vruchtbaar en het zou goed zijn zulk een distrikt te ontwikkelen. De handen van den boer zijn thans gebonden want hij heeft geen middel om zijne produkten naar de markt te brengen. Wat vruchtbaarheid betrof stond Clanwilliam niet bij Oudtshoorn ten achteren. Is het dan niet wenschelijk zulk een vruchtbaar distrikt te openen? Men verlangde een spoorweg te hebben zoo spoedig mogelijk. Wel is waar heeft het land veel geleden door de runderpest, wat wij zeer betreuren, maar wij zien toch dat dr. Koch thans een geneesmiddel heeft ontdekt, en wij hopen dus dat alles zal recht komen en de regeering in staat zal zijn ons spoedig een spoorweg te geven.<br>Sir James Sivewright : Wat is het gevoelen omtrent de richting die de spoorweg moet nemen?<br>De heer Liebenberg : Wij hebben verschillende vergaderingen gehad die zich allen ten gunste van de Malmesbury-verlenging verklaarden.<br>De heer S. Engelbrecht (Clanwilliam), wijdde uit over de Lambertsbaai kwestie en zeide dat Clanwilliam een groot verlies geleden had doordat de baai in de handen van private personen is overgegaan. Hij noemde eenige grieven in verband met deze zaak en zeide, dat als men den spoorweg verlengen wil men zoo na mogelijk aan Clanwilliam moest komen ten einde hen ook wat te laten krijgen.<br>De heer A. Rood (Porterville), verklaarde zich tegen de verlenging van Malmesbury. Hij zei dat ¾ van al de produkten dier distrikten naar het noorden gaan en niet naar Kaapstad, en men zou nooit zijne produkten met zulk een omweg over Malmesbury zenden. De verlenging van de Malmesbury-lijn kon onmogelijk Clanwilliam van dienst zijn. Te Porterville is men voor een verlenging van Piketberg over Porterville naar het Kruis, waardoor men toch aan Lambertsbaai zou komen, en een direkte verbinding met het noorden zou hebben. Hij vertrouwde dat bij eene opmeting van de route de belangen van Porterville en der Kolonie in het algemeen in aanmerking zouden worden genomen.<br>De heer C. Mouton, L.A.R. (Porterville) was ook voor de verlenging van Piketberg, maar dacht dat men het aan de regeering moest laten de beste route te kiezen.<br>De heer P. Ryan, L.W.V., was zeer verblijd tegenwoordig te zijn. Deze deputatie was hem een bewijs dat er een omkeer, een revolutie van gevoelen is plaats gevonden bij onze boeren. Jaren geleden waren de boeren sterk tegen spoorwegen, en zeiden dat de spoorwegen het geld uit het land nemen, en nu komen zij zelven pleiten voor spoorweg verkeer. Hij dacht dit een verblijdend teeken, en achtte de spoorweg de grootste vriend van den boer te zijn. Bij gebrek aan bevaarbare rivieren zijn spoorwegen het eenige middel om dit land behoorlijk te ontwikkelen. Bij het bouwen van den spoorweg moest men echter één zaak in het oog houden. Het moet een lijn wezen die strekken zal om het land te ontwikkelen. Het moet niet een lijn zijn zooals de Malmesbury lijn die 30 mijlen ver gaat voor er iets te vervoeren is. Het moet niet een van-punt-tot-punt lijn zijn, zooals bijvoorbeeld de lijn naar de goudvelden, die gebouwd werd enkel met het doel om de goudvelden te bereiken. De lijn moet enkel gebouwd worden met het oog op de ontwikkeling van de distrikten waardoor zij gaat. Hij dacht dat de regeering, die getoond heeft ten gunste van ontwikkeling des lands door spoorwegen te zijn, de zaak alle billijke consideratie zou geven.<br>De heer Molteno, L.W.V., betuigde zijn sympathie met de zaak der deputatie. Hij zag de noodzakelijkheid van de verlenging in, en dacht dat die spoorweg niet alleen in belang van die distrikten was maar in belang der geheele kolonie, want hij zou meer bebouwbaar land openen dan eenig andere spoorweg waarvan hij wist. Hij was ook overtuigd dat het parlement bijna eenparig voor die lijn zou zijn, en gevoelde zeker dat de regeering de belangen van het land zou behartigen door die lijn te bouwen.<br>De heer Lochner, L.W.R., verklaarde zich ten gunste van de Malmesbury-verlenging, daar die distrikten daardoor best zouden worden ontwikkeld. Hoe het zij men had besloten de zaak in handen van de regeering te laten. Hij dacht eene nieuwe opmeting wenschelijk en meende dat de commissaris door een bezoek aan het distrikt spoedig overtuigd zal zijn welke richting de lijn zal moeten nemen.<br>De heer Wege, L.W.V., gaf zijn spijt te kennen dat Calvinia ook niet vertegenwoordigd was op de deputatie. Het distrikt kan nog veel ontwikkeld worden, maar men is thans 180 mijlen van den spoorweg. Als de verlenging gebracht werd naar de Rest zou zijn distrikt ook daarvan voordeel trekken.<br>De heer Daniel Marais, L.W.V., zei dat wij sir James Sivewright den vader van onze spoorwegen mogen noemen. Dat wij het eerste met onzen spoorweg op de goudvelden waren hebben wij aan hem te danken. Met dit voor oogen dacht hij dat de noordwestelijke distrikten hem met volle vertrouwen konden komen vragen om een spoorweg. Indien sir James in September op een uitstapje naar die distrikten wilde komen zou men hem rondbrengen en dan kon hij zelf zien welke hunne bronnen zijn. Hij wees er op dat de Chartered Compagnie een lijn bouwt om het land te ontwikkelen. Men wacht niet eerst tot het land bebouwd is om dan een spoorweg te bouwen. Hij wees erop dat de voorgestelde lijn een groot inkomen zou hebben door het vervoeren van vee, dat thans naar de markt gejaagd moest worden. Duizenden schapen worden uit die distrikten uitgevoerd, en dit zal de spoorweg voeden. Hij dacht de Malmesbury-verlenging de beste.<br>De heer W. Ross, L.W.R., beloofde die lijn zijne volle ondersteuning te geven wanneer zij voor het parlement komt.<br>De commissaris van publieke werken antwoordende, zei dat daar hij zich niet zoo heel goed in het Hollandsch kon uitdrukken zou hij zich van het Engelsch bedienen. Ten behoeve van de regeering en hemzelven kon hij zeggen dat hij zeer verblijd was de deputatie te ontmoeten, en hij moest hen geluk wenschen met de bekwame wijze waarop zij zulk een belangrijke zaak aan hem hebben voorgedragen. Het gaat echter niet de toestanden hier te lande met Amerika te vergelijken. Daar zijn de spoorwegen door private maatschappijen gebouwd. Daar wij echter hier onze spoorwegen met het geld van den belastingbetaler moeten bouwen, moeten wij, alvorens nieuwe lijnen te bouwen, eerst eenige verzekering hebben dat zulk een lijn eene betalende zal zijn. Men moest echter niet denken dat de regeering geen lijn zou bouwen indien zij niet van meet aan betaalde. Hij was er voor een lijn te bouwen door de distrikten die genoemd werden. Hij zou niet zeggen dat de lijn van begin af zou betalen, maar was overtuigd dat de productie van die distrikten zeer zou vermeerderen. Bij het bouwen van een spoorweg zijn er twee punten waarop vooral dient gelet te worden, waarvan het eerste is moeilijkheden van het terrein waarover de lijn moet gaan, en de kosten van bewerking : en in de tweede plaats moet men zien die lijn te bouwen waardoor het land best ontwikkeld zal worden. De voorgestelde lijn moest hij uitstek een (developing line) lijn wezen om het land te ontwikkelen. Men moest niet er op zien als de lijn een 20 of meer mijlen langer komt, en hij geloofde niet dat passagiers uit de noordwestelijke distrikten er om zouden geven als de lijn wat lang komt. Hij zou dus er voor wezen de lijn van Malmesbury te verlengen. Die lijn zou wel niet het kortste pad naar het noorden wezen, maar zou meer land openen en ontwikkelen. Krijgt men eerst een vermeerderde productie dan heeft men goede gronden om een kortere verbinding met het noorden te vragen ; maar laten wij nu eerst zien de productie te vermeerderen. Hij had dikwijls opgemerkt bij zijn bezoek aan boeren plaatsen dat er veel tijd van den boer opgenomen wordt met het vervoeren van zijne producten waar hij ver van den spoorweg is. Was hij nabij den spoorweg, dan kon hij dien tijd besteden aan het uitbreiden zijner landerijen. Het verblijdde hem te vernemen dat de lijn zou strekken tot ontwikkeling der zoutpannen ; hij dacht er was een goede markt voor zout te Kaapstad. Hij moest echter ronduit zeggen dat hij niet allen kon bevredigen, wat een van de moeilijkste zaken was voor een man in zijn positie. Tracht men allen tevreden te stellen, dan bevredigt men niemand. Er is gelukkig geen politiek gemengd met deze lijn, zij is een zuivere handelszaak. Hij moest zeggen dat er tot nog toe geen spoorwegbill in de maak is om bij de volgende zitting van het parlement voor te leggen, maar hij had beloofd dat de eerste lijn die zou gebouwd worden die zou zijn naar Caledon, en hij was niet van plan zijn belofte te verbreken. Er is eene opmeting van die lijn gedaan en de zaak zou bij de volgende zitting voor het huis komen. Hij kon echter niet tooveren en men kon dus niet verwachten dat hij tusschen heden en 2 April een opmeting van de voorgestelde verlenging moest klaar krijgen om voor het huis te leggen. Hij kon niet meer dan belooven dat hij bij de komende zou vragen om een opmeting van de lijn, en hij geloofde dit te zullen verkrijgen, en dat de opmeting binnen de volgende 12 maanden zal plaats vinden. Hij moest zeggen dat hun aanspraak op een spoorweg gewogen is en niet te licht bevonden (toejuiching). Hij was ook samen met den heer Ryan verheugd over de revolutie van gevoelen op het gebied van spoorweg-uitbreiding. Verder spoorde hij hen aan zich met ijver op den landbouw toe te leggen en zoo veel mogelijk uit den grond te halen. De Lambertsbaai kwestie was ook door een der sprekers aangeroerd. Hij wist dat zij bij velen een brandende kwestie was, en dacht dat de regeering destijds veel verloren had door Lambertsbaai in andere handen te laten vallen. De regeering kon echter geen inbreuk maken op het eigendom van private personen, want dan zou zij al de boeren hunne plaatsen kunnen ontnemen. Zij zou haar best doen om het land te ontwikkelen (toejuiching).<br>Na een dankbetuiging aan den commissaris ging de deputatie heen.</ref> '''27 April 1897:''' De Villiers{{voetnota|Waarskynlik Jacob Isaac de Villiers (LWV van Worcester)}} dien 'n petisie by die Wetgewende Vergadering in, ten gunste van 'n spoorweg na Piquetberg. Tydens die indiening van die mosie vir die opmeting van die spoorlyn op 27 April 1897, het D.C. de Waal en D.J. Marais die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die Malmesbury-Piquetberg-roete op grond van die volgende distriksdata uiteengesit: * Landbou-opbrengs: Daar is gewys op die streek se massiewe graanproduksie, met spesifieke verwysing na die 1891-statistieke van 186 000 mud koring (±16 874 metrieke ton, teen 90,72 kg per mud koring){{voetnota|Dit klink vandag belaglik min. Veronderstel 'n plaas is vandag 400 ha groot en oes 3 ton per hektaar (konserwatief geskat) per jaar, en die boer kan met sukses 1 200 ton per jaar afoes, is 16 874 metrieke ton vandag 'n rapsie meer as 14 plase van soortgelyke grootte se opbrengs. Maar weer, die vervoer (buiten per ossewa), die kunsmis (buiten kraalmis), fyn waterbestuur, onkruid- en swamdoders, meganisering en fyn ingestelde ploeg- en oesmetodes het nog ontbreek.}} en 173 000 mud hawer (±11 771 metrieke ton, teen 68,04 kg per mud hawer, omdat dit ligter as koring is). Ten spyte van die strawwe droogte van 1896, was die normale opbrengs (soos in 1895) selfs 'n derde hoër as dié in 1891. * Strategiese rangorde: Piquetberg is amptelik as die tweede grootste graanproduserende distrik in die Kaapkolonie (eers Malmesbury, dan Piquetberg, dan Caledon) en die vierde grootste wynproduserende distrik gelys. * Ontwikkelingspotensiaal: Omdat groot dele van die distrik weens die gebrek aan infrastruktuur nog onontwikkeld was, is die spoorlyn as die hoofmeganisme beskou om die volle landboupotensiaal van die streek te ontsluit. * Marktoegang en verbruikersvoordele: Daar is geargumenteer dat die hoë koste om graan per wa na die naaste spoorweg (ses uur ver) te vervoer, plaaslike produksie gestrem het. 'n Direkte spoorverbinding met Kaapstad sou produksiekoste verlaag en sodoende ook die binnelandse prys van brood vir die algemene verbruiker verminder. Dit kos tans 'n boer 17 sjielings om een mud graan te verbou.{{voetnota|Onder meer te wyte aan die hoë koste van padvervoer per ossewa oor lang afstande na die naaste spoorwegstasie. Plus dan nog die vragtariewe op die trein self.}} As daar 'n spoorlyn was, kon boere meer verbou. In Australië word graan wel verkoop teen 2 sjielings per mud, maar dan bring die regering selfs water per trein na die boer se vee. Piquetberg het 'n spoorweg noodig. D.C. de Waal wil die lyn so na as moontlik aan die Sandveld gebou hê,{{voetnota|D.C. de Waal en D.J. Marais het kiesers in die Achter-Zandveld}} maar wil die rigting aan die beslissing van die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke oorlaat. Pierce Ryan (Malmesbury) benadruk nou juis hierdie voorstel van De Waal en stel 'n wysiging voor: om na die woorde "Malmesbury na Piquetberg" die woorde by te voeg: "in 'n rigting so ver na die weste as moontlik." Ryan meen ook die streek het nie weelderige infrastruktuur nodig nie, maar bloot 'n ekonomiese ontwikkelingslyn. Hy het die vorige regeringsopmeting van 16 jaar gelede gekritiseer as veels te duur, aangesien dit voorsiening gemaak het vir weelderige stasiegeboue van £8 000 elk. Volgens Ryan was stasies van daardie aard onnodig; die hoofdoel van die lyn moes uitsluitlik wees om produkte doeltreffend te vervoer, en hy het na die Indwe-lyn verwys as 'n voorbeeld van so ’n goedkoper, funksionele alternatief. Dirk Jacobus Albertus van Zijl (Clanwilliam) stel egter sy eie amendement voor: Na die woorde "Malmesbury na Piquetberg" moet die woorde ingevoeg word: "vandaar na Calvinia via Clanwilliam en Vanrhijnsdorp." Hy was nie ten gunste van die amendement voorgestel deur Ryan nie. Die spoorlyn na die noordweste moet so reguit as moontlik wees. Pieter Gerhard Wege (Clanwilliam) voer aan die distrikte van Vanrhijnsdorp en Calvinia lewer meer op as die meeste ander distrikte. Die wolopbrengs is 1 millioen pond (gewig). In tye van oorvloed kon mens die graan ondertoe verskeep, en tydens droogte kan voedsel weer soontoe gestuur word. Clanwilliam en omgewing het reeds heelwat geld in die staatskas gestort en is geregtig op 'n spoorlyn. Calvinia is 180 myl vanaf die naas spoorwegstasie. Hy ondersteun die mosie van sy mede-streeksverteenwoordiger. J.C. Molteno (Tembuland) het duidelik die vleismark voor oë by die myne in Namaqualand. Daarom steun hy die amendement Ryan. Hy sê hy ken die Piquetbergdistrik en dat die grootste deel van die distrik sandveld is wat nie veel kon oplewer nie. Kaptein Brabant wil graag weet hoekom daar twee spoorweë gevra word vir Piquetberg; een vir Malmesbury en een vir Piquetbergwegstasie. Charles Tennant Jones (Port Elizabeth) sê die lyn na Caledon en die lyn na Langkloof is albei nodig omdat die distrikte baie vrugbaar is. Hy sou dus vir 'n mosie stem, waar 'n opmeting gedoen moet word om te kyk watter lyn die beste sal wees. 'n Mens kon eers 'n lyn Piquetberg toe bou en dan later na die weste verleng. Hy sou voorstel om dit aan die regering oor te laat om die beste spoorlyn op te meet. Die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, sir James Sivewright, het takties geweier om die Piquetberg-mosie as 'n geïsoleerde projek goed te keur. Hy het aangekondig dat die regering eers die finale finansiële verslae sou afwag voordat 'n breë, omvattende spoorwegwetsontwerp ingedien sou word. Al het Sivewright hom ten gunste van die ekonomiese voordele van die Malmesbury-verlenging uitgespreek, het hy die mosie van mnr. Jones aanvaar om die finale roetekeuse aan 'n regeringsopmeting oor te laat. Hierdeur het die regering daarin geslaag om konstruksieverpligtinge uit te stel, terwyl die spoorwegbehoeftes van mededingende distrikte soos Caledon, Piquetberg en die Langkloof gelyktydig die kiesers gepaai het met 'n vooruitsig op 'n trein (dus: 'n wortel voor die neus). Sivewright is ook gekant teen 'n lyn Calvinia toe; 'n mens moes maar eers tevrede wees met 'n lyn Piquetberg toe. D.C. de Waal het ten slotte gevra dat die verskillende amendemente teruggetrek word, aangesien enigiets beter as niks was en die teenstrydige voorstelle bloot sy oorspronklike mosie sou belemmer. Hy het egter aangedui dat hy mnr. Jones se amendement sou aanvaar. Enigiets was beter as niks. De Waal is van plan om sir James Sivewright in die Piquetbergdistrik rond te neem en hom die vrugbaarheid van die streek te wys. Hy ontken ten sterkste dat Piquetberg onvrugbare sandveld is, en het bygevoeg dat Molteno slegs een keer per jaar eendvoëls daar gaan skiet en homself dan as 'n groot kenner van die distrik voordoen. Die Sandveld was 'n baie vrugbare streek wat groot hoeveelhede rog en ander graansoorte gelewer het. Hy hoop die mosie sal aangeneem word, aangesien die voorstel al sedert 1882 af aankom en herhaaldelik ingedien is. De Waal versoek die Huis om die mosie in belang van die land aan te neem. Die mosie, soos gewysig deur die amendement van Jones, is uiteindelik deur die Wetgewende Vergadering aangeneem.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Parlement: Wetgevende Vergadering. Dinsdag, 27 April, 1897. Petities & Piketberg Spoorweg. 29 April, Bijvoegsel:[...]Petities[...]en door den heer De Villiers ten gunste van een spoorweg naar Piketberg [...] De heer D. C. de Waal stelde voor [dat het huis] ga in comité op het volgende voorstel: [Een eer-]biedig adres worde aangeboden aan Zijne Excel-[l]entie den gouverneur verzoekende dat voor[z]iening worde gemaakt om uit te voeren eene omstandige opmeting van eene spoorweglijn van Malmesbury naar Piquetberg, en van eene taklijn van Piquetberg naar Piquetberg-weg-station, het rapport van de opmetingen voor het parlement te worden gelegd in de volgende sessie, en dat dit huis dezelve goed maakt. Hij zeide dat deze motie reeds sedert 1882 voor het huis was; toen een vliegende opmeting werd gemaakt. Sedert was het land in [moeilijke om-]standigheden, en werd de hoofdlijn noordwaarts uitgebreid. Laatste jaar kreeg Caledon een nauwkeurige opmeting en hij vraagt nu hetzelfde voor Piketberg. Hij haalde aan van de deputatie die bij sir James was die de zaak uitlegde en hij beloofde zijne ondersteuning. In 1891 was de opbrengst van het distrikt 186,000 mudden koorn en 173,000 mudden haver. In 1896 was de oogst wegens de droogte zeer laag, doch in 1895 was de oogst minstens ⅓ meer dan in 1891. Piketberg staat tweede op de lijst van graanproduceerende distrikten; eerst Malmesbury, dan Piketberg, dan Caledon. Piketberg staat op de lijst van wijnproduceerende distrikten 4de. [Het] grootste gedeelte van het distrikt is nog onbebouwd, en de beste manier om het distrikt te ontwikkelen is om het een spoorweg te geven. Hij wil de lijn zoo na mogelijk aan het Zandveld hebben, doch wil de richting laten aan de beslissing van den commissaris. [De heer Weeber: gaat de lijn nu niet reeds dicht bij het distrikt?] Piketberg levert meer op dan Beaufort West (gelach) en meer schapen en bokken en beesten gaan door het distrikt dan die van Beaufort [West] komen (gelach). Alle klassen behooren hem te ondersteunen, de Bond zoowel als de league en zij die roepen om goedkoop brood, want de beste weg daartoe is om die produkten te krijgen.<br>De heer D. J. Marais dacht dat de motie on[t-]stond uit een behoefte van die distrikten. Er was werkelijk behoefte aan een spoorweg. Er was een deputatie bij de regeering over de zaak. Piquetberg was 6 uren van den spoorweg. Het kostte een boer 17s. een mud graan thans te produceeren. Als een spoorweg was zou men meer kunnen produceeren. In Australië wordt graan verkocht voor 2s. per mud, maar daar brengt de regeering zelfs per trein water voor het vee van den boer. Piketberg had een spoorweg noodig. Als Piketberg met Kaapstad met een spoorweg verbonden was dan zou men niet te klagen hebben over duur brood. Men vroeg thans niet een spoorweg maar slechts een opmeting. Hij hoopte dat alle leden van het huis de motie zouden ondersteunen.<br>De heer Ryan stelde (als amendement [voor] op het voorstel van den heer D. C. de Waal): N[a] de woorden "Malmesbury naar Piketberg" [in] te voegen de woorden "in eene richting zoo ver naar het westen als doenlijk." Hij wilde slechts de motie aanhelpen en niet tegenstaan. Wat men hebben wil is één ontwikkelingslijn en daartoe wil men slechts een lijn hebben. De opmeting van 16 jaar geleden was eene zeer dure en sprak van stations van £8,000. Men wil niet stations maar een lijn om de produkten te vervoeren. De lijn naar Indwe kost niet veel en hij wil niet een duurder lijn hebben. Het doel van zijn amendement is om in een westelijke richting te gaan.<br>De heer Van Zijl stelde voor (als amendement op het voorstel van den heer D. C. de Waal): Na de woorden "Malmesbury naar Piketberg" in te voegen de woorden "van daar naar Calvinia via Clanwilliam en Vanrhijnsdorp." Hij zei als men goed wilde doen moest men die lijn maken. Clanwilliam kon niet roemen als Piketberg, maar als zij nader aan den spoorweg was zou er meer graan gekweekt worden. Nergens kan beter graan gegroeid worden dan in Clanwilliam. Dat distrikt is zeer vruchtbaar. Nu moest men voor een lagen prijs in het distrikt verkoopen omdat men niet in aanraking met de markt was. De vruchtbaarheid van de Olifantsrivier is bekend. Als er goede oogsten gemaakt worden kon men het graan niet verkoopen. Met het oog op de tijdelijke droogte en hongersnood was het ook zeer wenschelijk een spoorweg te hebben. Als er twee of drie slechte jaren waren, komen er weder eenige goede jaren wanneer men veel produceert. Men wil niet een lijn naar het dorp Clanwilliam maar zoo nabij mogelijk. Hij was niet voor het amendement Ryan. De lijn naar het noordwesten moet zoo recht uit mogelijk wezen. De commissaris had ook gezegd aan een deputatie dat het een ontwikkelingslijn moest wezen. Maar die lijn zou niet de ver afgelegen distrikten bevorderen. Hij hoopte men zou de meest rechtuit lijn maken en dat de opmeting als door zijn amendement voorgesteld zou worden toegestaan.<br>De heer Wege zeide dat het hem genoegen deed het goede rapport van de spoorwegbestuurders te krijgen, doch het profijt komt niet uit de Kolonie, maar als vervoerder naar de naburige staten. Hij achtte dat niet een gezond beginsel, en wij moeten onze eigene distrikten ontwikkelen. Deze lijn onder bespreking zou veel nut doen daar de vallei der Olifantsrivier bereikt zal worden. De distrikten van Vanrhijnsdorp en Calvinia leveren meer op dan de meeste andere distrikten. De opbrengst van wol is 1 millioen pond. In tijden van overvloed zou men het graan kunnen afbrengen en in tijden van droogte kon voedsel weder opgebracht worden. Die distrikten hebben een groote som in 's lands kast gebracht en hebben recht op een spoorweg. Calvinia is 180 mijl van het naaste spoorwegstation. Hij ondersteunde de motie van harte.<br>De heer J. C. Molteno zie dat hij met de motie in haar geheel kon ondersteunen. Hij kende het distrikt Piketberg en zei dat het grooter deel van het distrikt zandveld was en niet veel kon opbrengen. Hij was voor het amendement Ryan, en dacht dat men de lijn zoo ver mogelijk naar het westen moest maken. Hij dacht dat men meer graan en vleesch naar Namakwaland zou moeten zenden in plaats van die daar vandaan te krijgen. Hij zou het amendement ondersteunen daar zulk een lijn meer van dienst zou zijn voor het distrikt.<br>De heer Tamplin drukte erop dat de bill voor Caledon toch spoedig ingebracht zou worden daar hij daarna iets wil doen voor Peddie.<br>Kaptein Brabant wilde weten waarom twee spoorwegen gevraagd worden voor Piketberg, een van Malmesbury en de andere van Piketberg weg statie.<br>De heer Jones zei dat de lijn voor het huis de lijn naar Caledon en de lijn naar Langkloof allen noodig zijn omdat die distrikten vruchtbaar zijn. Hij zou stemmen voor eene motie voor een opmeting ten einde te zien welke de beste lijn zal zijn. Men kon eerst een [lijn] naar Piketberg maken en dan later naar [het] westen verlengen. Hij zou voorstellen het aan de regeering te laten de beste lijn op te meten.<br>Sir James Sivewright zei dat hij het amendement van den heer Jones zou aannemen. Hij zei dat de regeering van voornemen was een spoorweg maatregel in te dienen. Maar hij dacht eerst te wachten totdat de thesaurier zijn geldelijk verslag heeft ingediend. In de maatregel te worden ingediend zou alleen voorziening gemaakt worden voor het bouwen van de lijn naar Caledon. De aanspraken van Caledon op een spoorweg waren grooter dan van eenig ander distrikt. Hij dacht een vliegende opmeting enkel verspilling van publiek geld. Hij sprak verder ten gunste van de verlenging van de lijn van Malmesbury en dacht dat die zou betalen. De voordeelen van die verlenging zouden zeer aanzienlijk zijn. Deze moest een ontwikkelings-lijn wezen en zoo na mogelijk aan de boeren komen. Hij hoopte dat het amendement van den heer Jones zou worden aangenomen. Hij dacht dat het huis niet kon verlangen om een lijn naar Calvinia te verkrijgen; men moest vooreerst tevreden wezen met een lijn naar Piketberg. Vandaar zou zij later waarschijnlijk verlengd worden.<br>De heer Wiener was voor een lijn door de 24 rivieren door Piketberg vallei, waardoor een vruchtbaar distrikt zou worden ontwikkeld.<br>De heer Innes wilde weten welke lijn men zou laten opmeten, daar dit van belang was daar de commissaris gezegd heeft dat als de lijn eerst opgemeten is, het huis dan eraan gebonden was.<br>De speaker zeide dat de discussie beperkt moest worden tot de motie voor het huis.<br>Sir James zeide dat deputaties uit verschillende deelen naar hem komen om over spoorwegzaken te spreken. De regeering wil ook een opmeting naar Langkloof, en door de Transkei naar Natal.<br>De heer Frost vroeg wat zou worden van vroegere opmetingen daar sir James Sivewright gezegd had dat de opmeting het begin was van een lijn.<br>Sir James Sivewright zei die zaak was in de handen van het huis.<br>De heer J T Molteno was voor een ontwikkelings-[lijn].<br>De heer De Waal hoopte dat de amendementen teruggetrokken zouden worden. Het was beter wat te verkrijgen dan niets. De amendementen [zouden] zijn voorstel belemmeren. Hij kon het [amende-]ment Jones aannemen. Zijn plan was om sir James in het distrikt rond te nemen en hem de vruchtbaarheid te wijzen. Hij ontkende dat Piketberg onvruchtbaar zandveld was. De heer Molteno kwam daar net eens per jaar eendvogels schieten en doet zich voor als een groote kenner van het distrikt. Het Zandveld was zeer vruchtbaar. Er groeit veel rog en ander graan. Hij hoopte de motie zou aangenomen worden, want het was een voorstel reeds in 1882 ingediend, en werd altoos weder voorgebracht. Hij beriep zich op het huis om voor de motie te stemmen in belang van het land.<br>De motie geamendeerd door den heer Jones werd aangenomen.</ref> '''3 Mei 1897:''' 'n Korrespondent van [[Porterville]] berig die inwoners praat almal oor die spoorweg en die gemeenskap soek duidelikheid rondom hoeveel opmetings daar dan nog gemaak moet word (ten minste vier voorlopige opmetings is al gemaak) voordat 'n wetsontwerp uiteindelik by die parlement ingedien gaan word. Die stukkie word eers op 8 Mei gepubliseer.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Porterville. 8 Mei, p. 3: 3 Mei, 1897 [...] Het algemeen gesprek is de spoorweg en men wil gaarne weten hoeveel opmetingen er nog gemaakt moeten worden (vier opmetingen vlugge en anderzins zijn alreeds gemaakt) eer dat een bill desaangaande ingeleverd zal worden.[...]</ref> '''6 Mei 1897:''' D.C. de Waal dien 'n spoorwegpetisie (Malmesbury-Piquetberg) by die Wetgewende Vergadering in.{{voetnota|Onthou, De Villiers van Worcester het 'n petisie ingedien. Nou doen De Waal dit namens die Piquetbergers.}}<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Parlement: Wetgevende Vergadering, Donderdag, 6 Mei, Petities. 8 Mei, Bijvoegsel, p. 1: D.C. de Waal: spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg.</ref> '''10 Augustus 1897:''' 'n Ongeduldige kieser onder die skuilnaam "Uitziende" eis in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' terugvoer van De Waal en Marais. Die parlementsitting is reeds verby, maar die distrik het nog niks gehoor oor die beloofde spoorlyn of taklyn na Piquetbergstasie nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Piketbergsche vertegenwoordigers. 10 Augustus, Bijvoegsel: Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,—Kort nadat het parlement verleden jaar opgebroken was, hebben wij het voorrecht gehad om onze 2 vertegenwoordigers, de heeren De Waal en Marais, op een publieke vergadering, door henzelven belegd, te ontmoeten, bij welke gelegenheid zij ons een verslag hebben geleverd van hun werk in het parlement gedaan.<br>Maar tot nog toe hooren wij in dit jaar van hen niets; of hun werk van dit jaar van zooveel minder belang is als verleden jaar, weten wij niet; zoover wij weten heeft de heer De Waal immers een lijn gevraagd voor Piketberg, en nogal met een taklijn naar Piketbergstatie en dan heeft hij ook hard gewerkt voor de zoo belangrijke Bulawayo-spoorweg-overeenkomst.<br>Anderen zeggen weer, zij achten Porterville te gering en te klein om ons dit jaar weer een bezoek te brengen, maar dit geloof ik niet, want wij hebben hen verleden jaar met ruim 200 kiezers ontmoet, en zoover ik mij kan herinneren op een zeer vriendelijken toon.<br>De uwe<br>UITZIENDE.</ref> '''20 September 1897:''' Die oggend te Piquetberg is 'n vergadering gehou, belê deur D.C. de Waal en D.J. Marais (LWV's), om verslag te doen wat hul sover bereik het. De Waal is aan die woord. Volgens hom is 'n voorlopige opname van die voorgestelde spoorlyn gemaak, maar vandeesweek sal James Sivewright self in Piquetberg kom besoek aflê en met die opmeter die distrik deurkruis, sodat die finale opmeting spoedig afgehandel kan word. Hy glo die spoorlyn sal by die volgende parlementsitting slaag.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1897. De Waal en Marais te Piketberg: De Piketberg-Spoorweg. 25 September, Bijvoegsel: L.l. Maandag morgen werd er eene vergadering te Piketber gehouden, belegd door de heeren D.C. de Waal en D. Marais, die een verslag gaven van hun rentmeesterschap. [...] Een tijd geleden was er een vluchtige opmeting gemaakt, maar deze week zou sir James Sivewright zelf naar Piketberg komen en met den opmeter het distrikt doorreizen en spoedig zal de finale opmeting afgedaan zijn. Hij vertrouwde dat de spoorweg bij de aanstaande zou doorgaan.</ref> Die verwelkomingskomitee is nog dieselfde dag saamgestel.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1897. Sir James Sivewright verwacht. 21 September, Bijvoegsel: Piketberg, 20 Sept. Sir James Sivewright wordt op het einde der week hier verwacht. Een invloedrijke vergadering werd hedenmiddag gehouden, om hem een hartelijke ontvangst te geven. De volgende heeren als ontvangst-commissie benoemd: doctor Smuts, Johannes Domisse, Daniel Liebenberg, N. Vlok en P. van Zijl.</ref> Op '''26 September 1897''' het die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, vergesel deur D.C. de Waal, op Piquetberg aangekom ná 'n tweedaagse reis deur die Sandveld, Kapteinskloof en Moutonsvlei oor die Piquetberge. Hulle is deur D.J. Marais (LWV) ontvang en die aand met 'n burgerlike feesmaal vereer waar verskeie heildronke ingestel is. Tydens die geleentheid is aangekondig dat die wetgewer, ná herhaalde vertoë deur De Waal, toestemming verleen het vir 'n gedetailleerde opmeting vir die voorgestelde spoorlyn tussen Malmesbury en Pickenierskloof. Die Kommissaris, sir James Sivewright, het egter duidelik gemaak dat die opmeting slegs 'n voorlopige stap was en dat die werklike aanlê van die spoorlyn sou moes wag totdat die Kaapkolonie se staatskas die nodige fondse beskikbaar gehad het. Daar is onderneem om die finale roete so te beplan dat dit die meerderheid van die distrik se inwoners sou bevoordeel, sonder om sekere plekke doelbewus te bevoordeel.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Sir James te Piketberg. 28 September: Piketberg, 26 Sept.—De commissaris van publieke werken en de heer David de Waal kwamen hier hedenmiddag aan na een tweedaagsche reis door het Zandveld, Kapteinskloof, Moutonsvlei over de Piketbergsche bergen. Zij werden ontvangen door den heer Marais, L.W.V, en in den avond ontvangen op een feestmaal, door de boeren en stadsbewoners in de hofzaal gegeven. Dit was bereid door de dames van Piketberg en bleek een kompleet succes te zijn en alle schikingen waren zeer smaakvol. Tusschen de 40 en 50 van de voormannen van het distrikt zaten aan, waaronder de heeren Baker, C.C. en R.M., Jacobus Eksteen, afdeelingsraadslid, Daniel Rossouw, Barend Burger, Jan Kotze, Abraham van Zijl, J. Versfeld, N. Vlok, W. Liebenberg, J. Liebenberg, D. Liebenberg, dokter Smuts, Geo. H. Parrott, J. Dommisse, J. Pauw, W. Rowan, J.C. Kotze en anderen. Eerw. Vlok zat voor en na de gewone heildronken op koningin en land stelde hij de gezondheid in van sir James Sivewright. Dit doende zei hij dat hij geen aktief deel nam in de politiek om te voorkomen dat hij de politieke predikant genoemd werd, maar in den persoon van zijn heildronk had men een heer, wiens doel altijd geweest was om Hollandsch sprekenden en Engelschen van Zuid-Afrika te samen te brengen; een man, die ten allen tijde met alle macht er naar gestreefd had om een goede verstandhouding te bevorderen tusschen de Kolonie en de republieken en die door zijn gematigde politiek er beter in geslaagd was dan eenig ander verbonden met de regeering des lands. Het was wel bekend dat het bepaalde doel van het bezoek van den commissaris de zeer benoodigde spoorweg-communicatie was en hij was zeker dat, als sir James met eigen oogen de mogelijkheden gezien had, hij zijn uiterste best zou doen om een werk te bevorderen dat zij allen zoozeer verdienden en dat met recht niet langer aan hen kon onthouden worden.<br>SIR JAMES SIVEWRIGHT<br>zei dat voor hij antwoord gaf op den toast van zijn gezondheid, hij gaarne, hoewel zijn kennis van het Hollandsch zoo onvoldoende was, de boeren, van wie hij zoovele voormannen voor zich zag, wilde bedanken voor de zeer hartelijke verwelkoming die zij hem hadden gegeven. Als het land vooruit zou gaan, mochten de boeren zeker niet achteruitgaan. Nu met betrekking tot wat eerw. Vlok zoo vriendelijk geweest was te zeggen, wilde hij juist opmerken dat als alle predikanten even breede en liberale opvattingen hadden, als die de heer Vlok juist uitgesproken had, dan zouden de politieke moeilijkheden heel wat minder zijn en de taak van publieke personen veel gemakkelijker dan ongelukkig thans het geval was. Sedert zijn (sir James) optreden in het publieke leven, had hij, zooals de voorzitter gezegd had, eerlijk getracht, naar het beste van zijn vermogen, om een goede verstandhouding te bevorderen tusschen de twee groote blanke rassen in dit land, maar in dagen als deze was het buitengewoon moeilijk een rol te spelen van een gematigd man. De uitersten aan beide zijden wekten om redenen, aan henzelven het best bekend, toornige gevoelens onder de menschen en de gematigde man liep gevaar misverstaan te worden en geheel vernietigd te worden tusschen de strijdende partijen. Nogthans had hij hoop omtrent de toekomst en die hoop werd gelukkig versterkt door wat hij gezien en gehoord had gedurende zijn reizen door de distrikten Malmesbury en Piketberg in de week, die nu ten einde liep. '''Wat den spoorweg betrof, hij had het genoegen gehad, wegens de herhaalde, dringende pleidooien bij hem tallooze keeren en binnen en buiten het huis door zijn vriend, hun lid den heer De Waal, gemaakt, de toestemming der wetgeving te vragen voor een gedetailleerde meting van Malmesbury en Piketberg. De toestemming was gegeven met de stilzwijgende verstandhouding dat het de eerste stap was tot het aanleggen van de lijn, als de geldmiddelen des lands zulks toelieten. Het zou natuurlijk onmogelijk zijn ieder te pleizieren met de keuze van de richting, maar nu hij met eigen oogen het land gezien had, geloofde hij dat de opmeting zou gemaakt worden'''<br>VAN DE MALMESBURY LIJN NAAR PIQUENIERSKLOOF<br>'''op zoodanige wijze dat de groote meerderheid der bewoners in de verschillende streken, waardoor de lijn zou heengaan, er mee tevreden zou zijn en dat aan de representaties van hunne leden tegen onbehoorlijke begunstiging van eenige bepaalde plek daarbij tegemoet zou gekomen worden.''' Voordat hij eindigde, sprak sir James over het vinden van nieuwe markten voor koloniale produkten en weersprak summier de misleidende verklaringen, die zoo dikwijls gemaakt werden betreffende de overeenkomst tusschen de regeering en de Bechuanaland spoorwegmaatschappij. Hij ging daarop onder groot applaus zitten, hebbende boeren en dorpelingen met de grootste voldoening naar hem geluisterd.<br>Dr. Smuts stelde daarop de gezondheid in van<br>DE PLAATSELIJKE LEDEN,<br>opmerkende dat het distrikt volkomen tevreden was met zijne vertegenwoordigers en de hoop uitsprekende dat zij nog lang hunne zetels mochten behouden. De toast werd met groote geestdrift gedronken. De heer De Waal dankte het gezelschap voor de hartelijke ontvangst van den heildronk. Hij had nu zijn reis door het distrikt voltooid, en er elk deel van bezocht en vertrok met de verdere overtuiging dat zijn constituenten hun vertrouwen in hem stelden en weigerden de valschheden te gelooven die onder protectie van anonieme brieven en anderszins gepubliceerd werden omtrent hem. Hij voelde zich meer dan opgewassen tegen al zulke bestrijders zoolang hij in staat was de kiezers van Piketberg distrikt te ontmoeten en met hen te spreken, zooals hij gedurende de laatste veertien dagen had gedaan. Voor hij ging zitten wenschte hij de gelegenheid waar te nemen om niet alleen hen, die tegenwoordig waren, te bedanken, maar ook het geheele distrikt voor de hartelijke ontvangst, die overal zoowel publiek als privaat hem ten deel gevallen was. Hij ging zitten onder hartelijke toejuiching van alle aanwezigen.<br>De heer Marais, hen bedankende voor de hartelijke wijze waarop zijn naam ontvangen was, zei dat hij altijd het volste vertrouwen in sir James Sivewright had als een man, die zich aan den vooruitgang des lands wijdde. Gedurende de laatste parlementszitting toen sir James als premier optrad, had deze het respekt en vertrouwen, dat vroeger niet gegeven was, van een groot deel der Afrikaner partij. Hij was verzekerd dat de belangen van Piketberg veilig waren, als ze in de handen van sir James waren.<br>De heildronk op afwezige vrienden werd gegeven door den heer Jacobus Eksteen, die op de dames door den heer Baker, en met groote geestdrift gedronken, beantwoord door den heer Breda. Sir James stelde toen in warme bewoordingen de gezondheid in van den eerwaarden voorzitter. Na diens antwoord eindigde een der meest succesvolle en aangenaamste bijeenkomsten, ooit in Piketberg gehouden.</ref> ===== 9 Desember 1897: Die vonk in die kolewa ===== [[Lêer:SpoorwegkaartHopefieldMoorreesburg.jpg|duimnael|350px|regs|Liggings en spoorlyne van die belangrikste historiese dorpe, asook riviere (in ligblou)]] '''9 Desember 1897:''' Die bom bars in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' toe die nuus rugbaar word. Die vorige dag, die '''8ste Desember 1897''', is 'n deputasie na sir James Sivewright toe. Die afgevaardigdes is M. en P. Smuts, dr. Rozenzweig (burgemeester van Malmesbury), Toucher, Werdmuller, E. Rood, Lochner (LWR), Pierce Ryan (LWV) en Thomas Louw (LWV). Die doel is om die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke te oortuig om die lyn vanaf Malmesbury te verleng en nie vanaf Kalabaskraal nie. Geen verslaggewers is toegelaat nie.<ref name="ZA1897.deputasie8des" /> 'n Blitsoorsig: Ná afloop van die parlementêre sessie in April en sir James Sivewright se besoek aan die Sandveld en Piquetberg in September 1897, het die regering besluit om twee ingenieurs aan te stel om van twee kante af noukeurige opmetings te doen. Die opmeting is nie vanaf die dorp Malmesbury gedoen nie, maar wel vanaf Kalabaskraal, 'n stasie omtrent 9 myl vanaf Malmesbury en die Malmesburylyn. Die spoorlyn moet so na as moontlik aan Darling en Hopefield gebou word - 8 myl vanaf Hopefield en Darling geleë.<ref name="ZA1897.deputasie8des" /> ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' verneem die deputasie het veral Malmesbury se posisie in die streek benadruk. Op hierdie dorp word landboumasjinerie gekoop. Soms op die genoemde dorp alleen. 'n Taklyntjie 9 myl vanaf Malmesbury sou net ongerief en onnodige onkoste veroorsaak. Wil mens regtig 'n spoorlyn oor die sandvlakte mors, of wil jy tot die hart van die streek binnedring? Nee, die Kalabaskraallyn sou geen ontwikkelingslyn hoegenaamd wees nie. Die eintlike vrugbaarste streek lê rondom Moorreesburg, "de pit van 't distrikt". Waarom sou die Moorreesburgers deur die sandvlaktes moet sukkel om hul vrag na die spoorlyn te bring? Kyk na die Kraaifontein—Malmesburylyn: dit lê al vir 20 jaar in wind en weer, en daar het geen ontwikkeling plaasgevind nie. Waarom nou 'n omweg vir 60 myl vanaf Kalabaskraal na Piquetberg aflê, as mens maar 'n loodreguit lyn kan trek vanaf Malmesbury, deur Moorreesburg na Piquetberg, wat waarskynlik slegs 35 myl lank sal wees? Verder is daar ook maar net één plek, één punt, dieselfde punt, waar die trein in ieder geval oor dieselfde Bergrivier moet kom, maar nou moet die spoorlyn met die Kalabaskraallyn óm die Swartberg gaan. Met ander woorde, met die Kalabaskraallyn sal die spoor myle en myle deur sandvlaktes moet ploeter, om in elk geval by dieselfde punt uit te kom. Dit is onnodig.<ref name="ZA1897.deputasie8des" /> Dit wou voorkom of die argumente 'n gunstige indruk op sir James Sivewright gemaak het. Die deputasie kon maar huiswaarts keer; die Hoofingenieur van die Kaapse Regeringspoorweë sal opdrag gegee word om 'n deputasie van Malmesbury te ontmoet. Hierdie deputasie kan dan die ingenieur die moontlike roete vanaf Malmesbury aanwys, sodat daar na diepe oordenking gehandel mag word.<ref name="ZA1897.deputasie8des" /> Die koerant wil nie te lank stilstaan by bogenoemde bewoording nie, maar wel by die wysiging van 'n resolusie wat in die parlement gemaak is. In wese is die spoorlyn reeds in die hande van die regering. As daar bewys kan word dat die Kalabaskraallyn beter sou wees as die verlenging vanaf Malmesbury, dan sal die parlement hul waarskynlik nie langer bind aan die oorspronklike opdrag nie. Die subteks van hierdie verandering was polities gelaai: die oomblik toe sir James Sivewright die Sandveld en Darling besoek het, het die spoorwegingenieurs skielik opdrag gekry om die opmeting vanaf Kalabaskraal te begin, wat die belange van daardie kussone bo dié van die binnelandse graanstreek gestel het. As die inwoners in die distrik weet hulle gaan met 'n (tweede) wit olifant sit, moet hulle dadelik werk daarvan maak, voordat die saak weer in die parlement beland, en voordat dit in 'n politieke kwessie kan ontaard. Want dan sal Malmesbury en Piquetberg se hande afgekap wees. Juis daarom het die koerant die deputasie van Malmesbury vir hul optrede geprys, maar wel sonder om uitdruklik kant vir een of ander spoorlyn te kies.<ref name="ZA1897.deputasie8des">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Van Malmesbury naar Piketberg. 9 December, p. 3: Gedurende de afgeloopen parlementaire sessie bracht de heer D. C. DE WAAL L.W.V. voor Piketberg, het volgende voorstel voor het lagerhuis: "Een eerbiedig adres worde aan zijne excellentie den gouverneur aangeboden, verzoekende dat voorziening worde gemaakt voor eene volledige opmeting van een spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg, en van een taklijn van Piketberg naar Piketbergweg-station; het rapport van deze opmetingen voor het parlement te worden gelegd in de volgende sessie." Op dit voorstel volgde een amendement van den heer RYAN, L.W.V. voor Malmesbury: na de woorden "Malmesbury naar Piketberg" in te voegen: "in eene richting zoo ver naar 't westen als doenlijk." De heer VAN ZIJL, L.W.V., voor Clanwilliam, had een andere bijvoeging achter de woorden "Malmesbury naar Piketberg" namelijk: "vandaar naar Calvinia via Clanwilliam en Vanrhijnsdorp."<br>Om uit de moeilijkheid van een bepaalde route vast te stellen te komen, kwam de heer JONES met een ander amendement voor den dag, het aan de regeering latende de beste lijn op te meten. Het origineele voorstel, zooals door den heer JONES geamendeerd, werd aangenomen.<br>Naar wij vernemen heeft de regeering stappen genomen om gevolg te geven aan dit besluit en twee ingenieurs zijn van twee kanten bezig eene nauwkeurige opmeting te maken. Men zal zich herinneren, dat sir JAMES SIVEWRIGHT onlangs een bezoek heeft gebracht aan Hopefield, Darling en omstreken. De opmeting wordt gemaakt niet van het dorp Malmesbury, maar wel van Kalabaskraal, een station omtrent 9 mijl van Malmesbury op de Malmesburylijn. Dan wordt gezegd dat de lijn zoo na mogelijk aan Darling en Hopefield gebracht zal worden — 8 mijl van Hopefield of Darling.<br>Gisteren maakte eene deputatie bestaande uit de heeren: M. en P. SMUTS, dr. ROSENZWEIG, TOUCHER, WERDMULLER, E. ROOD, LOCHNER, L.W.R., RYAN, L.W.V. en T. LOUW, L.W.V. hare opwachting bij sir JAMES SIVEWRIGHT met het doel aan te toonen, dat het van 't grootste belang is, dat de lijn van het dorp Malmesbury verlengd zal worden en niet van Kalabaskraal. Geene rapporteurs werden toegelaten; doch naar wij vernemen legde de deputatie nadruk op de belangrijke positie door het dorp Malmesbury ingenomen. Men toonde aan dat vele boeren daar al hun landbouw-machinerie koopen, en dat zij soms op genoemd dorp alleen geholpen kunnen raken. Verder zou men een taklijntje van 9 mijl van Kalabaskraal naar Malmesbury moeten exploiteeren, hetgeen veel ongerief en onnoodige onkosten zou veroorzaken. Bovendien zal de lijn die thans opgemeten wordt voor de grootste gedeelte door zandvlakten moeten gaan, terwijl eene verlenging van Malmesbury het hart van het distrikt zal raken. Dan beweert men ook dat de voorgestelde verlenging van Kalabaskraal eigenlijk geen ontwikkelingslijn zal zijn, daar de vruchtbare streken van Moorreesburg, de pit van 't distrikt, geen dienst van de lijn zal hebben, daar niemand van den kant van Moorreesburg zijne produkten door de zandvlakten naar den spoorweg zal brengen. Terecht wees men er ook op dat de Kraaifontein—Malmesbury-lijn reeds 20 jaar lang in kale vlakten loopt zonder dat er eenige ontwikkeling is geschied. De verlenging van Malmesbury naar Piketberg zal waarschijnlijk slechts 35 mijl lang zijn, terwijl de voorgestelde opmeting van Kalabaskraal de lijn minstens 60 mijl lang zal maken. Ook is er slechts ééne plaats waar de lijn over de Bergrivier naar Piketberg kan gaan, omdat men noodwendig om de punt van den Zwartberg zal moeten komen. Wordt de lijn dus volgens de Kalabaskraal opmeting gebouwd zal ze mijlen en mijlen ver al langs de rivier in het zandveld moeten terugkomen.<br>Deze argumenten schenen een gunstigen indruk op den commissaris van publieke werken gemaakt te hebben, en de deputatie kon huiswaarts keeren met de belofte, dat de hoofd-ingenieur instrukties zal ontvangen eene deputatie van Malmesbury te ontmoeten. Deze deputatie kan dan aan den ingenieur een route van het dorp Malmesbury aanwijzen, en de ingenieur zal dan naar bevind van zaken handelen.<br>Wij hechten in dit geval niet bijzonder veel waarde aan de juiste woorden in de resolutie voor 't parlement gebruikt, doch het blijkt zeer duidelijk, dat het amendement van den heer JONES slechts de route van Malmesbury aan de beslissing der regeering overliet. Wordt het bewezen dat de Kalabaskraal-lijn beter zal zijn dan de verlenging van Malmesbury, daar de verandering geen zaak van beginsel raakt, zal het parlement zich waarschijnlijk niet door de woorden van de origineele opdracht laten binden. Er valt ongetwijfeld veel voor de verlenging van Malmesbury te zeggen, en indien de inwoners van dat distrikt thans gerust blijven zitten en dan later met een tweeden witten olifant opgescheept worden, dan zullen zij het grootendeels aan zichzelven te danken hebben. Nu is het de tijd om te werken. Komt de zaak eerst voor het parlement, dan kan ze, zooals dikwijls reeds is geschied, eene politieke kwestie worden, en dan is het voor Malmesbury en Piketberg te laat om invloed uit te oefenen. Om deze reden juichen wij de handelwijze van de deputatie van Malmesbury toe, en niet omdat wij ons zoo dadelijk, zonder verdere informatie, ten gunste van de eene of andere lijn wenschen uit te spreken.</ref> '''9 Desember 1897:''' Op dieselfde dag toe die inleidingsartikel hierbo geskryf is, skryf "Onpartijdig" die eerste brief. Die handelaars tree nie uit eiebelang op soos party dink nie. Die doel is om die boere en ander mense die voordeel van twee markte te bied: sowel Malmesbury (as die groeiende handelskern of naaf) as Kaapstad. As Kaapstad 'n beter mark kan bied, sal die boere soontoe gaan. So nie, is die afstand korter, en die mark groei in die middel van die distrik, sodat almal daaruit kan voordeel trek. Om Malmesbury te probeer afsluit, is nie alleen onbillik nie, die inwoners skiet net hulself in die voet.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Malmesbury—Piketberg. 11 December, Bijvoegsel: 9 December 1897.<br>Aan den Editeur.<br>Waarde heer,—Wat de kooplui en anderen van Malmesbury begeeren is niet dat aan Darling, Hopefield, of Moorreesburg onrecht zal geschieden — zij willen zelf gaarne de lijn zoo na mogelijk bij die plaatsen hebben — maar zij willen de verbinding van Malmesbury, niet alleen in eigen belang, zooals sommigen denken, maar omdat het den boeren en anderen het voordeel van twee markten geven zal in plaats van een, namelijk de markten van Malmesbury en Kaapstad. Indien de Kaapstad een beter markt aanbiedt voor koopen of verkoopen dan Malmesbury, zullen de boeren natuurlijk daar gaan, maar geven die twee plaatsen gelijke kansen, en zij die de meeste energie aan den dag leggen zullen het winnen. Een omweg te maken en Malmesbury te zoeken af te sluiten is niet billijk.<br>De uwe,<br>Onpartijdig.</ref> '''14 Desember 1897:''' D.J. Brink van Piquetberg se brief word eers op [[Kersdag]] geplaas. Hy verwonder hom aan die lede van Malmesbury - daar is tog in Maart 1897 ooreengekom, terwyl almal saam by sir James Sivewright was, om 'n spoorlyn te kry wat die hele distrik sal bevoordeel. Waarom nou so skielik verander? Is dit om die paar handelaars op Malmesbury te bevoordeel, en 10 of 12 plase by Moorreesburg, wat reeds soveel jare die genot van 'n trein het? Al die groot distrikte soos Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en die Sandveld word van die trein "ontroofd". Tussen 200 en 300 plase sal nou daaronder moet ly. Hy vra hom ook af waarom die deputasie ter elfder ure gewag en gehandel het soos 'n dief in die nag, aangesien nie eens 'n verslaggewer toegelaat is nie. Die argumente is volgens hom betekenisloos. Malmesbury-Moorreesburg-Piquetberg is 35 myl, Kalabaskraal na Piquetberg is 60 myl - waar kom hierdie aanspraak vandaan? Dan nog - die landboumasjinerie kan orals gekoop word, nie slegs op Malmesbury nie. Brink betwyfel dit sterk dat 'n hooggeplaaste soos sir James Sivewright sy belofte aan die eerste deputasie sou verbreek: "Neen, dat is bijkans ongelooflijk." Hy glo sir James Sivewright sal deursien dat die Malmesbury-deputasie bloot uit 'n paar handelaars, 'n dokter en 'n prokureur bestaan het – mense wat uit eiebelang handel en nie omgee vir die verafgeleë distrikte nie. Volgens Brink probeer die twee lede van die Laerhuis (Louw en Ryan) nou bloot 'n guns aan hul kiesers bewys, aangesien hulle reeds 'n mosie van wantroue van die kiesers ontvang het. Hy spreek ook sy spyt uit oor mnr. Lochner (LWR), wat voorheen groot ondersteuning in die Sandveld geniet het, en eis dat Lochner 'n duidelike verklaring moet gee oor waarom hy nou teen hulle belange werk.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Malmesbury-Piketberg lijn. 25 December, Bijvoegsel:Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer, – Ik zie in uw inleidings-artikel, van den 9den dezer, dat een deputatie van Malmesbury haar opwachting gemaakt heeft bij sir James Sivewright.<br>Haar verzoek was om de spoorlijn, die gebouwd zal worden naar Piketberg, veranderd te krijgen. In plaats van van Kalabaskraal, haar van Malmesbury door Mooreesburg, recht door naar Piketberg te hebben. Indien zoo, dan ben ik recht verwonderd over de leden van Malmesbury; terwijl wij in Maart tezamen bij sir James waren en overeengekomen waren om een lijn te krijgen die het geheele distrikt zal bevoordeelen – en waarom dan zoo spoedig veranderd? Is het misschien ter wille van die paar kooplieden te Malmesbury, en 10 of 12 plaatsen te Mooreesburg, die reeds zoo vele jaren het genot van den trein hebben? Al die groote distrikten zooals Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en Zandveld, worden dan van den trein ontroofd. Tusschen de 200 en 300 plaatsen zullen er onder moeten lijden.<br>En waarom wacht de deputatie tot ter elfder ure en gaat als een dief in den nacht? Niet eens een rapporteur werd toegelaten. De argumenten door de deputatie opgegeven, zijn van geen beteekenis. Ten eerste, de lijn van Malmesbury door Mooreesburg, naar Piketberg, zal 35 mijlen wezen; en van Kalabaskraal naar Piketberg 60 mijlen – van waar die 25 mijlen? – een groote misrekening. Ten tweede, de boeren moeten al de machines te Malmesbury krijgen, – alweer eene misgissing. Overal rond zijn machines te krijgen.<br>Nu is de vraag, kan of zal zoo een hooggeplaatst persoon als sir James, zijn belofte verbreken, die hij aan onze deputatie gedaan heeft, en ook nadat hij zijn bezoek hier afgelegd heeft? Neen, dat is bijkans ongelooflijk. Sir James zal zeker opgemerkt hebben hoe de Malmesburyische deputatie samengesteld was – een paar kooplieden, een dokter, een procureur – personen die alles doen in hun eigenbelang, en zich er weinig aan storen wat er van de verafgelegen distrikten wordt.<br>De 2 leden voor 't lagerhuis trachten hun kiezers een gunst te bewijzen – want zij hebben bij al hunne kiezers een motie van wantrouwen ontvangen. Het spijt mij van den heer Lochner, die in 't Zandveld groote ondersteuning had. Maar wat nu gedaan? Hij zal een duidelijke verklaring moeten geven, waarom hij tegen ons werkt,<br>Ued. dw. dienaar,<br>D. J. BRINK. Izaaskuil, Piketberg,<br>14 December, 1897.</ref> '''16 Desember 1897:''' Die Bondstak op Moorreesburg gee terugvoer. Die plaaslike tak van die Afrikanerbond het 'n kommissie saamgestel om die voorlopige opmeting na te gaan. Dit was geen maklike taak nie, want die regering se punte was nie orals afgesteek nie; hulle moes maar op die boere se woord gaan.<ref name="ZABondstakopmeting1897" /> Hoe dit sal loop: die spoor sal 'n hele entjie langs die Bergrivier afgaan tot by Zanddrift. Omdat daar baie klowe afloop na die rivier toe, sal hierdie gedeelte moeilik en duur wees om te bou. Vanaf Zanddrift gaan die lyn na die regeringsuitspanning Kruispad, daarvandaan swaai hy Moorreesburg se kant toe en raak die Malmesbury-Hopefield-hardepad by Karbonaatjeskraal. Daarvandaan swaai hy Darling se kant toe, loop na Klipfontein, en sluit uiteindelik by Kalabaskraal aan.<ref name="ZABondstakopmeting1897" /> Die bevindings:<ref name="ZABondstakopmeting1897" /> * die afstand is dubbel so lank as 'n direkte lyn vanaf Malmesbury na die Bergrivier toe * die koste om die lyn te bou is dubbel soveel as ditto * die lyn, soos dit tans daar afgesteek is, is geensins 'n ontwikkelingslyn nie. Dit loop op die rand van 'n digbevolkte en hoë-opbrengsgebied verby en is 'n nodelose ompad, veral as mens later verder noordweswaarts wil uitbrei. Die Bondstak is gevolglik van mening dat die spoorwegverlenging vanaf Malmesbury na Piquetberg en die noordweste so direk moontlik gemaak moet word, om sodoende die hele koringdistrik se belange op die beste manier moontlik te bevorder.<ref name="ZABondstakopmeting1897">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Afrikaander: Moorreesburg-tak. 23 December, p. 2: Vergadering gehouden te Moorreesburg op 16 Dec. 1897.<br>De voorzitter, de heer Jac. Lochner, die bij eene vorige vergadering tot voorzitter voor de volgende twee jaren verkozen werd, opende met gebed. De aftredende secretaris de heer J. F. Burnard, die den tak gediend heeft van zijn ontstaan en die met den heer Walters tot assistent secretaris verkozen is, las de notulen der vorige vergadering.<br>De voorzitter merkte aan dat het aanstellen van eene commissie, om de lijn, zooals door de regeering opgemeten na te gaan, niet genotuleerd was. Nadat de secretaris er aan herinnerd had dat hij de vorige vergadering moest verlaten vóór de sluiting, wegens ongesteldheid, werd op voorstel van den heer G. P. Lochner, gesecondeerd door den heer D. Krijnauw Sr., besloten dat de resolutie gepasseerd bij de laatste vergadering tot het kiezen van eene commissie om de lijn na te gaan, uitgelaten omdat de secretaris onwel was, ingevoegd zal worden in de notulen.<br>'''De voorzitter maakte toen bekend dat het doel der vergadering was, rapport van bovengenoemde commissie te hooren; beschrijvingspunten om bij het distriktsbestuur in te leveren te bespreken; en verslag van den geldelijken staat van den tak te nemen. De heer G. P. Lochner gaf verslag van de bevindingen van de commissie, zeggende dat, daar de lijn niet overal afgestoken was, de commissie veel op de gezegden van de boeren daar moesten afgaan. Zooals aangetoond, zal de lijn een heel eind langs de Bergrivier afgaan tot aan Zanddrift. Daar er vele kloven afloopen naar de rivier zal dit gedeelte moeilijk en kostbaar zijn.'''<br>'''Van Zanddrift gaat de lijn naar het gouvernements uitspanning Kruispad, daarvandaan met een zwaai naar den kant van Moorreesburg en den Malmesbury-Hopefield hardenweg raken de te Karbonaatjeskraal. Daar vandaan met een zwaai naar den kant van Darling, naar Klipfontein en vervolgens naar Kalabaskraal. De commissie is van gevoelen:'''<br>'''dat de distantie van de lijn zooals opgemeten, ruim tweemaal zoo groot is als een direkte lijn van Malmesbury naar de rivier;'''<br>'''dat de kosten meer dan tweemaal zoo groot zullen zijn;'''<br>'''dat de lijn zoo als afgestoken geen ontwikkelingslijn is, daar zij op den rand van de dichtbevolkte en veel produceerende area loopt, en ook een noodelooze omweg zal zijn mocht zij later verder naar het N. W. gebouwd worden.'''<br>De andere leden, de heeren D. Krijnauw en dr. G. Steyn stemden met deze zienswijze in.<br>De heer D. Krijnauw vroeg informatie omtrent de Innes-drankbill. Zoover hij het verstond was zij een goede maatregel, daar men veel te verduren had van dronken werkvolk. De wijnboer zou, zijns inziens, er ook niet onder lijden, daar hij zich nu alleen op kwantiteit en niet op kwaliteit toelegt. Dan zou hij voor 70 leggers krijgen wat hij nu voor 100 krijgt.<br>De voorzitter zeide dat de bill goed was behalve de prohibitie clausule, waarvan de heer Innes niet wou afzien.<br>De heer Siemsen vroeg omtrent de paswet. De voorzitter zei dat men nu liefst niet daarover moest spreken; na de elektie zou er nog tijd genoeg zijn.<br>De heer Izaak Lochner klaagde er over dat bandieten aan private personen verhuurd werden waar zij getrakteerd werden, omdat de personen ze goedkoop kregen en dus het doel der straf verijdeld werd.<br>De heer G. P. Lochner klaagde er over dat de scholen op de zending-staties niet gesloten werden gedurende ploeg en oogsttijd; ook dat werkvolk soms een schuilplaats vond bij de zending-staties.<br>De volgende beschrijvingspunten werden na discussie opgetrokken om bij de distriktsbestuursvergadering ingeleverd te worden.<br>'''Dat de verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg en het noordwesten zoo direkt mogelijk gemaakt worde om dat daar door de belangen van het geheele korendistrikt het best zullen worden bevorderd. Dr. Steyn—Fred. Bester.'''<br>Deze vergadering verklaart zich tegen het verhuren van bandieten aan private personen of compagnies, omdat daardoor het doel der straf verijdeld wordt. J. Lochner—P. Marais.<br>De regeering wordt verzocht een maatregel te passeeren de zendelingen verplichtende om dienstboden uit te leveren die zich bij hen schuilhouden. G. P. Lochner—J. F. Burnard.<br>De heer D. Krijnauw sloot de vergadering met gebed, nadat de secretaris verslag van geldelijken staat gegeven had.<br>M. M. WALTERS,<br>Secretaris</ref> '''18 Desember 1897:''' "Op den keper beschouwd" ruik politieke onraad. In die brief op hierdie datum gepubliseer, word vermeld: daar is op Hopefield ooreengekom dit sal nie saak maak waar die spoorlyn begin nie, solank dit net by Darling en Hopefield om gaan draai. Johannes Abraham van Aarde Lochner ("Oom Koos", Lid van die Wetgewende Raad) word daarvan beskuldig dat hy sy eie plaas wat tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg lê wil bevoordeel, maar ook sy broers wat almal rondom Moorreesburg boer. Die briefskrywer waarsku ook: Ryan en Louw (LWV's, en Rhodes-simpatisante) is besig om Lochner aan die neus rond te lei. Hulle weet as hulle Lochner ondersteun om die lyn eksklusief na Moorreesburg te dwing (via 'n "onzinnige" rivieroorgang by Swartberg), die Hopefielders dadelik massas petisies sal gaan indien om hul eie regte op te eis. Dit skep doelbewuste verdeeldheid. Die regering gaan dan bloot sê (net soos met die Caledon-spoorlyn): 'Ons kan nie twee lyne na Darling/Hopefield en Moorreesburg bou nie, so julle kry niks nie.' Dit is presies wat Ryan en Louw in die mou voer — hulle wil die projek laat skipbreuk ly sonder om self die skuld te kry. Hy hoop nie dr. Rozenzweig en mnr. Werdmuller word by hierdie gemors ingesleep nie. Aldus, Op den keeper beschouwd.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Malmesbury spoorwegverlenging. 18 December, p. 3: Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,—Ik zie in uw inleidingsartikel dat gij melding maakt van eene deputatie die hare opwachting maakte bij sir James omtrent de richting die gemelde verlenging nemen zou, waaraan onze drie parlementsleden deelnamen.<br>Mooi zoo, maar pas op, Oom Koos, gij raakt gefopt.<br>Herinnert u de opinie van de vergadering te Hopefield ten tijde van den triomftocht van de heeren Ryan en Louw. Daar werd het hun ronduit gezegd dat wij niet zullen gelooven dat zij eenig plan hebben om voor de verlenging te werken.<br>Wat zien wij nu? Zij hebben Oom Koos aan den neus. Wij geven niet om het uitgangspunt, of het van Malmesbury of van Kalabaskraal of van elders is, zoolang de rechte lijn gebouwd wordt, dat is, in de richting van Darling, Groenekloof en eene middenweg nemende tusschen Hopefield en Moorreesburg, zoodat beide dorpen daardoor bevoorrecht worden, en de uitgestrekte en vruchtbare distrikten van Groenekloof en Saldanabaai worden ook dan gediend door die lijn. Maar neen, Oom Koos zijn plaats ligt tusschen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg, en Oom Koos zijn broêrs wonen allen daar rondom Moorreesburg. Als de heeren Ryan en Louw nu eenmaal een lijn in die richting voorstaan met behulp van Oom Koos, dan weten zij goed, komen wij dadelijk met sterke petities, en maken op ons recht aanspraak, en zullen de regeering overtuigen dat de lijn in die richting, hierboven omschreven, de rechte lijn is. En om slechts van eene overgangspunt bij Swartberg over de rivier te spreken is immers te onzinnig, gevolgelijk is er verdeeldheid en de regeering is in een en dezelfde positie als met den Caledonschen spoorweg, en zegt:—"Wij kunnen niet twee lijnen, een voor Darling en Hopefield, en een voor Moorreesburg bouwen," en wij krijgen geen spoorweg. Is dat niet juist wat de heeren Ryan en Louw hebben willen? Ziet Oom Koos het schoone plannetje nog niet?<br>Dat de kooplieden van Malmesbury ons den spoorweg misgunnen, kunnen wij hen vergeven, want zij weten heel wel dat voor een tijd ten minste het hun bezigheid zal affekteeren, doch wij willen hopen dat mannen geëerd als dr. Rosenzweig en de heer Werdmuller, zich niet als speelballen in de handen van onze twee leden zullen gaan geven, om door eene verkeerde verlenging voor te staan, het geheele schema gaan helpen verongelukken, dewijl zij bij eene verlenging van den spoorweg niets verliezen en integendeel er veel bij winnen zullen.<br>Voor ditmaal genoeg.<br>Op den keper beschouwd.</ref> '''19 Desember 1897:''' Dr. Rozenzweig se brief verskyn eers op Kersdag in die koerant. Volgens Rozenzweig het die koerant en die briefskrywers die dam onder die eend uitgeruk. By die deputasie van 8 Desember was die meeste lede net saamgenooi; in sy amp as burgemeester was dit uit pure hoflikheid dat dr. Rozenzweig die deputasie vergesel het. Feitlik niemand, behalwe hy as burgemeester en Pierce Ryan (LWV), het 'n paar woorde gesê nie. Nie Louw nie, ook nie Lochner nie. Die deputasie wil geen dorp benadeel nie. Die deputasie wou bloot die beginpunt ("Kalabaskraal") in die plan met "Malmesbury" vervang het. Verder bly die plan soos hy is.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Parlementsleden verdedigd. 25 December, Bijvoegsel:Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,—Met betrekking tot de brieven in zake van de verlenging van den Malmesbury-Piketberg spoorweg, die onlangs in uw geëerd blad verschenen zijn, schijnt het mij dat er een heel boel misverstand is met betrekking tot de handelwijze in deze zaak van onze vertegenwoordigers in de beide huizen, en ook van het eigenlijk oogmerk van de ingezetenen van Malmesbury en de omliggende streken.<br>Eerst wat onze vertegenwoordigers aangaat. Toen wij hun verzochten de deputatie te vergezellen, werd hun uitdrukkelijk gezegd, dat zij alleen gevraagd werden de deputatie voor te stellen aan sir James Sivewright; dat wij hoegenaamd niet wenschten dat zij zouden spreken, daar wij hun een vrije hand wilden laten, in geval andere deputaties, zegge van Darling, Moorreesburg of Hopefield hunne opwachting zouden maken bij den commissaris; dat verder zulks gedaan werd, als een gewone daad van beleefdheid; en laatstelijk, op dat zij op de hoogte van zaken zouden kunnen blijven, in elk geval wat de Malmesbury deputatie betreft. Aan dit verzoek werd dan ook stiptelijk voldaan, en er werd geen enkel woord door de heeren Louw of Lochner gesproken; de heer Ryan wees in korte woorden alleen op de dringende noodzakelijkheid om de verlenging van Malmesbury zelfs, en niet van Kalabaskraal te maken, de regeering eene vrije hand latende, zoodra de lijn de Darling-vlakte bereikt had, d.i. in aanmerking nemende de voorgestelde lijn van Kalabaskraal.<br>Er was hoegenaamd geen sprake van noch Hopefield, Darling of Moorreesburg af te snijden of te benadeelen. Ik wensch in de verste verte niet op te treden als een verdediger van onze vertegenwoordigers, daar zij in staat zijn zichzelven te verdedigen, maar wat ik gezegd heb is na rijp overleg, daar ik van gevoelen ben, dat in deze zaak onze vertegenwoordigers valsch en onjuist beschuldigd worden van Malmesbury de voorkeur te geven boven en tot nadeel van de andere dorpen. Ik heb de deputatie als burgemeester vergezeld, en daar ik op verzoek het woord voerde, denk ik dit aan hen, onze vertegenwoordigers, verschuldigd te zijn. Wat hun oogmerk is of was, daarmede heb ik op het oogenblik niets te doen, ik zeg alleen wat gebeurd is toen wij den commissaris zagen.<br>En wat de ingezetenen van Malmesbury in deze zaak betreft, wij willen noch Moorreesburg, noch Darling, noch Hopefield in den weg staan, alleenlijk wenschen wij, en dat is natuurlijk, dat de verlenging van Malmesbury, en niet van eenig ander station, zal plaats vinden. Overeenkomstig dan ook met ons gesprek met sir James Sivewright, heeft de deputatie twee wegen geïnspekteerd, die zij aan den ingenieur zullen voorleggen zoodra hij hier aankomt; wegen die wij meenen, geene van de andere dorpen zullen benadeelen.<br>R. H. Rozenweig,<br>Burgemeester.</ref> Op '''24 Desember 1897''' ontmoet die deputasie van Moorreesburg (die driemanskap G.P. Lochner, D. Krynauw en dr. G.H. Steyn) vir die nimlike sir James Sivewright. Na afloop van die bespreking met die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke word besluit: op vyf dorpe, by name Malmesbury, Piquetberg, Darling, Moorreesburg en Hopefield, moet daar 'n openbare vergadering by elkeen afsonderlik gehou word. By elkeen van hierdie vergaderings moet 'n afgevaardigde benoem word. Al hierdie afgevaardigdes sal dan 'n konferensie bywoon om die rigting van die voorgestelde spoorlyn te bespreek. Ongelukkig maak ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' toe 'n foutjie (?){{voetnota|Daar is 'n enorme verskil tussen konsensus (waar almal oor iets saamstem) en meerderheidsbesluit. As Piquetberg saam met Moorreesburg en Malmesbury sou staan, was dit outomaties drie teen twee (Hopefield en Darling). Of sou die opvolgbrief, gerig aan dr. Steyn van Moorreesburg (waarom nie direk en onmiddellik aan ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' nie?) bloot 'n manier wees om die werklikheid te probeer manipuleer wat by die ontmoeting gebeur het? Waarom is daardie brief, van sir James Sivewright gerig aan dr. Steyn, boonop op 7 Januarie 1898 op Hopefield voorgelees, as Moorreesburg nie eens genooi was nie?}} deur te skryf: "Sir James Sivewright het belowe dat hy die besluit van die meerderheid van so 'n konferensie sou aanvaar en dat hy die lyn wat deur die konferensie bepaal is sou laat opmeet."<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. De Malmesbury-Piketberg-spoorweg. 25 December, p. 2: Men zal uit de correspondentie in ons blad zien, dat de inwoners van de distrikten Malmesbury en Piketberg aan 't roeren zijn, omtrent de opmeting van den voorgestelden spoorweg. Een deputatie van Malmesbury heeft reeds hare opwachting bij den commissaris van openbare werken gemaakt, en gisteren ontmoette deze een deputatie van Moorreesburg, bestaande uit de heeren G. P. Lochner en D. Krynauw en dr. G. H. Steyn. De deputatie werd vergezeld van en voorgesteld door de heeren parlementsleden Lochner, Louw en Ryan. Nadat de zaak grondig besproken was en de deputatie alle argumenten ten gunste van hare beschouwing had aangevoerd, kwam men tot de volgende verstandhouding: Op de vijf dorpen Malmesbury, Piketberg, Darling, Moorreesburg en Hopefield zal een publieke vergadering gehouden worden met het doel een afgevaardigde te benoemen naar een conferentie van deze afgevaardigden om de richting welke de voorgestelde lijn behoort te nemen te bespreken. Sir James Sivewright beloofde, dat hij de uitspraak der meerderheid eener zoodanige conferentie zal aannemen en dat hij de lijn door de conferentie te worden bepaald zal laten opmeten. De deputatie nam genoegen in deze schikking en zal dadelijk stappen nemen eene conferentie zoo spoedig mogelijk belegd te krijgen.</ref> '''28 Desember 1897:''' "Groenekloover" se brief op hierdie datum gepubliseer dink aan hul hele ekonomie wat in duie gaan stort met die runderpes wat tans in die land woed. Die skrywer vra of sir James Sivewright nie self tydens sy besoek aan die streek die noodsaaklikheid daarvan ingesien het om die inwoners van Hopefield, Vredenburg, "de Baai" (Saldanhabaai) en Darling nader aan 'n spoorlyn te bring nie. Hul groot hoeveelhede graan, hout, kalk en ander produkte moet met ossewaens aangekarwei word Malmesbury toe. Ter wille van die "koopmansstand van Malmesbury" word die inwoners van die genoemde dorpe nou almal uitgesluit.<br> Net soos Brink, trek hy Moorreesburg se status in twyfel deur te vra of dit dan "so 'n groot handelstad" is dat die trein direk soontoe moet loop; hy stel eerder 'n roete voor wat tussen Hopefield en Moorreesburg deurloop om albei te bevoordeel.<br> Verder probeer hy die geologiese besware teen die Weskusroete afbreek: die bewering dat die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal deur 'n "zandvlakte" moet loop, is volgens hom oordryf, aangesien die bodem eintlik uit gelykliggende gruis en klei bestaan. Hy beweer die spoorlyn na Hopefield toe is selfs beter as die binnelandse roete vanaf Malmesbury, wat gekenmerk word deur hoë heuwels en steil hellings waar die spoorlyn vreeslik sou moes kronkel. Dan kom die oproep tot aksie: "Waakt op, medebroeders, houdt vergaderingen, ontmoet den hoofd-ingenieur en den commissaris van publieke werken, met deputaties, om onze belangen bloot te leggen."<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Piketberg. 28 December, p. 2:Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer, – Ik zie in uw inleidings-artikel van Zaterdag, 9 December, dat een deputatie zich te Malmesbury heeft gevormd, met onze drie vertegenwoordigers in het parlement, en sir James Sivewright heeft ontmoet om de spoorweg-opmeting van Kalabaskraal naar Piketberg tegen te werken.<br>Was sir James niet zelf hier rond, en heeft hij niet zelf de noodzakelijkheid gezien dat ook wij, de ingezetenen van Hopefield, Vredenburg, de Baai, en Darling nader aan den spoorweg worden gebracht, daar wij een groote hoeveelheid graan, hout, kalk en andere produkten produceeren, die over zware wegen moeten aangebracht worden naar Malmesbury? Dit geschiedt nu meestal met ossen. Wanneer de runderpest deze dieren wegneemt, zal de produktie moeten verminderen. Ter wille van den koopmansstand van Malmesbury moeten wij uitgesloten worden. Waarom moet de trein direkt naar Moorreesburg? Is zij zulk een groote handelsstad? Wanneer de lijn tusschen Hopefield en Moorreesburg doorgaat, zullen beide plaatsen bevoorrecht worden. Zij geven voor dat de lijn van Kalabaskraal door een zandvlakte moet gaan. Het is niet erg zanderig. Langs den geheelen weg is gruis en klei te vinden, en een gelijke vlakte. Integendeel van Malmesbury niets dan hooge heuvelen en steile hellingen, waar de lijn kronkelende zal moeten gaan.<br>Kiezers van bovengenoemde distrikten, let op uwe leden, dat wij hen verder geen steun geven, daar zij voor ons niet willen werken: maar eigenbelang bij hen het zwaarst weegt, doordat zij alleen belang bij den koopmansstand te Malmesbury hebben.<br>Waakt op, medebroeders, houdt vergaderingen, ontmoet den hoofd-ingenieur en den commissaris van publieke werken, met deputaties, om onze belangen bloot te leggen.<br>Door bovenstaande in uw geëerd blad op te nemen, zult gij verplichten,<br>de uwe,<br>Groenekloover</ref> '''6 Januarie 1898:''' "Land en Volk" se brief word 'n dag voor die beplande spoorwegvergadering op Hopefield gepubliseer. Daarin waarsku die skrywer dat die inwoners van Hopefield die komende Vrydag alles in hul vermoë sal probeer doen om die voorgestelde Piquetberglyn te verkry. Hy vind dit egter ironies dat die Weskusbewoners van Saldanhabaai, Vredenburg, St. Helenabaai en die Sandveld ingespan word om te help "saamskreeu", aangesien hulle in elk geval toegang tot goeie hawens het om hul oeste binne 'n week of twee per skip te verskeep. Volgens hom is dit nie die boere self wat die grootste voorstanders van die spoorlyn Hopefield se kant toe is nie, maar die winkeliers van Hopefield, wat hulle ewe min steur aan die belange van die hinterland. "Land en Volk" maan die lesers tot kalmte en verdedig vir Oom Koos Lochner (LWR). Hy verduidelik dat Lochner die Moorreesburg-deputasie bloot uit hoflikheid vergesel het en nie uit eiebelang handel nie, maar in landsbelang. Hy vra waarom die mense van Vanrhynsdorp, Clanwilliam en Piquetberg vir twee myl se vervoer in plaas van een moet betaal, waarom hul goedere twee dae in plaas van een moet reis, en waarom die land twee pond in plaas van een moet betaal bloot om Hopefield te akkommodeer. As die hooflyn egter in 'n reguit lyn vanaf Malmesbury (die distrik se hoofstad en digsbevolkte deel) loop, kan Darling en Hopefield mettertyd taklyne bykry. So nie, sal almal permanent moet swaardra aan dieselfde duur vragpryse en ongerief as wat tans op die Kraaifontein-lyn verduur word. Laastens waarsku hy die kiesers teen die faksie van "Oubaas" {{Voetnota|Waarskynlik Jan A. Basson}} en maan hulle om vir hul eie mense (Afrikaners soos Lochner) te stem, eerder as om die belange van "jingo's" en Rhodes-manne soos James Douglas Logan te bevorder.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De Piketberg-spoorweg. 6 Januari, p. 3: Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,–Terecht zegt ge dat de Afrikaander-partij het kan winnen, indien zij kleine geschilpunten wil laten varen en eendrachtig wil meewerken. Vrijdag wordt er eene vergadering gehouden te Hopefield, waar men alles zal probeeren om de voorgestelde Piketberg-lijn te verkrijgen zooals die thans wordt opgemeten. De menschen van Saldanabaai, Vredenburg, St. Helenabaai en Zandveld, die geen grooter gebruik van den spoorweg zullen maken, al komt die waar hij thans opgemeten wordt in stede van waar hij behoort te zijn, daar zij in het gezicht van goede havens wonen, vanwaar zij hunne oogsten in een of twee weken kunnen afschepen, zullen moeten helpen schreeuwen. Sir James zal geprezen worden: diens voornemen om de publieke gebouwen aan het einde van het dorp te plaatsen, zal vergeten worden. De vertegenwoordigers zullen gevraagd worden te bedanken. Den heer Lochner zal alle steun ontzegd worden. Dat de winkeliers van Hopefield hun best doen den spoorweg aan hun deur te krijgen, is toe te geven; zij zijn gewoonlijk de lieden die zich niet veel over het land bekommeren.<br>Doch de burgers, de boeren, behooren toch voorzichtig te zijn en niet met "Op den keeper beschouwd" te spreken, van den heer Lochner uit het parlement te willen houden. Want vooraf, de heer Lochner heeft nog maar de Moorreesburg-deputatie vergezeld, iets dat hij welvoegelijkheidshalve niet kon weigeren. Maar gesteld dat hij er voor zou zijn dat de spoorweg direkt gaat van den terminus, de hoofdstad van ons distrikt, door het dichtst bevolkte gedeelte van het land, in plaats van van Kalabaskraal met omwegen door een streek waar de bevolking dun is en men vanwege het zand den spoorweg niet zal kunnen bereiken, dan nog werkt hij niet in eigen belang zooals "Op den keeper beschouwd" zegt, maar in 's lands belang. Is het niet in belang van Van Rhijnsdorp, Clan William en Piketberg als de lijn rechtuit loopt, en zij dus voor één in plaats van voor twee mijlen moeten betalen, dat goederen één in plaats van twee dagen moeten reizen. Is het niet in 's lands belang dat één in plaats van twee pond uitgegeven wordt. Maar wat nog meer zegt, is eens een lijn naar het noord westen zoo direkt mogelijk van de hoofdstad van ons distrikt, door het dichtst bevolkte gedeelte des lands dan kunnen Darling en Hopefield nog altijd taklijntjes krijgen: doch is er eens een lijn van Kalabaskraal door het zand met zulke omwegen dan zal men altijd de groote vrachtprijzen moeten betalen, het ongemak moeten uitstaan en dezelfde klachten moeten hooren die nu van de Kraaifontein-lijn opgaan.<br>Maar zooals ik zeide het is natuurlijk dat de Hopefielders hun best doen om den trein zoo na aan hun deur te krijgen als mogelijk is. Zij moeten echter voorzichtig zijn dat zij 's lands vijanden niet in de hand werken. Te Darling bestaat er een partij ten gunste van den heer Logan. Den Rhodes-man, en pas op voor "Oubaas" hij wil u den heer Lochner laten tegenwerken en zegt "liever een advokaat of iemand anders dan onze vertegenwoordigers". Doch zoudt ge den heer Lochner, den Afrikaander, willen verruilen voor den heer Logan, de jingo? Gij zegt neen. Wel bedenk kalm wat in belang van het land is en niet wat voor u het voordeeligst is. Laat staan een klein geschil dat u niet tot nadeel is en in belang van het land is en bevorder de kandidatuur van een Afrikaander in plaats van hem tegen te werken en de kansen van een jingo en Rhodes-man te bevorderen, dan komt gij het best uwen plicht na jegens<br>Land en Volk.</ref> '''8 Januarie 1898:''' 'n Brief van "Een Boer" word gepubliseer waarin hy "komplimente" uitdeel ter verdediging van Oom Koos Lochner (LWR). Aan "Op den keper beschouwd" vra die skrywer deur watter bril hy kyk as hy beweer Lochner word aan die neus rondgelei — dit is volgens hom beslis 'n "sir James-bril". Hy bestempel "Op den keper" as 'n "vreemdeling in Jerusalem" omdat hy ooglopend nie besef Moorreesburg produseer meer as Darling, Hopefield en die Sandveld tesame nie. "Een Boer" vra retories watter sonde Lochner gepleeg het dat hy uit die parlement gehou moet word. Is dit omdat hy in die distrik se "graankas" woon en die trein eerder deur die vrugbare koringvelde van Moorreesburg wil sien loop as deur die "steenbok-rietvelde" van Hopefield? Of is dit omdat Lochner vir sir James Sivewright vasgevat het oor sy geheime, ongewilde planne om die plaaslike magistraatskantoor te verskuif? Die skrywer spot dat "Op den keper" nou naïewelik verwag dat Piquetberg, Clanwilliam en Vanrhynsdorp almal in gelid sy politieke bevele sal uitvoer, en vra sardonies of "Op den keper" dalk self vir die parlementssetel mik, of dalk vir James Logan gaan stem. "Groenkloover" spog met sy verskeidenheid produkte, soos rog, asof dit die edelste graansoort is. Weliswaar vind mens daar 'n bietjie koring, maar inderdaad ook knopbos en jakkalsbos, wat so vir drie sjielings en 'n sikspens per sak verkoop. Daarteenoor verkoop die veragtelike Moorreesburg duisende sakke koring, hawer en gars. Boonop herinner die skrywer vir "Groenekloover" aan Darling se enigste noemenswaardige bate, "hoofdman [Jan A.] Basson"{{voetnota|Die gebruik van die term 'hoofdman' deur 'Een Boer' is 'n doelbewuste retoriese vernedering. In die 19de-eeuse Kaapkolonie was 'hoofdman' (headman) die amptelike koloniale term vir tradisionele leiers wat aan stelsels soos huttebelasting onderworpe was. Deur Groenekloof so te marginaliseer en gering te skat, probeer hy die aanspraak op spoorweginfrastruktuur en parlementêre verteenwoordiging ondermyn.}} se soutpan. "Zandvelder" se eie grond is net vir bokke en beeste geskik; dié probeer Moorreesburg se vermoëns verkleineer deur bloot van "twaalf plase" te praat. Asof "Zandvelder" nie reeds terdeë van oor die honderd plase rondom Moorreesburg bewus is wat tussen 500 tot 2 000 sakke koring en 1 000 tot 3 000 sakke hawer en 'n groot hoeveelheid rog en gars oplewer nie. "Een Boer" sluit af met 'n waarskuwing gerig aan die skrywers om reguit met Lochner te praat wanneer hy hul vergadering besoek, in plaas daarvan om agter skuilname weg te kruip, en vra die deurslaggewende vraag: wie lei sir James Sivewright werklik aan die neus rond?<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Die Piketberg-spoorweg. 8 Januarie, Bijvoegsel: Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer, – Vergun mij deze verdediging van oom Koos in uw geëerd blad. Elke week zie ik een hatelijk stuk in uwe uitgave tegen oom Koos, en wel uit Hopefield, Darling of Zandveld. Uit Hopefield is er een die het "op den keper beschouwt". Hij herinnert oom Koos aan den triomftocht van de heeren Louw en Ryan, en zegt dat zij oom Koos bij den neus gehad hebben. Door welken bril heeft hij dat gezien? Zeker door een "sir James" bril.<br>Dan weer in een tweeden brief veracht hij Moorreesburg als niets beteekenende. Arme keperbeschouwer, zou hij zulk een vreemdeling in Jeruzalem wezen dat hij dat hij niet weet dat Moorreesburg meer produceert dan Darling, Hopefield en Zandveld te samen. Nu moet oom Koos, omdat hij in de nabijheid van Moorreesburg woont en de trein door de vruchtbare korenvelden van Moorreesburg eerder kan gebouwd worden dan door de steenbok-riet-velden van Hopefield, uit het parlement, of is het omdat oom Koos ter elfder ure kennis heeft gekregen van de geheime plannen van dienzelfden sir James die op den keper nu zoo hoog roemt, om het magistraatskantoor te verplaatsen, tegen den zin van de ingezetenen en omdat oom Koos sir James zoo na op de hielen zat, dat hij niet tegen den zin van de ingezetenen kon gaan? Met behulp van Piketberg, Clanwilliam en Vanrhijnsdorp moet oom Koos nu uit het parlement gehouden worden alsof die dorpen zoo dadelijk gewillig zullen wezen om "op den keper" te gehoorzamen. Voor wie gaat "op den keper" stemmen? Voor Logan, of streeft hij zelf naar een zetel in het parlement?<br>Dan komt "Groen kloover" met zijn produkten voor den dag, zooals rog, alsof rog de edelste graansoort is. Een beetje koren vindt men en Knobbosch en Jakkalsbosch en zij verkoopen dat voor drie shillings en een sixpence per zak, terwijl andere plekken het voor twee shilling verkoopen. Het verachte Moorreesburg levert duizenden zakken koren, haver en gerst. Oom Koos moet nu uit het parlement, want hij woont nabij Moorreesburg. Wat kan oom Koos het helpen, dat hij in die graankas woont? Maar "Groenkloover" vergeet het harde pad van Kalabaskraal naar Klipfontein.<br>"Zandvelder" met grond voor bokken en beesten alleen geschikt, spreekt van twaalf plaatsen in Moorreesburg alsof hij niet weet dat er over de honderd plaatsen zijn die van 500 tot 2000 zakken koren en 1000 tot 3000 zakken haver en een groote hoeveelheid rog en gerst opleveren. Alweer moet oom Koos uit het parlement, want hij woont te Moorreesburg. "Groen kloover" heeft nog vergeten hoofdman Basson zijn zoutpan.<br>Hopefielders, "Groenkloover" en "Zandvelder", wacht tot oom Koos bij jullie vergadering komt houden. Spreekt dan man tegen man, maar niet met weggestoken namen, want dit toont uwe zwakheid. En spreekt tot geen voordeel van uwe zaak, maar veroordeelt het. Ik wil nu op mijne beurt vragen: wie heeft sir James aan den neus? Darling, Hopefield en Zandveld, pas op.<br>Ik noem mij,<br>Een Boer.</ref> '''8 Januarie 1898:''' In dieselfde uitgawe van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' reageer "Moorreesburger" heftig op "Op den keper beschouwd" se vroeëre aanvalle. Hy herinner die lesers wie eerste die regering om 'n spoorweg genader het: "Het was Moorreesburg en geen een ander, en daarom Moorreesburg verdient een spoorweg." Die skrywer bestempel sy opponent as gans onkundig en "bekrompe van geest". Al stem hy saam dat sir James Sivewright 'n intelligente man is, waarsku hy dat die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke feilbaar is en dat sy besluite slegs so goed is as die inligting wat hy ontvang. Wanneer mense soos "Op den keeper", wat met oogklappe deur die lewe gaan, vir Sivewright mislei met "schoone woordjes" en vleiery, loop die land die gevaar dat 'n spoorlyn gebou word wat op "gunste en gawes" gebaseer is, in plaas van een wat die meerderheid van die bevolking bevoordeel. Hy voeg by dat die Moorreesburgers geensins "beneveld" of kortsigtig is nie; hulle weet presies wat hul parlementsverteenwoordigers beoog en steun 'n roete wat ekonomies lonend sal wees. Die voorgestelde spoorlyn wat op daardie stadium deur die sandvlakte opgemeet word, kan volgens hom nooit winsgewend wees nie, aangesien dit die streek se vrugbaarste landbougrond uitsluit. Die brief sluit af met 'n uitdaging aan "Op den keeper", om sy wa en perde in te span en self na Moorreesburg se plase te kom kyk. Die reusagtige koring- en strooimiedens wat daar staan, sal die kusstreek se sandhope vinnig laat klein lyk.{{voetnota|Die koring- en strooimiedens in die Swartland was letterlik so groot soos huise gestapel. Al sedert 1719 in Peter Kolbe se dae: "Wenn sie es nach Hause gebracht haben, so legen oder schlichten sie es in grosse Hauffen aufeinander, die sie Myden [mijten] nennen: und lassen es also in solchen Hauffen nachdem sie es mit Stroh obenauf wohl verwahret haben, unter freyen Himmel liegen. Es werden aber diese Korn-Hauffen über 20. biß 30. Schuhe hoch, und nach Proportion breit; deswegen aber oben mit Stroh bedecket, damit das Wasser, wenn es etwa ungefähr regnen sollte, ehe sie ausgetroschen hätten, nicht hinein lauffen und innenwendig die Körner anstecken möge, daß sie auswachsen, oder gänzlich zu schanden werden."}}<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Voor de rechtuit-lijn. 8 Januarie, Bijvoegsel: Mijnheer, – Ik zie in uwe uitgave van 30 December een brief geteekend "Op den keeper beschouwd" omtrent de Malmesbury-spoorweg-verlenging. "Op den keeper beschouwd" valt de Moorreesburgers en oom Koos aan, omdat oom Koos saam was met de deputatie naar sir James. Maar de schrijver moet geheel en al onbekend wezen met de zaken van Moorreesburg, of verkeerd ingelicht zijn. Hij is zeer bekrompen van geest, en doet de vraag: sedert wanneer is Moorreesburg zoo belangrijk geworden? Is het niet [be]ter [v]oor oom Koos het publieke platform [te] [b]eklimmen? Ik vraag "Op den keeper be[s]chouwd" ook eens: Wie was de eerste die de [re]geering [o]m [ee]n spoorweg gevraagd heeft? [Het] [was] Moorreesburg en geen een ander, en [daaro]m Moorreesburg verdient een spoorweg. [Ik] [za]l opgaven noemen en zal uitvoeren hoeveel [hoe]veel [gra]an hier gewonnen worden.<br>Verder zegt hij dat het goed is dat sir James een goed hoofd heeft, anders was hij reeds gek geworden. Ik stem gaarne met den schrijver in dat sir James een goed hoofd heeft, maar het is niet altijd het geval dat iemand met een goed hoofd ook eens recht doet, want een mensch is feilbaar. En dan wordt iemand als sir James verkeerd ingelicht, want zoo iemand als "Op den keeper beschouwd" die niets weet van zaken, aan sir James verkeerde voorstellingen geeft, en schoone woordjes vertelt en uitnoodigt, enz., dan wordt er een lijn gebouwd, niet naar den wensch van de meerderheid der bevolking en geen lijn die betalen zal, maar een naar gunst en gaven.<br>Vanwaar komt het eigenbelang daar u van spreekt? "Op den keeper beschouwd" ziet den splinter in zijn broeders oog, maar vergeet den balk in zijn eigen oog. Zooals de lijn nu opgemeten wordt zal ze niet betalen, want ze zal door de zandvlakte loopen, terwijl de goede [gronden] [b]uiten[sl]uiting blijven. De Moorreesburgers [zijn] [niet] [b]eneveld om het in te zien dat onze [ver]tegenwoordigers met een verlenging willen [werke]n. Maar wij met onze vertegenwoordigers [willen] [ee]n lijn hebben die betalen zal, anders [staan] [w]ij [m]at. Maar "Op den keeper beschouwd" moet eerst een kar inspannen, of als hij geen kar en paarden heeft, zijn buurman erom vragen, en een reisje door Moorreesburg maken. Kijk [en] [oor]deel dan voor u zelf. De grootte dier [ko]ren- en der stroohoopen die wij hier hebben [getui]gen of u daar in het zand ook zulke [din]gen kunt hebben.<br>De uwe,<br>Moorreesburger.</ref> '''10 Januarie 1898:''' "Op de keper beschouwd" antwoord "Land en Volk", "Boer" en "Moorreesburger" almal in een enkele brief vanuit Hopefield. Hy verskaf egter geen nuwe feite om sy eie saak te versterk nie; sy verdediging steun hoofsaaklik op ''tu quoque''-teenaanvalle. Hy deel eers 'n paar klappe uit deur homself as jonk, voortvarend en wêreldwys aan die leser te bied, teenoor die binnelandse "ou oompies" wat die bal volgens hom heeltemal misslaan en deur hul kleingeestigheid glad nie die groot geheelbeeld kan insien nie. Dat hy die spoorwegsake van die begin af reg opgesom het, spreek duidelik uit die grootste politieke vergadering in die distrik wat tot nog toe op 7 Januarie op Hopefield plaasgevind het. Hy het die moeilikheid sien kom, en daar is dit nou. Net soos hy voorspel het.<br> Hy ontken dat sy (en andere) se vroeëre briewe "haatlik" teenoor oom Koos Lochner was; die briewe gaan Lochner bloot "te lijf" omdat hy nie konsekwent optree nie. "Op de keper" vra waarom "Boer" vir Lochner in die bresse moet tree. "Waarom antwoordt hij niet zelf?" Die skrywer merk op "Boer" was duidelik nie self teenwoordig toe die Kommissaris, sir James Sivewright, deur die distrik gereis het nie. "Op de keper" was egter self daar en het gesien hoe Lochner en Ryan destyds by Hamburgshoogte en op Hopefield instem met die presiese roete wat tans opgemeet word. Vir die skrywer is hierdie skielike ommeswaai van die parlementslede verdag. Hy onthou nog hoe hierdie selfde menere verlede jaar nog die deputasie uit Piquetberg, Clanwilliam en Hopefield na sir James Sivewright vergesel het. Die skrywer waarsku dat "Oom Tommy" [Thomas Louw] sekerlik nou kliphard in sy mou sit en lag—"dat men zijn kleintongetje kan zien"—terwyl hy kyk hoe die boere blindelings oor hul eie voete val. Hy voer aan die hele spoorwegskema sal noodwendig verongeluk as die Moorreesburgers so selfsugtig bly en weier om met dieselfde as die Sandvelders tevrede te wees. Hy pleit vir samewerking om die hande van die regering te sterk vir 'n ontwikkelingslyn wat ’n goue middeweg deur die distrik neem, en vra ten slotte waarom "Boer" self onder 'n skuilnaam skryf as hy oor sy anonimiteit kla.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De Malmesbury-Piketberg-spoorweg. 13 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2: Hopefield, 10 Jan. 1898.<br>Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,–Vergun mij zoo kort mogelijk "Land en Volk," "Boer" en "Moorreesburger" eventjes te straffen. Die ou oompies slaan den bal geheel mis. "Op de keper beschouwd" leest met zijn eigen bril, en zoo hem een langen leeftijd vergund wordt, hoort gij meer van hem, en de tijd zal leeren dat recht en gerechtigheid bij hem oneindig meer beteekenen dan eigenbelang. En dat "Op de keper beschouwd" zaken van den beginne af aan recht heeft opgevat, getuigt de grootste politieke vergadering van het distrikt te Hopefield gehouden op 7 Januari 1898.<br>"Boer" spreekt van hatelijke brieven, waar komt de hatelijkheid in? Wij gaan den edelen heer Lochner te lijf, omdat hij zich inkonsequent gedraagt. Maar waarom voor den edelen heer zoo in de bres gesprongen? Waarom antwoordt hij niet zelf? "Boer" was zeker niet tegenwoordig bij de ontmoeting van sir James op Hamburgs hoogte en te Hopefield ten tijde van zijn reis door het distrikt, "Op de keper beschouwd" wel, zoo ook de edele heeren Lochner en Ryan, en het was pleizierig de heeren toen te hooren instemmen met de richting thans onder opmeting, en waren zij dan destijds vreemdelingen en onbekend met hun eigen distrikt? en waren zij niet diezelfde heeren die verleden jaar de deputatie van afgevaardigden uit Piketberg, Clanwilliam en Hopefield bij sir James vergezelden, en wat was toen hun gedrag, en hoe blijkt het nu? Wat zeide de heer Lochner toen, en wat de heer Ryan, en waarom zoo kort omgesprongen? Neen, oom "Boer", ik zie gij neemt de zaken verkeerd op, omdat gij met het rechte der zaak onbekend zijt, en het zal toch al te moeilijk voor sir James wezen om den spoorweg bij de deur van iederen boer te brengen. En oom Tommy lacht, dat men zijn kleintongetje kan zien, als hij ons over dat struikelblok heen en weer ziet tuimelen, dat het geheele schema noodwendig moet verongelukken, indien gij Moorreesburgers, niet met net zooveel als wij tevreden zijt.<br>Wij verlangen niet u geheel en al uitgeworpen te zien, maar waarom zoudt gij zoo zelfzuchtig wezen om de rechten van anderen niet te billijken? En was uwe pen niet huiverig toen gij nederschreef dat Moorreesburg meer produceert dan Darling, Hopefield en Zandveld samen? En dan nog uwe aanmerking over knobbosch, jakhalsbosch en de aanmerking van "Moorreesburger" over "kar en paarden te leenen." Zijn zulke aanmerkingen niet al te ver gezocht en kinderachtig? Gij laat u door uwen gedachtenloop vervoeren, en geraakt in verwarring, een bewijs van kleingeestigheid oompie<br>het is een naarheid,<br>maar de waarheid.<br>Laat ons liever samenspannen en de handen van de regeering sterken, door eene ontwikkelingslijn welke ons plechtiglijk beloofd is, en waarop wij rekenen, gebouwd te krijgen, daardoor zullen wij ons land en distrikt een dienst bewijzen, want het geheele noordwestelijke distrikt zal alsdan oneindig meer produceeren, want het feit kan niet weggeredeneerd worden, dat onze boeren in een goed seizoen meer kunnen produceeren dan wat zij met hun twee of drie span vee kunnen wegrijden. Maar als de trein eenmaal loopt zooals thans opgemeten wordt, dan komt spoorwegvervoer in bereik van bijna ieder deel van ons distrikt. En neemt de kaart, dan zal een ieder zich spoedig overtuigen dat de lijn die opgemeten wordt eenen goeden middenweg door het distrikt neemt.<br>Heer editeur, nog net dit, want ik maak te veel inbreuk op uwe ruimte. "Boer" zegt, ik schrijf naamloos, maar waarom wilt gij mijn naam weten? Overtuigt mij dat ik onwaarheid verkondig.<br>En wat doet hij, hij spaart de waarheid en teekent "Boer," hoe strookt dit? Men zal met mij instemmen, dat tenzij beter argumenten uit Moorreesburg worden vernomen, het de moeite niet betaalt er verder notitie van te nemen. U nogmaals dankende, blijf ik<br>Op de keper beschouwd.</ref> '''15 Januarie 1898:''' Omdat ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' na afloop van die Hopefieldvergadering (gehou 7 Januarie) op 11 Januarie gevra het vir syfers en opgawes bo retoriek, <ref name="ZA18981101" /> skryf Jan A. Basson die brief op Droogevlei, Groenekloof.{{voetnota|Die ouer naam is Drooge Valley op die topografiese kaart; vandag heet die plaas Droëvlei - met verwysing na Suid-Afrika. Hoofdirektoraat: Nasionale Geo-ruimtelike Inligting. 2010. 3318AD Darling. Vyfde uitgawe. Skaal 1:50 000. Kaapstad: Staatsdrukker}} Die brief word 22 Januarie geplaas. Basson glo nie die skrywer "Groenkloover" kan 'n Groeneklower wees nie, want 'n Groeneklower in murg en been sal uit respek nooit 'n naamlose brief aan 'n koerant skryf nie. Basson neem homself as voorbeeld: hy het by Hopefield nie sy gevoelens onder stoele en banke weggesteek nie; hy het ronduit oop en eerlik gepraat, en is ook bereid om die klein foutjies van Lochner te vergewe en te vergeet. Hy en sy seun sal steeds vir Lochner in die komende verkiesing stem. Basson het sy redes. Groenekloof het nog nooit Moorreesburg enige leed aangedoen nie, maar "Boer" ag homself die reg toe om Groenekloof te verag, bespot en te beledig, terwyl hy lofliedere sing oor die groot miedens en strooihope wat die Groeneklowers nie het nie. Om nou rog, jakkalsbos en knopbos op te haal is onnodig - wat oorbodig is, is onbenullig. Boer herinner Groenekloover selfs aan "hoofdman Bason en zijn zoutpan" - met daardie eretitel is Basson glad nie gediend nie, aangesien hulle almal in Engels en Hollands kan lees, skryf en redeneer, en hom as hoofman daarom nie nodig het om namens almal te dink nie. Basson erken dit is waar, Groenekloof het nou nie die koringopbrengs wat Moorreesburg noodwendig het nie. Groenekloof het egter nie heeltemal niks nie, te midde van die roes wat die streek geteister het. M. Duckitt, van Alexandersfontein, se opbrengs was 900 mud koring (±81,6 metrieke ton); W. Basson, van Bonteberg, 700 mud koring (±63,5 metrieke ton); J. A. Basson, Droogevlei 650 mud koring (±59 metrieke ton), sonder om ander graansoorte in te sluit. Dit is maar drie plase, al kan hy 'n dosyn ander opnoem. Anders as "Boer", roem Groenekloof nie slegs op graan nie. Die Groeneklowers se mark is baie meer gediversifiseerd as dit. Groenekloof lewer jaarliks 350 leggers (201 950 ℓ) wyn, sonder om nog die brandewyn in te reken. Groenekloof verkoop jaarliks duisende skape en honderde beeste en bokke. Groenekloof lewer jaarliks op die produktemark in Oktober honderde bale langwol, sonder brandsiekte, tot eer en voorbeeld vir Malmesbury, en maak as't ware die mark oop tot Moorreesburg se voordeel, naamlik vir kortwol.{{voetnota|Dié sin is tweeledig. Hy argumenteer dat Groenekloof se hoë-gehalte langwol (wat baie gesog was, omdat die 19de-eeuse masjinerie slegs hierdie tipe vir fyn klere kon gebruik) die groot wolkopers na die Malmesburymark lok. Omdat Groenekloof se topproduk die mark "oopmaak" en die pryse stimuleer, kry die Moorreesburgse boere byna as 'n guns 'n beter prys vir húl minderwaardige produk as wat hulle normaalweg sou kry.}} Die wolkopers van Malmesbury is sy getuies. Groenekloof lewer jaarliks 'n groot hoeveelheid botter op. Enkele bottermakers sluit in:{{voetnota|Net mooi in 1899, 'n jaar later, het twee Swede, Nils Georg Möller en G. Threnström hulle in Darling gevestig, om 'n romery van hul eie te begin in 1901. In 1906 het die onderneming so groot geword dat dit oorgeneem moes word deur boere wat 'n koöperasie gestig het. Mnr. Martin Versfeld van Slangkop was die eerste voorsitter van die direksie en hy het dit gebly tot in 1926. - ''vide'' Eeufeesgedenkboek van die Ned. Geref. Kerk Darling, 1953, p. 89}} * M. Versfeld, Slangkop, maak gemiddeld 200 lbs. (90,72 kg) per week. * W. Versfeld, Slangkop, maak gemiddeld 200 lbs. (90,72 kg) per week. * W. Basson, Bonteberg, maak gemiddeld 200 lbs. (90,72 kg) per week. * M. Duckitt, Alexandersfontein, maak gemiddeld 150 lbs. (68,04 kg) per week. :en nog vele andere. Groenekloof lewer duisende sakke van die allerbeste kalk op. Duisende sakke bas vir looierye. Groenekloof het 7 soutpanne, waarvan een te Droogevlei, wat alleen, volgens noukeurige berekening, 120 000 mud (±12 360 metrieke ton teen 103,00 kg per mud sout) sout per jaar kan lewer. Basson benut dan [[naamsmousery]]: omdat lord Charles Somerset, sir James Sivewright, generaal Goodenough, en menere Middelton, James Sauer, Ross en menig andere gesê het Darling en Groenekloof het potensiaal, daarom moet dit reg wees. Dat jakkals nou sy eie stert moet prys is vir Basson pynlik, maar dit dien as 'n "noodzakelijke verdediging [...] voor ons in een tijd van spoorweg-spanning".<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De Malmesbury-Piketberg spoorweg. 22 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2:Droogevlei, Groenkloof,<br>15 Januari 1898.<br>Aan den Redakteur.<br>Mijnheer,—Ik zie in Ons Land van 7 Januari een schrijven uit Moorreesburg, onderteekend "Boer", waarin hij den ed. heer Lochner verdedigt tegen de aanvallen uit Hopefield, Zandveld en Darling.<br>Nu wat Darling aangaat kan ik volmondig verklaren, dat er daar nooit een brief tegen den heer Lochner is geschreven; de brief, onderteekend Groenkloover is niet te Darling geschreven daar ben ik [zeker] van. Want wij Groenkloovers zijn [niet] gewoon anderen in nieuwsbladen naam[loos] aan te vallen, daartoe hebben wij te veel respekt voor anderen en voor ons zelven, en zoo wij schrijven dan onderteekenen wij onze namen, zoo als ik ga doen.<br>Nu wat ik tegen den heer Lochner te zeggen heb, dit heb ik publiek te Hopefield gezegd, niet onder een dekmantel, en verder ben ik heel moedig hem in der minne alles te zeggen en te vergeven. En wat meer is ga ik met mijn zoon nog voor hem stemmen; daartoe heb ik mijn reden.<br>Maar laten wij nu een kijkje doen in de resumé van "Boer" uit Moorreesburg, hoe of hij tegen ons onschuldig te velde trekt, daar wij hem "en geheel Moorreesburg" nooit eenig leed gedaan hebben. "Boer" barst los, veracht Groenkloof, bespot ons, beleedigt ons, waartoe hij in de verste verte geen recht heeft. Laten wij zien wat hij zegt. Groenkloof heeft een beetje rog en jakhalsbosch en knopbosch, en of rog dan zoo 'n edel graansoort is. Zie zijn onnoodig argument. Dan zegt hij de trein loopt door een nuttelooze vlakte, die niets opbrengt en zal niet betalen. Dan weer zegt hij Groenekloover heeft hoofdman Bason en zijn zoutpan ook nog vergeten. (Spottend, niet waar?) Verder wijst hij op de groote mijten en stroohoopen in Moorreesburg die wij niet hebben.<br>Nu wij erkennen dat het waar is, dat er te Moorreesburg groote oogsten gewonnen worden. Nu, "Boer" laat mij toe op mijn beurt toch ook iets van de door u verachte Groenkloof tot opheldering en verdediging te zeggen.<br>Hier wordt niet een weinig rog, jakhalsbosch en knopbosch gekweekt, maar een groote hoeveelheid koorn en andere graansoorten. Ik noem u eenige, ofschoon zwaar door roest geteisterd, nog hebben wij wat gewonnen. M. Duckitt, Alexandersfontein, heeft gewonnen 900 mud koorn, W. Basson, Bonteberg, 700 mud koorn, J. A. Basson, Droogevlei 650 mud koorn, buiten andere granen.<br>En zoo kan ik u nog een dozijn plaatsen opnoemen. Oordeel voor u zelf.<br>Verder "Boer", beroemt zich uitsluitend op graan te Moorreesburg. Laat ons zien of de Groenekloof iets meer voor den dag kan brengen. Wat ik zeg kan ik met cijfers bewijzen.<br>Groenekloof levert jaarlijks 350 leggers wijn op behalve den brandewijn.<br>Groenekloof verkoopt jaarlijks duizenden schapen en honderden beesten en bokken.<br>Groenekloof levert jaarlijks op de produktenmarkt in October honderden balen lang wol, zonder brandziekte, tot eer en voorbeeld voor Malmesbury, en regelt als het ware de Malmesburysche markt tot uw voordeel, voor uwe korte wol. Ik beroep mij op de Malmesburysche wolkoopers.<br>Groenekloof levert jaarlijks een groote hoeveelheid boter op. Ik noem u eenige botermakers: M. Versfeld, Slangkop, maakt gemiddeld per week 200 lbs.<br>W. Versfeld " " " 200 "<br>W. Basson, Bonteberg, " " " 200 "<br>M. Duckitt, Alexandersfont. " " " 150 "<br>en nog meer anderen.<br>Groenekloof levert duizenden zakken allerbeste kalk op. Duizenden zakken bast voor looierijen.<br>Groenekloof heeft 7 zoutpannen, waarvan een te Droogevlei, die alleen, volgens nauwkeurige berekening 120,000 mudden per jaar kan opbrengen.<br>Nu verder in die verachtelijke Groenekloof kunt gij mooi oprecht vee, zooals paarden, beesten, schapen enz. te zien krijgen. Mooi kampen en omheinde plaatsen.<br>Kom "Boer" van Moorreesburg en overtuig uzelven en wordt genezen van uw razernij.<br>Nu veroorlooft mij een vergelijking te maken tusschen u en andere voorname personen.<br>"Boer" van Moorreesburg veracht Groenekloof, ten minste hij laat het zoo verstaan.<br>En lord Charles Somerset een van onze vroegere gouverneurs, heeft voor omtrent 45 jaren voorspeld dat Groenekloof een van de voornaamste deelen van Malmesbury zou uitmaken volgens haar eigenaardige grondsoorten. Nog anderen, zooals generaal Goodenough, ed. heer Middelton, ed. heer James Saur, sir James Sivewright, ed. heer Ross en een menigte andere personen, om niet eens van intelligente boeren te spreken van andere gewesten. Het publiek oordeele dus voor zichzelven.<br>Het is pijnlijk voor mij om ons eigen lof te verkondigen, maar een ieder weldenkend mensch zal wel verstaan dat het een noodzakelijke verdediging is voor ons in een tijd van spoorweg-spanning.<br>Ten slotte schaam ik mij om bestempeld te worden met den naam van hoofdman, want onze menschen kunnen allen goed lezen en redeneeren in 't Hollandsch en Engelsch en ook verstaan wat zij lezen, dus zij hebben geen hoofdman noodig.<br>Dus, vriend van Moorreesburg, breng toch in 't vervolg aan het oude goede spreekwoord: "Als een hond slaapt laat hem met rust" in toepassing op onze zaak.Nu met beste, vriendelijke groete,<br>Geheel de uwe,<br>JAN A. BASSON Ez., L.W.V.<br>P.S. Verder zinspeelt "Boer" op ons aanstaand hardepad van Kalabas. Maar laat mij u zeggen dat de zoutpannen van 36 tot 38 mijlen van Kalabaskraal zijn en bereken het gewicht van zout en de lage prijzen van dit artikel om te competeeren met anderen en gij zult zien hoe noodig een spoorweg is.<br>J. A. B.</ref> '''17 Januarie 1898:''' Op die plaas Drieheuvel{{voetnota|Daar is inderdaad 'n plaas "Drieheuvel" [in die enkelvoud!] op 'n ou topografiese kaart langs die Bergrivier, oos van Moorreesburg. Vandag word die naam "Drie Heuwels" op moderne topografiese kaarte aangegee - met verwysing na Suid-Afrika. Hoofdirektoraat: Nasionale Geo-ruimtelike Inligting. 2010. 3318BB Porterville. Vyfde uitgawe. Skaal 1:50 000. Kaapstad: Staatsdrukker.}} skryf Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner (LWR) op hierdie datum sy repliek. Dit word op die 22ste Januarie gepubliseer en aan "Op de keeper beschouwd" gerig. Lochner wys maar net op sy kennisgewing wat op 15 Januarie 1898 in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' verskyn het, waarvoor hy reeds byna 'n maand tevore op 28 Desember 1897 geteken het om in die koerant geplaas te word.{{voetnota|Die koerant wou waarskynlik nie te vroeg die kennisgewing plaas nie, omdat die datum van die vergaderings tot dan die lesers maklik kon ontgaan.}} Byna 'n week voordat die kennisgewing van die Hopefield-vergadering op 4 Januarie 1898 geplaas is. Hy en die ander Bondskandidate sal 27 Januarie op Darling wees, en 28 Januarie op Hopefield.<ref name="verkiesingsveldtog1898" /> Hy is bereid om vir die kiesers van Hopefield te ontmoet wat hom reeds "gecondemneer" het. Hy hoop dat "Op den keeper beschouwd" dan met sy ware naam vorendag sal kom, sodat vriend en vyand vir hulself kan oordeel.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heer Lochner zal spreken. 22 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2:Drieheuvel, 17 Januari 1898.<br>Aan den Redakteur.<br>Mijnheer.–Ik zie in uwe uitgave van 13 dezer, dat "Op de keper beschouwd" in zijn antwoord op den brief van "Boer" zeide waarom antwoordt de heer Lochner niet zelf. Ik verwijs "Keper beschouwer" naar uwe uitgave van 15 dezer, waarin hij zal zien eene advertentie eener vergadering die ik onderteekend heb en wel op 28 Dec., ten einde "Keper beschouwer" en de kiezers van Hopefield, die mij zoo gecondemneerd hebben, op het platform te ontmoeten. En ik hoop dat "Op de keper beschouwd" dan met zijn waren naam voor den dag zal komen opdat vriend en vijand voor zichzelven kunnen oordeelen.<br>De uwe,<br>J. A. v. A. Lochner.</ref> ===== Hopefield hou groot vergadering ===== [[Lêer:Sir James Sivewright - May 1902 - Cape Colony.jpg|duimnael|regs|Hopefield se troefkaart:<br>sir James Sivewright<br>Kommissaris van Openbare Werke<br>(17 Januarie 1896 – 13 Oktober 1898)]] '''4 Januarie 1898:''' 'n Kennisgewing word geplaas van 'n vergadering wat gehou sal word op 7 Januarie, in die hofsaal op Hopefield, stiptelik om 10 vm. Rede: "om de gevoelens te vernemen aangaande de Verrichtingen der deputaties die hunne opwachting bij den Commissaris van Kroonlanden hebben gemaakt om de lijn nu onder opmeting, aangaande den Piquetberg Spoorweg veranderd te krijgen." Die inwoners van Darling, Groenkloof, Vredenburg, Saldanhabaai, St. Helenabaai, die Sandveld, Piquetberg, en die veldkornetskap Zout Rivier is ook genooi. Moorreesburg is duidelik nie genooi nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Kennisgeving: Een Belangrijke Vergadering. 4 Januari, p. 1: Een Belangrijke Vergadering Zal gehouden worden te Hopefield en wel op VRIDAG, den 7den JANUARI 1898, precies om 10 uur v.m. in de Hofzaal alhier, om de gevoelens te vernemen aangaande de Verrichtingen der deputaties die hunne opwachting bij den Commissaris van Kroonlanden hebben gemaakt om de lijn nu onder opmeting, aangaande den Piquetberg Spoorweg veranderd te krijgen. De Ingezetenen van Darling, Groenkloof, Vredenburg, Saldanhabaai, St. Helenbaai, Zandveld, Piketberg, en Veldkornetschap Zout Rivier, worden uitgenoodigd om deze, zeer belangrijke vergadering bij te wonen en niet ten achteren te blijven.<br>Op last der Vergadering<br>gehouden 29/12/97.<br>A.J. Stigling, Sec. Spoorweg Comité.<br>Hopefield,<br>December 30, 1897.</ref> '''7 Januarie 1898:''' 'n Groot vergadering is op Hopefield gehou. Ongeveer 300 van die invloedrykste ingesetenes van Hopefield, Darling, en omstreke was teenwoordig.Uit Darling was daar tussen 20 en 30 besoekers, en baie van ander plekke. Die landdroskantoor kon glad nie almal akkommodeer nie. Die doel van die vergadering was om insette vanaf die publiek te kry hoe hulle oor die voorgestelde spoorwegverlenging voel.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> J.W. Stigling was voorsitter.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1" />Ds. Neethling, die ''pastor loci'', kon weens ongesteldheid nie die vergadering bywoon nie.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /><br> Stigling hoop die vergadering sal vrymoedig maar ordelik geskied. Graag wil hy ook net 'n regstelling maak. In ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' van 25 Desember 1897 staan daar sir James Sivewright het gesê dat alle plekke/plase afgevaardigdes hierheen moet stuur, en op grond van die gevoelens van die meerderheid afgevaardigdes sou hy optree. Dit is onjuis. Stigling het hier 'n brief van sir James Sivewright wat aan dr. Steyn gerig is, wat hy later aan die vergadering sal voorlees. Daarin sit sir James die saak duidelik uiteen.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> A.J. Stigling, die sekretaris, lees die kennisgewing voor, waarin almal van Hopefield en omstreke uitgenodig word om die vergadering by te woon. Die sekretaris sê hy sal ter opheldering voorlees uit ''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. Daarin staan geskryf wat die boere-parlementslede gesê het toe die eerste deputasie die regering gaan spreek het, om uit te wys:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> * dat Ryan eerder die spoorwegverlenging wou verongeluk as bevorder, en daarom nie so maklik onskuldig kan pleit nie<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> * dat Lochner van standpunt verander het<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> * dat Jan Basson werklik die verlenging wil bevorder.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daarna lees Stigling hardop die uittreksels uit die verslag van die deputasie, naamlik:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :Vir Pierce Ryan (LWV) is die afvaardiging 'n bewys dat 'n ommekeer, selfs 'n revolusie van sentiment onder die boere plaasgevind het. Jare tevore was die boere sterk gekant teen die spoorweë, omdat die spoorweë geld uit die land neem, en nou kom hulle sélf en pleit vir spoorwegverkeer. Dit is 'n verblydenende teken en hy beskou die spoorweg as die boer se grootste vriend. By gebrek aan bevaarbare riviere is spoorweë die enigste middel om hierdie land behoorlik te ontwikkel. Mens moet net egter in gedagte hou dat die spoorlyn 'n ontwikkelingslyn moet wees, wat die land en distrikte moet ontwikkel. Dit moenie 'n lyn wees soos die Malmesbury-lyn, wat 30 myl ver gaan voordat daar enigiets is om te vervoer nie. Dit moenie 'n punt-tot-punt-lyn wees nie, m.a.w. soos die spoorlyn na die goudveld, wat uitsluitlik gebou is met die doel om die goudvelde te bereik nie.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :Lochner (LWR) het hom ten gunste van die Malmesbury-verlenging uitgespreek, omdat die distrikte daardeur die beste ontwikkel sou word. Hoe dan ook, mense het besluit om die saak in die hande van die regering te laat. Hy dink wel 'n nuwe opmeting is nodig en glo dat die Kommissaris deur 'n besoek aan die distrik vinnig oortuig sal word watter rigting die spoorlyn moet inslaan.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :Jan Basson (oud-LWV) het gevra dat die lede van die deputasie in Hollands moet praat, wat geredelik deur die Kommissaris toegelaat is. Basson het gesê daar was op 15 Januarie 1897 'n openbare vergadering op Piquetberg gehou. Afgevaardigdes uit al die omliggende streke is soontoe genooi om die spoorwegkwessie te bespreek. Die algehele konsensus was dat die die spoorlyn nie by 'n dorp moet aandoen nie. Die doel was om 'n goue middeweg te soek om die distrikte te ontwikkel. Daarvoor sou die verlenging van die Malmesbury-lyn baie geskik wees. Die lyn sou dan verleng kon word óf vanaf Kalabaskraal (wat wel 'n afsonderlike (dooie) lyn Malmesbury toe sou beteken van slegs 9 myl), óf vanaf Malmesbury na 'n punt 6 of 7 myl oos vanaf Hopefield en ongeveer 6 myl wes van Moorreesburg, en daarvandaan reguit deur na Piquetwegstasie. Die vergadering te Piquetberg het die volgende resolusie eenparig aangeneem: "Hierdie vergadering het besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleen aan die bou van 'n spoorweg waarby Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piquetberg, Clanwilliam, die Sandveld, Troe-Troe (Van Rhynsdorp), Calvinia en Namaqualand op die billikste wyse behandel sal word."<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> A.J. Stigling beskou sir James Sivewright as 'n eerlike man, 'n man van gesag wat aan sy beloftes gestand doen. Hy glo ook dit was onbillik van Malmesbury om die voorgestelde verlenging te dwarsboom, omdat Malmesbury niks met die saak uit te waai het nie.{{voetnota|Malmesbury het reeds 'n terminus gehad, terwyl die ander dorpe nog niks gehad het nie. Malmesbury word dus reeds bevoordeel. Verder was hierdie dorp nie verteenwoordig of teenwoordig by die deputasie wat sir James Sivewright op 23 Februarie 1897 ontvang het nie.}}<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Brink (van die Sandveld) voel jammer dat sake so moes uitdraai en die (huidige) deputasie so lank gesloer het om die regering te gaan spreek. Maar wat hom net grief: mense het net so omgeswaai, en toe kom staan hulle en stel 'n ander lyn voor. Hy prys sir James; hy het getoon dat hy 'n man van sy woord is. Die vorige deputasie is 'n skreiende skande vir die inwoners van hierdie streke. Die lede van die Laerhuis is 'n skande; hul uitsluitlike doel was om hul persoonlike belange te bevorder en die koopmanne te bevoordeel. Jy hoef nie meer na die verteenwoordigers op te kyk nie. Dit grief hom soos Lochner so skielik 'n algehele ommeswaai gemaak het en nou teen die belange van sy kiesers opgetree het. Daar word nou baie gepraat van die groot, pragtige Moorreesburg, en Brink wil nou nie die Moorreesburgers beledig nie, maar hy sou tog baie graag wou weet van wanneer af Moorreesburg so 'n groot, manjifieke plek geword het. Na sy beste wete is daar slegs enkele plase wat hierdeur bevoordeel kon word. Na sy mening was die doel van die vorige deputasie nie om 'n beter lyn aan te beveel nie, maar om die spoorweg te verongeluk en om die handelaars (lees: die geldmag) van Malmesbury te bevoordeel. 'n Mens kan jou egter daaraan troos: sir James Sivewright sal tot die bitter einde toe aan sy woord getrou bly.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Jan Basson is dit eens met Brink. Darling staan bankvas agter Hopefield. Die inwoners van Darling en Groenekloof was heeltemal tevrede met die opgemete lyn soos dit was. Die vorige deputasie het geen reg gehad om dit te doen nie. Dit is nie hoe ooreengekom en ingestem is nie. Malmesbury se gedrag is uiters laakbaar. As Malmesbury dan ontevrede was met die opgemete lyn, dan was dit sy dure plig om die inwoners van die ander plekke/plase te betrek. Maar nee, haastig en agteraf word 'n deputasie gestuur Kaap toe om 'n ander lyn te beding. Sodat slegs 'n paar mense ten koste van die menigte bevoordeel kan word. Die ingenieurs het uitdruklik gesê die lyn vanaf Malmesbury, daardie einste lyn wat die deputasie nou so voorstel, sal baie duurder kos as die huidige opmeting. Moorreesburg het glo baie produkte te bied, maar wat anders het Moorreesburg te bied behalwe graan? Groenekloof/Darling het 'n verskeidenheid produkte soos graan, wol, bas, kalk, sout, wyn ens. Mense wat sê Groenekloof het niks te bied nie, weet feitlik niks van die streek af nie. Verder wys Basson op die hartlike samewerking onder al die belanghebbende partye, en hoop die Sandveld en Piquetberg sal ook ewe hartlik met Hopefield wil saamwerk. As Piquetberg afgesny sal word, wat sal die plek dan beteken? Dit is vir die Piquetbergers se eie beswil om met Hopefield saam te werk.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daarop stel Tapper (Darling) die volgende resolusie voor, en J. Visser (Klipbank) sekondeer:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :'''(1)''' Die vergadering is tevrede met 'n spoorlyn wat "het lang verwaarloosde gedeelte van het distrikt Malmesbury zal ontwikkelen", maar ook 'n lyn wat gelyke reg sal laat geskied aan sowel Hopefield, Darling, Moorreesburg, Saldanhabaai as die Sandveld.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1" /><ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daarop stel Brink (Sandveld) voor, en Rijk Melck sekondeer:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :'''(2)''' Die vergadering spreek sy afkeuring uit m.b.t. die gedrag van Malmesbury en Moorreesburg teenoor Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai, St. Helenabaai en die Sandveld; omdat 'n deputasie gestuur is na die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke om die spoorlyn op so 'n manier te probeer wysig wat Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en die Sandveld sal benadeel.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1" /><ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> J. Basson wil net 'n oomblikkie hierby stilstaan, voordat die resolusie tot stemming oorgaan. Basson keur die gedrag van Lochner ten sterkste af. Almal het gedink hy is 'n voorstander van die spoorwegverlenging. Altans, daardie indruk het hy gewek toe sir James Sivewright kom besoek aflê het; kyk maar na sy toespraak op Piquetberg op 15 Desember. Maar nou nie meer nie. En wat sake vererger, is: Lochner het hom weer as kandidaat vir die Hoërhuis verkiesbaar gestel. Onder hierdie omstandighede is daar nie 'n manier dat iemand vir hom gaan stem nie. Basson wil dit ook nie so ronduit noem nie, maar dit lyk of Lochner 'n Janusgesig het. By die banket van sir James Sivewright het Lochner hoogs voldaan hom geskaar by die voorgestelde spoorlyn, maar nou het hy skielik ontdek daar is 'n beter lyn net om die draai. Basson vind dit vreeslik jammer dat Lochner nie op Hopefield teenwoordig is om sy "vreemdsoortig gedrag" te verklaar nie. In die skare kom die uitroep: "hy is bang!". En wat Ryan aanbetref: Basson kan eerlikwaar sê, op politieke gebied het hy nog nooit Ryan geglo nie.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Die resolusie word nou algemeen en met toejuiging aangeneem.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daarop stel D.J. Coetzee (Bergrivier) voor, en Chas. Ducket sekondeer:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :'''(3)''' Die vergadering veroordeel die gedrag van Ryan en Louw (LWV's) en Lochner (LWR) wat bogenoemde deputasie vergesel het, en hul eie persoonlike belange bó die belange van Darling, Hopefield, ens. gestel het.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1" /><ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daarop stel Jacob Retief voor en Jan Basson sekondeer:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> :'''(4)''' Die vergadering stel sy volle vertroue in die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, sir James Sivewright, en die billike wyse waarop hy die rigting van die genoemde spoorweg aangedui het; sou die spoorweg gebou word, sal dit 'n lewende monument wees van sy onpartydigheid en handhawing van gelyke regte, veral aan 'n deeltjie van die distrikt Malmesbury wat die spoorlyn die nodigste het.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1" /><ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Jacob Retief wil ook net 'n paar woorde sê oor die voorstel voordat daar tot stemming oorgegaan word. Hy onthou hoe groot die opkoms was en hoe geesdriftig sir James Sivewright 'n rukkie gelede nog ontvang is met sy vorige besoek om die behoeftes van hierdie geweste te ondersoek. Lochner en Ryan was ook teenwoordig. En almal stem toe soos een man saam dat die voorgestelde lyn die enigste moontlike en allerbeste een was. Maar nou het dieselfde parlementslede onmiddellik omgeswaai; daarom kan hul kiesers hulle nie meer vertrou nie. Die parlementslede wou die uitbreiding saboteer, uit eiebelang. Waarom moes die streke hul eie belange opoffer vir 'n paar menere?<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Daar was party uit Malmesbury wat alles by magte sou doen om die verlenging te probeer kelder, omdat hulle Malmesbury as die terminus/eindpunt wil behou, en sodoende die mag wil behou. Maar hoe klop die syfers? Die Malmesbury-lyn is nie lonend nie, en nou moet almal mooi saamwerk en opdok om 'n dooie lyn aan die lewe te hou? Waarom dan, as die voorgestelde verlenging 'n lonende een daarvan kan maak? Retief wil ook benadruk: daar is manne op Malmesbury wat openlik gesê het die Darlingers en Hopefielders se kleinkinders sal al grys wees, dan sal hulle nog nie die verlenging sien nie. Wat beteken sulke praatjies dan anders as om hierdie voorgestelde verlenging te probeer verongeluk? Gelukkig steur sir James Sivewright hom nie aan sulke ongegronde bewerings en selfsugtige argumente nie, maar het rotsvas by sy beginsels gestaan. sir James is 'n versiende man; hy sal nie deur hulle oorreding so 'n flater begaan nie. Sir James sal sonder twyfel hierdie omgewing behulpsaam wees, maar dan moet sy hande versterk word deur eendragtige samewerking.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Die voorsitter wil net graag vinnig terugkeer na daardie misverstand in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' van 25 Desember 1897. Hy glo nie ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' sou met kwade bedoelings sulke waninligting versprei het nie, maar die koerant is ongetwyfeld verkeerd ingelig. Stigling lees die brief voor wat sir James Sivewright aan dr. Steyn gerig het:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> {{cquote| Dr. Steyn!<br> Ek lees in die koerante 'n aanhaling m.b.t. die vergadering waar ek met u en die ander lede van die deputasie teenwoordig was. Blykbaar sou ek glo gesê het: "dat ek my sou skaar by die beslissing van die meerderheid van die verteenwoordigers van 'n vergadering wat belê sal word".<br> Ek vind dit gepas om u meteens daaraan te herinner dat sodanige uitlating nooit oor my lippe gekom het nie. Wat meneer Louw egter aanvoer, feitlik veelmaal gedurende die byeenkoms, was: indien die verteenwoordigers van Malmesbury, Darling, Hopefield en Moorreesburg tot 'n vergelyk kon kom, hy daarvan seker sou wees dat hulle 'n spoorlyn sou kon trek waarmee almal tevrede sou wees. Daarop het ek geantwoord dat indien mense hulle by één lyn kon bepaal, waarmee almal tevrede sou wees, daar niemand meer tevrede sou wees as ek nie. En ek stel my bereid om so 'n spoorlyn toe te ken.<br> Ek vind dit gepas om dit meteens aan u te noem om enige misverstand te voorkom.<br> Die uwe, James Sivewright.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> }} Die brief is dawerend toegejuig. Te midde van die briewe in die koerante wat net kwaad stook om die goeie saak te verydel, kan die inwoners van Hopefield en omstreke maar sir James steun, om te kry wat hulle wil hê. Doen hulle dit nie, dan sal hulle niks kry nie.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Die resolusie word met groot toejuiging en staande applous aangeneem.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Jan Basson bedank die voorsitter en die sekretaris vir hul dienste, waarop dr. Nieuwoudt sekondeer. Jacob Retief bedank die inwoners van Darling, die Sandveld en ander plekke wat die Hopefielders so kragdadig gesteun het en steeds steun, en spreek die hoop uit dat hulle op soortgelyke wyse sal voortgaan. Coetzee sekondeer. Brink beskou dit van die allergrootste belang dat die inwoners van Darling, Hopefield, die Sandveld, Groenekloof, St. Helenabaai en Saldanhabaai hartlik moet saamwerk. Slegs daardeur sal die gewenste doel bereik word.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2" /> Dr. Nieuwoudt stel voor dat die sekretaris die opdrag gegee word om die verrigtinge van die vergadering aan sir James Sivewright te stuur. Brink sekondeer. Daarna gaan die vergadering uiteen.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering2">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. 11 Januari, Bijvoegsel:Volgens aankondiging werd alhier heden (Vrijdag 7 Jan.) eene vergadering gehouden, om de voorgestelde spoorwegverlenging te overwegen en te bespreken. De opkomst was zeer groot en invloedrijk; ja het zou goed geweest zijn zoo zij, die dikwijls zich zoo vergeten en met verachting van de boeren spreken, tegenwoordig waren, om te zien met welke klas van menschen men te doen heeft; en dat zij alles behalve verachtelijke boeren zijn. Het magistraatskantoor kon dan ook volstrekt niet allen bevatten, daar zoowat een 300 tegenwoordig waren. Van Darling waren tusschen 20 en 30 overgekomen, en velen van andere plaatsen.<br>Tot voorzitter werd gekozen de heer J. W. Stighling, die in eenige inleidende woorden het doel der vergadering bekend maakte nl. om het gevoelen van het publiek te vernemen over de voorgestelde spoorwegverlenging. Hij hoopte dat de vergadering zich vrij en duidelijk, maar tevens bezadigd en ordelijk zou uitspreken. Voor hij de gelegenheid tot spreken gaf, wenschte hij aan te merken dat hetgeen in Ons Land van 25 December 1897 voorkwam, als zoude sir James Sivewright gezegd hebben, dat alle plaatsen afgevaardigden moesten kiezen, en dat hij dan overeenkomstig het gevoelen van de meerderheid der afgevaardigden zou handelen, niet correct was. Ons Land moet verkeerd ingelicht zijn. Hij had hier een brief van sir James Sivewright aan dr. Steyn hieromtrent, die hij later zou voorlezen, waarin sir James de zaak behoorlijk uiteenzette.<br>Daarop las de secretaris, de heer A. J. Stighling, de kennisgeving, de vergadering oproepende voor, waarin allen zoowel van Hopefield als omstreken uitgenoodigd werden de vergadering bij te wonen. De secretaris zeide dat hij ter opheldering zou voorlezen uit Ons Land, wat de boeren parlementsleden gezegd hebben toen de eerste deputatie over deze zaak de regeering ontmoet heeft, om aan te toonen:<br>dat de heer Ryan niet maar zoo gemakkelijk onschuldig kon gepleit worden in deze zaak, daar zijn streven was de verlenging te verongelukken in plaats van te bevorderen;<br>dat de heer Lochner van front veranderd was, en<br>dat de heer Jan Basson werkelijk de bevordering der verlenging bedoelde.<br>Hij las daarop de volgende uittreksels uit het rapport van de deputatie bij de regeering:<br>AANHALING.<br>"De heer P. Ryan, L.W.V., was zeer verblijd tegenwoordig te zijn. Deze deputatie was hem een bewijs dat er een ommekeer, een revolutie van gevoelen is plaats gevonden bij onze boeren. Jaren geleden waren de boeren sterk tegen spoorwegen en zeiden dat de spoorwegen het geld uit het land nemen, en nu komen zij zelven pleiten voor spoorwegverkeer. Hij dacht dit een verblijdend teeken en achtte de spoorweg den grootsten vriend van den boer te zijn. Bij gebrek aan bevaarbare rivieren zijn spoorwegen het eenige middel om dit land behoorlijk te ontwikkelen. Bij het bouwen van den spoorweg, moest men echter ééne zaak in het oog houden. Het moet een lijn wezen die strekken zal om het land te ontwikkelen. Het moet niet een lijn zijn zooals de Malmesbury-lijn die 30 mijlen ver gaat voor er iets te vervoeren is. Het moet niet een van punt tot puntlijn zijn, zooals bijvoorbeeld de lijn naar de goudvelden die gebouwd werd enkel met het doel de goudvelden te bereiken. De lijn moet enkel gebouwd worden met het oog op de ontwikkeling van de distrikten waardoor zij gaat. Hij dacht dat de regeering, die getoond heeft ten gunste van ontwikkeling des lands door spoorwegen te zijn, de zaak alle billijke consideratie zou geven"…<br>"De heer Lochner verklaarde zich ten gunste van de Malmesbury verlenging daar die distrikten daardoor best zouden worden ontwikkeld. Hoe het zij, men had besloten de zaak in handen van de regeering te laten. Hij dacht eene nieuwe opmeting wenschelijk en meende dat de commissaris door een bezoek aan het distrikt spoedig overtuigd zal zijn welke richting de lijn zal moeten nemen".<br>"De heer Jan Basson, ex-L.W.V., verzocht dat de leden der deputatie toegelaten zouden worden in het Hollandsch te spreken, hetgeen door den commissaris gereedelijk ingewilligd werd. Voortgaande zeide hij dat er op 15 Januari 1897 eene publieke vergadering te Piketberg gehouden werd waarheen afgevaardigden uitgenoodigd waren uit al de omliggende distrikten, en waarop de kwestie van spoorwegverlenging besproken werd. Het gevoelen was dat men niet net moest trachten een spoorweg naar de dorpen te krijgen. Hoofddoel was, zooveel mogelijk de distrikten te ontwikkelen. Voor dat doel, dacht hij, zou eene verlenging van de Malmesbury-lijn best geschikt wezen. De lijn zou dan verlengd kunnen worden òf van Kalabaskraal (waartegen echter het bezwaar was dat men dan een lijn van 9 mijlen zou hebben, die als het ware een afzonderlijke lijn vormt), òf van Malmesbury naar een punt 6 of 7 mijlen van Hopefield en ongeveer 6 mijlen van Moorreesburg en vandaar naar Piketbergwegstatie. De vergadering te Piketberg gehouden had de volgende resolutie eenparig aangenomen: 'Deze vergadering besluit om alle ondersteuning te verleenen aan het bouwen van een spoorweg waarbij Darling, Hopefield, Moorreesburg, Piketberg, Clanwilliam, Zandveld, Troe-Troe, Calvinia en Namakwaland, op de billijkste wijze behandeld zullen worden.'"<br>Verder wees hij er op dat sir James Sivewright als eerlijk man en man van positie zich aan zijne belofte gehouden had. Hij was ook van gevoelen dat het onbillijk was van Malmesbury, de voorgestelde verlenging te dwarsboomen, daar Malmesbury, volgens zijne opinie, niet met de zaak te maken had. (Hoor, hoor.)<br>De heer Brink (Zandveld) drukte zijn leedwezen uit, dat de zaken zulk een loop genomen hadden. Hij betreurde het dat de deputatie zoo lang gesloerd had de regeering te ontmoeten. Maar wat hem het meeste griefde was, dat men nu gelijk de wind omgedraaid was, en een andere lijn ging aanbevelen dan de voorgestelde. Hij prees sir James echter; die had getoond een man van zijn woord te zijn, en heeft zijne positie op waardige wijze opgehouden. (Toejuiching.) Hij noemde de laatste deputatie eene schande voor de ingezetenen van deze streken. (Hoor, hoor!) En de leden van het lagerhuis zijn ook een schande voor ons. (Hoor, hoor!) Hun doel was slechts hunne persoonlijke belangen te behartigen en de kooplieden te bevoordeelen. (Toejuiching.) Hij was van gevoelen dat men van de lagerhuis-leden verder geen notitie kon nemen (hoor, hoor!) Doch wat hem zeer griefde was, dat de heer Lochner zoo plotseling geheel omgesprongen was en nu tegen de belangen van zijne kiezers handelt (hoor, hoor!) Men sprak nu zooveel van het groote prachtige Moorreesburg, en hij wou de Moorreesburgers niet beleedigen, maar toch wenschte hij gaarne te weten sedert wanneer Moorreesburg dan zulk een groote prachtige plaats geworden was. (Hoor! hoor!) Zoover hij wist waren er slechts eenige plaatsen die daardoor bevoordeeld zullen worden. Het doel van de deputatie was volgens zijn gevoelen, niet om eene betere lijn aan te bevelen, maar — om den spoorweg te verongelukken (luide toejuiching), en de kooplieden van Malmesbury te bevoordeelen. (Toejuiching.) Er was echter een troost: men wist dat men in sir James met een eerlijk man te doen heeft, die zijne belofte nog steeds gehouden heeft, en spreker was vast overtuigd dat sir James zich aan zijn woord zal houden tot het einde. (Toejuiching.)<br>De heer J. Basson, ex-L.W.V., ging samen met wat door den heer Brink gezegd was. Hij kon getuigen dat Darling eenparig samengaat met Hopefield. De inwoners van Darling en Groenekloof waren geheel tevreden met de lijn zooals nu opgemeten. Het was zeker dat de deputatie gedaan had waartoe zij geen recht had. Hij keurde het gedrag van Malmesbury ten sterkste af. Als Malmesbury dan ontevreden was met de opgemeten lijn, dan was het haar plicht de inwoners van de belanghebbende plaatsen op te roepen, en het gevoelen te vernemen, maar in stede daarvan werd eene deputatie haastig, in het geheim als het ware, afgevaardigd en naar de Kaap gezonden om te trachten eene andere wending aan de zaak te geven, ten voordeele van een paar lieden en ten koste van de groote menigte. (Hoor! hoor!) En nu, wat was het geval? De ingenieurs getuigen dat de lijn van Malmesbury, zooals door de deputatie aan de hand gegeven, veel kostbaarder zal wezen dan de lijn nu onder opmeting. Men beweerde dat Moorreesburg zoo vele produkten had, maar hij vroeg welke produkten had Moorreesburg behalve graan? Daarentegen heeft men te Groenekloof een menigte produkten zooals graan, wol, bast, kalk, zout, wijn enz. Zij die beweren dat Groenekloof geene produkten ten vervoer heeft, weten eenvoudig niets van die streek. (Hoor! hoor!) Hij wees verder op het groot gewicht van hartelijke samenwerking door al de belanghebbende partijen, en drukte de hoop uit dat Zandveld en Piketberg ook hartelijk met Hopefield zullen samenwerken. Wordt Piketberg afgesneden, wat zal die plaats dan beteekenen? Het was dus van belang voor de Piketbergers met Hopefield saam te werken.<br>Daarop stelde de heer Tapper (Darling) voor, de heer J. Visser (Klipbank) secondeerde en algemeen aangenomen:<br>"Deze vergadering wenscht eenpariglijk hare tevredenheid uit te spreken met de Piketberg-spoorweglijn, nu onder opmeting, niet alleen omdat zij een lijn is die het lang verwaarloosde gedeelte van het distrikt Malmesbury zal ontwikkelen, maar ook een lijn, die zoowel Hopefield, Darling, Moorreesburg, Saldanhabaai en Zandveld op gelijke wijze recht zal aandoen."<br>Daarop werd voorgesteld door den heer Brink (Zandveld), gesecondeerd door den heer Rijk Melck:<br>"Deze vergadering geeft hiermede eenpariglijk hare afkeuring te kennen over het gedrag van Malmesbury en Moorreesburg tegenover Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai, St. Helenabaai en Zandveld, aangaande de deputatie die hare opwachting bij den commissaris van publieke werken heeft gemaakt, om de lijn die thans opgemeten wordt, veranderd te krijgen ten ongerieve van Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en Zandveld."<br>De heer J. Basson zeide dat hij een paar woorden moest zeggen voor de resolutie tot stemming gebracht werd. Hij drukte zijne sterke afkeuring uit over het gedrag van den heer Lochner. Men heeft gedacht in hem een sterke voorstander van de verlenging te hebben. Immers dat liet hij verstaan uit zijne aanspraken ten tijde van het bezoek van sir James Sivewright. Ten bewijze diene zijn aanspraak gemaakt te Piketberg op 15 ult. Maar nu was hij schielijk omgedraaid. En wat de zaak nog ernstiger maakt is dat de heer Lochner zich nu nog aanbiedt als kandidaat voor het hoogerhuis; maar men had geene vrijmoedigheid onder deze omstandigheden voor hem te stemmen. Hij wilde het niet gaarne zeggen, maar toch schijnt het of de heer Lochner een man van twee aangezichten was, want met het banket aan sir James Sivewright heeft de heer Lochner zich hoogst voldaan verklaard met de voorgestelde lijn, maar nu heeft hij haastig ontdekt dat eene andere lijn beter zal wezen. Spreker betreurde het ten zeerste dat de heer Lochner niet tegenwoordig was om een uitleg van zijn vreemdsoortig gedrag te geven. (Toejuiching en geroep van: hij is bang). Wat de heer Ryan aangaat moet hij ronduit verklaren, dat hij de heer Ryan nooit op politiek gebied geloofd had (hoor, hoor).<br>De resolutie werd nu algemeen en met acclamatie aangenomen.<br>Daarop stelde de heer D. J. Coetzee (Bergrivier) voor, gesecondeerd door den heer Chas. Ducket en algemeen aangenomen:<br>"Deze vergadering condemneert het gedrag van de heeren Ryan en Louw, die ons in het lagerhuis vertegenwoordigen, alsook het gedrag van den heer Lochner die ons in het hoogerhuis vertegenwoordigt, die de deputaties uit Malmesbury en Moorreesburg naar den commissaris van publieke werken hebben vergezeld, om de lijn, die thans opgemeten wordt naar Piketberg, veranderd te krijgen; deze vergadering beschouwt dat genoemde heeren zulks hebben gedaan om persoonlijke belangen en de belangen van Darling, Hopefield en de baaien volkomen hebben verwaarloosd."<br>Daarop stelde de heer Jacob Retief voor en de heer J. Basson secondeerde:<br>"Deze vergadering spreekt hare goedkeuring met algemeene stemmen uit over het gedrag van den commissaris van publieke werken aangaande de lijn van den Piketbergspoorweg, en stelt haar volle vertrouwen in hem; ook wenscht deze vergadering hem geluk met de richting, die hij voor genoemden spoorweg heeft aangeduid, een richting, die, indien de Piketberg-spoorweg er op wordt gebouwd, voor altoos een herinnering zal blijven aan de onpartijdige wijze waarop dat gedeelte van het distrikt Malmesbury, dat de spoorweg zoo hoog noodig heeft, op gelijke rechten met andere distrikten stelt."<br>De heer Retief zeide dat hij een paar woorden wenschtte te zeggen op het voorstel eer het ter stemming gebracht werd. Hij wenschte er aan te herinneren hoe groot de opkomst was en hoe geestdriftig sir James Sivewright voor eenigen tijd ingehaald werd, toen hij overgekomen was om de behoeften van deze gewesten te onderzoeken. De parlementsleden Lochner en Ryan waren ook tegenwoordig. En allen stemden toen eendrachtig samen dat de voorgestelde lijn de eenige mogelijke en allerbeste was. Maar nu hebben diezelfde parlementsleden dadelijk rechtsomkeer gemaakt en gaan nu tegen de belangen hunner kiezers, en derhalve kunnen hunne kiezers hen niet langer vertrouwen. (Hoor! hoor!) Het doel van de heeren parlementsleden was, de verlenging te verongelukken, daar ze tegen hunne persoonlijke belangen was. Maar moesten de belangen van al deze streken dan aan de persoonlijke belangen van een paar heeren opgeofferd worden? (Hoor! hoor!) Sommigen van Malmesbury deden alles in hun vermogen om de verlenging te verhinderen, omdat zij Malmesbury als terminus willen behouden. Maar was dat recht? De Malmesbury-lijn betaalt niet, en moeten wij nu medewerken voor altijd eene onbetalende lijn aan te houden, daar de lijn eene goed betalende kan gemaakt worden door de verlenging? (Hoor! hoor!) Hij wenschte er nadruk op te leggen dat te Malmesbury mannen waren die openlijk gezegd hebben dat onze kindskinderen zullen grijs wezen, en dan zal men nog niet de verlenging zien. (Hoor! hoor!) Wat beteekende dit anders dan dat zij meenen de verlenging te dwarsboomen? (Hoor! hoor!) Sir James Sivewright stoorde zich echter gelukkig niet aan alle ongegronde beweringen en zelfzuchtige betoogen, maar stond vast bij zijn eens gegeven woord, en zal dit met der daad ook bewijzen. (Hoor! hoor!) Sir James was een ver-ziend man, en zal dus niet zulk een vlater maken, als waartoe men hem brengen wilde. Het is zeker dat sir James deze streken helpen zal, maar dan moeten wij zijne handen sterken door eendrachtige samenwerking. (Toejuiching.)<br>De voorzitter zeide dat hij wenschte een weinig opheldering te geven, want er heerschte eenig misverstand naar aanleiding van hetgeen in het inleidings-artikel van Ons Land van 25 Dec. verschenen was. De houding van sir James werd daarin verkeerd voorgesteld. Hij was overtuigd dat hier geen moedwil in het spel was, maar Ons Land werd ongetwijfeld verkeerd ingelicht. Hij zou nu den brief lezen door sir James aan dr. Steyn hieromtrent gericht. Hij las daarop den volgenden brief:<br>"Dr. Steyn!<br>Ik zie in de nieuwsbladen een aanhaling aangaande de bijeenkomst die ik met u en de andere leden van de deputatie, die u hebben vergezeld, heb gehad. Het wordt daarin gezegd dat ik zoude gezegd hebben, 'dat ik de beslissing van de meerderheid der vertegenwoordigers van een vergadering die belegd zal worden, zal accepteeren.'<br>Ik beschouw het recht u meteen te herinneren dat zoodanige uitlating mijne lippen nooit is ontgaan. Maar wat de heer Louw aanmerkte, en wel verscheidene malen gedurende de samenkomst was, dat indien personen, vertegenwoordigende Malmesbury, Darling, Hopefield en Moorreesburg, elkander zouden ontmoeten, hij verzekerd is, dat zij een lijn zouden kunnen bepalen, waarmede allen zouden tevreden zijn. Mijn antwoord daarop was, dat indien men zich bij één lijn kon bepalen, die allen genoegen kan geven, er niemand meer tevreden zou zijn, dan ik, en ik zal gereed zijn zoodanige lijn toe te kennen.<br>Ik beschouw het recht om dit meteen openlijk voor u te leggen om misverstand te voorkomen.<br>De uwe, JAMES SIVEWRIGHT."<br>De brief werd daverend toegejuichd. Verder betreurde de voorzitter het gedurig en hatelijk schrijven in de nieuwsbladen, daardoor werd slechts kwaadbloed gezet en de goede zaak benadeeld. Als de inwoners van Hopefield en omstreken sir James steunen dan zullen zij verkrijgen wat zij hebben willen, doch doen zij dat niet dan zullen zij niets krijgen (hoor, hoor!)<br>De resolutie werd nu met groote acclamatie en staande aangenomen.<br>Daarop stelde de heer J. Basson eene dankbetuiging aan den voorzitter en den secretaris in voor hunne bekwame en kostelijke diensten. Dr. Nieuwoudt secondeerde, en met geestdrift aangenomen. De heer J. Retief stelde een motie van dank voor aan de inwoners van Darling, Zandveld en andere plaatsen die de Hopefielders zoo krachtdadig gesteund hebben en nog steunen, en de hoop uitdrukkende dat zij zullen voortgaan op deze wijze te helpen. De heer Coetzee secondeerde en met acclamatie aangenomen. De heer Brink drukte ook er op dat het van het allergrootst belang was dat de inwoners van Darling, Hopefield, Zandveld, Groenekloof, St. Helena- en Saldanhabaaien hartelijk zullen samenwerken. Alleen daardoor zal het gewenschte doel bereikt worden.<br>Dr. Nieuwoudt stelde voor en de heer Brink secondeerde den secretaris te gelasten de verrichtingen van de vergadering aan sir James te zenden. Aangenomen. Daarna ging de vergadering uiteen.</ref> Daar is eweneens besluit om hierdie resolusies aan die Kommissaris te stuur.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1">''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. De Piketberg-spoorweg. Groote vergadering te Hopefield. 8 Januari, Bijvoegsel: Hopefield, 7 Jan. (''Per telegraaf'') - Heden werd alhier eene groote vergadering gehouden om de spoorweg-kwestie te bespreken. Ongeveer drie honderd invloedrijke ingezetenen van Hopefield, Darling, enz. waren tegenwoordig. De vergadering was zeer geestdriftig, doch ordelijk. De heer J.W. Stigling was voorzitter. Sterke aanspraken werden gemaakt tegen het gedrag van de heeren<br> Louw, Ryan en Lochner,<br> alsook tegen de houding van Malmesbury. De volgende resoluties werden eenparig aangenomen.<br> (1) "Deze vergadering wenscht eenpariglijk hare tevredenheid uit te spreken met de Piketberg spoorweglijn, nu onder opmeting, niet alleen omdat zij een lijn is die het lang verwaarloosde gedeelte van het distrikt Malmesbury zal ontwikkelen, maar ook een lijn, die zoowel Hopefield, Darling, Moorreesburg, Saldanhabaai en Zandveld op gelijke wijze recht zal aandoen.<br> Veroordeeling."<br> (2) "Deze vergadering geeft hiermede eenpariglijk hare afkeuring te kennen over het gedrag van Malmesbury en Moorreesburg tegenover Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai, St. Helenabaai en Zandveld, aangaande de deputatie die hare opwachting bij den commissaris van publieke werken heeft gemaakt om de lijn die thans opgemeten wordt, veranderd te krijgen ten ongerieve van Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en Zandveld."<br> (3) "Deze vergadering condemneert het gedrag van de heeren Ryan en Louw, die ons in het lagerhuis vertegenwoordigen, alsook het gedrag van den heer Lochner die ons in het hoogerhuis vertegenwoordigt, die de deputaties uit Malmesbury en Moorreesburg naar den commissaris van publieke werken hebben vergezeld, om de lijn, die thans opgemeten wordt naar Piketberg, veranderd te krijgen, deze vergadering beschouwt dat genoemde heeren zulks hebben gedaan om persoonlijke belangen en de belangen van Darling, Hopefield en de baaien volkomen hebben verwaarloosd."<br> Lof<br> (4) "Deze vergadering spreekt hare goedkeuring met algemeene stemmen uit over het gedrag van den commissaris van publieke werken aangaande de lijn van den Piketbergspoorweg en stelt haar volle vertrouwn in hem, ook wenscht deze vergadering hem geluk met de richting, die hij voor genoemden spoorweg heeft aangeduid, een richting, die, indien de Piketberg spoorweg er op wordt gebouwd, voor altoos een herinnering zal blijven aan de onpartijdige wijze waarop hij dat gedeelte van het distrikt Malmesbury, dat de spoorweg zoo hoog noodig heeft, op gelijke rechten met andere distrikten heeft gesteld."<br> Ook werd besloten de resoluties aan sir James Sivewright te zenden.</ref> In 'n opmerkingskolom onderaan skryf die verslaggewer van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'': Selde het die koerant so 'n groot vergadering bygewoon waarin soveel belangstelling getoon is, waar so 'n belangrike kwessie op die spel was, waar persone uit soveel verskillende oorde saamgekom het, wat tog so geesdriftig, maar tog ordelik, besadig en eenstemmig was. Dit klaar is 'n pluimpie vir die Hopefielders en hul saak. Diegene wat beweer dat Hopefield maar 'n baie primitiewe en nietige plekkie is, en dat die inwoners ook maar "so-so" is, kan gerus by geleentheid die dorp kom besoek. Die klas boere alhier is van die voorste soort, manne op wie die Afrikaners trots kan wees. Dan 'n paar punte:<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /> * Hopefield is nie so nietig soos mense hulself dit voorstel nie. Die goeie geboue en die handel "strekt tot verbasing".<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /> * Deur spoorwegkommunikasie toon Hopefield die potensiaal om 'n belangrike plek te word, want dit is in 'n baie produktiewe streek geleë, het volop en goeie water en hope geskikte bougrond en, bowenal, beskik oor 'n aantal vooruitstrewende inwoners.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /> * Die dorpsgrond beslaan so tussen 4 000 en 5 000 morg - wat ook nie te min is nie.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /> * ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' se verslaggewer wil nie graag 'n mening uitspreek oor die spoorlyn self nie. Maar as die voorgestelde lyn gebou word, sal 'n gelyke terrein verkry word (sodat die spoorlyn redelik goedkoop gebou kan word) en deur 'n produktiewe gebied loop. Feitlik al die belanghebbende plekke sal min of meer op gelyke voet behandel word. En elke plek sal 'n stasie kry wat 1½ uur se reis ver is. Dit sal ongetwyfeld die oorgrote meerderheid tevrede stel.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen" /> * Die verslaggewer wens die ywerige spoorwegbevorderingskomitee, by name A. J. Stigling, M. H. Visser, J. A. Stigling en F. H. Schreuder van Hopefield, alle sukses met hul werk toe.<ref name="ZA.1898.Hopefieldvergadering1.Aanmerkingen">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Aanmerkingen. 11 Januari, Bijvoegsel: Het heeft onze aandacht zeer getroffen zulk eene vergadering bij te wonen. Zelden hebben wij zulk eene groote vergadering bijgewoond waar zoo veel belangstelling betoond werd, waar zulk eene belangrijke kwestie op het spel was, waar personen uit zoovele verschillende oorden te zamen kwamen, die toch zoo geestdriftig, maar tevens ordelijk, bezadigd en eenstemmig was. Dit zegt machtig veel voor de zaak der inwoners van Hopefield. Zij die beweren dat Hopefield maar een zeer primitieve en nietige plaatsje is, en dat de inwoners ook maar "zóó zoo" zijn, zouden weldoen die plaats bij zulk eene gelegenheid te bezoeken. De klasse boeren die wij daar gezien hebben zijn over het algemeen van onze voorste boeren, mannen op wie de Afrikaanders trotsch kunnen wezen, mannen van den rechten stempel, die het hart op de rechte plaats dragen en zeer gehecht zijn aan hun dierbaar nationaliteit en taal. Men betreurde het algemeen dat ds. Neethling, de pastor loci, te ongesteld was de vergadering bij te wonen, daar hij een man is die groot belang in deze zaken stelt en inderdaad een raadgever van diegenen zijn onder wie hij arbeid. Het schijnt dan ook of de menschen daar zeer verknocht zijn aan hunnen waardigen leeraar.<br>Wat Hopefield zelve aangaat, dient opgemerkt te worden dat de plaats volstrekt niet zoo nietig is als men wil voorstellen. Wij waren verbaasd zulke goede gebouwen daar te zien, en de handel nu daar gedreven strekt tot verbazing. Met spoorwegcommunicatie belooft Hopefield nog eene belangrijke plaats te worden, want het is gelegen in een zeer produktieve streek, heeft volop en goed water, heeft veel geschikt bouwgrond, en bovenal, bezit het een aantal progressieve inwoners. De dorpsgrond is ook zeer uitgebreid, en beslaat zoowat tusschen 4,000 en 5,000 morgen grond.<br>Over den spoorweg zelve willen wij niet gaarne een gevoelen uitspreken. Maar toch schijnt het ons of de lijn nu onder opmeting, de eenige is die aan het gewenschte doel zal beantwoorden. Immers, wordt de lijn alzoo gemaakt, krijgt men een effen terrein, zoodat de lijn betrekkelijk goedkoop zal wezen en toch door een produktieve streek gaan, en daarbij worden al de belanghebbende plaatsen ongeveer op gelijken voet behandeld, want dan krijgen al de belanghebbende plaatsen een statie van een uur tot een en een half uur verwijderd. En dit zal ongetwijfeld de groote meerderheid tevreden stellen. Wij wenschen het ijverig spoorweg bevorderings-comité, de hh. A. J. Stighling, M. H. Visser, J. A. Stighling en F. H. Schreuder, van Hopefield alle succes toe op zijn werk.</ref> Die redaksie van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' self verkies egter om polities onbetrokke te bly. Alles hierbo is die verslaggewer se indrukspunte as sodanig.<br> Die resolusies toon hoe die Kaapkolonie smag na spoorwegverbinding met die groot Koloniale markte, wat steeds voorsien word met ingevoerde produkte in tonnemaat. Dat die distrikte Malmesbury en Piquetberg reeds lank genoeg op 'n spoorweg gewag het, spreek vanself - mag die beste spoorweg spoedig gebou word. Die vergadering op Hopefield was baie geesdriftig en verskillende sprekers het hul saak op welsprekende wyse en moedig verdedig. Die resolusies dui duidelik ook daarop dat die distrik geensins tevrede is met die plaaslike parlementslede nie, omdat hulle enkele deputasies na sir James Sivewright vergesel het. Hier kom egter die groot "maar". Dit is onwenslik om die opmeet van 'n spoorlyn in 'n politieke kwessie te laat ontaard. Daar is reeds te veel "politieke spoorweë" in die Kaapkolonie. Mense staan klaar gereed om die hele saak in die hande van sir James Sivewright oor te laat. Wat die redaksie eerder sou verlang is klipharde syfers, opgawes en gegewens, en minder retoriek aangaande die verskillende roetes. Dit is onmoontlik om 'n onpartydige oordeel te vorm sonder om die rigting, grondsoorte, en dies meer in ag te neem.<ref name="ZA18981101">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Malmesbury-Piketberg spoorweg. 11 Januari, p. 2: De gemoederen in de distrikten Malmesbury en Piketberg zijn gaande over de opmeting van een spoorlijn door genoemde distrikten. De belangstelling toont hoe verlangend men in de Kaapkolonie is naar spoorweg-verbinding met de groote Koloniale markten, die nog steeds voorzien worden met duizenden tonnen ingevoerde produkten. De strijd over de verschillende routen doet ons denken aan Caledon en Villiersdorp, en wij hopen van harte, dat Malmesbury en Piketberg er in mogen slagen spoedig een spoorweg te krijgen. Het benieuwt ons welke lijn ’t eerst gebouwd zal worden.<br>De vergadering te Hopefield, speciaal in een andere kolom gerapporteerd, was zeer geestdriftig en de verschillende sprekers hebben hun zaak op welsprekende wijze en moedig verdedigd. De resoluties die werden aangenomen toonen, dat de inwoners van dat deel van ’t distrikt geenszins tevreden zijn met de plaatselijke parlementsleden, omdat zij eenige deputaties naar sir James Sivewright hebben vergezeld. Intusschen wenschen wij op te merken, dat het zeer onwenschelijk is van het opmeten van een spoorlijn een brandende politieke kwestie te maken. Wij hebben ongelukkig reeds te vele "politieke spoorwegen" in ons land. Sir James Sivewright werd hoog geroemd door de sprekers en men schijnt gereed te zijn de geheele zaak in zijne handen te laten.<br>Hoewel wij het zeer ongaarne zouden zien, dat van deze opmeting een politieke kwestie gemaakt zou worden, juichen wij de uiting van gevoelen over deze en alle andere belangrijke kwesties van harte toe. Het kan slechts goed doen al de argumenten, en vooral al de feiten voor ’t publiek te brengen. Gaarne hadden wij wat meer cijfers en opgaven aangaande de verschillende routen. Het is onmogelijk een onpartijdig oordeel te vormen zonder de werkelijke opgaven, de richting, geaardheid van den grond, enz.<br>Onze rapporteur geeft zijne indrukken omtrent Hopefield en de verschillende routen: doch men neme zijne toelichting als zoodanig en niet als een oordeel door ''Ons Land'' uitgesproken. In deze plaatselijke kwestie houden wij ons neutraal en trachten haar zooveel mogelijk buiten de politiek houden. Dat de distrikten van Malmesbury en Piketberg reeds lang genoeg op een spoorweg hebben gewacht spreekt van zelf. Moge de beste spoorweg spoedig gebouwd worden!<br> Ook te Piketberg werd Zaterdag, l.l. eene vergadering gehouden en een deputatie werd afgevaardigd naar sir James Sivewright. De beste belangen van den spoorweg zullen stellig bevorderd worden door er zoo min mogelijk een persoonlijke en een politieke kwestie te maken.</ref> '''10 Januarie 1898:''' Op Piquetberg is 'n vergadering gehou en 'n deputasie afgevaardig om sir James Sivewright te gaan spreek. Weer waarsku ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'', dit sal in die beste belang van die spoorweg wees om dit so min as moontlik 'n persoonlike en politieke kwessie van te maak.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. Piketberg spoorweg. 13 Januarie, p. 3: Notulen van eene vergadering gehouden in de hofzaal te Piketberg ten 7.30 p.m. op den 10den Januari 1898.<br>Ongeveer 30 personen waren tegenwoordig. Op voorstel van den heer A. J. Wiid Sr. werd de heer W. Liebenberg als voorzitter gekozen. Voorgesteld door den heer Lambert Fick, gesecondeerd door den heer J. W. L. Wiid: dat deze vergadering van inwoners en eigenaren van eigendom in het dorp Piketberg, van gevoelen is dat de beste belangen van dit dorp en het publiek van Piketbergvallei gebaat zullen worden door het bouwen van een spoorwegstatie geheel op den dorpsgrond, waardoor niet alleen kosten van onteigening vermeden zullen worden, maar waardoor boeren ook voorzien zullen worden van veeweide. Algemeen aangenomen.<br>Voorgesteld door den heer M. Fick, gesecondeerd door den heer J. Dommisse: dat eene deputatie afgevaardigd worde naar de spoorweg conferentie, te worden gehouden te Malmesbury, ten einde de wenschen van dit dorp daar voor te dragen, en om vandaar naar sir James Sivewright te gaan.<br>Na eene korte discussie, waarbij sommigen het gevoelen uitdrukten dat twee deputaties behooren gezonden te worden, werd het voorstel algemeen aangenomen.<br>Voorgesteld door den heer M. Fick en gesecondeerd door den heer Jan Wiid: Dat de heer Pieter J. Retief een deputatie zal wezen, en bij zijn terugkomst het resultaat van zijn zending voor eene vergadering zal leggen.<br>Algemeen aangenomen.<br>Met eene bedanking aan den voorzitter ging men uiteen.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De Piketberg-spoorweg. Vergadering te Piketberg. 11 Januari, Bijvoegsel: Piketberg, 8 Jan. [...] Eene vergadering inzake de voorgestelde spoorweglijn werd heden namiddag alhier gehouden. Een lange en warme discussie werd gevoerd, en niettegenstaande een protest tegen de rechtsgeldigheid van eene deputatie naar de conferentie te Malmesbury, werden toch als zoodanig gekozen de heeren Willem Liebenberg, Johannes Kotze, en Dirk Brink.<br>Eerstgenoemde zijne opwachting bij sir James Sivewright te maken met macht slechts te besluiten over de route van Malmesbury naar Bergrivier en om samen te werken met Hopefield en Darling, daar ds. Vlok aanmerkte dat het doel van Malmesbury en Moorreesburg was de lijn te verongelukken.</ref><ref name="ZA18981101" /> ===== Verkiesing van die Wetgewende Raad 1898 ===== [[Lêer:Noordwestelike_sirkel_kiesafdeling_1910.jpg|duimnael|regs|Die Noordwestelike Sirkel (1910) met die onderskeie kiesafdelings. Hierdie voorstelling toon hoe kiesafdelings Malmesbury, Piquetberg, Worcester, Namaqualand en Clanwilliam almal gesamentlik vir hul drie verteenwoordigers in die Wetgewende Raad moes stem. Van die ouer kiesafdelings (soos Calvinia en Ceres) het reeds met ander kiesafdelings versmelt.]] '''1898''' was die verkiesingsjaar vir nuwe Lede van die Wetgewende Raad. Omrede hierdie persone gaan bepaal watter wetsontwerpe in die Hoërhuis aangeneem gaan word, al dan nie, moes die publiek deeglik kennis neem wat die kandidate se standpunte is. Veral ook nog met die [[Jameson-inval]] vars in almal se geheue. Aan die progressiewe kant was James Douglas Logan. Cecil John Rhodes se eerste ministerie het in 1893 tot 'n val gekom juis omdat sir James Sivewright, die minister aan die stuur van die Kaapse Regeringspoorweë, in 1892 'n alleenhandel-kontrak vir vyftien jaar aan Logan toegeken het om verversingslokale op treinstasies te bedryf.{{voetnota|Vandag sou dit as tenderbedrog gesien word}}<ref name="SmithElections1980">[https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/17782/thesis_hum_1980_smith_alan_john_charrington.pdf?sequence=1 Smith, A.J.C. 1980. General Elections in the Cape Colony: 1898-1908. Unpublished Master of Arts Dissertation. University of Cape Town.]</ref> Dit was luukse eetplekke lank voordat eetwaens algemeen geword het. Al het Logan en Rhodes nie altyd langs dieselfde vuur gesit het nie, het hy wel gereeld 'n broodjie met die Bondsmanne gebreek om sy kommersiële belange te beveilig. En dalk weet hy net iets van treine af. Dan was daar J.J. Joubert, 'n onafhanklike kandidaat.<ref name="SmithElections1980" /> Dirk de Vos Rabie is wynboer (Kiesafdelings Worcester en Ceres),<ref name="verkiesingskandidate1897" /> Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner koringboer (Kiesafdelings Malmesbury en Piquetberg)<ref name="verkiesingskandidate1897" /> en Petrus Benjamin van Rhijn (Kiesafdelings Clanwilliam en Calvinia)<ref name="verkiesingskandidate1897">De Zuid-Afrikaan. 1897. Publieke vergadering te Achter Piketberg. 11 November, Bijvoegsel, p. 7: [Een] publieke vergadering gehouden te Onder-[plaats] op 28 October bijeengeroepen door den Bondstak Achter-Piketberg waarop de heer Rabie van Worcester uitgenodigd was om zijne politieke gevoelens uit te spreken omtrent de [aanstaande] verkiezing voor het hoogerhuis. Tegenwoordig 24 invloedrijke boeren. De [voorzitter] de vergadering openende, zeide dat het hem speet dat er een misverstand was omtrent de kennisgeving vandaar zoo weinige menschen tegenwoordig. Hij heette den heer Rabie welkom en hoopte dat ieder der tegenwoordigen [zijn] best zou doen den heer Rabie te [ondersteunen]. '''De [heer] Rabie''' het woord nemende zeide dat hij zeer kort zou zijn daar er besloten was door den Bondstak Worcester dat er drie bondskandidaten voor het hoogerhuis genomineerd moeten worden, vertegenwoordigende den noordwestelijken cirkel. Toen werd gekozen '''Lochner''' voor '''Malmesbury en Piketberg''', '''Van Rhijn''' voor '''Clanwilliam en [Calvinia]''' en hij voor '''Worcester en Ceres''', vandaar dat hij zich kandidaat stelde en hij was een boer van jongs af en was het thans nog. Sprekende over [...]</ref> is in 'n sekere sin veeboer, dus het al drie geskakel met die landbou. Al drie is Bondskandidate en al drie behoort dus tot die uitgesproke anti-Rhodes party.<ref name="ZA.29.1.Moorreesburg.koornboer" /> Op 17 Desember 1897 word hul Bondskandidaatskap bekend gemaak.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Lochner, Van Rhyn en Rabie genomineerd. 18 December, p. 3: Malmesbury, 17 Dec. - Op de vergadering van het distriksbestuur, heden gehouden werden de heeren Lochner, Rabie en Van Rhijn algemeen genomineerd als Bonds-kandidaten voor den wetgevenden raad bij de volgende elektie.</ref> '''15 Januarie 1898:''' In ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' word die vergaderdatums uitgestip waar Lochner, Van Rhyn en Rabie sal wees: Donderdag, 27 Januarie, by Darling; Vrydag, 28 Januarie op Hopefield; Saterdag, 29 Januarie by Laaiplek, by mnr. Stephan. Ander kandidate is welkom om teenwoordig te wees.<ref name="verkiesingsveldtog1898">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Vergaderingen. 15 Januari, p. 2: Vergaderingen zullen gehouden worden op Donderdag, 27, te Darling; Vrijdag, 28, te Hopefield; Zaterdag, 29 te Ladingsplaats, bij den heer Stephan, door de heeren Lochner, Van Rhyn en Rabie. Andere kandidaten worden ook uitgenoodigd tegenwoordig te zijn.<br>J.A. v. A. Lochner.</ref> '''24 Januarie 1898''' besoek kandidate Rabie, Lochner en Van Rhijn vir Malmesbury as deel van hul verkiesingsveldtog. Wanneer Lochner aan die woord gestel word oor Spoorwegverlenging, sê hy mense het hom in hierdie saak van soveel dinge al beskuldig dat hy homself nou gaan verdedig. Die afgelope jaar is 'n openbare vergadering te Piquetberg gehou, waarop mense besluit het ten gunste van 'n Malmesbury-Piquetbergspoorwegverlenging. Hy het volgens die resolusie gehandel. Mense het hom daarvan beskuldig dat hy die lyn oor sy plaas wou laat loop. Dit was 'n onbeskaamde en valse beskuldiging, omdat juis hý self beswaar gemaak het. Hy wou hê die spoorlyn moes tot voordeel van die land gebou word, en nie slegs vir enkele persone nie. Selfs al word die Moorreesburg-rigting ingeslaan, dan wyk die spoorlyn steeds myle van sy plaas af, en myle van Moorreesburg af, maar dit bly binne 'n baie vrugbare en produktiewe streek. As mens Hopefield se kant toe gaan, dan gaan jy deur 'n hele onvrugbare streek, buite bereik van die groot boere. Dit sou daarom 'n duur lyn wees wat nie lonend is nie. Dit was 'n skande soos Hopefield hom veroordeel het, sonder om sy kant van die saak aan te hoor. Hopefield en Darling gaan te werk soos 'n dief in die nag. Mense praat skoon wyd en syd daarvan hoe sir James Sivewright op Hopefield was en die spoorlyn daarso die geskikste sou vind. Maar dan moes sir James baie skerp oë hê, want toe hy soontoe was, het dit baie gereën. Sir James het agter in die kapkar gesit, met twee mans voor hom, en die hele kar was boonop toegeknoop. As sir James onpartydig wou handel, dan moes hy ook mos Moorreesburg besoek het. Maar hy weier volstrek om so iets te doen. Lochner sê ook, die vyand in die saak is besig om die Afrikanerstem in hierdie Noordwestelike Sirkel te probeer verdeel en dusdoende die Afrikaners in die parlement te verswak. As daar iets of iemand is wat veroordeel moes word, dan is dit Hopefield en Darling. Hulle was dislojaal teenoor hom (Lochner), hulle het agter sy rug gaan staan en konkel, en hy is vas van plan om die manne op Hopefield van aangesig tot aangesig te ontmoet. Onder toejuiging neem hy weer sy plek in.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie: te Malmesbury. 29 Januari, Bijvoegsel: [...] Malmesbury, 24 Jan. 1898.[...] Daarop nam de heer Lochner het woord [...] Men had hem in deze zaak zooveel beschuldigd, dat hij een paar woorden ter zijner verdediging moest zeggen. Laatste jaar werd [een] vergadering te Piketberg gehouden, waarop men besloot ten gunste van een Malmesbury-Piketberg verlenging. Hij had [nog] steeds in overeenstemming met die resolutie gehandeld. Men had hem beschuldigd dat hij de lijn over zijn plaats wou hebben. Deze was eene onbeschaamde en valsche beschuldiging, aangezien hij zelf geobjecteerd had dat de lijn over zijn plaats zou gaan, want hij wou de lijn ten voordele van het land gemaakt hebben en niet ten voor enkele personen. Wordt de Moorreesburg richting genomen dan zou de lijn nog ver van zijn plaats voorbijgaan en ook ver van Moorreesburg, maar door een zeer vruchtbaar en produktieve streek terwijl zoo zij in Hopefield richting gaat, zij door een geheel ontvruchtbare streek zou gaan, uit het bereik van de groote boeren, en derhalve noodwendig onbetaalbaar moest zijn. Het was schandelijk van Hopefield om hem zoo te condemneeren zonder hem eerst gehoord te hebben. Hopefield en Darling gingen in dezen te werk als een dief in den nacht. Men spreekt zooveel er van dat sir James Sivewright te Hopefield was en die lijn de beste bevonden had, maar dan moest sir James zeer scherpe oogen hebben, want toe sir James derwaarts ging, regende het veel. Sir James zat achter in de kar en twee manne voor hem, en de geheele kar was toegeknoopt. Wou sir James onpartijdig handelen, dan moest hij ook Moorreesburg bezocht hebben, maar hij weigerde volstandig zulks te doen. Moest er gecondemneerd worden, dan moest hij zulks aan Darling en Hopefield doen, want zij waren hem ontrouw en gingen achter zijn rug tegen hem werken. Hij ging achter naar Hopefield en zal die heeren dan aldaar van aangezicht tot aangezicht ontmoeten. De spreker naam hier onder toejuiging zijne plaats in.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie. 25 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2: Malmesbury, 24 JAN. [...] De heeren Van Rhijn, Lochner en Rabie spraken heden de kiezers van Malmesbury toe. De vergadering werd goed bijgewoond en was invloedrijk. De heer Walters was voorzitter en de heer Immelman secretaris. De heer Van Rhyn sprak sterk tegen Rhodes en zijne handlangers. Hij was bevreesd dat de redistributie van kieszetels tegen Afrikaanders zou wezen.<br> Hij maande aan tot eendrachtelijke samenwerking der Afrikaanders tegenover de Rhodes-partij. Hij keurde het af dat de gouverneur gezegd had dat hier geen rassenhaat bestond en zei dat de gouverneur mogelijk verkeerd was ingelicht door hem die met den gouverneur gereisd had. Hij kritiseerde heftig de aanspraak van kolonel Saunderson en ontkende dat de Afrikaanders disloyaal waren. Hij ging sir Pieter Faure te lijf over wat hij op het diner aan de Paarl gezegd had in zake het pantserschip en Van Rhyn. De regeering had zijn vertrouwen niet en moest van de kussens.<br>Het ministerie wilde niet aftreden omdat het door Rhodes op de kussens geplaatst werd. Hij was tegen gedwongen onderwijs en wou hebben dat alle predikanten de stem moesten verheffen gelijk prof. De Vos.<br>De naam van prof. De Vos werd met groot gejuich ontvangen door de vergadering.<br>De heer Lochner beaamde alles wat de heer Van Rhijn gezegd had. '''Verder maakte hij zijn positie duidelijk in zake de Malmesbury-Piketberg lijn, en zei dat de vijand in de zaak bezig was de Afrikaander stem te verdeelen in dezen cirkel en aldus de Afrikaanders te verzwakken in het parlement. Hij veroordeelde Hopefield omdat het hem gecondemneerd had zonder hem eerst te hooren.'''<br>Nadat de heer Rabie gesproken had en geene vragen aan de kandidaten gedaan werden, werd een motie van vertrouwen en belofte van ondersteuning op voorstel Jac. Louw—Steph. Steyn unaniem aangenomen.</ref> '''25 Januarie 1898:''' Op Riebeek-Wes word Van Rhijn gevra wat hy voel oor die voorgestelde Malmesbury-Piquetberg spoorwegverlenging, en meer spesifiek watter roete hy sou verkies. Van Rhijn antwoord toe dat hy nie graag nou 'n besliste mening wil uitspreek nie, hy wil eers meer inligting inwin. Maar mense het hom buitendien nou al 20 jaar lank vertrou in sy amp, mense moes hom nou ook hierin vertrou - dat hy die beste sou doen vir sy kiesers. Lochner verander nie van deuntjie nie; hy wou een lyn hê ten voordeel van die land, en "hy wou nie werk vir een of ander persoon nie". Die hele storie het in 'n politieke kwessie ontaard, en word deur sekere mense gebruik om een of ander doel te bereik.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie: Riebeeck-West, 25 Januari 1898. 29 Januari, Bijvoegsel: [...] Op een vraag zeide de heer Van Rhyn dat hij niet gaarne eene opinie wou uitspreken over de Malmesbury-Piquetberg spoorweg verlenging. Men had hem zoolang vertrouwd, men moest hem ook in deze vertrouwen dat hij het beste voor zijne kiezers zou doen.[...] Lochner [...] Hij was nog altijd van hetzelfde gevoelen in zake de Malmesbury-Piketberg verlenging. Hij wou een lijn hebben ten voordeel van het land. Hij wou niet werken voor een of ander persoon. Neen de geheele zaak was een politieke kwestie door, zekere partij aangewend om zeker doel te bereiken.</ref> '''26 Januarie 1898:''' Die driemanskap spreek op Moorreesburg in die skoollokaal. Van Rhijn herhaal maar net wat hy op Riebeek-Wes gesê het. Lochner gaan nog 'n stappie verder. Hy sê mense het hom van allerhande goed beskuldig, maar die tyd sal leer dat hy slegs gedoen het wat reg was. Hy werk nie vir enkele persone nie, maar vir die land in die algemeen. Jan Basson het so teen Moorreesburg te velde getrek, en gevra wat hierdie klein armsalige Moorreesburg met 'n trein wou maak, en net by die vorige verkiesing was dieselfde meneer Basson hierso en toe sê hy dat hy nooit geweet het dat Moorreesburg so 'n groot vrugbare plek is nie; toe noem hy Moorreesburg selfs die koringkas van Suid-Afrika. Hoe kan jou aand- en môrepraatjies so verskil? Daar is gesê dat hy (Lochner) die spoorlyn oor sy plaas wou hê, maar hy het juis daarteen wal gegooi en gepoog om die lyn wes van Moorreesburg te laat verbygaan, sodat die spoor byna ewe ver van alle plekke sou verbyloop. Mense het gesê dat hy op Hopefield met sir James Sivewright saamgestem het. Dit is absoluut onwaar, hy het nie gepraat en saamgestem nie. Hy het sir James bloot gevra om Moorreesburg ook te besoek en sir James het geweier. Toe het hy vir sir James gewaarsku - hy gaan hom in die parlement hieroor tot verantwoording roep. Hy (Lochner) verteenwoordig nie Darling en Hopefield alleen nie, maar die hele Noordwestelike Sirkel. Hy moet aan almal se belange dink. Hy is nou op pad na Darling en Hopefield toe om met hulle daar te gaan afreken, en veral met Jan Basson, wat soos 'n dief in die nag gekom en agter sy rug gekonkel het. Geen verdere vrae is aan Lochner gestel nie; Rabie is aan die woord gestel. Rabie ondersteun ook ligte spoorweë. Hy is ongelukkig nog nie lank genoeg in die geweste om 'n oordeel te vel nie, maar hy kan sien hierdie streek het 'n spoorlyn nodig om al die vragte graan te vervoer - enige spoorweg sou deug.<ref name="ZA.29.1.Moorreesburg.koornboer">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie: Moorreesburg, 26 Januari 1898. 29 Januari, Bijvoegsel: [...] Op eene vraag zeide de heer Van Rhyn dat hij niet gaarne eene opinie wou uitspreken over de Malmesbury-Piketberg spoorweg verlenging. Men had hem zoolang vertrouwd, men moest hem in deze vertrouwen dat hij het beste voor zijne kiezers zou doen. [...] Lochner [...] Hij moest nu een paar woorden zeggen aangaande de Malmesbury-Piketbergverlenging. Men had hem beschuldig maar de tijd zal leeren dat hij slechts gedaan had wat recht was. Hij werkt niet voor enkele personen maar voor het land in het algemeen. De heer Jan Basson heeft zoozeer tegen Moorrreesburg uitgegaan en gevraagd wat die kleine armzalige Moorreesburg met een trein wou maken, maar met de vorige elektie was dezelfde heer Basson hier en toe zeide hij, dat hij nooit geweten had dat Moorreesburg zulk eene groote vruchtbare plaats was, toen noemde hij Moorreesburg de koornkast van Zuid-Afrika. Hoe moest men zijne woorden nu overeen brengen? Mens had gezegd dat hij de lijn over zijn plaats wou hebben, dat was niet zoo, integendeel heeft hij geobjecteerd dat de lijn over zijne plaats zou gaan en geijverd de lijn ten westen van Moorreesburg voorbij te krijgen zoodat zij ongeveer even ver van alle plaatsen zou voorbij gaan. Men heeft gezegd dat hij te Hopefield gesproken en met sir James samengestemd had, dat was volstrekt niet waar, hij heeft niet gesproken en samengestemd. Hij had sir James gevraagd Moorreesburg ook te bezoeken en sir James heeft zulks geweigerd. Hij heeft toen aan sir James gezegd dat hij hem in het parlement daarover nog tot verantwoording zou roepen. Hij verteenwoordigde niet Darling en Hopefield alleen maar den ganschen cirkel en kon dus niet in het belang van enkelen werken, maar moest werken voor het belang van het gansche publiek. Hij was nu op weg naar Daarling en Hopefield en zou met hen afrekenen, en vooral met den heer Jan Basson, die als een dief in den nacht was gekomen en achter zijn rug tegen hem te werk ging.<br> Geene vragen werden den heer Lochner gedaan en daarop nam de heer Rabie, die met gejuich ontvangen werd, het woord. Hij was een wijnboer, de heer Lochner een koornboer en de heer Van Rhijn kon in een zekeren zin als een veeboer beschouwd worden, dus had men de 3 schakels [...] was om lichte spoorwegen te ondersteunen. Hij wou niet zeggen welke route in deze geweste de beste was, want hij was nog te onbekend, maar een ding was zeker nl. dat deze streken een spoorweg moesten hebben om het menigte graan te vervoeren, en daarom zou hij eenige spoorweg, ten nutte van deze streken, ondersteunen. [...]</ref> In 'n opmerkingskolom onderaan skryf ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'': Die koerant stem nie noodwendig saam met hul medereisiger wat aanvoer 'n spoorlyn deur Moorreesburg sou genoeg graan inwin om die ganse Suid-Afrika van genoeg graan te voorsien nie; tog is dit wis en seker dat die land dan heelwat minder koring hoef in te voer. Die koerant wil nie kant kies watter roete daar ingeslaan moet word nie, want albei treinroetes het die volste reg om ontwikkel te word. Enkele punte moet egter oorweeg word: * Moorreesburg se grond is vrugbaarder en daar is baie meer "nieuwgrond" (braakland; ongerepte grond waarvan die renosterbos verwyder is vir landboudoeleindes) om te bewerk as in die rigting Hopefield. Die bou van die lyn vanaf Malmesbury sal duurder kos, maar dan weer is die lyn korter en die vrag wat die treine kan dra is groter. * As die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal gebou word, sal die spoorlyntjie tot by Malmesbury feitlik 'n dooie lyn wees. En die vooruitgang van Darling en Hopefield sal nooit kan opweeg teen die agteruitgang van Malmesbury nie. * Die grond na Hopefield se kant is baie sanderig, wat mens dus heelwat moeite besorg met die begruising van die pad; die grond in Moorreesburg se rigting is egter hard, vas en stewig. * Selfs al word daar 'n lyn wes van Moorreesburg gebou, bring dit Hopefield nie 'n tree nader aan die trein as wat die geval anders sou wees nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie te Malmesbury/Riebeek West/Moorreesburg: Aanmerkingen. 29 Januari, Bijvoegsel:Het zou waarlijk goed wezen zoo onze politici meer rond gingen en streken zooals het Zwartland, waarover nu zooveel gesproken en geschreven wordt in verband met de spoorweg verlenging, bezochten, en voor zichzelven zaken in oogenschouw namen, waardoor zij instaat zouden gesteld worden, beter en meer overeenkomstig de wenschen van het algemeen publiek te oordeelen. Maar dan moet men niet slechts van dorp tot dorp gaan, neen, men moet de boeren plaatsen bezoeken om te zien wat op die plaatsen gedaan en gewonnen worden. Wij hadden nu het voorrecht in de omstreken van Malmesbury, Riebeek West en Moorreesburg rond te gaan, en het is inderdaad belangrijk de groote graan-mijten, waarvan men zoo dikwijls hoort dat de mijten groot genoeg zijn om met een wagen en acht paarden er op te draaien, te zien. Die streken bezitten dan ook genoeg progressieve boeren hetgeen duidelijk is als men ziet wat gedaan, en hoort hoevele duizende mudden graan op een enkele plaats gewonnen worden. En toch is er nog een menigte "nieuwe-grond" die nog niet bewerkt is. Maar de boeren kunnen haast niet meer zaaien, daar zij dan mogelijk niet in staat zullen zijn het graan te vervoeren. Krijgen die streken echter een spoorweg, zoodat men niet meer met de moeilijkheden van vervoer te kampen hebben, dan zal het inderdaad eene aardigheid wezen, te zien hoeveel die streken kunnen en zullen opbrengen. Wij vereenigen ons niet met den man die met onze doorreize tot ons zeide, dat zoo een lijn in de richting van Moorreesburg gebouwd wordt, aldaar genoeg graan zou gewonnen worden om gansch Zuid-Afrika te voorzien, maar toch is het zeker dat wij dan heelwat minder koorn zullen behoeven in te voeren.<br> Wij willen ons niet aan aanmatiging schuldig maken door een gevoelen uit te spreken welke richting de beste wezen zal. Beide richtingen hebben hunne aanspraken. De aanspraken van de eene hebben wij reeds in een vorig schrijven aangestipt. De Moorreesburg richting heeft echter ook hare aanspraken. Onder andere wijst men er op dat de grond in die richting veel vruchtbaarder is en dat er veel meer nieuwgrond is om te bewerken dan in de Hopefield richting. Men erkent wel dat het bouwen van de lijn van af Malmesbury voor eene distantie wat kostbaarder zal wezen, maar dan staat daartegenover weer dat de lijn dan korter komt, en dus maar op hetzelfde zal neerkomen wat onkosten aangaat, doch dan veel meer te vervoeren zal hebben. Verder wijst men er op dat, zoo de lijn van Kalabaskraal gebouwd wordt, het gedeelte lijn van daar naar Malmesbury feitelijk een doode lijn zal wezen, en de vooruitgang van Darling en Hopefield nooit zal kunnen opwegen tegen den achteruitgang van Malmesbury. Eene andere zaak waarop men ook pleegt te wijzen is dat de grond naar den kant van Hopefield zeer zanderig is en men dus heelwat moeite met het begruizen van dien weg zal hebben, terwijl de grond hard en vast in de Moorreesburg richting. En wordt de lijn een goed eind ten westen van Moorreesburg gebouwd, zooals de voorstanders van die richting het willen doen, dan komt Hopefield niet veel verder van den trein dan anders het geval zou geweest zijn. Hoofdzaak is en blijft echter, welke lijn de meest betalende en ten voordele van het publiek in het algemeen wezen zal, en om dat uit te vinden behoeft men waarlijk geen scherpe bril op te hebben als men in die streken rondgaat. Wij vreezen echter dat in deze zaak heelwat sentiment gemengd is en er op sommigen onbehoorlijke invloed uitgeoefend wordt door zoekere personen om hun doel te bereiken. Daarvoor moet men op de hoede wezen, en zich niet met onderschikte zaken een rad voor de oogen laat draaien en onder elkander verdeeld worden, waardoor de groote nationale Afrikaanse zaak schade kan lijden. Men is in de voornoemde streken van den noordwestelijken cirkel nu druk in de weer met de naderende elektie, en het is dan ook geen wonder, want in de laatste dagen werden de kiezers door alle vijf kandidaten bezocht. Sommigen gaan rond en houden publieke vergaderingen en trachten alzoo hunne kandidatuur te bevorderen; anderen trachten dat weer te doen door onder de kiezers rond te gaan, en privaat met hen te sprkeen. Het is dan ook bemoedigend de politieke herleving onder de Afrikaander te zien, en wij willen maar hopen dat de kiezers getrouw zullen wezen, en andermaal de Afrikaander zaak zullen doen triomfeeren. Maar de kiezers moeten wakker en waakzaam wezen, want er is stellig gevaar, en vooral behooren zij te waken tegen verdeeldheid in hunne gelederen, waartoe van zekere zijde pogingen aangewend worden.<br> Vooral is het van belang er op te wijzen dat men zich toch niet moet laten overreden voor den een of ander kandidaat te plumpen, maar de stemmen gelijkkelijk onder de drie Bondskandidaten te verdeelen. De drie kandidaten kunnen dan ook geluk gewenscht worden met de vergaderingen die zij gehouden hebben; hun tocht was tot dusver een ware triomftocht, en wij vertrouwen dat dit ook het geval op hunne verdere reize zal wezen.</ref> '''31 Januarie 1898.''' Terugvoer: Daar was geen vergadering op Darling nie, slegs 'n klein vergadering op Hopefield. Lochner het geen toespraak gelewer nie. Die vergaderings sou later gehou word. Daar was wel 'n groot vergadering op Vredenburg.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie. 1 Februari, Bijvoegsel: Vredenburg, 31 Jan. [...] Er was geen vergadering te Darling, en een kleine vergadering te Hopefield. De heer Lochner leverde geen aanspraak. Vergaderingen zullen later gehouden worden. Te Vredenburg groote vergadering. Motie van vertrouwen gepasseerd.</ref> Op Vredenburg het Van Rhijn weer in dieselfde gees oor die spoorwegkwessie gepraat as by die vorige vergaderings. Lochner sê hierdie maal sir James Sivewright het weer eens getoon watter slim kaartspeler hy is, want hy het die geleentheid aangegryp om hul Afrikanerparty in twee te probeer skeur. Lochner ontken dat hy enigiets kon gedoen het waarvoor die Hopefielders hom kon blameer, en hy daag sy beskuldigers uit om saam met Jan Basson op 'n openbare vergadering hom te ontmoet. Hy sou hulle met die feite konfronteer. Lochner sê ook dat hy nie tevrede sou wees met één trein nie, maar sou probeer om 'n tweede te kry, sodat die distrik behoorlik en voldoende kan ontwikkel word, om sodoende die moeilike vervoer te vergemaklik.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. De heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie te Vredenburg. 5 Februari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2: Alhier werd een talrijke en invloedrijke vergadering gehouden waarop de heeren Van Rhyn, Lochner en Rabie de kiezers toespraken. Als voorzitter werd gekozen de heer J. H. de Smidt, en tot secretaris A. E. Anderson. Wij zagen o.a. de heeren Andries Bester, Jan Walters, Jacob Laubser (Cloeteskraal), Jan Loubser, P. H. Loubser, F. G. du Toit, P. P. Kotzé, W. Baard, Malan, Jan Pienaar en anderen ter vergadering.<br>De voorzitter maakte het doel der vergadering bekend, en riep daarop den heer P. van Rhyn op het woord te nemen.<br>De heer Van Rhyn sprak in ongeveer denzelfden geest als op de vergaderingen reeds door ons gerapporteerd.<br>Als verschooning tegen de beschuldigingen tegen hem geuit op de Hopefieldsche spoorwegvergadering, meldde de heer Lochner dat hij door de Malmesbury deputatie gevraagd werd haar te vergezellen naar sir James en haar aldaar te introduceeren (eene plicht welke hij als vertegenwoordiger niet kon weigeren). Dit had hij op de gewone formeële manier gedaan, maar dat wilde niet zeggen dat hij met hen eens was. '''Hij zeide in die zaak had sir James weder getoond hoe een bekwame kaartspeler hij is, nemende de gelegenheid te trachten onze partij in tweeën te splitsen. Hij ontkende dus dat hij eenig iets gedaan had dat de Hopefielders hem konden kwalijk nemen, en hij daagde zijne beschuldigers uit samen met den heer Jan Basson, op een volle publieke vergadering hem te ontmoeten, waar hij met feiten hen zou overtuigen van hunne verkeerdheden. Hij zeide ook dat hij niet tevreden zou wezen met één trein, maar zou trachten een tweede te krijgen, zoodat het distrikt behoorlijk en voldoende kon ontwikkeld worden, en het moeilijk vervoer vergemakkelijkt kon worden.'''<br>De heer P. H. Loubser vroeg den heer Lochner omtrent zijne verdediging tegen wat geuit werd te Hopefield aangaande den spoorweg, waarop de heer Lochner weder zijn positie duidelijk maakte.<br>De heer Van Rhyn wilde de vergadering indachtig maken dat kleine zaken niet de hoofdzaak moesten hinderen. [...]</ref> '''5 Februarie 1898:''' P.B. van Rhijn deel sy wedervaringe van hul reis - hulle het twaalf vergaderings bygewoon, wat almal ordelik afgeloop het. Behalwe by Darling; daar was geen vergadering nie. Toe die driemanskap daar aankom, het hulle tussen 4 tot 5 ure lank daar gestaan en wag; slegs drie here het opgedaag: die predikant, die dokter en die hotelier. Ds. De Villiers en dokter Nieuwoudt was baie vriendelik teenoor die besoekers en so ook was hul ontvangs by die persone aan huis. Die swak opkoms is vir Van Rhijn 'n raaisel. Die vergadering is betyds in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' gepubliseer, en hy het in die stad vir sy vriend, Jan Basson (oud-LWV), vroegtydig daarvan gesê. Laasgenoemde het belowe om dit vir almal bekend te maak, en dat hy op Darling sou wees. Van Rhijn hoop nie Jan Basson het nou in 'n Demas ontaard nie - is hy dan nou hand om die blaas met Logan? In die stad is dié tweetjies saam in 'n huurwa/kapkar ("cab") gesien rondry. Van Rhijn het wel vir Darling 13 jaar in die Hoërhuis gedien en sal dit steeds bly doen as hy herverkies word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. De heer Van Rhyn over zijn reis. 12 Februari, Bijvoegsel, p. 2: Van Rhijnsdorp, 5 Febr. 1898.<br>Mijnheer,—Na mijn lange en vermoeiende reis ben ik, Gode zij dank, in gezondheid te huis gearriveerd.<br>Ik kan niet nalaten mijne vrienden namens mij en de heeren Lochner en Rabie nogmaals van harte dank te zeggen voor de liefde en vriendelijkheid aan ons op onze reis om bijeenkomsten bij te wonen, bewezen, en de gastvrijheid in ieders huis genoten hetwelk door ons nimmer vergeten zal worden. Wij hebben alle plekken ons intrek genomen bij private vrienden behalve te Hopefield waar wij in het logement van den heer Klaas Stiglingh gelogeerd waren en wij het zeer goed gehad hebben, alles schoon en net, goed eten enz. Ik kan met de volste vrijmoedigheid genoemd hotel aan alle reizigers ten sterkste aanbevelen. Wij hebben twaalf bijeenkomsten bijgewoond en tot ons groot genoegen moet ik zeggen; op allen liep het zeer ordelijk af ter eere van ons en de opgekomen toehoorders. Behalve te Darling, daar hadden wij geen vergadering. '''Wij bleven aldaar tusschen 4 à 5 uren lang en zagen gedurende dien tijd slechts 3 heeren, den predikant, den dokter en den hotelhouder. De hooggeachte leeraar ds. De Villiers en dokter Nieuwoudt waren uitnemend vriendelijk jegens ons en niets in hunne woningen was te goed voor ons reizigers. Dat er geen opkomst was versta ik niet; de dag der bijeenkomst was toch in tijds in ''Ons Land'' gepubliceerd; zelf heb ik mijn vriend, den heer Jan Basson, ex-L.W.V., in de stad van de bijeenkomst gezegd. Zijn ed. heeft mij beloofd het alom bekend te stellen, en ook zelf te Darling tegenwoordig te zijn. Ik geloof toch niet, dat terwijl hij daarna met den heer Logan in een cab in de stad te zamen rondgereden heeft hij een Demas geworden is; want hij was toch altoos een echte Afrikaander. Ik heb mijn plicht gedaan mijn constituenten van Darling die ik ook 13 jaren in het hoogerhuis gediend heb ook toe te spreken over het gevaar dat ons Afrikaanderdom dreigt en wat ons te doen staat zulks te verijdelen, doch zij hebben mij niet als een ouden vertegenwoordiger van hen waardig geacht op te komen; mijne handen zijn dus in onschuld gewasschen.''' Echter, indien ik herkozen wordt zal ik dat affront vergeven en steeds mijn plicht doen.<br>Ik noem mij een dankbaar vriend voor al het genotene op reis van mijne vrienden en de toehoorders der vergaderingen, en voor de achting en respekt ons toe gedragen op alle bijeenkomsten.<br>U dienaar en vriend,<br>P. B. van Rhyn.</ref> '''15 Februarie 1898:''' Jan Basson antwoord. Vergissing is menslik. Hy het baie te doen gehad en het hom vergis met die datum. Basson het mense aangesê om Vrydag op te daag in plaas van Donderdag, en toe sy seun hom die Donderdagaand inlig die vergadering het reeds plaasgevind, was hy bitter spyt. Maar aangesien die politieke tema van daardie edele here reeds so wyd bekend was deur die talle vergaderings wat in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' gepubliseer is, was almal reeds vertroud met hul sentimente. Verder, ietwat onnadenkend, het baie gedink: "Ek is vandag te besig; ander sal sekerlik bywoon". En so, tot almal se spyt, het niemand opgedaag nie en was daar geen vergadering nie.<br>Nou, wat betref die rondry in 'n "cab" saam met mnr. Logan, dit is pure onsin. Basson het omstreeks 12 uur by sir James Sivewright se kantoor vir sake aangemeld en mnr. Logan daar ontmoet. Nadat hulle sake gedoen het, het albei in dieselfde rigting vertrek. Basson moes Harcombe Brothers in Adderleystraat spreek, en Logan het saam met Basson na die Kerkplein geloop, daar 'n kar na sy kantoor gehuur en Basson gevra om by hom aan te sluit.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Basson en Van Rhijn. 26 Februari, Bijvoegsel, p.4: Darling, Droogvlei,<br>15 Febr. 1898.<br>Aan den Editeur. <br>Mijnheer.—Uit des heeren Van Rhijns dankbetuigingen voor genoten liefde en gastvrijheid die hij en zijn gezelschap overal genoten hebben bij hunnen omgang, vind ik ook een doorn onder de door hem genoemde rozen. Namelijk te Darling was geen opkomst en z.ed. neemt het als een affront aan en ook Jan Basson ex-L.W.V. vleit hij eerst op zijn eigenaardige manier als echte Afrikaander, maar tegelijkertijd steekt hij hem met den moordpriem, en vergelijkt hem met een Demas. (Echt christelijk niet waar?)<br>Nu heer editeur, laat mij in een paar regelen toe de volle waarheid aan het licht te brengen. De zaak is deze: Onze menschen hier hadden volstrekt geen plan den ed. heer Van Rhijn en zijn collegas te beleedigen, door niet op te komen. Maar daar het politieke thema van die ed. heeren al zoo over en over bekend stond door de vele gehoudene vergaderingen en gepubliceerd in uw geëerd blad, was een ieder al bekend met hun gevoelens. En daarbij een beetje onbedachtzaam dachten velen: Ik heb het te druk vandaag, anderen zullen wel opgaan. En zoo tot een ieders spijt kwam niemand opdagen en er was geen vergadering. Ik geef mijn ed. vriend de verzekering dat dit zoo is.<br>Wat Jan Basson betreft moet ik zeggen het is waar, de ed. heer Van Rhijn heeft hem in de stad verzocht het rond te zeggen om op te komen. Maar Jan Basson heeft veel te doen en maakte ongelukkig een abuis met den datum. Hij zeide zijn menschen aan om op te komen op Vrijdag inplaats van Donderdag, en toen zijn zoon hem Donderdagavond kwam zeggen dat de vergadering plaats had, was het hem een bittere spijt.<br>Ook de ed. heer Lochner heeft hem een brief geschreven. Dus op dit punt betuig ik mijn spijt.<br>Nu, wat betreft het rondrijden in een cab met den heer Logan is louter onzin. De zaak is deze: Ik maakte mijn opwachting bij sir James Sivewrights kantoor voor bezigheid, tegen 12 uur, en ontmoette den heer Logan aldaar. Na de zaken verricht te hebben vertrokken wij beiden in een richting. Ik moest Harcombe Brothers in Adderleystraat zien en de heer Logan wandelde met mij op tot op het Kerkplein en engageerde daar een cab tot aan zijn kantoor en verzocht mij mede in te stappen en zoo reden wij te samen.<br>Ziet u heer editeur, dat beteekend rondrijden in des heeren Van Rhijns oogen. Maar een ieder die de ed. heer Van Rhijn kent zooals ik, kan tusschen zijn regels lezen wat zijn doel er mede is, om zoo te schrijven. Ik was altijd zijn ondersteuner en ben het nog, jammer dat ik van hem zulk een slag in het aangezicht moet krijgen, geheel onschuldig. Ik ben nog diezelfde Afrikaander zooals hij mij noemt. En wat meer is, is het dan een vernedering om met den heer Logan mee te rijden? Als wij als leden in het parlement saam kunnen zitten, dan kunnen wij toch ook samen rijden, al verschillen wij van gevoelen? Het geheele huis was altijd mijne vrienden. Zoo bekrompen ben ik gelukkig niet. Het is erg jammer dat een man als mijn vriend Van Rhijn in zijn positie tot zulke netelige dingen afdaalt, om in publieke nieuwsbladen bekend te stellen met wie men in een cab rijdt, dit wordt niet van een man die zijn electie (?) omhoog houdt verwacht.<br>Weldra zal mijn vriend als ik met een gerespecteerde dame in een cab rijd de wereld het verkondigen.<br>Nu ik hoop mijn oude vriend zal zien dat de zaak heel anders is dan hij denkt, en neme afscheid van het publiek geschrijf.<br>Geheel de uwe,<br>Jan A. Basson.</ref> Om 'n stemgeregtigde te wees in 1898, beteken die kieser moes 'n man wees van 21 jaar of ouer, 'n Kaapse burger van geboorte of deur naturalisasie (ná 12 maande op Kaapse grond) wees, grond of 'n gebou bewoon van £75 werd, óf £50 per jaar verdien. Daar was baie maniere om 'n kat dood te maak: 'n boer kon sy seun £50 per jaar se waarde gee in kos, klere en perdevoer as 'salaris'. Of die seun kon 'n stukkie grond van sy vader bewerk ter waarde van £75. Drie mans kon byvoorbeeld gesamentlik in 'n huis woon van £225+ (want £75 x 3), of twee seuns kon gesamentlik boer op 'n stukkie grond van £150 (want £75 x 2). Verder moes die kieser sy naam, woonadres en nering kon neerskryf. As die kieser egter voor 1892 al stemgeregtig was, en nie by die nuwe kategorieë ingepas het nie, moes die betrokke individu eenvoudig nie roer nie: solank hy in die kiesafdeling gebly woon het waar hy voorheen geregistreer was, het hy sy stemreg onder die ou, laer vereistes (£25-huis of £25-salaris) behou.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Wie kan geregistreerd worden? 20 Mei, p. 2-3: [...]Het antwoord op deze vraag is tweederlei: - <br>1. Alle mannelijke personen die den ouderdom van 21 jaar bereikt hebben, welke de volgende kwalifikasies of bevoegdheden bezitten:-<br> a. Zij moeten burgers der Kolonie zijn. Allen die in de Kolonie geboren zijn, zijn burgers der Kolonie. Zij die met in de Kolonie geboren zijn moeten genaturaliseerd worden. Geen persoon kan genaturaliseerd worden tenzij hij minstens 12 maanden in de Kolonie heeft gewoond met het doel hier te blijven. Hij die genaturaliseerd wil worden moet aanzoek doen bij den koloniale secretaris, die, indien het aanzoek in orde is, hem een certifikaat van naturalisatie zal toezenden. Het gemakkkelijkste is aanzoek te doen bij den magistraat om een officieelen vorm van aanvraag tot naturalisatie, dien vorm in te vullen en dan op te zenden naar den kolonialen secretaris. Burgers van den Vrijstaat of Transvaal, thans woonachtig in de Kolonie (in Bechuanaland zijn velen), behooren op dit punt nauwkeurig acht te geven.<br> b. Zij moeten een gebouw met den grond erbij, afzonderlijk of gezamenlijk, van eene waarde van niet minder dan £75 elk bewonen of occupeeren. Gesteld nu dat A. een huis bewoont ter waarde van £100 dan kan hij natuurlijk, geregistreerd worden. Het huis behoeft niet zijn eigendom te zijn, dus kan een bijwoner, die een huis bewoond dat £75 of meer waard is, geregistreerd worden. Neem weder dit geval. A., B. en C. zijn de bewoners van een gebouw dat £300 waard is. Zij kunnen dan alle drie geregistreerd worden, want driemaal £75 is slechts £225, en de waarde van het huis is £300. Zeg dat in dit geval A. een boer is, en B. en C. zijn twee mondige zonen die het recht hebben bij hem te wonen, dan kunnen zij alle drie geregistreerd worden, want het huis is meer dan £225 waard. Maar neem nog dit geval: - A., een boer bewoont een plaats - het huis waarin hij met zijn twee zoons, B. en C., woont is £100 waard en de geheele plaats is £1,000 waard. Kunnen B. en C. nu ook geregistreerd worden? Het is duidelijk dat A., de boer, bewoner van het huis en de plaats de bevoegdheid bezit, maar hoe omtrent B. en C.? Zij kunnen niet geregistreerd worden als bewoners van het huis, want het huis is slechts £100 waard. Op welke voorwaarden kunnen zij dan geregistreerd worden? Het antwoord is eenvoudig: B. en C. kunnen geregistreerd worden indien zij een stukje van den grond voor eigen rekening, zeg een stuk tuin of stuk land, bewerken, of voor weiveld gebruiken want dan occupeeren zij dit stukje grond. B. moet zulk een stukje grond met het huis daarop, ter waarde van £75, bewonen, en C. ook, of, indien B. en C. samen boeren moet het stukje grond of het gebruik ervan tweemaal £75, of £150, waard wezen. Een andere manier waarop B. en C. stemgerechtigd kunnen worden is indien zij elk £50 per jaar verdienen. Deze som kan betaald worden in kost, kleederen, rijpaard-voeder, zakgeld, enz.<br> Wij vertrouwen dat wij dit punt nu duidelijk gemaakt hebben, en dat geen boerenzoon ongeregistreerd zal blijven omdat hij niet deze kwalificatie bezit.<br> (c.) De derde bevoegdheid die een persoon moet bezitten is deze: hij moet in staat zijn om zijn naam te teekenen en zij adres en nering te schrijven.<br> De kiezers in deze klasse moeten dus deze drie bevoegdheden bezitten [...] doch niet de bevoegdheid der nieuwe wet bezaten, hun stem onder de oude wet, zouden behouden, zoolang zij in de kiesafdeeling, waarin zij geregisteerd waren, zouden blijven wonen. Men ziet dus deze klasse van kiezers op twee manieren hun stemrecht kan verliezen en indien zij niet de bevoegdheid onder de oude wet, d.i. een huis bewonen ter waarde van £25 of een salaris van £25 trekken, bezitten, of (b) indien zij het distrikt verlaten waarin zij woonden toen de wet van 1892 in werking kwam. Op deze twee punten behoort zeer nauwkeurig gelet te worden. [...]</ref> Op die kiesersrol wat in 1897 teen 30 September gefinaliseer was, het die Malmesbury Kiesafdeling 2 500 geregistreerde kiesers gehad.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Gemengd Nieuws. 30 September, p.3: Malmesbury - De kiezerslijst voor deze kiesafdeeling is nu kompleet, met een totaal van 2,500 namen tegen 2,235 op de oude lijst. Er zijn 300 gekleurde kiezers.</ref> 1 481 in die Piquetberg Kiesafdeling.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1897. Gemengd Nieuws. 2 October, p. 3: In de Kiesafdeeling Piketberg zijn nu 1,481 kiezers, waaronder 83 gekleurden geregistreerd. Op de vorige lijst waren slechts 120 namen.</ref> Die kieser kon drie kandidate kies, of kon tot drie kruisies langs 'n enkele verkiesingskandidaat maak.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1897. Hoe moet men stemmen? 10 Juni, p. 2: Indien de kiezer meer dan één stem voor denzelfden kandidaat kan uitbrengen, moet hij ''evenveel kruisjes achter den naam van dien kandidaat plaatsen'', als hij voor hem gewenscht te geven. Wil hij dus, om bij het voorbeeld te blijven, aan Jan Brink twee stemmen geven, dan zet hij twee kruisjes achter zijn naam - zóó XX. Wil hij drie stemmen voor hem geven dan maakt hij drie kruisjes - zóó XXX.</ref> Die stemdag op '''16 Maart 1898''' vir die Lid van die Wetgewende Raad het gekom en gegaan; met die uitslae van sowel die Malmesbury- as die Piquetberg-kiesafdeling:<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. Uitslag der Elekties. 24 Maart, Bijvoegsel, p. 2</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" valign="top" |'''NOORDWESTELIKE SIRKEL''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Malmesbury Kiesafdeling''' | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Piquetberg Kiesafdeling''' |- | valign="top" |Lochner | valign="top" |1 462 | valign="top" |Van Rhijn | valign="top" |529 |- | valign="top" |Logan | valign="top" |1 401 | valign="top" |Lochner | valign="top" |479 |- | valign="top" |Van Rhijn | valign="top" |593 | valign="top" |Logan | valign="top" |450 |- | valign="top" |Joubert | valign="top" |520 | valign="top" |Rabie | valign="top" |449 |- | valign="top" |Rabie | valign="top" |385 | valign="top" |Joubert | valign="top" |85 |} Die stemtotaal van die hele Noordwestelike Sirkel, waarvan die Malmesbury- en Piquetberg-kiesafdeling deel uitmaak, sien so daaruit: {| | rowspan="2" valign="top" | '''LWR-Kandidaat''' | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Stemme''' |- | valign="top" |'''''De Zuid-Afrikaan'''''<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. Noordwestelijke Cirkel. 31 Maart, Bijvoegsel</ref> '''(31 Maart 1898)''' | valign="top" |'''Aangepaste<br>syfers'''<ref name="SmithElections1980" /> |- | valign="top" |'''J. D. Logan''' | valign="top" |7 375 | valign="top" |7 378 |- | valign="top" |'''J.A. van A. Lochner''' | valign="top" |3 864 | valign="top" |3 859 |- | valign="top" |'''P. B. van Rhijn''' | valign="top" |3 613 | valign="top" |3 610 |- | valign="top" |D. de V. Rabie | valign="top" |3 112 | valign="top" |3 108 |- | valign="top" |J. J. Joubert | valign="top" |1 620 | valign="top" |1 617 |} ==== 'n Ou plan word onder die stof uitgehaal ==== '''3 Mei 1898:''' 'n Kaart is reeds voltooi vir G.S. Owen se Malmesbury-Greyspas-opmeting. [https://ibali.uct.ac.za/files/original/139526e5859d4ac5fb0b206955439845ac752bda.jpg Op die kaart word duidelik aangedui hoe die voorgestelde spoorlyn die goue middeweg probeer vind]: geen dorpe word by aangedoen buiten Kalabaskraal nie. Dit loop vanaf Kalabaskraalstasie, oor die Dieprivier, deur Mollen Berg, Groenrivier, Michel Heyns Kraal, Pendoorn Valley, Langedam, Gemsbok Kuil, Waterschildpad Kuil, Vygekraal, Oliphants Fontein / Cochnara (Kochera; Kochra), Uilen Kraal & Melkbosch Rug, Ganzekraal/Enkelde Valley, Schaf Plaats Fontein, Wolve Dans, Rondekuil (vandag Boplaas), Klipgat, Visscher's Kraal, Bosjesmans Kloof, Middel Kraal, (Aan de) Berg Rivier, Brood Kraal, oor die [[Bergrivier]], na Wittewater, tot by Rietfontein. Met ander woorde, dit is hoogs waarskynlik dat die spoorwegbrug vandag presies sou staan by Moravia, Piketberg, waar dit vandag is. '''10 Oktober 1898:''' 'n Spoorwegwetsontwerp word in die Wetgewende Vergadering ter tafel gelê. Die Kalabaskraal-Pickeniersklooflyn word daarin gelys en spesifiek aangedui as 'n 3 voet 6 duim-spoor.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Parlement, Wetgevende Vergadering, Maandag, 10 October. Spoorwegen. 12 October, Bijvoegsel: De premier bracht een bill in voor zekere spoorwegen.<br> De heer Schreiner wilde informatie hebben aangaande de voorgestelde lijnen.<br> Sir James zei dat al de lijnen die gebouwd zullen worden opgemeten zijn en dat de bijzonderheden reeds voor het huis waren. De wenselijkheid om die lijnen te bouwen was reeds door het huis besproken.<br> De bill maakte voorziening voor het bouwen van de volgende lijnen :<br> 1. Somerset Oost-Kingwilliamstown als een regeeringslijn.<br> 2. Caledon, van Sir Lowryspass, een 3 voet 6 duim spoor.<br> 3. '''Kalabaskraal-Pikenierskloof (Peketberg)—een 3 voet 6 duim spoor.'''<br> 4. Queenstown-Tarkastad.<br> 5. Langkloof (Uitenhage). De regeering dacht dat hier een proef met een 2 voet lijn genomen kon worden.</ref> '''19 Oktober 1898:''' Die inwoners van die [[Swartland_Plaaslike_Munisipaliteit#Toponimie|Roode Zwartland]] (Moorreesburg), Hopefield en Clanwilliam-distrikte dring aan op die bou van die Piquetberg-spoorlyn, en wil graag die parlement se goedkeuring daarvan sien.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. 20 October, p. 3: Piketberg, 19 Oct. [...] Bericht is ontvangen uit Roode Zwartland, Hopefield en Clanwilliam distrikten, dat de menschen aandringen op den bouw van den Piketberg-spoorweg en met verlangen uitzien naar de goedkeuring daarvan door het parlement.</ref> '''6 Desember 1898:''' Die inleidingsartikel van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' lig die lesers in die Malmesbury/Kalabaskraal-spoorlynuitbreiding sal die volgende dag in die parlement bespreek word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Nieuwe Spoorwegen, 6 Dec, Bijvoegsel: De ed. heer Sauer, commissaris van openbare werken, zal morgen de tweede lezing van een bill voorstellen, voorziening makende voor het bouwen, uitrusten en exploiteeren van zekere spoorweglijnen. Dit voorstel heeft de 5de plaats op het papier en men zal waarschijnlijk er bij komen, daar de eerste vier orders waarschijnlijk niet aanleiding zullen geven tot een lange discussie.<br> Deze bill maakt voorziening voor het bouwen van vijf verschillende lijnen, namelijk: —<br> (1.) Somerset Oost via Cookhouse naar Kingwilliamstown, 147 mijlen lang, £485,100 te kosten;<br> (2.) Port Elizabeth naar een punt nabij Avontuur, 2 voet breedte tegen £2,500 per mijl, 178 mijlen lang, £445,000 te kosten;<br> (3.) Sir Lowrys-pass naar Caledon, 53 mijlen lang, £439,000 te kosten;<br> (4.) '''Van een punt op de Malmesbury-lijn naar Pickenierskloof, 96 mijlen lang, £505,000 te kosten;'''<br> (5.) Van een punt nabij Queenstown naar Takastad, 31 mijlen lang, £102,250 te kosten.<br> Het bouwen van de eerstgenoemde lijn werd reeds in 1895 geauthoriseerd, onder het bijdrage-stelsel, en indien de regeering geen bevredigend kontrakt kon krijgen, de lijn dan als een regeerings-lijn te bouwen.<br> Sedert 1895 werd een kontrakt aangegaan onder het bijdrage-stelsel, maar daar het kontrakt niet op een bevredigende wijze werd uitgevoerd, besloot de regeering andere stappen te nemen. In de spoorweg-bill die sir JAMES SIVEWRIGHT op den eersten dag van deze sessie inbracht, is een kontrakt aangegaan door den vorigen commissaris met zekeren heer DAVID URQUHART, die teekende “voor de Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. bpk.” In de voorrede van dit kontrakt wordt gezegd, dat “de overeenkomst aangegaan wordt, onderworpen aan de goedkeuring van het parlement voor zooverre dezelve noodig mag zijn.” Wat de eigenlijke beteekenis of waarde van deze woorden, door ons gecursiveerd, is, zullen de rechtsgeleerden ons moeten zeggen; maar dit is in elk geval zeker, dat de eerste clausule van deze bill, zooals opgesteld door sir JAMES, bepaalt dat “deze overeenkomst wordt mits dezen bekrachtigt.” Sir JAMES, een der onderteekenaars van het kontrakt, schijnt dus te denken, dat dit kontrakt nog door het parlement bekrachtigd moet worden.<br> Maar nu is de vraag: is er al werk onder dit kontrakt gedaan? Werden tenders voor dit kontrakt gevraagd?<br> De Caledon en Piketberg lijnen zijn in deze bill begrepen; maar de belangrijke vraag is welke route genomen zal worden. In het geval van eerstgenoemde lijn is er de alternatieve route door Franschhoek, en in dat '''van Piketberg heeft men de route van Kalabaskraal, en de andere van 't dorp Malmesbury.'''<br> De lijn naar Avontuur zal slechts een breedte van 2 voet hebben, dus zal het de eerste ‘lichte spoorweg’ der regeering in de Kolonie zijn. Het zal dus een experiment zijn, en indien het een succes blijkt te zijn, is 't te voorzien dat het binnenkort in verschillende richtingen uitgebreid zal worden. De hulpbronnen van de landbouw distrikten zullen dan op deze wijze ontwikkeld kunnen worden.</ref> '''7 Desember 1898:''' Middagsitting van die Wetgewende Vergadering. Die nuwe Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, Sauer, lees 'n rits spoorlyne voor wat in 'n nuwe wetsontwerp vervat is. Dan noem hy: die derde lyn is die Malmesbury-lyn, wat gebou sal word vanaf Kalabaskraal na Pickenierskloof. Hierdie sou veral 'n ontwikkelingslyn wees. Party mense is sterk ten gunste daarvan dat die lyn gebou sal word vanaf Malmesbury na Visserskraal. Hy het hierdie laaste lyn laat ondersoek, en hierdie lyn sou sowat 15 tot 20 myl langer wees as die Kalabaskraal-Pickeniersklooflyn, en dit sou ook baie meer kos, omdat die helling oor die algemeen 1 in 70 voet sou wees. As die Malmesbury-Visserskraal-lyn sou slaag, dan sou hy nader aan Moorreesburg gewees het, en al wil Sauer graag die Moorreesburgers te hulp wees, was dit tog nie wenslik om die lyn daarlangs te bou nie. Hy wil ook nie Malmesbury geheel en al afskeep nie, daarom sou hy "in comité" voorstel om die lyn te bou vanaf Malmesbury tot 'n punt anderkant Darling, en vandaar na Visserskraal. Die lyn sou drie myl korter wees as die Kalabaskraal-Pickeniersklooflyn en £15 000 spaar.<br>Sir James Sivewright (hangende 'n ondersoek rakende die Thames Ironworks Co.-tendersage, asook van verkiesingsknoeiery) was sterk ten gunste van die Kalabaskraal-Pickeniersklooflyn, maar hy was beslis teen die Malmesbury-Darling-Vissersklooflyn gekant. Eersgenoemde lyn sou beter wees en lonender. By die laasgenoemde spoorlyn sou artikels/goedere dubbeld vervoer moes word. <ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Parlement, Woensdag, 7 December. Verlenging van Spoorwegen-bill. 8 December, Bijvoegsel: ...De derde lijn was de Malmesbury lijn, die gebouwd zal worden van Kalabaskraal naar Pikenierskloof. Deze zou vooral eene ontwikkelings lijn wezen. Sommigen waren sterk er voor dat de lijn gebouwd zal worden van Malmesbury naar Visserskraal. Hij had deze laatste lijn laten onderzoeken, en die lijn zou zoowat van 15 tot 20 mijlen langer zijn dan de Kalabaskraal—Pikenierskloof lijn, en zij zou ook veel meer kosten, daar de helling over het algemeen 1 in 70 voet zon wezen. Was de lijn Malmesbury—Visserskraal aangenomen dan zou zij nader aan Moorreesburg geweest zijn, en hoewel hij gaarne de inwoners van Moorreesburg wilde helpen, was het toch niet wenschelijk de lijn daar langs te bouwen. Hij wilde Malmesbury ook niet geheel in de koude laten, daarom zou hij in comité voorstellen de lijn te bouwen van Malmesbury tot een punt anderkant Darling, en vandaar naar Visserskraal. Die lijn zou drie mijlen korter wezen dan de Kalabaskraal—Pikenierskloof lijn en £15,000 besparen.<br>[...]Sir James Sivewright [...] Voortgaande [...] Hij was sterk ten gunste van de Kalabaskraal-Pikenierskloof lijn, maar hij was beslist tegen de Malmesbury-Darling-Visserskloof lijn. Eerstgnoemde lijn zou veel beter wezen en beter betalend. Over laatstgenoemde lijn zou men de artikelen dubbel vervoeren.</ref> '''16 Desember 1898:''' Aandsitting van die Wetgewende Vergadering.<br> Die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke (Sauer) stel voor dat die lyn nie meer vanaf Kalabaskraal gebou moet word nie, maar vanaf Malmesbury.<br> Dirk Jacobus Albertus van Zijl (Clanwilliam) is verheug oor die wysiging. Hy onthou nog 'n opmeting van 1881 waar die spoorlyn na Piquetberg 32 myl korter was as die voorgestelde lyn. Sy kiesers steun die reguit lyn, en hy lig die voordele uit.<br> Sauer sê, toe hy die wetsontwerp voorgestel het, was hy onbewus van die opmeting wat in 1881 gedoen is, wat 28 myl korter is. Nou is die plan onder die stof uitgehaal. Hy stel egter voor dat die opmeting oorgedoen word (net om te kontroleer en seker te maak) en indien dit korrek is, sou hy die spoorlyn laat bou. Met daardie geld wat gespaar word, sou hy dan 'n taklyn laat bou na Darling en Hopefield, vanaf Malmesbury af. Hierdie oplossing beskou hy ongetwyfeld as die beste.<br> Sir James Sivewright wil die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal laat loop.<br> Francis Oats (Namaqualand) ondersteun die nuwe spoorlyn vanaf Malmesbury deur Moorreesburg, net soos die regering voorgestel het.<br> Jacobus Abraham Smuts (Malmesbury) wil slegs 'n paar woorde sê. Dit sou baie onregverdig wees om die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal te bou. Hy was geheel en al ten gunste van die wysiging van Sauer om die lyn vanaf Malmesbury te bou. Hy sal met gerustheid die lyn in die hande van die regering oorlaat.<br> Daniel Jacobus Marais (Piquetberg) sê die Darlinglyn het geen politieke bymotiewe nie: sir James Sivewright het die lyn eenvoudig voorgestaan omdat dit deur die ingenieurs aanbeveel is. Hy sou ook verkies om die saak in die hande van die regering te laat, sodat daar verder ondersoek gedoen kan word en dan in die beste belang opgetree kan word.<br> In antwoord op 'n vraag van sir James Sivewright, sê Sauer dat hy homself nie tot enige spesifieke lyn verbind nie, aangesien hy nog nie genoeg inligting voor hom het nie. Hy wou verdere ondersoeke doen en sou dienooreenkomstig optree. Hy sou bereid wees om Darling en Hopefield 'n taklyn toe te staan. Hy was gereed om die wysiging soos volg te verander: om die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury te laat loop. Indien die direkte lyn dan verwerp word, sou hy oordeel of die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal of vanaf Malmesbury moet loop.<br> Sauer het sy wysiging teruggetrek, sodat sir James kon voorstel dat die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury gebou word. Dit word aangeneem.<br> Daarna is die Wetsontwerp, soos gewysig deur Sauer, aangeneem.<br> Die wetsontwerp is gerapporteer{{voetnota|Die term gerapporteer verwys hier na die formele prosedure waarby die voorsitter van die 'Komitee van die Hele Huis' aan die Speaker verslag doen dat die wetsontwerp deur die komiteestadium is, met of sonder wysigings. Dit is die stap wat die finale stemming en deursending na die Wetgewende Raad voorafgaan.}}, en die Laerhuis het om 11:05 nm. verdaag.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Parlement. Wetgevende Vergadering. 16 December, Avondzitting, Malmesbury Lijn. 17 December, Bijvoegsel: Deze lijn werd aan de orde gesteld.<br>De heer Sauer stelde voor de lijn niet van Kalabaskraal maar van Malmesbury te laten gaan.<br>De heer Van Zijl verheugde zich over dit amendement. Hij herinnerde zich aan eene opmeting van 1881 waaronder de lijn naar Piketberg 32 mijl korter was dan de voorgestelde lijn. Zijne kiezers waren voor een rechtuit lijn, en hij toonde de voordeelen aan, hetgeen opgehelderd werd met de lijn van Kraaifontein.<br>De heer Sauer gaf de reden voor zijn amendement. De lijn van Malmesbury was 2 mijl korter dan die van Kalabaskraal, hoewel de lijn van Kaapstad naar Piketberg 6 of 7 mijl langer zou zijn. Toen hij zijn bill voorstelde wist hij niet van de opmeting van 1881, die 28 mijl korter zou zijn dan de voorgestelde lijn. Hij stelde thans voor deze opmeting te laten overdoen, en indien juist, zou hij die lijn laten bouwen. Met het gespaarde geld zou hij dan een tak-lijn bouwen naar Darling en Hopefield, van Malmesbury. Deze oplossing achtte hij ongetwijfeld de beste.<br>Sir James wilde de lijn van Kalabaskraal laten gaan.<br>De heer Oats ondersteunde de nieuwe lijn van Malmesbury over Moorreesburg, zooals voorgesteld door de regeering.<br>De heer J. A. Smuts zou slechts een paar woorden zeggen. Het zou zeer onrechtvaardig wezen de lijn van Kalabaskraal te bouwen. Hij was geheel ten gunste van het amendement van den heer Sauer om de lijn van Malmesbury te bouwen. Hij zal met gerustheid de lijn in handen van de regeering te laten.<br>De heer D. J. Marais zei dat de Darling lijn geen politieke lijn was, sir James had die lijn voorgestaan omdat zij door de ingenieurs aanbevolen werd. Hij was echter er voor de zaak in handen van de regeering te laten, die verder onderzoek kon doen en dan naar het beste handelen.<br>Op eene vraag van sir James zei de heer Sauer, dat hij zich aan geen speciale lijn verbond, want hij had nog niet genoeg informatie voor zich. Hij wilde verder onderzoek instellen en zou daarop handelen. Hij zou gewillig wezen Darling en Hopefield een taklijn te geven. Hij was gereed het amendement te veranderen als volgt:— de lijn te laten gaan van Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury. Werd de direkte lijn dan verworpen, dan zou hij oordeelen of de lijn van Kalabaskraal of van Malmesbury zou gaan.<br>De heer Sauer trok zijn amendement terug, zoodat sir James kon voorstellen dat de lijn zou gebouwd worden van Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury.<br>Dit werd aangenomen.<br>De Queenstown-Tarkastad lijn was vervolgens aan de orde.<br>Kolonel Schermbrucker wilde de lijn van Sterkstroom gebouwd hebben.<br>Deze lijn werd onveranderd aangenomen.<br>Daarna werd de bill, zooals geamendeerd door den heer Sauer, aangenomen.<br>De bill werd gerapporteerd, en het huis verdaagde om 11-5.</ref> '''20 Desember 1898:''' In die Wetgewende Raad (Hoërhuis) word die Spoorverlenging Wetsontwerp die tweede keer voorgelees. Al is James Douglas Logan (Noordwestelike Provinsie) verheug oor die Malmesbury-verlenging (omdat die boere van Malmesbury en die Sandveld elke bietjie hulp verdien), vrees Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner (Noordwestelike Provinsie) dat die Kalabaskraalroete 'n wit olifant gaan wees. Die lyn loop nie deur die eintlike graanskuur nie. 'n Lyn na die Sandveld sou geen lyn vir Malmesbury wees nie. Petrus Benjamin van Rhijn (Noordwestelike Provinsie) steun die lyn vanaf Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury na Pickenierskloof. Vir hom is dit 'n goeie roete wat lonend sou wees, en hy is bly dat die saak in die hande van die regering was. Hy wou weet of die regering nie later iets vir Porterville sou doen nie. Die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, Sauer, sê hy kan geen beloftes maak nie. Daniel Petrus van den Heever (Noordoostelike Provinsie) meen die Huis moet nog vasstel waarvandaan die lyne moet loop: Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury. Dit word goedgekeur. Skedule B word afgehandel. Nadat die Wetsontwerp (van verskeie ander lyne) deur die komitee hersien, oorweeg en goedgekeur is, word die Wetsontwerp 'n derde keer in die Hoërhuis voorgelees en aangeneem. Die bewoording van die wet, en die onsekerheid rondom Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury as beginpunt, het net so behoue gebly, presies soos dit in die raad gedebatteer is.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Parlement: Wetgevende Raad. Spoorwegverlenging Bill, 22 December, Bijvoegsel: De ed. heer Sauer stelde voor de tweede lezing van deze bill. Daar de tijd kort was meende hij dat het best zou wezen zijne aanmerkingen terug te houden tot later. Hij zou nu slechts de tweede lezing voorstellen en in comité de informatie geven die men verlangde.<br>De ed. heer Van Rhijn was verblijd dat men in deze bill aan de noord-westelijke distrikten gedacht had, die tot hiertoe zeer stiefmoederlijk behandeld werden. Hij zou voor de tweede lezing stemmen, hoewel hij in comité misschien amendementen zou voorstellen. Hij pleitte verder voor Franschhoek en was verblijd over wat de ed. heer Sauer in verband met deze route zeide. Franschhoek had aanspraak op een lijn, en kon het niet anders dan moest men hem een taklijn geven.<br>De ed. heer Wilmot meende dat de Caledon spoorweg een lichte lijn moest wezen. Hij was verblijd dat de Langkloof lijn een lichte zou wezen. Een vruchtbare landstreek zou door die lijn worden ontwikkeld. Spreker meende dat lichte spoorwegen goed zouden betalen in dit land. In andere landen waren lichte spoorwegen een groot succes. Als er meer lichte spoorwegen waren zou meer grond onder bebouwing gebracht worden en men zou goedkoop kost krijgen. Hij dacht dit was het begin van de ontwikkeling van het land.<br>De ed. heer Bellingan zou de bill ondersteunen. Hij zou de regeering ter overweging geven een lijn van Klipplaat naar Jansenville, van Sandflats naar Alexandria, van Grahamsstad naar Peddie en van Victoria West naar Carnarvon te bouwen. Deze lijnen waren zeer noodzakelijk. Peddie was een zeer vruchtbaar distrikt. Er werden alle soorten vruchten gekweekt. Hij hoopte de regeering zou deze lijnen in gunstige overweging nemen.<br>De ed. heer Van Eeden wenschte de regeering geluk met hare goede voornemens. Al het belangrijke werk werd voor het laatst gehouden. Dit werd veroorzaakt door de ellendige redistributiewet. Hij had Caledon geraden te nemen wat zij kon krijgen. Hij zou geen stroo in den weg van deze bill leggen. Wat de routes betreft moest de regeering beslissen. Hij hoopte ze zou slagen de bill door te krijgen. Het geld zou besteed zijn in belang van de ontwikkeling van het land. Vruchten waren hier zeer duur. Er moesten spoorwegen wezen om de produkten van den boer ter markt te brengen. Allen konden niet thans lijnen krijgen. Men moest stap voor stap gaan. Hij wenschte de regeering geluk, maar hoopte dat ze niet parmantig zou worden wanneer ze sterk werd.<br>De ed. heer Van den Heever meende dat er onder de voorgestelde lijnen sommigen waren die blijken zouden groote witte olifanten te zijn, lijnen die nooit zouden betalen. Het speet hem dat de Somerset Oost-Kingwilliamstown lijn niet naar Seymour zou worden gebouwd, een zeer vruchtbaar distrikt. Men ging weder naar Kingwilliamstown. Hij vreesde dat de lijn dan niet zou betalen. Met het geld reeds te Kingwilliamstown en Oost Londen uitgegeven zou men Tafelberg in een haven kunnen veranderen. Die plaatsen hebben het land zeer veel gekost. Wat de Sir Lowry pass-Caledon lijn betref, meende hij dat die lijn niet zou kunnen gebouwd worden voor de genoemde som. De kosten zouden veel hooger zijn. Hij had geen vertrouwen in de opmeting der ingenieurs. Dan was de vraag: welke route is de beste, Franschhoek of Sir Lowrys pas. Hij kon niet zeggen welke route de beste is, en moest de zaak in handen der regeering laten. Wat de opmetingen betreft meende hij dat men niet daarop kon gaan. Als men een lijn wilde bouwen moest de regeering een commissie zenden om te onderzoeken welke de beste route zal zijn.<br>De ed. heer Faure wilde weten of de regeering een taklijn aan Franschhoek zou geven.<br>De ed. heer Du Toit zei de tijd was gekomen om het land te ontwikkelen. De westelijke distrikten konden de Kolonie van goedkoop brood voorzien en moesten door spoorwegen geopend worden. Hij was van plan voor de bill te stemmen, omdat hij meende dat als die lijnen gebouwd zijn het noord-westen aan de beurt zou komen. Nadat men de graan distrikten ontwikkeld heeft moet men het noord-westen te hulp komen zoodat men de markten van vleesch kon voorzien. Hij hoopte dat de regeering de lijnen langs de beste routes zou laten bouwen.<br>De ed. heer Neethling betreurde het dat een nauwe spoorweg van 170 mijlen lang zou gebouwd worden. Hij geloofde niet dat die spoorwegen goedkooper konden gebouwd worden. '''Hij was er tegen nauwe lijnen te bouwen. Het over laden zou veel oponthoud veroorzaken.''' Het mag mogelijk later noodig wezen de Langkloof lijn te verlengen en dan zou men weer een ander spoor moeten leggen tegen groote kosten. De spoorwegen zouden veel meer kosten dan de sommen in de bill genoemd. De spreker was ten gunste van de Franschhoek route naar Caledon. Als de lijn over Sir Lowrys pas gebouwd wordt, hoopte hij dat de regeering hare belofte zou nakomen en aan Franschhoek een taklijn geven.<br>De ed. heer Pretorius wilde de aandacht van den commissaris bepalen op twee gebreken in de bill. De lijn Cookhouse-Kingwilliamstown ging te ver voorbij Stockenstroom, een zeer vruchtbaar distrikt, dat veel doet aan tabak cultuur. Een grooter gebrek was de Queenstown-Tarkastad lijn. De lijn moest met een verlengd worden naar de Zoutpannen en weder aan de Middellandsche lijn aansluiten. Het terrein was effen en de lijn zou dan betalend wezen. Hij hoopte dit zou gedaan worden.<br>De ed. heer Sauer zei dat hij in het andere huis gezegd had dat de regeering in de volgende zitting lichte lijnen zou voorstellen. Hij beloofde een taklijn naar Franschhoek, de lijn van de gewone wijdte te zijn. Deze was de eenige belofte welke hij gedaan had.<br>De ed. heer '''Logan''' zei dat het overladen van een nauwe op een breede spoorweg zeer gemakkelijk gaat. Dat was geen bezwaar. Hij meende dat het goed zou wezen een proef te nemen met lichte spoorwegen. Het speet hem dat de Caledon lijn niet door Franschhoek gebouwd zou worden. De lijn zou beter betalen door het vruchtbaar distrikt van Franschhoek. '''Hij was zeer verblijd over de Malmesbury verlenging, een zeer noodige lijn. De Malmesbury en Zandveld boeren verdienden alle hulp. De ed. heer Lochner wilde wat zeggen met betrekking tot de Kalabaskraal verlenging. Hij vreesde dat de voorgestelde route een witte olifant zou wezen. De lijn ging niet door de eigenlijke graanschuur. Een lijn naar het Zandveld zou geen lijn voor Malmesbury wezen.'''<br>'''De tweede lezing werd aangenomen.'''<br>De raad ging in comité op de bill, de ed. heer Neethling in den stoel.<br>De Somerset Oost—Cookhouse—Kingwilliamstown lijn, 147 mijlen lang, bedrag £485,000, aan de orde.<br>Aangenomen.<br>De lijn Port Elizabeth—Avontuur, 178 mijl, bedrag £445,000, aan de orde.<br> De ed. heer Bellingan wilde een korte lijn naar Uitenhage ten gerieve der boeren. Hij bracht de zaak slechts onder de aandacht der regeering.<br>Deze lijn werd goedgekeurd.<br>De Sir Lowrys pas—Caledon lijn aan de orde. Afstand 53 mijlen, kosten £439,000.<br>De ed. heer Logan vroeg of een lijn zou gebouwd worden van Worcester naar Villiersdorp.<br>De ed. heer Sauer zei hij kon niets beloven dan dat Franschhoek een taklijn zou krijgen.<br>De ed. heer De Wet zei dat het hem scheen of de lijn door Franschhoek gebouwd moest worden. Caledon zou dan nader aan het noorden zijn. Als men toch een lijn naar Franschhoek wilde bouwen kon men meteen de lijn maar doorvoeren naar Caledon.<br>'''Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury naar Pickenierskloof, 96½ mijl, koste £92,250.'''<br>'''De ed. heer Van Rhijn steunde deze lijn. De route was een goede. De lijn zoo gebouwd zou betalen. Hij hoopte de regeering zou voorzichtig wezen. Hij was verblijd dat de zaak in handen der regeering gelaten werd. Hij wilde weten of de regeering niet later iets zou doen voor Porterville.'''<br>'''De ed. heer Sauer zei hij kon niet een belofte doen.<br>De ed. heer Van den Heever meende dat het huis moest vaststellen vanwaar de lijnen moesten gebouwd worden.<br>Goedgekeurd.'''<br>Aan de orde de lijn van een punt nabij Queenstown naar Tarkastad.<br>De ed. heer De Wet meende dat het beter zou zijn de lijn te bouwen van Sterkstroom. Hij stelde voor dat de lijn van Sterkstroom zal gebouwd worden.<br>De ed. heer Sauer zei dat die lijn meer zou kosten en de motie was dus uit de orde.<br>De ed. heer Van den Heever zei dat de raad dan aan banden gelegd is. Hij achtte het ongelukkig.<br>Het voorstel-De Wet, uit de orde zijnde, verviel. De ed. heer De Wet gaf zijn spijt te kennen, dat hij niet eene verandering kon voorstellen. De ed. heer Pretorius meende ook dat de lijn langs een andere route moest gaan.<br>De lijn werd goedgekeurd.<br>'''De schedule B was nu afgehandeld.'''<br>Op schedule A zei de ed. heer Wilmot dat de kwestie van het kontrakt met den heer Urquhart door het hof moest worden beslist.<br>De ed. heer Van Rhijn zei dat de vorige commissaris van publieke werken zeer ongelukkig was in het sluiten van kontrakten. Hij had meer vertrouwen in den tegenwoordigen commissaris, die niet zulke losse kontrakten zou sluiten.<br>Schedule A werd goedgekeurd.<br>Op clausule I stelde de ed. heer Sauer als amendement voor, sub-sectie 2 uit te laten en een proviso in te voegen dat de Thames Iron Works Co. securiteit zal geven.<br>Dit amendement werd aangenomen.<br>'''De bill ging door comité en werd met amendement gerapporteerd.'''<br>'''Amendementen overwogen en goedgekeurd.'''<br>'''De bill werd voor de derde maal gelezen en gepasseerd.'''</ref> Wet no. 40 van 1898 ("Railway Extension Act, 1898") word op 6 Januarie 1899 bekragtig.{{voetnota|Sivewright se handtekening is voor die tyd gemaak. Sauer het hom opgevolg. Afgesien van nog 'n paar sake in hierdie wet wat eers uitgeklaar moes word, is Sivewright in 1898 ook van verkiesingsknoeiery aangekla, al was dit sy agente wat dit gedoen het.}} Onder "Schedule B" nommer 4 (d) word gelys: "Kalabas Kraal or Malmesbury to Pickeniers Kloof", dit is 96½ myl lank en die bedrag toegestaan is £505 000.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Acts_of_Parliament/_eMqAAAAYAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=Act+No.+40+of+1898+Railways&pg=PA4003&printsec=frontcover Acts of Parliament. 1899. Sessions of 1898. Fifth Session of the Ninth Parliament, and First Session of the Tenth Parliament. Cape Town: J.C. Juta & Co, pp. 4003 - 4009.]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250306092038if_/https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/eu-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/27UOJ_INST/storage/alma/F5/71/42/6B/46/A3/B0/D1/58/C7/6C/B7/35/EC/30/B3/uj_13071%2BCONTENT1%2BCONTENT1.2.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22uj_13071%252BCONTENT1%252BCONTENT1.2.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27uj_13071%252BCONTENT1%252BCONTENT1.2.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250306T092038Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=119&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJN6NPMNGJALPPWAQ%2F20250306%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=f02852388c06af40b29b24e54a061b92dee0853f6cac16062ba9b92b195cb296 Meyer, J.F. 1988. 'n Ontleding van die Suid-Afrikaanse Vervoerdienste se Spoortaklyne in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Ongepubliseerde proefskrif, Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe. Johannesburg: Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit, bl. 8]</ref> Toe die telegram die aand deurkom dat die Malmesbury-spoorwegverlenging deur die Wetgewende Raad aangeneem is, was die vreugde onder die Piquetbergers groot. In die leeskamer het daar 'n groot menigte saamgedrom om die nuus aan te hoor. Drie hartlike hoera's het weerklink vir D.C. de Waal, D.J. Marais, asook die mans aan die stuur van die spoorwegkommissie, J. Dommisse, W. Liebenberg en G.H. Parrott. Die mense het hul dank uitgespreek teenoor die regering wat hierdie spoorlyn ondersteun. Dit was van groot belang vir hierdie dorp en omliggende streke se ontwikkeling. Tot laat in die aand was die dorpenaars nog op die been, die huise was verlig en daar was musiek in die strate.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1898. Piketberg juicht! 22 December, Bijvoegsel: Piketberg, 21 Dec. [...] De vreugde der inwoners was groot gisteravond toen het telegrafisch bericht vernomen werd dat de Malmesbury verlenging door den wetgevenden raad in al hare stadien gepasseerd was. Gisteravond voor de leeskamer vergaderde een groote menigte dames en heeren om het nieuws te hooren en drie hartelijke hoera's werden aangeheven ter eere van onze parlementaire vertegenwoordigers, de hh. David de Waal en Daniel Marais, alsook ter eere van de spoorwegcommissie, de hh. J. Dominisse, W. Liebenberg en G. H. Parrott.<br>Het volk is ook dankbaar jegens de regeering voor 't ondersteunen van die spoorlijn, welke men voorspelt een der betaalbaarste lijnen te zullen zijn, dienende dit en aangrenzende distrikten, die zoo opbrengend en bevolkt zijn. Tot laat in den avond waren de dorpslui op de been, huizen waren verlicht en de muziek in de straten. Een boer van Clanwilliam riep uit: "De Heere zij gedankt voor onze boeren en ook voor die van Olifantsrivier. Een man kan nu met den landbouw voortgaan."</ref> '''27 Desember 1898:''' In 'n artikel wat vlugtig oor Malmesbury se handel uitwei, word 'n kort, maar byna toeristiese prentjie van Moorreesburg geskets. Moorreesburg is drie uur se ry buitekant Malmesbury. Dit is Desember, dit is in die middel van die oestyd. Soms moet mens verby byna eenhonderd waens ry. In hierdie hitte is dit jammer om te sien dat feitlik geen bome gekweek word nie. Die boomlose plase skep 'n sombere prentjie. (Vergeleke hiermee: Malmesbury se Munisipaliteit het in 1891 alleen meer as 8 000 bloekombome en 4 000 acacia-bome aangeplant).<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Een reisje na Malmesbury. 8 October, p.3: [...] De Municipaliteit heeft dit jaar vrij wat moeite gedaan om de mooije groote Voetbal-velden in te sluiten, door meer dan 8,000 blaauwgomboomen en 4,000 acacia's te planten. Na eenigen groeitijd zal dit een der mooiste voetbal- en cricketvelden wezen in de Kolonie.[...]</ref> Op Moorreesburg aangekom, tref die fraaie kerkie mens eerste, wat aan die noordeind van die dorp se kant toe staan. Die kerk binne is ruim met goeie ventilasie. Die nuwe orrel is enkele dae tevore ingewy; ook die kansel en die mooi lampe skep 'n netjiese indruk. Die kerkbanke is van die beste en sit baie gemaklik; daar is plek vir 800 kerkgangers. Agter die kerkgronde word daar tans 'n nuwe pastorie vir ds. Retief gebou, wat 'n aanwins vir die dorp sal wees. Die openbare skool het mnr. Walters as skoolhoof. Die meeste handel op die dorp word deur mnr. J. Herman gedryf, en hy geniet die ondersteuning van die inwoners. Moorreesburg beskik oor 'n welingerigte pos- en telegraafkantoor, wat deur mejuffrou Slabbert bekwaamlik bestuur word. En dan: "Mens verwag dat die spoorweg, wat op die punt staan om gebou te word, deur die dorp sal loop. As dit so is, dan wag daar 'n nog heerliker toekoms vir die Moorreesburgers."<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Malmesbury: Moorreesburg. 27 December, Bijvoegsel: Een klein doch verkieslijk dorp; drie uren rijdens verwijderd van Malmesbury. In die drie uren passeert men soms tot dicht bij de honderd wagens, en geen wonder dat de afdeelingsraad van Malmesbury steeds zijn hand aan het pad moet houden om dat niet uit orde te doen geraken. Op den weg is het wat bedroevend te zien hoe weinig er aan boomkweeken gedaan wordt, en maken de boomlooze plaatsen eene sombre vertooning.<br>Doch wij komen op het dorp Moorreesburg. Wat het oog het eerst treft is het fraaie kerkgebouw, dat als een pronkstuk aan het noorder einde van het dorp staat. Van binnen is het gebouw ruim en luchtig en maakt een nette vertooning met het prachtig orgel dat eenige dagen geleden ingewijd werd, alsook den kansel en de mooie lampen. De zitbanken zijn van de besten en zitten zeer gemakkelijk, en er is zitplaats voor meer dan 800 personen. Aan de achterzijde van de kerkgronden wordt thans een nieuwe pastorie voor den leeraar, ds. Retief, gebouwd, die een aanwinst voor ’t dorp zal zijn.<br>De publieke school op het dorp heeft den heer Walters tot principaal, en men zegt dat de opleiding door hem gegeven grootelijks op prijs gesteld wordt.<br>Handelszaken<br>De voornaamste handelszaken te Moorreesburg wordt gedreven door den heer J. Herman, en hij gedraagt zich zoo dat hij de hartelijke ondersteuning van de ingezetenen verdient. Moorreesburg heeft ook een welingericht post- en telegraafkantoor, dat door jongej. Slabbert bekwamelijk bestierd wordt.<br>Men verwacht dat de spoorweg die staat gemaakt te worden over het dorp zal gaan. Indien zoo dan wacht een nog heerlijke toekomst de Moorreesburgers.</ref><br> Volgens 'n reisgids uit 1899 lyk mens se vervoerreëlings voor die koms van die trein op Moorreesburg so: Trekkarre vertrek op Dinsdae en Saterdae vanaf Malmesbury om 6 uur die oggend. Die rit oor 26 myl (41,84 km) tussen die twee dorpe duur 4 ure lank. Wanneer mens uiteindelik op Moorreesburg aankom, het jy omtrent 4 ure oor om al jou sake daar af te handel, want om 2 uur die middag moet jy reeds sit vir die terugtog Malmesbury toe. Jy behoort 6 uur die aand op Malmesbury aan te kom. 'n Hele dag is feitlik net aan rondpendel afgestaan. Die reiskoste bedra 7 sjielings, 6 pennies; maar sou mens 'n privaatkar wil reël, kos dit jou omtrent 25 sjielings.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Guide_to_Southern_Africa/fdviAAAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&bsq=moorreesberg&dq=moorreesberg&printsec=frontcover Guide to Southern Africa, 1899, p. 280]: Carts also leave Malmesbury for Moorreesburg on Tues. & Sat., 6 a.m., 26 miles, 4 hrs. ; fare 7s. 6d. Returning same days at 2 p.m. Private carts about 25s.</ref> ==== Die Hopefield-deputasie staan op ==== '''29 Desember 1898:''' Daar heers groot ongelukkigheid in Achter-Piquetberg omdat die inwoners voel die verteenwoordigers (D.C. de Waal en D.J. Marais) in die parlement het hul in die steek gelaat. Een van die grootste openbare vergaderings in die Sandveld tot op hierdie datum is gehou. D.J. Marais het nie sy belofte nagekom deur die spoorlyn vanaf Kalabaskraal te ondersteun nie; en daarom is 400 plase ontneem van 'n spoorweg. Omdat dit blyk dat Darling, Hopefield, Saldanhabaai en die Sandveld by die Piquetberg-lyn uitgesluit is, besluit die inwoners by 'n vergadering op Drommelvlei om 'n kommissie in die lewe te roep om met hierdie plase saam te werk, "om de lijn volgens de eerste opmeting te krijgen".<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. David de Waal en zijne kiezers: gepetitioneerd te bedanken. 10 Januarie, p. 4: Een publieke vergadering werd gehouden op den 29sten December te Drommelvlei (wijk no. 6) Achter Piketberg. De vergadering werd bijeengeroepen met het doel tot besluit te komen wat gedaan moet worden met den heer D. C. de Waal (lid voor Groote Schuur). De vergadering was een van de grootste die ooit in ’t Zandveld gehouden is. Er waren ook personen van wijken no. 3 en 4 tegenwoordig.<br>De heer D. Brink Sr. werd tot voorzitter gekozen.<br>De voorzitter maakte het doel der vergadering bekend en zeide dat hij gaarne het gevoelen van de vergadering weten wilde en maakte duidelijk hoe de heer De Waal ons land en volk op politiek gebied verraden en bedrogen heeft, en zeide dat het onmogelijk was om hem (De Waal) langer als onze vertegenwoordiger te erkennen.<br>De heer P. Meisenheimer zeide dat de personen die De Waal in het parlement gebracht en hem zoo hemelshoog opgehemeld hadden, hem er maar weer moesten uithalen.<br>De heer H. Bosman zeide dat hij voor den heer De Waal gestemd had op zijn dure belofte, die hij als onder een eed gedaan had, dat hij zou staan als een rots tegen het Sprigg-ministerie en de redistributiebill, maar dat hij nu schandelijk bedrogen was en hij geloofde niet dat hij nog een kiezer van den heer De Waal was, die hem met een rein geweten kon volgen.<br>De heer Jac. Visser zeide hij had nooit een vertrouwen in den heer De Waal omdat hij (De Waal) God niet vreesde en zulke mannen vertrouwde hij nooit.<br>De heer J. Theubes zeide dat hij De Waal ondersteund had, omdat hij door den Bond genomineerd was en hij als Bondsman het zijn plicht achtte om den Bondskandidaat te ondersteunen.<br>Verscheidene sprekers veroordeelden het gemeen gedrag van den heer De Waal.<br>De heer D. Brink Jr. stelde voor gesecondeerd door den heer Gert Smit: om petities te laten teekenen door de geheele wijk, den heer De Waal verzoekende te bedanken als onze vertegenwoordiger.—Aangenomen.<br>De heer A. Brink stelde voor, gesecondeerd door den heer Jan Theubes: Deze vergadering spreekt haar diepste verontwaardiging uit over het ontstaatkundig en laakbaar gedrag van den heer De Waal door zijne plechtige eleksiebeloften in het beslissend oogenblik te verkrachten met het indienen van een amendement, dat de regeering noodzaakte tot een conferentie over te gaan met de oppositie op de redistributie. Daar wij allen ontevreden zijn met het gedrag van den heer De Waal is deze vergadering eenparig van gevoelen hem te bedanken als lid voor Piketberg. Eenparig aangenomen.<br>Voorstel S. A. Mostert, secondant F. Visser: Deze vergadering gelet hebbende op het gedrag van den heer D. J. Marais in het parlement keurt het ten sterkste af daar het gebleken is, dat genoemde heer de belangen van den boer over het hoofd ziet en alles doet ten gunste van de vrijhandelaars: Ten eerste heeft hij de lijn van Kalbaskraal, volgens belofte, niet ondersteund, waardoor omtrent 400 plaatsen van den spoorweg ontrooft worden. Ten tweede: Hij heeft getoond bij de motie van den heer Van Zijl omtrent Lambertsbaai, dat hij alles opneemt tegen den boer.<br>De voorzitter zeide dat hij nu gaarne het gevoelen van de vergadering weten wilde omtrent onzen voorgestelden spoorweg naar Piketberg, daar de lang beloofde spoorweg nu eindelijk door het parlement aangenomen was; doch het schijnt of Darling, Hopefield, Saldanabaai en Zandveld uitgesloten werden en hij zou er voor zijn een commissie aan te stellen om met genoemde plaatsen samen te werken, om de lijn volgens de eerste opmeting te krijgen.<br>Nadat verscheidene personen hun gevoelen uitgesproken hadden werden de heeren D. Brink en S. A. Mostert aangesteld als commissie om met genoemde plaatsen te onderhandelen.<br>Waarna de vergadering uiteenging.<br>M. C. BRINK, Secretaris.</ref> '''7 Januarie 1899:''' Die jaarlikse Bondsvergadering (van die Bondstak Moorreesburg) word gehou; 31 lede was teenwoordig. Die vergadering voel die voorgestelde spoorwegverlenging van die Malmesbury-spoorlyn moet so reguit en direk moontlik geskied, sodat hy as die hooflyn van die noordweste beskou kan word. Nadat die vergadering afgehandel is, sluit ds. J.D. Retief af met gebed.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Moorreesburg. 21 Januari, p. 3: Jaarlijksche Bondsvergadering, gehouden op Zaterdag 7 Jan. 1899.<br>De vergadering werd met gebed geopend door den heer D. Krynauw.<br>31 leden tegenwoordig.<br>Daar de secretaris niet tegenwoordig was (hij brengt zijn vacantiedagen door te Hermanus Pietersfontein Strand) wordt de assistent secretaris (J. F. Burnard) verzocht de notulen op te nemen.<br>De voorzitter maakte het doel der vergadering bekend.<br>De beschrijvingspunten werden als volgt voorgesteld: D. Krynauw stelt voor, gesecondeerd door den heer Jan Bester: Dat een lid van het lagerhuis eerst voor zijn zetel zal moeten bedanken wanneer hij zich verkiesbaar stelt voor het hoogerhuis, en dat geen kandidaat zich voor meer dan een kiesafdeeling mag verkiesbaar stellen.<br>Voorgesteld door G. P. Lochner, gesecondeerd door D. van Tubberg: Deze vergadering is van gevoelen dat de voorgestelde verlenging van de Malmesbury spoorlijn zoo direkt mogelijk zal gebouwd worden, daar zij als een hoofdlijn voor het noordwesten moet beschouwd worden.<br>Voorgesteld door Jan Bester, gesecondeerd door G. P. Smith, dat de brandsiektewet zal herroepen worden.<br>Na de beschrijvingspunten afgehandeld te hebben ging men over tot andere besigheid.<br>Voorgesteld door G. P. Lochner, gesecondeerd door G. P. Smith:—Deze vergadering keurt ten strengste af het gedrag van den heer D. C. de Waal in de jongste sitting tegenover zijn constituenten en de Afrikaander partij en hoopt dat de heer De Waal, indien hij nog eenig respect voor zichzelven bezit, dadelijk zal bedanken als lid voor Piketberg. De vergadering keurt ook sterk af de lage, lafhartige woorden door hem geuit tegen de Afrikaander partij toen hij met de heeren Rhodes en Sivewright naar Europa vertrok.<br>De heer Krynauw zeide dat er haast geen woorden te vinden waren om het gedrag van den heer De Waal af te keuren en hij gaf er niet om als hij liever in Europa wilde blijven. Elk Afrikaander kon trots wezen op den heer Krige en hij hoopte dat er nog zulke vrouwen te vinden als mevr. Krige, die er veel bijdroeg om het aanbod van de hand te wijzen.<br>Voorgesteld door Jacobus Lochner, gesecondeerd door G. P. Lochner: deze vergadering sympathiseert met de familie De Waal over het gedrag van den heer De Waal en hoopt dat de Afrikaander partij de eer en het respect van de familie De Waal (ware Afrikaanders) wegens het gedrag van den heer D. C. de Waal niet zal minachten, maar alles zal aanwenden om de eer en respect van de De Waal’s familie als ware Afrikaanders als een kroon op hunne hoofden te houden.<br>Daarna sloot ds. Retief met gebed.<br>J.F. Burnard, Assistent-secretaris.</ref> '''10 Januarie 1899:''' "Bezoeker" skryf oor die trapsgewyse vooruitgang wat [[Vredenburg]] maak, soos die kerk wat binnekort 'n nuwe orrel sal inwy en nuwe 'n galery gaan bou vir 80 sitplekke. Nadat daar geskryf is oor die oeste wat byna klaar is en dat heelwat boere klaar gedors het, word die laaste gedagte geskryf: "Ons is ook gretig om te weet of die spoorlyn nie tog naby genoeg aan Hopefield sal kom, sodat ons dit ook maklik kan bereik nie – 'n voorreg wat, tesame met die hardmaak van ons baie swak paaie, sal dien om vooruitgang in hierdie streek aan te spoor. Maar ons was tog lojaal aan ons edele verteenwoordigers tydens die verkiesingsveldtog; sal hulle ons nie nou ook onthou nie?"<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Vredenburg (Malmesbury). 10 Januari, p. 4: [...] Wij zijn ook verlangend om te weten of de spoorweg toch niet zoo na aan Hopefield komen zal, dat wij het ook gemakkelijk kunnen bereiken - welk voorrecht tesamen met het hardmaken van onze zeer slechte wegen zal strekken om den vooruitgang deze streek aan te sporen. Maar wij waren toch getrouw aan onze edele vertegenwoordigers in den elektiestrijd, zullen zij ook dan niet nu aan ons gedenken? [...]</ref> [[Beeld:Ds JH Neethling Hopefield.jpg|duimnael|regs|180px|Ds. J.H. Neethling was van 1854 tot 1904 Hopefield se eerste leraar. Hy het geweier om tydens die vergadering die voorsitterstoel te beklee. Sy skoonseun was op hierdie tydstip ds. J.D. Retief, predikant van Moorreesburg, wat hom in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie geplaas het.]] '''31 Januarie 1899:''' 'n Vergadering word in die hofsaal op Hopefield gehou, en is goed bygewoon deur belanghebbendes van Groenekloof, Darling, Swartland, Piquetberg, Vredenburg, Bergrivier, Hoedjiesbaai en elders. '''Dominee J.H. Neethling weier om die voorsitterstoel te beklee.''' J.W. Stiglingh word as voorsitter en Jacob Retief as sekretaris aangewys. Jacob Retief doen verslag wat sy Hopefield, Bergrivier en Baai-deputasie sover bereik het: hulle kon geen besliste antwoord uit Sauer kry nie, omdat 'n nuwe opmeting aan die gang was. Sauer beloof egter sodra dit klaar is, dan sou die regering beslis. Retief sê toe dit is nou die tyd vir almal om kragte saam te snoer, omdat dit vreeslik onbillik van die Moorreesburgers is om te verwag dat soveel plase en besighede uitgesluit moes word. Hy vertrou egter dat die regering reg sal laat geskied. Dit lyk nie of Sauer teen Kalabaskraal gekant is nie, sê Retief. Wat wel in die weg staan: die bedoeling van die spoorlyn het blykbaar verander - dit wil lyk of die regering dit 'n punt-tot-punt-lyn wil maak, pleks van 'n ontwikkelingslyn. Omdat Owen se nuwe opmeting meer in Moorreesburg se guns wil-wil tel, stel Retief voor dat die regering 'n onpartydige kommissie moet aanstel om 'n persoonlike ondersoek te doen betreffende na die spoorrigting deur sowel Moorreesburg as Karbonaatjeskraal. Jan Basson (voorheen ook LWV van Malmesbury), wat die Groene Kloof-deputasie lei, bedank eers almal (Piquetberg, sir James Sivewright, D.J. Marais en D.C. de Waal en later selfs die Eerste Minister) wat die opmeting in die rigting van Kalabaskraal in die eerste plek moontlik gemaak het. 'n Belangrike stukkie is waar hy iets sê van: "dat ons dit aan Piquetberg te danke het dat hulle eerste hierdie saak aangevoer het en deur hul uitnodiging aan ander plekke om saam te werk, kry ons deur sir James [Sivewright] die opmeting in die rigting van Kalabraskraal via Karbonaatjeskraal." Maar, nes die Hopefield-afvaardiging, kon hulle ook geen beslissende antwoord uit die regering kry nie. Mnr. Sauer, Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, wou die probleem oplos deur 'n taklyn te vestig, 'n belofte wat hy (Basson) met groot verontwaardiging ontvang het en aangedring het op 'n beslissende antwoord. In antwoord op 'n verdere vraag het Basson aangedui hulle sou tevrede wees met Malmesbury wat die beginpunt word, mits die stasies volgens die oorspronklike opmeting via Karbonaatjeskraal behou word, en mnr. Sauer het belowe om 'n besluit te neem sodra Owen se verslag aangekom het. Mnr. Basson glo as die opmeting ten gunste van Moorreesburg verklaar sou word, sou hul verplig wees om daarteen te protesteer. Daarna gaan Basson tot die ''[[ad hominem]]''-aanvalle oor: hy beskuldig hul verteenwoordiger in die Wetgewende Vergadering, J.A. Smuts, "goed versorg deur sy nabyheid aan [[Hermon]]stasie", dat hy dit gewaag het om te sê die lyn van Kalabaskraal is onregverdig. Basson beweer Smuts het met Lochner van die Hoërhuis gekonkel om die lyn so ver moontlik deur Moorreesburg te kry. Lochner het dit durf waag om die lyn deur Kalabaskraal 'n 'wit olifant' te noem. Albei word dus gedryf deur eiebelang. Basson let dan op die infrastruktuur: Moorreesburg is reeds bevoorreg om harde paaie te hê, terwyl die Sandvelders deur die sware sand moet sukkel. Dit is juis hierdie "erfenis van ons streek" wat beteken hulle benodig juis meer hulpbronne om die plek te ontwikkel - iets waarmee Moorreesburg deur die natuur reeds geholpe is. Let dus op die ontwikkeling - dink aan die passasiers, die vrag van allerhande graan, sout, botter, velle, wol, eiers, bas, kalk, ens., ens., wat hierdie lyn via Karbonaatjeskraal kan vervoer; wat kan Moorreesburg bied behalwe graan? Basson wil ook waarsku teen moontlike partydigheid, sou 'n ondersoekkommissie op die been gebring word wat deur die regering gekies is. Daarom moet daar ook sommer 'n teenkommissie gekies word, bestaande uit 'n lid van elke wyk om die kenmerke van die distrik waardeur die spoorlyn moet gaan, uit te wys. Maar voor hul daarby uitkom, moet hul eers 'n monsterpetisie opstel en rig aan die Eerste Minisiter en ander lede van die regering, waarin hulle gevra word "om gehoor te geven aan ons billijk en rechtvaardig verzoek." Mnr. Brink staan vir Piquetberg op. Hy dink sou die lyn as 'n ontwikkelingslyn loop, kan dit gevoed word deur 500 plase – beslis oorwegingswaardig – en indien die spoor deur Moorreesburg sou loop, dan is die aantal plase maar min. Sou die spoor nie vanaf Kalabaskraal loop nie, sou dit Malmesbury se handel tot nadeel strek, en dit sou nie alleen 'n verlies wees nie, maar ook 'n skande. 'n Skande, omdat handel so erg belemmer word deur soveel plekke af te sny ten bate van die groot Moorreesburg. Daar is geen verteenwoordiger in die parlement wat vir die Sandveld se belange werk nie, maar hul belange moet nie gering geskat word nie. Hulle woel - maar kommunikasie is van wesenlike belang, omdat vervoer moeilik is, as gevolg van die swaar sand. Weer word verwys na Moorreesburg wat bevoorreg is met harde paaie. Basson stel voor dat ds. Neethling, Jacob Retief, J.W. en Albertus Stigling 'n komitee vorm om die monsterpetisie op te stel en geteken te kry. Weer eens weier ds. Neethling om by politieke sake betrokke te raak; soos reeds gesê, wil hy nie sy vyande kans gee om hom nog verder stukkend te krap nie. D. W. Ackerman word in sy plek gekies en die voorstel en amendement word eenparig aangeneem. Aanvanklik is voorgestel dat die komitee een lid vir elke wyk sou hê, maar dit lyk onuitvoerbaar, aangesien dit moeilik sou wees om die lede bymekaar te kry. Basson maan toe almal om self die petisie te kom teken, en nie te wag tot iemand die petisie na hulle toe bring nie. Dominee Neethling het gedink dit sal goed wees om 'n kopie vir ondertekening by sekere punte te los. Sodra die petisies voltooi is, sal hulle aan die spoorwegkomitee in Hopefield oorhandig word en daarvandaan af na die regering gestuur word deur verteenwoordigers (wat uit een persoon van elke wyk bestaan).<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Hopefield Spoorweg. 7 Februarie, Bijvoegsel: Een zeer belangrijke en invloedrijke vergadering werd te Hopefield gehouden op den 31sten Jan. l.l. in de Hofzaal, en werd goed bijgewoond door belanghebbenden van Groenekloof, Darling, Zwartland, Piketberg, Vredenburg, Bergrivier, Hoetjesbaai en elders.<br>Daar de weleerw. heer Neethling weigerde den voorzitterstoel te bekleeden, stelde de heer Jacob Retief den heer J W Stiglingh voor. Gesecondeerd en aangenomen. Als secretaris stelde de heer A E Anderson (Hoetjesbaai) den heer Jacob Retief voor; gesecondeerd en aangenomen.<br>De voorzitter legde in korte en kernachtige woorden het doel der vergadering uiteen, en daarna noodigde hij de woordvoerders der verschillende deputaties uit verslag te geven, van wat zij uitgevoerd hebben bij ’t gouvernement in zake de richting welke de lijn zal nemen naar Pikenierskloof.<br>Daarop volgde de heer Jacob Retief (woordvoerder van de Hopefield, Bergrivier en Baai-deputatie), en zeide dat zij (de deputatie) geen beslist antwoord gekregen had van den heer Sauer, daar er een nieuwe opmeting aan den gang was, maar hij (de heer Sauer) beloofde, zoodra dit gereed was, dan zou de regeering beslissen. Wel, hij (Retief) achtte het nu tijd voor ons om alle krachten in te spannen om te verkrijgen dat gemelde plaatsen ook gerief van den spoorweg mogen genieten, en dacht dat het zeer onbillijk van de Moorreesburgers is om te verlangen dat zoovele plaatsen en belangen zullen moeten uitgesloten worden ten behoeve van een Moorreesburg lijn; alhoewel hij geloofde dat de regeering recht zal laten geschieden, want onze zaak is ongetwijfeld op eene gezonde basis van recht gebouwd. De heer Sauer, zeide spreker, schijnt niet tegen Kalbaskraal te zijn als uitgangspunt. Wat zeer opmerkelijk is, zeide hij (Retief), is dat men de oorspronkelijke bedoeling der lijn wil veranderen, n.l. om het een lijn van punt tot punt te maken, instede van een ontwikkelingslijn, en hierin bestaat de moeilijkheid van de regeering. Men verneemt dat de nieuwe opmeting door den heer Owen, meer tot voordeel van Moorreesburg verklaard wordt, en dus wilde hij aan de hand geven, dat de regeering eene onpartijdige commissie zal aanstellen om een persoonlijk onderzoek te doen in de buurt van de richting van de lijn over Moorreesburg zoowel als over Karbonaatjeskraal.<br>De heer A. Stiglingh verzocht nu den woordvoerder van Groene Kloof’s deputatie zijn verslag te geven, waarop de heer Jan Basson, onder anderen zeide, dat wij het aan Piketberg te danken hebben dat zij eerst roerde in deze zaak en door hare uitnoodiging aan andere plaatsen om samenwerking, krijgen wij door sir James de opmeting in de richting van Kalabaskraal via Karbonaatjeskraal. Toen zij naar Kaapstad gingen besloten zij niet alleenlijk naar de regeering zich te wenden, maar naar eenigoen, onverschillig aan welke partij hij behoorde, om hulp en ondersteuning te verkrijgen, zoodat zij hun ernstige wenschen konden vervuld krijgen en hij (Basson) kon ook niet nalaten veel lof toe zwaaien aan de leden zijner deputatie voor hun ernstige behandeling van zaken. Zij waren ook, zeide hij, bij de heeren Marais en De Waal (toen hij wilde voortgaan zeide een stem: "tot zooverre genoeg van hem" (Davie)). Verder hadden zij een onderhoud met de regeering, maar kregen geen beslist antwoord. Hij sprak verder tot groot lof van den premier, die beloofde zijn best te doen voor het distrikt, maar ook zeer voorzichtig was. De heer Sauer, commissaris van publieke werken, wilde uit de moeilijkheid komen door een taklijn te beleven, welke belofte hij (Basson) met groote verontwaardiging ontving en op een beslist antwoord aandrong; maar zonder bevrediging en hij gaf op een verdere vraag te kennen dat wij tevreden zullen zijn dat Malmesbury het uitgangspunt wordt, zoo lang dat wij de staties behouden volgens de origineele opmeting via Karbonaatjeskraal en de heer Sauer beloofde na Owen’s rapport ingekomen zou zijn, tot beslissing te komen. De heer Basson meende dat indien de opmeting ten gunste van Moorreesburg verklaard zou worden, wij dan zullen verplicht wezen om er tegen te protesteeren. Zie ook hier het eigenbelang van ons lid, den heer Smuts, L.W.V. Goed verzorgd zijnde door zijne nabijheid aan Hermonstatie enz., waagde hij te zeggen dat de lijn van Kalabaskraal een onrechtvaardige zou wezen, en ging mede met den edelen heer Lochner om zooveel hij kon de lijn via Moorreesburg te verkrijgen. Ja, deze heer (Lochner) durfde het een witte olifant te noemen, en zij beiden vergeten dat zij hunne posities grootelijks te danken hebben aan de stemmen van die plaatsen, wier gezamenlijke belangen zij nu zoo gering achtten in vergelijking met die van Moorreesburg, met zijne reeds begunstigde harde wegen (hard geaardheid van den grond), hetwelk hier het tegenovergestelde is, nl. zwaar zand enz., het erfdeel van onze streken en de oorzaak dat onze boerderij zooveel meer vee, enz. vereischt, om het werk voort te zetten waar Moorreesburg reeds geholpen is. Als de lijn gemaakt wordt te loopen van punt tot punt dan zal ze niet betalen, maar als de lijn voor ontwikkelingsdoeleinden gebouwd wordt, dan zal ze minstens hare onkosten goed maken; want neemt de passagiers, de vracht van allerlei soorten graan, zout, boter, vellen, wol, eieren, bast, kalk, enz., enz., dat deze lijn via Karbonaatjeskraal kan vervoeren en wat kan Moorreesburg brengen behalve graan. Neemt dan weder het verschil op de kosten van bouw via Karbonaatjeskraal en Moorreesburg, en dan kunt gij 25 percent van de eerste afnemen en 50 percent bij het andere Bijvoegen. En zal Moorreesburg het voorrecht hebben om deze andere plaatsen te kunnen afsnijden zooals bijvoorbeeld de Baai (waar men reeds 75 jaren lang belasting betaalt en nu eerst bevoorrecht is met een soort van een stukje harden weg) onder sterke en niet voordeelige hand en invloed van den heer Chas. Stephan, wien hij (Basson) achtte als een flinke man. Dan weder het Zandveld, de ruggegraat van Piketberg, en de andere dorpen, enz. Maar hij moedigde een ieder aan, daar onze zaak op een goeden voet staat. Verder waarschuwde de heer Basson tegen het gevaar van partijdigheid, welk zal bestaan in verband met een commissie van onderzoek, gekozen door de regeering, en wilde aan de hand geven dat wanneer zulk eene commissie aangesteld zal worden, dat er ook een wederzijdsch of contra-commissie gekozen zal worden bestaande uit een lid van elke wijk om aan te stippen de hoedanigheden van het distrikt waar het spoor moet doorgaan; maar hij wilde liever dat wij eerst een "monster petitie" zullen richten aan onzen premier en andere leden der regeering, vragende om gehoor te geven aan ons billijk en rechtvaardig verzoek.<br>Voor Piketberg stond de heer Brink op en zeide, onder andere, dat de heer Bosman het de heeren Smuts en Lochner kwalijk nam, dat zij de verkeerde richting ingenomen hadden, maar hij nam het hunne vertegenwoordigers veel meer kwalijk hun verbazend gedrag in verband met zaken in ’97, toen de hr. Marais hun de rug toegekeerd heeft, en Davie de Waal (wel, zijn gedrag is beneden de consideratie van een Afrikaander). Hij merkte op, dat indien de lijn loopt als een ontwikkelings lijn, dan zal ze gevoed worden door 500 plaatsen—zeker toch een consideratie waardig—en als door Moorreesburg dan maar door een zeer klein getal, welk zelfs Malmesbury zal strekken tot grooter nadeel in den handel, dan dat zij van af Kalabaskraal zoude loopen, en het zou niet alleen schade wezen, maar ook een schande, dat de handel zooveel zal gestremd worden door zoovele plaatsen af te snijden ten behoeve van het groote Moorreesburg. Wij hebben geen vertegenwoordiger in ’t parlement die voor onze belangen werkt. Niet te min de belangen van het Zandveld, behooren niet gering geacht te worden waar er veel gewonnen wordt en waar communicatie hoog noodig is, daar het vervoer zeer moeilijk is vanwege het zware zand, terwijl integendeel Moorreesburg harde wegen had. Hij meende ook dat een lijn van punt tot punt niet zal betalen, en moedigde allen aan om vol te houden en samen te werken zooals begonnen, want onze zaak is eene eerlijke.<br>De heer Basson stelde voor en de heer D. Brink secondeerde dat de volgende heeren: weleerw. Neethling, Jacob Retief, J. W. en Albertus Stigling eene commissie zullen uitmaken om de monster petitie op te stellen en uit te vaardigen, ter teekening. De weleerw. Neethling weigerde op grond als reeds gezegd dat hij zich niet meer wilde prominent maken in politieke zaken en geen kans geven aan zijne vijanden om hem verder stuk te krabben. Zoo werd de naam van den heer D. W. Ackerman in zijn stede geplaatst, en het voorstel en amendement werden unaniem aangenomen.<br>Er werd aan de hand gegeven dat de commissie zal bestaan uit één lid voor elke wijk, maar dit plan zou niet uitvoerbaar wezen daar het moeilijk zou zijn de leden bij elkander te krijgen.<br>De heer Basson vermaande allen naar de petitie te gaan en niet te wachten tot dat zij naar hen gebracht zou worden ter teekening. De weleerw. heer Neethling dacht dat het zou goed wezen een copij ter teekening bij zekere plaatsen te laten.<br>Er werd besloten dat wanneer de petities voltooid zijn dat zij dan overhandigd zullen worden aan het spoorweg-comité te Hopefield en van daar verzonden worden naar de regeering door afgevaardigden bestaande uit een persoon uit elke wijk.<br>De heer Ackerman wilde weten of er bepaald zou aangehaald worden in de petitie omtrent het uitgangspunt, maar het werd duidelijk gemaakt dat de bepaling door ’t parlement gemaakt, meldde van af Malmesbury of Kalabaskraal en dus is het hetzelfde voor ons, zoolang wij de staties allen behouden.<br>De heer Gijsbert Mostert, Piketberg, gaf te kennen dat hij geheel eens was met wat gesproken werd en vermaande allen eensgezind te zijn en samen te werken.<br>Nadat verscheidene heeren deel genomen hadden aan de bespreking van deze zaak bedankte de heer A. Stigling de vrienden voor hun overkomst, maar in ’t bijzonder den heer Jan Basson en de vrienden uit de Baai (zij kwamen met vijf karren hier heen). Met een bedankje aan den voorzitter voor de bekwame wijze waarop hij de vergadering geleid had, ging men vol met hoop en moed uiteen.<br>CORRESPONDENT.<br>Hoedjesbaai, 1 Februari 1899.</ref> '''13 Februarie 1899:''' Gerugte doen die rondte dat die deeglike opmeting van die Piquetberglyn gestaak is. Inwoners van die Sandveld (wat drie groot wyke insluit, waaronder 'n deel van Verloren Vlei) langs Piquetbergweg is woedend. Dit is die grootste produserende deel van die distrik, en juis daarom word petisies onderteken, uit vrees dat die lyn "niet-betalend" word. Hulle vra onder meer dat die verlenging vanaf Malmesbury moet begin, en nie Kalabaskraal nie. Die stasie moet op die dorpsgrond (regeringsgrond) wees, waar daar goeie watervoorraad is, asook goeie weiveld vir die vee waarmee mens goedere na die stasie toe bring.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. De Piketberglijn. 14 Februari, Bijvoegsel: Groote verontwaardiging heerscht onder de inwoners van het Zandveld, bevattende drie groote wijken en een gedeelte van Verloren Vlei, langs den Piketbergweg, het grootste produceerend gedeelte van het distrikt, over het bericht dat de omstandige opmeting van den Piketberg spoorweg zal opgegeven worden, waardoor dezelve een niet-betalende lijn zal gemaakt worden. Invloedrijke petities worden geteekend, vragende de verlenging te beginnen van Malmesbury en niet van Kalabaskraal, dat de statie zal zijn op den gouvernements dorpsgrond, alwaar een goede watervoorraad is, en goede en uitgebreide weivelden voor het vee, waarmede men goederen naar de statie brengt.</ref> '''14 Februarie 1899:''' Jacobus Abraham Smuts (LWV) laat van hom hoor. Sy standpunt dat die verlengingslyn vanaf Malmesbury na Pikenierskloof moet wees en Malmesbury as uitgangspunt moet dien, staan vas. Malmesbury het 'n groot handelsorganisasie en is die hoofstad van die distrik, wat die eerste plek in die spoorweggemeenskap behoort te geniet. Hy hou steeds vol dat Darling, Hopefield en Vredenburg groot ongerief sal moet verduur as die lyn van Kalabaskraal sou verleng word. Hy daag J.A. Basson uit om te bewys waar hy (Smuts) uit eiebelang opgetree het. Al die deputasies kan vir Smuts getuig. Kommissaris Sauer kan getuig: menigmaal het Smuts homself van hierdie saak verskoon, juis omrede daar soveel meningsverskil was. Ook D.J. Marais kan vir Smuts getuig: onlangs het Smuts nog 'n onderhoud met hom gehad, waarin hy uitdruklik gesê het dat hy graag wou sien dat Hopefield en Vredenburg nie oorskadu word nie. Die vraag moet eintlik geopper word wat presies dieselfde mnr. Basson gedoen het - hy, die oud-lid, wat homself so grootmeneer by die vergadering op Hopefield gehou het? Toe Basson met sy deputasie in die stad was, het hy vir Smuts gegroet? Nee, ondanks die feit dat Smuts se kollega, William Schreiner, vir Basson daaraan herinner het, het hy met opset twee maal verbygeloop asof hy Smuts nie nodig gehad het nie. Smuts is blatant ignoreer. En nou kom dieselfde grootmeneer en neem die swaard teen hom op? Dit is juis hierdie Basson wat sir James [Sivewright] en D.C. de Waal as sy "Aärons en Hurs" (wat Moses se arms opgehou het) beskou en mee gemeng het om sy doelwitte te bereik. Hy vra ook of Basson enige benul het hoe ver Klipfontein van Hermonstasie af is? Waarskynlik verder as wat Basson van Malmesbury af bly. Hy glo ook wat produkte aanbetref, kan hy Basson die loef afsteek. Sover dit Lochner aangaan - hy gaan nie namens hom praat nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1899. De Malmesbury spoorweg, 14 Februarie, Bijvoegsel: Mijnheer, —Ik zie in uwe uitgave van 7 dezer dat op eene vergadering gehouden te Hopefield, op den 31sten Januari l.l., met betrekking tot spoorweg-uitbreiding, op mij aanvallen werden gemaakt door den heer Jan Basson, ex-lid voor Malmesbury, die mij beschuldigde van eigenbelang omdat ik gezegd heb dat ik het niet meer dan billijk beschouwde dat de verlengingslijn van Malmesbury naar Pikenierskloof zal zijn en Malmesbury als uitgangspunt zal hebben. Dit is een beginsel dat bij mij nog even vaststaat als toen. Waarom neemt die ed. heer mijn overtuiging als een grond van eigenbelang?<br>Wel, mijnheer editeur, ik wil den heer Basson uitdagen om mij te bewijzen in hoeverre ik eigenbelang in het oog heb. Om met Malmesbury te beginnen wil ik niet eens veel zeggen, daar elk een billijkheidshalve zal oordeelen dat Malmesbury wegens zijne groote handels-organisatie en tevens als hoofdstad van ons distrikt de eerste plaats in spoorweg gemeenschap behoort in te nemen. En niettegenstaande de heer Basson mij tracht te bezwaderen bij mijne kiezers, houd ik vol dat Darling en Hopefield en Vredenburg groote ongerief zullen hebben te verduren zoo de lijn van Kalbaskraal zou verlengd worden, om niet eens te spreken van Piketberg en verder noordwaarts.<br>Verder daag ik den heer Basson uit om mij te bewijzen dat ik het eene deel van mijne kiesafdeeling meer begunstig dan het andere, en daartoe neem ik als getuige al de deputaties die ik vertegenwoordigd heb bij de regeering, en inzonderheid de heeren Retief en Anderson, van Hopefield en Vredenburg. En, verder, ik beroep mij op den commissaris van publieke werken, den ed. heer Sauer, hoe dat ik bij elke gelegenheid gezegd heb dat zij mij moeten verschonen van mijne idieën op deze groote kwestie van spoorweg verlenging, omdat ik wist dat er verschil bestond, en daarom had ik het volste recht om mijn vertrouwen in de handen van het gouvernement te stellen.<br>En ook de heer Marais, lid voor Piketberg, kan getuigen hoe dat ik onlangs nog een onderhoud met hem had, en waarin ik duidelijk gezegd had dat ik gaarne zou zien dat Hopefield en Vredenburg ook niet in de schaduwzijde zouden geplaatst worden. Maar wat heeft diezelfde heer Basson gedaan, die op de vergadering te Hopefield zulk een groote Piet was? Toen hij met zijn deputatie tijdens de parlementszitting in de stad was, en waarvan hij ook misschien dezelfde Piet was, heeft hij mij erkend? Neen, niettegenstaande mijn collega, de heer Schreiner, hem er aan heeft herinnerd, heeft hij mij tweemaal voorbij gegaan alsof hij mij hier niet noodig had.<br>En nu komt diezelfde mijnheer en neemt het zwaard tegen mij op. En nog meer, hij zegt dat ik gemakkelijk zoo kan handelen, aangezien ik verzorgd ben met Hermon statie. Weet die edele heer wel hoe ver ik van Hermon statie ben? Ruim zoo ver, als het niet verder is, dan de heer Basson van daar is naar Malmesbury. En ik wil niet roemen, maar ik denk ik kan met betrekking tot produkten vervoer met den heer Basson wedijveren, uitgenomen wat aangaat zout.<br>Verder zie ik dat de heer Brink mij veroordeelt door den heer Bosman dat de ed. heer Lochner en ik de verkeerde richting hebben ingenomen. Ik vraag op mijne beurt: welk richting? Wat de heer Lochner zegt en doet is voor zijne verantwoording. Ik zal over dezen aanval niets zeggen. Maar is het een verkeerde richting omdat ik er van overtuigd ben dat het niet meer dan billijk zal zijn dat de verlenging van de spoorweglijn haar uitgangspunt van Malmesbury zal hebben?<br>Neen, mijnheer, het doet mij meer pijn om te zien dat de heer Basson, toen hij in de stad was met zijn deputatie, dat hij sir James en David de Waal genomen had als zijn Aarons en Hurs om zijn doel, dat toen strikt genomen een edel doel was ten uitvoer te brengen; twee personen die zoowel buiten als binnen het parlementshuis door iedereen zoo goed bekend zijn dat er geen verder uitleg voor noodig is. En ten laatste wil ik dit zeggen, dat ik denk dat de richting die ik ingeslagen heb met betrekking tot de spoorweg-verlenging, dat die haar uitgangspunt van Malmesbury zal hebben en de overige bijzonderheden volkomen in de handen van de regeering te stellen, de rechte is, en ik heb verder vrede voor mijn overtuiging.<br>J. A. SMUTS.<br>Klipfontein.</ref> '''17 Februarie 1899:''' Die Piquetberg-waaksaamheidsspoorwegkomitee, met D.J. Marais as aanvoerder, het besoek afgelê met twee invloedryke petisies onder die arm by die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke (Sauer). Die voorgestelde spoorwegstasie moet met 'n myl skuif; by die huidige een is daar geen water nie, en die water wat uit Bergrivier moet kom is berug daarvoor om tifuskoors te veroorsaak. Dit is Petisie 1. Petisie 2 is om die water uit die berg te gebruik. Die Kommissaris het toe onmiddellik mnr. Owen die opdrag gegee om 'n verslag te skryf en 'n ander stuk land te gaan opmeet om die griewe van die Sandveld tegemoet te kom. Die deputasie is baie vriendelik ontvang, en glo dat Sauer die Latynse spreekwoord ''Vox Populi Vox Dei'' (die stem van die volk is die stem van God) sal navolg. Die deputasie het ook gevra dat Sauer by Piquetberg moet kom besoek aflê. Dit sal hy teen einde Maart of begin April doen.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Spoorweg-Deputatie. 18 Februari, Bijvoegsel: Het Piketberg waakzaamheids spoorweg comité, geintroduceerd door hun parlementslid, den heer Daniel Marais, bracht als eene deputatie een bezoek aan den ed. commissaris, den heer Sauer, op Woensdag te Kaapstad. Zij bood twee invloedrijk geteekende, publieke petities aan om de spoorwegstatie te Piketberg, zooals voorgesteld, een mijl verder te verplaatsen. De voorgestelde plek was geen goede en er was geen water. De ingenieur had gezegd, dat het water per trein van Bergrivier kon worden gebracht, maar de autoriteiten hier konden getuigen, dat dit water hier te goed bekend is; als het gedronken werd, was het gevolg vele jaren lang de typheuse koorts. Het Piketberg water comité had ook aan de publieke petitie een brief aangehecht, aanbiedende om het noodige versche water van den berg te geven. De deputatie legde ook voor den commissaris de aanspraken van het Zandveld ingeval de zuivere opmeting van de lijn veranderd werd. De commissaris verzocht toen dadelijk den heer Owen hieromtrent een rapport uit te brengen en een ander stuk op te meten om de grieven van het Zandveld tegemoet te komen. De deputatie rapporteert ook dat zij zeer vriendelijk werd ontvangen door den commissaris, en gelooft dat hij het Latijnsche spreekwoord Vox Populi Vox Dei zal volgen. De deputatie verzocht den commissaris Piketberg een bezoek te brengen, hetgeen hij aannam. Hij zal in het einde van Maart of het begin van April komen.</ref> '''28 Februarie 1899:''' Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner (Lid van die Wetgewende Raad, die Hoërhuis), antwoord eweneens op Basson se aantygings. Eers kom hy Jacob Retief by. 'n Onpartydige kommissie? Dan kan so 'n kommissie nie alleen bestaan uit Darling, Hopefield, die Sandveld en die Baai nie, maar sekerlik Malmesbury, die veragtelike Moorreesburg, maar ook Piquetberg, Clanwilliam, Namaqualand, Calvinia en Vanrhynsdorp ook. Waarom pak hy al die skuld op Moorreesburg? Lochner is verstom hoe vlak Jan Basson se geheue is. Hy (Basson), 'n oud-parlementslid, behoort mos te weet Piquetberg het nie Moorreesburg genooi nie, maar 18 jaar gelede terug het Moorreesburg self reeds begin met die verlengingsproses.{{voetnota|Op 'n tegniese punt is Lochner korrek. In die "Engineer's Report of the Surveys and Estimates of the Proposed Extension of the Line of Railway from Malmesbury to Piquetberg" (wat in April 1881 begin is, en op 27 April 1882 by die Wetgewende Vergadering ingedien is) het die opmeter Hector Shaw uit eie beweging die invloedrykste Moorreesburgse boere genader. Piquetberg het Moorreesburg nie genader nie.}} Hy vra ook, het die kiesers van Moorreesburg nie jaar na jaar hul verteenwoordigers wat teen die spoorwegverlenging gekant was in 'n moeilike posisie geplaas nie? Terloops, waar was die oproerige skare van Darling, Hopefield, ens. toe? As Basson vir Smuts beskuldig van eiebelang, was dit dan nie ook eiebelang toe Basson vir sir James Sivewright en mnr. Owen vir sy eie doeleindes ingespan het nie? Dat Lochner die Kalabaspoorlyn 'n wit olifant noem - dit is nie alleen 'n wit olifant nie, dit is ook 'n onregverdige lyn vir ander distrikte. In die maer jare weet hierdie dele nie waar om hulp te verkry nie, en selfs in die vet jare is die opbrengs per mud maar min, of, hulle sukkel om vee, graan en sout te vervoer. Party streke lewer 60 tot 100 mud uit een mud saad. Ander streke lewer slegs 15 tot 20 mud graan per mud saad. Maak self die somme. As jy boonop nog 'n omweg moet maak met die spoorlyn, wat sal van hierdie distrikte word? Basson noem 'n wye verskeidenheid produkte op. Nou wil Lochner graag weet waar is die koei vir die botter, die skaap vir die vel en wol, die hoenders vir die eiers, die boom of bos vir die bas, die skulpies vir die kalk en saailand vir die graan; want hy sien nie die produksievermoë nie. Sidder Basson nie as 'n onpartydige kommissie moet ondersoek doen nie? Of is hy bang vir die Gebroeders Stephan se verskepingsdienste by Laaiplek wat met die spoor moet meeding? Moet ook nie van die wild vergeet nie - of is daar geen jagpartye nie?{{voetnota|'n Venynige hou om te sê die plek is eintlik net 'n wildernis met jaggeriewe vir die elite en regeringsamptenare.}}<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. De Malmesbury spoorweg. 28 Februari, p. 3: Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,—Daar ik mij verplicht gevoel de twee voorname sprekers op de Hopefield vergadering tegen te spreken, zoo vergun mij het in uw geëerd blad te doen.<br>Wat de heer Retief betreft werpt hij al de moeilijkheden op Moorreesburg. Wat hij goed wilde is, dat ééne onpartijdige commissie zal worden aangesteld om onderzoek te doen waarlangs de lijn zal gebouwd worden. Maar dan toch niet alleen van personen uit Darling, Hopefield, Zandveld en de Baai, maar ook uit Malmesbury en dat verachtelijke Moorreesburg, zooals dit genoemd wordt, en ook Piketberg, Clanwilliam, Namakwaland, Calvinia en Vanrhijnsdorp.<br>Wat de heer Jan Basson, ex-parlementslid, betreft, het is werkelijk betreurenswaardig om te zien hoe dat hij zaken in een verkeerde daglicht tracht te stellen. Ten eerste zegt hij, wij hebben het aan Piketberg te danken dat zij het eerste roerden aan de spoorweg zaak. Dit is niet zoo. Was het niet Moorreesburg die voor 18 jaren reeds begonnen is met de verlenging van Malmesbury, over Moorreesburg, naar Piketberg? Hebben de kiezers van Moorreesburg niet in dien tijd jaar na jaar hunne vertegenwoordigers in een moeilijke positie gebracht, omdat zij niet de verlenging van den Malmesbury spoorweg om zekere reden wilden voorstellen en bepleiten. Waar waren die oproerige streken zooals Darling, Hopefield, enz., toen? Of weet de heer Basson er niets van? Welk een korte gedachte.<br>Dan wijst de heer Basson op het eigenbelang van den heer Smuts, welke de heer Smuts voor zichzelve heeft beantwoord. Maar was het dan eigenbelang van den heer Basson toen hij sir James Sivewright met den heer Owen te Malmesbury afhaalde, toen sir James een vergadering belegd had om de Courtroom-zaak te Hopefield te bespreken, en toen aan Darling, Hopefield, enz., alleen kennis gaf om zoogenaamde onderzoek voor eene opmeting te doen, die werkelijk met niets anders als een oogmerk gedaan werd. Had de heer Basson een bril met glas van verstand hij zou gemerkt hebben wat het alles beteekende. Lezer! oordeel voor uzelven.<br>Ten derde. Dat ik het een witte olifant noem. Wel, met het oog op de verafgelegene distrikten, zooals Vanrhijnsdorp, Namakwaland en Calvinia, zeg ik het nog, niet alleen een witte olifant, maar ook een onrechtvaardige lijn tegenover die distrikten, waar men in drooge jaren niet weet hoe geholpen te raken, en in goede jaren niet weet hoe produkten zoo als vee, graan en zout te vervoeren, vooral graan, dat van een mud zaad van 60 tot 100 mudden geeft, terwijl hier in het bovenland een mud zaad maar slechts van 15 tot 20 mudden graan oplevert. En als de spoorweg in Piketberg en Clanwilliam ook zoovele mijlen omgang moeten maken, wat moet dan van die distrikten worden.<br>Ten vierde, zegt de heer Basson, dat ik mijn zetel aan Darling, Hopefield en die plaatsen te danken heb. Hoe kortzichtig toch! Heeft de heer Basson dan vergeten hoe dat hij met zijne vrienden van Darling en Hopefield vooral getracht hebben om mij uit het parlement te houden en een wildvreemde en nogal geen Afrikaander tegenover mij gekozen te krijgen? Of denkt de heer Basson dat ik dit niet weet? Nu maakt hij de wereld wijs "aan die plaatsen heb ik mijn zetel te danken." Behalve Vredenburg en eenige vrienden van Hopefield zijn dat ook stories voor de vaak.<br>Ten vijfden, noemt hij produkten zooals graan, zout, boter, vellen, wol, eieren, bast, kalk; ik zal er nog bijvoegen de pannen waar men de zout vandaan krijgt, en dan vraag ik hoeveel zout er op dit jaar te verschepen was en hoe veel er nog is. Zoo als ik hoor bijna niets, de koe voor de boter, een schaap voor de vellen en wol, hoenders voor de eieren, de boom of bosch voor de bast en schulpies voor de kalk en zaaigronden voor het graan, waar zijn die? Of was de heer Basson bang dit alles te noemen, met het oog op het aanstellen van een onpartijdige commissie van onderzoek. Of is hij bang voor den heer Stephan? Waarom heeft de heer Basson ook niet van het wild melding gemaakt? Of is in de thans bestaande regeering niet zulke groote jachters? Ik wil den heer Basson raden stil te blijven, en tevreden te wezen, zooals de regeering doet. Krijgt u een taklijn, hetwelk niets anders dan billijk is, dan heeft u wat u hebben moet, en dan wordt aan de andere verafgelegen distrikten ook geen onrecht aangedaan. Wees toch niet zoo baatzuchtig om alles en allen te willen hebben.<br>U dankende voor het plaatsen van dezen brief,<br>Noem ik mij,<br>J. A. VAN A. LOCHNER.</ref> '''2 Maart 1899:''' Jacob Retief lewer repliek op Lochner se "onverwagte en ondeurdagte aanval". Volgens hom vergeet Lochner dat die eintlike graanskuur (Koeberg) Kaap se kant toe lê, en dat Darling, Groenkloof, Hopefield, Saldanha- en St. Helenabaai en die Sandveld almal van hierdie lyn gebruik sal moet maak. Word daar by Moorreesburg gebou, loop twee spore parallel en skaars 18 myl uit mekaar. Hy bedoel nou die twee wat deur Moorreesburg en by Hermon onderskeidelik loop, terwyl Darling, Hopefield ens. dan met geen middele gelaat word nie. Dit gaan hier nie oor watter streek tans die meeste kan ''bied'' nie, maar wat die lyn die ''nodigste'' het (die meeste potensiaal toon). Vir hom is, en bly, die Piquetbergspoorlyn 'n ontwikkelingslyn.<br> Retief sê verder, al het hy ook geen name genoem of op tone getrap by sy toespraak nie, is dit ook nou duidelik "wie de eigenlijke draadtrekker voor de Moorreesburg lijn is en was".<br> Oor die onpartydige kommissie het hy slegs onbetrokke distrikte bedoel, soos die Paarl.<br> Laastens voer hy aan 'n kort spoorlyn deur Moorreesburg wat by Pickenierskloof doodloop, kan tog nie lonend wees nie.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Piketberg Spoorweg. 9 Maart, p. 3:Hopefield, 2 Maart 1899.<br>Aan den Editeur.<br>Mijnheer,—Vergun mij kortelijks den edelen heer Lochner op zijn onverwachte en ondoordachte aanval te antwoorden. Ik zal niet lomp en onbeleefd zijn, noch schertsend zooals de ed. heer, doch een ieder die den brief leest en de edele heer kent, zal zich er niet over verwonderen. De ed. heer L. verliest uit het oog dat de groote graanschuur van Koeberg aan de zijde van Kaapstad ligt, terwijl als de verlenging van Malmesbury gebouwd wordt, zooals gemeten, de groote distrikten van Darling, Groenkloof, Hopefield, Saldanha en St. Helena baaien en het Zandveld allen over de lijn heen moeten, om òf Malmesbury òf Kaapstad te bereiken. En denkt er aan, als de lijn over Moorreesburg gebouwd wordt, dan loopen twee lijnen geen 18 mijlen van elkaar namelijk, die over Hermon en over Moorreesburg, terwijl de groote distrikten voormeld, welke spoorwegverbinding het noodigst hebben, in dezelfde positie van verwaarloozing blijven.<br>Nu nog slechts deze terechtwijzing. Elkeen die tegenwoordig was op de vergadering te Hopefield, zal geredelijk moeten erkennen, dat ik in mijne toespraak, welke heel kort en ter zake was, mij van geen persoonlijkheid bediende al hoewel ik wist en weet, wie de eigenlijke draadtrekker voor de Moorreesburg lijn is en was.<br>En wat ik aan de hand gaf was dit, dat het gouvernement wel zou doen, voor en aleer men besluit (ik las nu dit in) om den ed. heer L. met een hand vol Moorreesburgers te begunstigen, eene onpartijdige commissie, bestaande uit bijv. de leden van de Paarl, met eenigen uit de oostelijke provincie aan te stellen, dat zij een reis door de belanghebbende distrikten maken, goed onderzoek doen en dan rapport inbrengen, welke lijn het noodigst is. Waarom vreest de edelen heer zulk een commissie. Ik beval geen commissie aan uit de betrokkene distrikten. En dan moet men niet vergeten dat de origineele bedoeling van de Malmesbury-verlenging was: een ontwikkelingslijn en niet eene van punt tot punt, zoodat er billijkheidshalve niet mag geobjectiveerd worden zoo die lijn eenige wendingen zal nemen. Doch wat wil men nu? Een korte lijn: Waarom? Als die gebouwd wordt, schrijft dit neder, en vergeet het niet, H.H. ministers: De korte lijn over Moorreesburg zal niet betalen, zoolang zij te Piekenierskloof blijft, en niemand behoeft een profeet te zijn om dit te voorspellen.<br>Geheel de uwe, L. F. M. Retief. [J. F. M. Retief]</ref> '''25 Mei 1899:''' Die Hopefield-deputasie vergas die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke (Sauer) met hul teenwoordigheid, en word baie vriendelik ontvang. 'n Petisie met 800 handtekeninge word oorhandig. Daarin wil die inwoners van Hopefield, Darling, Hoedjiesbaai, en die Sandveld hê die ou opmeting in die Hopefield-distrik moet 'n werklikheid word. Die Kommissaris hou egter voet by stuk dat die spoor deur Moorreesburg sal loop, aangesien die spoorlyn 20 myl korter is. Die kortste pad tussen punt A en punt B is 'n loodreguit lyn. Daarvan sal hy nie afsien nie. Sauer hou egter by sy 16 Desember-voorneme: omdat die spoor deur Moorreesburg daarom 20 myl korter is, gaan die regering £75 000 spaar. Met daardie som geld en dan nog so £15 000 tot £20 000 pasella, sal die regering Hopefield tegemoet kom, dit is maar net 'n kwessie wat in die parlement uitgeklaar moet word. Dit is dan byna 'n uitgemaakte saak dat Hopefield sy eie taklyn sal kry om hul eie distrik mee te ontwikkel. Albei spoorlyne behoort dan min of meer gelyktydig klaar te wees. Die deputasie is hoogs in hul skik. Selfs Sauer moet opmerk: dit gebeur selde dat 'n afvaardiging tevrede huis toe gaan.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1899. Malmesbury-Piketberg Spoorweg-verlenging. 27 Mei, p.3: Een deputatie, bestaande uit de heeren J. F. N. Retief [J. F. M. Retief], J. J. Kotzé en Wilson (Hopefield), en Anderson (Hoedjesbaai), deed Donderdag hare opwachting bij den edelen heer Sauer, commissaris voor publieke werken, in zake de Malmesbury-Piketberg spoorweg-verlenging, en bood een petitie aan met ongeveer 800 handteekeningen ten gunste van de oude opmeting over Hopefield, van inwoners van Hopefield, Darling, De Baai en 't Zandveld.<br>De deputatie, die zeer vriendelijk ontvangen werd, legde hare inzichten bloot, waarna de commissaris zijn plan aangaande de verlenging aan de deputatie ontvouwde. De commissaris verklaarde zich ten gunste van de rechtuit-lijn naar Pickenierskloof. Die lijn zou eventueel moeten verlengd worden en het zou niet billijk wezen te verwachten, dat de inwoners van de noordelijke distrikten altoos hunne goederen met een omweg moesten zenden.<br>De rechtuit-lijn over Moorreesburg zou twintig mijlen korter zijn dan die over Hopefield, waardoor de regeering een £75,000 zou besparen. Met die som en nog een £15,000 of £20,000 zou de regeering in staat zijn aan Hopefield een taklijn te geven ter ontwikkeling van het distrikt. Dat was zijn plan en hij zou daarvan niet afwijken.<br>Het was zoo goed als zeker, dat Hopefield zijn taklijn zou krijgen, en de regeering kon gelijktijdig met de andere lijn den bouw van de taklijn doen aanvangen met het geld dat zij bespaarde door de rechtlijn te bouwen. Waarschijnlijk zouden beide lijnen gelijktijdig voltooid wezen. Het zou echter noodig wezen de goedkeuring van het parlement te verkrijgen voor de additioneele uitgave in verband met de taklijn.<br>De deputatie verklaarde zich volkomen tevreden met het plan van den commissaris.<br>De ed. heer Sauer gaf zijn genoegen er over te kennen dat de deputatie tevreden was. Het gebeurde zelden, zei hij, dat een deputatie tevreden naar huis ging.<br>Na de gewone dankbetuiging ging de deputatie uiteen.</ref> '''23 Augustus 1899''' is die amptelike datum wanneer die bou van die 30-myl spoorweg tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg begin is.<ref name="ParliaPap">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Parliamentary_Papers/eRREAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=23+August+1899+malmesbury+moorreesburg&pg=RA2-PA338&printsec=frontcover Parliamentary Papers 1850-1908. Volume 24. p. 338]</ref> '''28 September 1899:''' In die Wetgewende Raad vra Lochner (waarskynlik Jacobus Abraham van Aarde Lochner<ref>[https://archive.org/details/romanceofcolonia0000ralp/page/n179/mode/2up?q=lochner Kilpin, R. 1930. ''The Romance of a Colonial Parliament''. London: Longmans, Green & Co., p. 131: Annexure D, Members of Legislative Council, 1854-1910, s.v. Lochner]</ref>), aangesien die boukontrak van die Malmesbury-Piquetberglyn nou minder gekos het as waarvoor die parlement begroot het, is die Huis nog van plan om 'n wetsontwerp voor te lê om die smalspoor-taklyn na Darling, Hopefield en Vredenburg mee te begin? Die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, Sauer, sê hy weet nie waar Lochner sy inligting vandaan kry nie, want geen kontrak is nog toegeken nie. Sauer beoog om so 'n spoorlyn by 'n toekomstige spoorwegskema te betrek, maar hy twyfel of dit tydens hierdie sitting sou gebeur.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Parlement. Wetgevende Raad. 28 September. Malmesbury-Piketberg Lijn. 30 September, p. 6: De ed. heer Lochner vroeg of, lettende op het feit dat de kontraktprijs voor het bouwen van de Malmesbury—Piketberg lijn heel wat minder is dan het bedrag door het parlement gestemd, de regeering, zoo zij nog van plan is om in deze sessie of later een spoorweg bill in te dienen, daarin zal insluiten een taklijn naar Darling, Hopefield en Vredenburg.<br>De commissaris van publieke werken zeide dat hij niet wist waar de vrager zijn informatie kreeg, want er bestond nog geen kontrakt over de gemelde lijn, en het was de vraag of het kontrakt zou worden uitgegeven. Wel was de kontraktprijs van het deel naar Moorreesburg, heel wat minder dan de begrooting, en waarschijnlijk zou de geheele lijn heel wat goedkooper uitkomen dan men dacht, zoodat men in staat kon zijn om uit het bespaarde een groot deel van een twee voet lijn naar Darling te doen bouwen. Zulk een lijn zou waarschijnlijk door spreker in een spoorwegschema worden opgenomen, maar of dit nog in deze sessie zou voorgebracht worden, was niet waarschijnlijk.</ref> ==== Tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog ==== '''11 Oktober 1899:''' Die [[Anglo-Boereoorlog]] breek uit, wat 'n ingrypende impak op die spoorontwikkeling gaan hê, veral omdat wapens, proviand en soldate so snel moontlik voorsien moes word aan die Britse frontlinies, maar ook om die Boere wat die Kaapkolonie binnegekom het te stuit. Op sy beurt het die Boere juis hierdie spoorweë probeer saboteer wat die Oranje-Vrystaat en ZAR se soewereniteit bedreig het. Ironies genoeg het die oorlog juis ook vertragings meegebring met die aanbou van die spoorweë, soos later gesien sal word. Op baie plase in die Swartland wemel dit van die Kakies, en ook met rede, want die spoorlyn na Moorreesburg word druk aan gewerk, en die werk moes klaar.<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=fcMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA109&hl=en_ZA De Villiers, O.T. 1903. ''Met De Wet en Steyn in het veld: Avonturen, ervaringen en indrukken''. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p.109]: Zij lag namelijk tusschen de spoor, die aangelegd werd en den harden weg van Malmesbury naar Moorreesburg . Op dien weg trokken dagelijks Engelschen heen en weer en zooals ik reeds zei: Aan dien spoorweg werd druk gewerkt.</ref> Die krygswet heers baie streng in die distrikte Malmesbury, die Paarl en Piquetberg, en daar loop baie stadswagte rond (daar was byvoorbeeld ruim 300 stadswagte by Malmesbury alleen).<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=fcMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA113&hl=en_ZA De Villiers, O.T. 1903. ''Met De Wet en Steyn in het veld: Avonturen, ervaringen en indrukken''. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 113]:Ik wist, dat in Malmesbury alleen ruim 300 stadswachten waren, Engelschen, maar ook Afrikaanders.</ref> '''12 Oktober 1899:''' Die eerste tenders word aangevra vir die bou van die "Malmesbury-Grey's Pass Spoorweg".<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Kaapsche Gouvernements Spoorwegen. 14 October, p. 2: Spoorweg: Malmesbury-Grey's Pass Spoorweg. Tenders worden gevraagd voor den bouw van en Sectie van bovengenoemde lijn tusschen Moorreesburg en Eende Kuil (Terminus) en afstand van ongeveer 50 mijlen. De tenders moeten zijn:—<br>oor lichte lijn, met inbegrip van permanenten weg en ander materiaal.<br> Voor gewone lijn, met inbegrip van permanenten weg en ander materiaal.<br>Voor verdere bijzonderheden doe men aanzoek aan dit kantoor op of na den 16den dezer; als dan zullen een afschrift van het ontwerp-contract, specificatie, en tenderformulieren verkregen kunnen worden tegen betaling van een guinea.<br>De tenders moeten zijn op het voorgeschreven formulier, en moeten vergezeld gaan van een kas deposit van £1000 dat in geval van niet aanneming van de tenders zal worden teruggegeven. Wanneer aan deze voorwaarden niet is voldaan, zullen de tenders niet worden aangenomen.<br>Tenders geadresseerd aan den Controleur en Auditeur-generaal, Kaapstad zullen worden ingewacht aan het Audit-kantoor, Grave-straat, Kaapstad niet later dan Donderdag, 21 December, 1899, 's middags te 12 uur.<br>John Brown, Hoofdingenieur. Kantoor van den Hoofdingenieur, Kaapstad, 12 October, 1899.</ref> '''31 Januarie 1900:''' Die Waarnemende Residentingenieur, Mansergh D. Robinson, het die voorgestelde spoorwegplan na Hopefield klaar opgetrek. Daar is drie moontlike roetes wat die spoor kon loop. In die slotsom van sy voorlopige opmeting sê Robinson die inwoners van Darling stem eendragtig saam dat die spoorlyn deur Klipfontein moet loop, maar hulle het geen voorstel aan die hand gedoen waar die aansluiting (hetsy Malmesbury, hetsy Kalabaskraal) presies moet wees nie. Die boukoste behoort so £3 300 per myl te kos, sonder om nou die grondaankope en rollende materiaal{{voetnota|Rollende materiaal sluit lokomotiewe, trokke, goedere- en passasierswaens in.}} hierby in te sluit. Hy meen die inwoners van Malmesbury kon dalk daarop aandring dat die spoorlyn juis by hulle aansluit om hul gevestigde belange en nywerhede te beskerm; so nie, gaan al Darling en Hopefield se grondstowwe via Kalabaskraal na ander oorde toe.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Reports_on_Railway_Flying_Surveys/80aHevu0zsEC?gbpv=1 Reports on Railway Flying Surveys. 1900. Branch line to Darling and Hopefield. Cape Town: W.A. Richards & Sons.]</ref> Die [https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Reports_on_Railway_Flying_Surveys/80aHevu0zsEC?hl=af&gbpv=1&pg=PT2&printsec=frontcover kaart kan hier besigtig word]. '''26 Julie 1900:''' D.J. Marais doen in die parlement navraag of die kontrakteur wat die spoorweg tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg bou enige uitstel gegee is. Smartt antwoord dat hy ondersoek gaan doen het die 28ste Junie, en vind dat die seksie tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg stadig vorder, terwyl die ander goed vooruitgaan. Die verduideliking hiervoor was nie bevredigend nie en Smartt besluit toe om geen verdere uitstel te gee nie. Hy het ook die opdrag gegee dat mense die kontrakteur moet bystaan.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1900. Parlement - Donderdag, 26 Juli 1900. Malmesbury Spoorweg. 28 Julie, Bijvoegsel: De heer D.J. Marais vroeg welke tijdsverlenging toegestaan is aan den aannemer voor 't bouwen van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Moorreesburg. Dr. Smartt zeide dat hij onderzoek deed op 28 Juni, en vond dat de sectie Malmesbury-Moorreesburg langzaam ging, terwijl de andere goed vooruitging. De uitleg was niet bevredigend, en hij had instructie gegeven dat geen verlenging van tijd zou gegeven worden. Ook had hij instructie gegeven dat men den contracteur met rails zou helpen.</ref> '''25 September 1900:''' In die middel van die Anglo-Boereoorlog word die vraag aan Charles Bletterman Elliot (Hoofbestuurder van die Kaapse Spoorweë) gestel of die spoorlyn Piquetberg nog gaan haal. Op daardie stadium was die kontrakteurs besig met die twee dele. Die een deel tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg, en die ander deel tussen Moorreesburg en Eendekuil. Te wyte aan die oorlog is die aanlê van treinspore vertraag, want om vragmotors in die hande te kry is bemoeilik. Die stuk tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg moes al 1 Julie 1900 afgehandel gewees het (die kontrak het reeds 30 Junie 1900 verstryk). Uitstel is gegee tot 15 Oktober, maar die kontrakteurs het aansoek gedoen op die uitstel tot Desember (die uitstel is nog nie toegestaan nie). Sodra hierdie spoorlyn eers geopen is, moet die Moorreesburg-Eendekuil-spoorlyn binne 9 maande voltooi wees. Op die vraag of daar enige openbare smalspoorlyne tans in die kolonie loop, is die antwoord nee, slegs die Cape Copper Co. se eie privaatspoorlyn in Namaqualand loop tans. Die smalspoorlyn tussen Malmesbury of Kalabaskraal na Hopefield via Darling word nog oorweeg.<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=u6ZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.RA1-PA335&hl=en_ZA 335. South Africa, Report of the Lands Settlement Commission. Railways. bl. 334-338.]</ref> '''12 Oktober 1900:''' Die Wetsontwerp vir die Hopefield-lyn is gereed. Dit was al nuwe lyn (saam met die oues van 1895) wat in die Wetsontwerp genoem word. Daar is voorgestel om hierdie spoorlyn te bou met die geld wat op die Malmesbury-Piquetberglyn bespaar is. Dit was 'n gulde geleentheid om 'n smalspoorlyn te bou. Van die terugvoer van die Wetgewende Raadslede (Hoërhuis) was o.a. die hoop wat uitgespreek is dat Darling en Hopefield direk met Malmesbury verbind sal word. Ander hoop weer dat die lyn tot by die Sandveld verleng sal word; dat 'n lyn verder noordweswaarts van Piquetberg ook verleng sal word. Laastens is die vraag net weer geopper hoekom 'n smalspoorlyn oorweeg is. Die kommissaris (Smartt) het gesê dat die smalspoorlyn baie voordeliger vir die boere sou wees, wat makliker sylyne na hul plekke kon kry. Die smalspoorlyn sou in baie opsigte die land se oë oopmaak. Hy het verwys na die verskillende spoorwydtes van spoorweë in ander lande.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1900. Parlement. Wetgevende Raad. 12 October. Spoorwegbill. 13 October, Bijvoegsel: De commissaris van publieke werken stelde de tweede lezing dezer bill voor en sette de verschillende clausules uiteen. De bill liep slechts over spoorwegen die reeds goedgekeurd waren, want het zou niet gaan dit jaar nieuwe lijnen voor te stellen. De bill maakte voorziening voor aankoop van den Indwe spoorweg. De overname van deze lijn zou de regeering goed betalen. Verder handelde de bill over de lijnen in 1895 goedgekeurd om onder kontrakt gebouwd te worden. Spreker ging in bijzonderheden betreffende de Mosselbaai-Oudtshoorn en Oudtshoorn-Klipplaat lijn, en meende dat de overeenkomst met de kontrakteurs getroffen voor de regeering gunstig was. Verder gewaagde spreker van de Port Elizabeth-Avontuurlijn.<br>Er was slechts een nieuwe lijn in de bill, die van Malmesbury of Kalabaskraal naar Hopefield. Het werd voorgesteld deze lijn te bouwen met het geld op de Malmesbury-Piketberglijn bespaard. Hij meende dat deze een goede gelegenheid was om een smalspoorlijn te bouwen. Hij hoopte dat de raad de regeeringspolitiek van kleine spoorwegen zou ondersteunen.<br>De ed. heer Lochner verblijdde zich over den duidelijken uitleg door den commissaris van de bill, en hij was overtuigd dat de commissaris zou zorgen dat de bill geen mislukking was. Hij hoopte dat de commissaris zou zorgen dat er geen speculatie met gronden langs de lijn zou geschieden. Het zou een groot voordeel voor Darling en Hopefield zijn om in direkte verbinding met Malmesbury te zijn, en dit moest door de regeering in het oog worden gehouden.<br>De ed. heer Van Rhijn hoopte dat de lijn zou verlengd worden naar het zandveld, want daar door zou men de boeren helpen en een monopolie breken. Hij hoopte dat de lijn noordwest van Piketberg ook zou verlengd worden. Hij zag gaarne een vliegende opmeting daar gemaakt.<br>De ed. heer Van den Heever vroeg of dit nu den tijd was om zulk een aantal nieuwe spoorwegen te hebben. Hij ondersteunde echter den Indwe spoorweg, die hij nuttig beschouwde. Hij had echter thans geen tijd gehad om de bill te bestudeeren.<br>De ed. heer Mulder wenschte den commissaris geluk, en hoopte dat de contracteurs niet weder een uitweg vinden zouden.<br>De ed. heer Dolley hoopte dat de regeering geen groote sommen zou betalen als compensatie aan personen voor grond noodig voor spoorwegen.<br>De ed. heer Neethling vroeg waarom de som voor de Indwe lijn meer dan £400,000 was.<br>De commissaris zeide dat de extra £40,000 voor het aankoopen van het rollend materiaal van de kompagnie was.<br>De tweede lezing werd aangenomen, en de raad ging in comité op de bill: de ed. heer Neethling in den stoel.<br>De ed. heer Van den Heever meende dat de tarieven te hoog waren. Men moest de vervoerprijzen verlagen. Hij was van harte voor een lijn door de graan distrikten.<br>De ed. heer Pretorius vroeg waarom de lijn van Malmesbury naar Hopefield niet dezelfde breedte kon hebben als de hoofdlijn.<br>De commissaris zeide dat de smalle spoorweg veel voordeeliger zou zijn voor de boeren, die gemakkelijker "sidings" naar hunne plaatsen konden krijgen. Het smalspoor zou in menig opzicht de oogen van het land doen opengaan. Hij refereerde naar de verschillende breedte van spoorwegen in andere landen.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1900. Allerlei: De Hopefield spoorlijn. 13 October, Bijvoegsel: Woensdagavond en Donderdagmiddag vond een discussie plaats in comité-generaal in de wetgevende vergadering over de taklijn van Malmesbury of Kalabaskraal naar Hopefield, via Darling. In de eerste sessie van 1898 introduceerde sir James Sivewright, als commissaris van openbare werken, een spoorwegbill, waarin onder anderen een lijn van Kalabaskraal naar De Rust (Piekenierskloof), met een grooten draai naar Hopefield, werd voorgesteld. Na de algemeene elektie trad sir James af als minister, doch de heer Sauer, de nieuwe commissaris, bracht dezelfde spoorwegbill in met eenige veranderingen. In comité-generaal werd toen besloten, het begin en de richting van deze Piketberglijn te laten aan den commissaris, die zich sterk ten gunste van de rechtuit route over Moorreesburg had verklaard. Nadat de zaak nauwkeurig onderzocht was, besloot de heer Sauer die lijn te nemen van Malmesbury (niet van Kalabaskraal) over Moorreesburg. De verstandhouding in 1898 was echter, dat met het geld dat gespaard zou worden door de direkte lijn te kiezen, een taklijn in de richting van Hopefield zou gebouwd worden. In 1899 werd niets aan deze zaak gedaan, doch de heer Sauer nam die lijn op in een bill die hij van plan was dit jaar in te brengen. In de bill door dr. Smartt ingebracht werd voorgesteld een 2 voet wijde lijn te bouwen van Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury via Darling naar Hopefield. De opdracht van de vertegenwoordigers van Malmesbury schijnt geweest te zijn: een spoorweg voor Darling en Hopefield, een 3 vt. 6 dm. lijn bij verkiezing, doch een lijn in elk geval. De Afrikaander partij in het parlement met eenige leden der regeeringszijde verklaarde zich sterk ten gunste van de 3 voet 6 duim lijn, in de eerste plaats omdat ze later de verbindingslijn tusschen Malmesbury en Saldanhabaai zal zijn, en omdat het terrein zoo gelijk is dat de wijder lijn niet veel meer zal kosten dan de nauwe.<br>De commissaris van openbare werken wilde echter niet van zijn voorstel afzien, en een amendement werd gedaan door den hr. Oats, om een 3 vt. 6 dm. lijn te bouwen zoover als het gestemde geld zou gaan, het dan aan de regeering latende de som te vermeerderen om de lijn te voltooien. De voorzitter regelde dit amendement uit de orde, en de speaker bekrachtigde die uitspraak. Zijn reden was omdat de lijn niet veranderd kon worden zonder de formeele toestemming van den gouverneur, die de bill naar het huis had gezonden. Dit is een heel nieuwe uitspraak, en direkt in strijd met wat in 1898 werd gedaan, toen in verband met de Piketberg-lijn, het begin, de richting en de lengte door het comité werd veranderd, zonder de toestemming van den gouverneur. Er is een regel dat de uitgaaf niet vermeerderd mag worden zonder toestemming van de regeering, maar deze regel heeft niets met deze zaak te doen, daar het voorstel van den heer Oats de uitgaaf niet vermeerderde.<br>Onder de omstandigheden was het comité echter verplicht de 2 voet lijn aan te nemen.</ref> '''19 Oktober 1900:''' Wet No. 19 van 1900 word uitgevaardig, wat die aanbou van die Hopefield-Darling-spoorweg moontlik maak. Dit behels die volgende: op die prioriteitslys staan Hopefield/Darling onder Schedule D. Dit word omskryf as: "2 voet-spoorlyn vanaf Kalabaskraal of Malmesbury, of iewers tussen Kalabaskraal en Moorreesburg na Hopefield via Darling". Die wet maak voorsiening vir die volgende: Dit moet 'n 2 voet-spoorlyn wees wat gebou word. Die boukoste en toerusting (wat ook lokomotiewe en waens insluit) mag nie £135 000 oorskry nie. Enige gemagtigde persoon mag 'n erf of 'n stuk grond binnegaan vir landmeting of om die grondformasie te ondersoek, met dien verstande dat enige skade vergoed moet word aan die bewoner sou iets beskadig word. Die grond vir die spoorlyn self mag nie breër as 50 voet (15,24 meter) wees nie. Daar mag egter ekstra grond bygevoeg word vir goed soos stasies, dreinering en toegangspaaie wat nodig is om die spoorlyn te laat funksioneer. As die spoor die pad moet kruis, kan dit met 'n oorgang of 'n brug gebeur. Maar as die spoor vir 'n ent saam met die pad in dieselfde rigting loop, moet die Munisipale Raad of Afdelingsraad eers toestemming gee en saam oor die veiligheid besluit.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Statutes_of_the_Colony_of_the_Cape_of_Go/J3BFAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=darling%20hopefield%20railway&pg=PA4291&printsec=frontcover Colonial Secretary's Department. 1904. Satutes of the Cape of Good Hope. Vol VI. 1896-1900. Cape Town: Cape Times, p. 4291]</ref> '''27 November 1900:''' 'n Lesersbrief van 'Boer' uit Moorreesburg meld dat daar op Saterdag, 17 November, 'n bakleiery onder die spoorwegwerkers uitgebreek het. Toe van die inwoners tussenbeide tree 'om doodslag te voorkomen', was die gort gaar en het hulle hulself die gramskap van die werkers op die hals gehaal. Die skrywer vind dit skandelik dat so 'n vooruitstrewende dorp geen konstabel het om wet en orde te handhaaf nie, glo omdat daar geen woonhuis verkrygbaar is nie. Dit - te midde van al die boukoors op die dorp. Daar kort ook 'n tweede dokter; mnr. Van der Merwe het juis pas 'n lieflike en netjiese huis nommerpas vir 'n dokter voltooi. Solank laasgenoemde 'n Afrikanerhart het, kan hy maar 'n Engelse, Duitse of Franse van ook hê.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1900. Moorreesburg. 27 November, Bijvoegsel: Aan den Editeur. Mijnheer. - Op Zaterdag den 17den werd er alhier een publieke vergadering gehouden om een kandidaat voor het parlement te benoemen. De heer F.S. Malan verkreeg op éen na al de stemmen. Men zegt dat slechts de plaatselijke doctor niet voor den heer Malan stemde, maar men had ook geen tegen-kandidaat. Rhodes heeft reeds een zetel en Jameson ook. Zich zelf voor te stellen gaat niet. In den namiddag vond een gevecht plaats onder de arbeiders die aan den spoorweg werken. De blanken moesten tusschenbeide treden om doodslag te voorkomen en haalden zoo een zwaar vuur op zichzelven. Is het niet schandelijk dat ons snel vooruitgaand dorp geen kontabel heeft. "Waar zijn onze voormannen? Ik hoor dat de reden waarom er hier geen politiedienaars zijn, daarin bestaat dat er hier geen huis te verkrijgen is, ofschoon er elken dag druk gebouwd wordt. Er is hier ook al langen tijd behoefte geweest aan een tweeden dokter, doch misschien was er ook voor hem geen huis. Nu echter heeft de heer v.d. Merwe een recht aardig en net huis voltooid dat voor een dokter geschikt is en de neerzetting alhier van een dokter met een Afrikaander hart, al heeft hij een Engelschen, Duitchen of Franschen naam zal dadelijk toegejuicht worden, en zoo hij ook knap en vroom is, de algemeene ondersteuning erlangen. Ik hoor de zusters gaan een bazaartje houden, de opbrengst waarvan bestemd is voor de krijgsgevangenen. Er moet ook eene vergadering gehouden worden om afgevaardigden te zenen naar het Volkscongres. Ik hoor ''Ons Land'' komt naar ons op Dinsdag, niet op papier maar in persoon. Komt en ziet! Ik ben een, Boer.</ref> '''9 Januarie 1901:''' Onder die krygswet word sensuur toegepas. Al is Kaapstad, waar heelwat koerante se hoofkantore is, self nie onder die krygswet nie, is die omliggende plattelandse gebiede in die Kaapkolonie wel. So kry ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' op 9 Januarie kennis van die posmeestergeneraal dat die koerant nou onder sensuur van die militêre owerheid deurloop. Enige kritiek teen die Britse owerheid, enige lesersbrief en enige brokkie inligting wat die Boere in hul guns kan gebruik moet dus uit. Om hierdie probleem die hoof te bied, verander die naam na ''Het Advertentieblad'', en word heeltemal gestroop van enige politieke kommentaar. Vir 'n Afrikanerkoerant wat gereeld sardoniese kritiek lewer teen die Kaapse regering, word dit nou die mondstuk van die regering wat slegs telegramme plaas wat amptelik goedgekeur is. Dit duur vir 18 maande tot ná die oorlog op 31 Mei 1902. Selfs dan nog sal die krygswet voortduur tot 16 September 1902. Die laaste uitgawe van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' verskyn op 8 Januarie 1901, en sien eers weer die lig op 22 Julie 1902. Die inligting omtrent die spoorlynontwikkeling is in die openbare koerante dus maar skraps.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Aan onze lezers. 30 Maart, p. 2: [...] Op 9 Januari ontvingen wij een kennisgeving van den postmeester-general dat de circulatie van "Ons Land" in al de krijgswet distrikten verbonde was door de militaire overheid. Die distrikten sloten in het geheele westelijke, middellandsche en noordelijke deelen der Kaapkolonie. De uitgevers kwamen onder de omstandigheden tot het besluit drie maal per week, op dezelfde dagen als vroeger "Ons Land" "Het Advertentieblad" uit te geven als een non-politiek nieuwsblad en bij de overheid aanzoek te doen voor toestemming dit blad in de krijgswet distrikten ook te laten circuleeren. "Ons Land" zou dan slechts één maal per week verschijnen, elken Woensdag, en aan al de inteekenaren, nie in krijgswet distrikten woonachtig, gezonden worden. "Het Advertentieblad" verscheen voor de eerste maal op 10 Januari.<br>De hoofdcensor gaf zijn toestemming dat "Het Advertentieblad" in krijgswet distrikten kon circuleeren, doch daar plaastelijke proklamaties reeds door sommige distrikts-commandanten waren uitgevaardigd de circulatie van dit blad ook verbiedende duurde het een poosje voordat die proklamaties werden teruggeroepen en "Het Advertentieblad" vrijelijk kon circuleeren.<br>"Ons Land" verscheen, volgens aankondiging, op Woensdag, 16 Januari. Doch daar de krijgswet kort daarna over de geheele kolonie werd geproklameerd, behalve in de haven-steden en een gedeelte van de naturellen streken, werd besloten de uitgave van "Ons Land" tijdelijk geheel te staken, tot nadere kennisgeving.<br>Daar de hoofdcensor te kennen gaf, dat men niet alleen op de inleidingsartikelen en aanmerkingen op het nieuws zou letten, maar ook op de opschiften boven de telegrammen, werd besloten die opschriften geheel weg te laten.<br> Het kan zijn dat sommige lezers "Het Advertentieblad" niet zoo geregeld ontvangen als zij wel verlangen. Waar dit het geval is, vertrouwen wij dat men aan den buitengewonen toestand van het land zal denken, en voor't tegenwoordige wat geduld en toegeeflijkheid zal beoefenen. Toch zal 't ons steeds aangenaam zijn van ongeregeldheden te vernemen, om dan te zien ze zoo spoedig mogelijk geredresseerd te krijgen. Wij trachten het beste voor onze inteekenaren onder de omstandigheden te doen, en gevoeln ons ervan overtuigd, dat wij op hunne verdraagsaamheid en welwillendheid kunnen rekenen."</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Aan onze lezers. 22 Juli, p. 2: Na een stilzwijgen van meer dan achttien donkere, kommervolle maanden, verschijnt "De Zuid-Afrikaan vereenigd met Ons Land" heden weder voor de eerste maal. Onder al de verschillende gewaarwordingen, die onze lezers en ons bij een gelegenheid als deze door het harte gaan, behoort een innig gevoel van dankbaarheid ongetwijfeld niet gemist te worden. Indien de gebeurtenissen in ons land, vooraf van den laatsten tijd, ons leeren onderworpen en geloovig te zeggen: "Uw wil geschiede," dan zullen de beproevingen en 't lijden voorwaar niet te vergeefs zijn geweest.<br>De laatste uitgave van "Ons Land," vóór den genoemden tijd van stilzwijgen, was gedateerd Dinsdag, 8 Januari 1901, den dag na het proklameeren der krijgswet over bijna de geheele Kolonie, en op den volgenden Donderdag verscheen het eerste nommer van "Het Advertentieblad," dat onder allerlei wederwaardigheden en moeilijkheden sedert dien datum geregeld drie malen per week werd uitgegeven, en laatstleden Zaterdag het 275ste nommer bereikte. Het is niet ons doel thans een overzicht te geven van alles dat gedurende die achttien maanden is gebeurd. Genoeg zij het te zeggen dat de krijgswet sedert over geheel Zuid-Afrika werd afgekondigd, en dat de krijgswet-proklamaties nog niet teruggetrokken zijn.<br>"Het Advertentieblad" werd aan al de inteekenaars van "Ons Land" in de Kaapkolonie gezonden, tot in October 1901, toen het verzenden gestaakt werd naar zekere distrikten, waarin, volgens onze informatie, de circulatie ervan gestopt was. In dit blad werd geene inleidingsartikelen gepubliceerd. Alles wat men erin wilde opnemen ging eerst door de handen van dne militairen censor. De militaire overheid in Kaapstad gaf ons verlof, onder de genoemde voorwaarden het blad vrijelijk te circuleeren. [...]</ref> '''26 Maart 1901:''' Die spoorlynverlenging tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg is tans myle agter. Die oorspronklike kontraktermyn het ongeveer 'n jaar tevore verval. Al is die aangeleentheid voorheen in die Parlement bespreek, is daar geen duidelike spertyd of nuus beskikbaar aan die publiek nie (wel, dit is immers oorlog). Die vertraging beïnvloed ook die werk van mnr. Warren, die kontrakteur - omdat hierdie spoor tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg die nodige (swaar) materiaal nog moet aanry.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Kolonie. 26 Maart, p. 3: Piketberg, 22 Maart. - [...]- De bewoners van dit en de naburige distrikten zijn zeer uit hun humeur dat de verlenging van den spoorweg van Malmesbury naar Moorreesburg nog niet voltooid is; en hoe lang de aannemers nog bezig zullen zijn met hun werk is een vraag waar de regering onderzoek naar moed doen en aan het publiek bericht over moet geven, dat met verlangen naar de voltooiing uitziet. Bijna een jaar geleden was de overeenkomst van aanneming geëindigd; het parlement nam de zaak ter hand, maar sedert is er niets meer van vernomen. Onze spoorwegaannemer, de heer Warren, schijnt ook zeer gehinderd te worden door het niet klaar komen der lijn naar Moorreesburg.</ref> '''20 April 1901:''' In die Jaarverslag van 1900 berig die Waarnemende Residentingenieur, Mansergh D. Robinson, oor die stand van sake die volgende:<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=NwE4XQfS5XIC&pg=GBS.PR18&hl=en_ZA Malmesbury-Grey's Pass Railway. In: Report of the General Manager of Railways for the Year 1900. 1901. p. xviii]</ref> Die oorlog het feitlik alles kom deurmekaar krap: nie alleen met die voorsiening van mannekrag nie, maar ook die vervoer oor land en see, asook die materiaalvoorsiening wat vanaf oorsee aangevra moes word. Wat die spoorlyn tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg betref: al die grondwerk is by hierdie deel afgehandel, al die brûe en duikers is klaar gebou. Ses en 'n half myl van die onderste ballaslaag is gegooi, en sewe en 'n half myl spoorbaan is gelê. Al die stasiegeboue en spoorweghuisies van die werknemers en baanmeesters is óf klaar gebou óf nog in aanbou. Die kontrak het reeds op 30 Junie 1900 verstryk, en te wyte aan die spoorstawe en vasmaakgoed wat nooit afgelewer is nie, kon die spoorlegging nie voor die 29ste November 1900 'n aanvang neem nie. Sedertdien, weens die onvoldoende verskaffing rollende materiaal, vorder alles teen 'n slakkepas. Wat die spoorlyn tussen Moorreesburg en Eendekuil betref: Die boukontrak van hierdie deel is op 19 Februarie 1900 deur mnr. E. Warren onderteken, en die werk het op 7 Maart 1900 begin. Op 27 Desember 1900 is die volgende aangeteken: :''Grondwerk'' - 48 myl (buiten die uitwykspore en sylyne) is klaar, dus, synde 90 persent van die grond wat verskuif moes word. :''Brûe en duikers'' - 85 bruggies en duikers is gebou. Dit maak sowat 75 persent uit van al die betonvoorraad wat vir die aanbou van die onderskeie waterweë benodig is. :''Bergrivierbrug'' - Die aanbou van die brug kon slegs begin het toe die water genoeg gesak het; teen jaareinde se kant is baie goeie vordering gemaak. Een bron vermeld egter die aanbou van die 49½ myl-spoorweg tussen Moorreesburg en Eendekuil het eers vanaf April 1900 geskied, nie 7 Maart soos hierbo nie.<ref name="ParliaPap" /> [[File:Bergrivierspoorwegbrug 18 07 2025.jpg|duimnael|350px|Spoorwegbrug (Julie 2025) oor die Bergrivier by Moravia, Piketberg, toon die drie bere (brugpilare)<br><small>(Erkenning:Jako Malan)</small>]] '''27 Mei 1901:''' '''Die twee bere (brugpilare) weerskante van die spoorwegbrug oor die Bergrivier is klaar en die middelste een sal met verloop van tyd binne die rivierloop gebou word.''' Die weer het mooi saamgespeel en mnr. Warren, die kontrakteur, kon sy werk langs die rivierbedding makliker klaarkry. Op hierdie stadium neem die voltooiing van die Moorreesburg-spoorlyn (die stuk tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg) egter alles in beslag.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Kaapkolonie. 30 Mei, p. 2: Piketberg, 27 Mei [...] - Twee beeren van de spoorwegbrug over Bergrivier zijn klaar, en de middelste zal weldra boven de strooming der rivier zijn. De aannemer, de heer Warren, is door het weder zeer begunstigd bij zijn werk in de bedding der rivier. De voltooiing van de Moorreesburg lijn belet echter een behoorlijken vooruitgang van ander werk, en de regeering behoorde alle mogelijke hulp te verleenen aan de aannemers om ze in staat te stellen hun werk spoedig klaar te krijgen. 't Weder is heden mooi, en het ontbreekt dan ook niet aan jachtpartijen.</ref> '''17 Junie 1901:''' Dr. Smartt, die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, was amper sy lewe kwyt. Reeds in die ''Advertentieblad'' gedagteken 13 Junie word dit ''wêreldkundig'' gemaak dat dr. Smartt en gevolg die spoorweg tussen Malmesbury na Moorreesburg om en by 31 Julie sal open.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Kaapkolonie. 13 Juni, p. 2: Piketberg, 10 Juni - (Speciaal) - Zaterdag avond heeft het Piketbergsche spoorwegcomité in antwoord op zijn telegrafische vragen antwoord bekomen van dr. Smartt, commissaris van openbare werken, dat de spoorweg Malmesbury-Moorreesburg omstreeks 31 Juli voor vervoer zal geopend worden; iets wat voor militairen en publiek een groot voordeel zal zijn, daar het Piketberg slechts weinige uren van een spoorweg zal laten die het weldra tot zijn eigen plek zal zien verlengen. Men twijfelt niet of de postmeester-generaal zal deze streek thans een dagelijksche post van Moorreesburg geven.</ref> Op 18 Junie (dus, die dag net mooi ná die aanval reeds plaasgevind het) word in die koerant berig dr. Smartt met sy vrou, mnr. Price (Hoofbestuurder van die Kaapse spoorweë) met sy sekretarisse en mnr. Robinson (ingenieur belas met die bou van spoorweg) het die aand van die 14de op privaatbesoek aangekom en verder noordwaarts gegaan om die spoorweg van mnr. Warren (kontrakteur) te bekyk. Sodra hierdie Moorreesburg-lyn voltooi is, sal meer dwarslêers en spoorstawe daarmee aangery kan word. Die besoekers sou die volgende dag terugkeer Kaapstad toe.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Kaapkolonie. 18 Junie, p. 2: Piketberg, 15 Juni - (Speciaal) - Dr. Smartt met zijn vrouw, de heer Price, algemeen bestierder der spoorwegen, met zijn secretarissen, en de heer Robinson, gouvernments ingenieur belast met den bouw van den spoorweg naar hier, zijn hier gisteren avond aangekomen op een privaat bezoek, en zijn verder noordwaarts gegaan, zonder twijfel om den wel aangelegden spoorweg van den heer Warren te gaan kijken, die net wacht op het klaarkomen der Moorreesburgsche lijn om langs deze zijn dwarsleggers en rails te bekomen. Morgen gaan zij naar de Kaapstad terug, zonder twijfel verfrischt door de zuivere buitenlucht, en van plan om ook hun vrienden een reisje naar Pitketberg aan te raden zoodra de spoorweg klaar is. Picnics en jachten staan hen te wachten.</ref> In die koerant van die 20ste Junie verskyn die volgende: Toe die geselskap 17 Junie die oggend Moorreesburg verlaat en skaars 3 tot 4 myl buitekant die dorp was, op die splinternuwe spoorlyn, is daar op hul trein deur onbekende persone geskiet. Die lokomotief is getref; 'n koeël uit die loop van 'n Lee-Metford-geweer. Die koeël was duidelik vir die insittendes in die "spoorrijtuig" agter de lokomotief bedoel. Nou juis op daardie presiese oomblik was die treinbestuurder, W. W. Brook Howard, genoodsaak om die stoom te verminder, omdat daar op 'n bepaalde plek van die spoorlyn nie ballas gegooi was nie; het hy nie briek aangedraai nie, het die koeël die passasiers getref. Die treinbestuurder en stoker is seker hulle het meer sulke klapgeluide gehoor, kompleet soos 'n 'grendel' wat gebars het. Die stoker het eerste die koeël gesien en wou dit optel, maar moes dit laat val, so warm was dit nog. Die verslaggewer het self die koeëlgat ('n halfduim dik) in die lokomotief gesien. Daar was voorheen gerugte in omloop van wapens wat versteek word, maar volgens die kommandant het sy ondersoeke niks opgelewer nie. Daar is ook nog geen Rebelle in die distrik bedrywig nie. Wie die skuldiges is, weet niemand nie.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. De Inval in de Kolonie. 20 Juni, p. 3: Malmesbury, 17 Juni - [...] - De commissaris van openbare werken, zamen met mevrouw Smartt, den algemeenen bestuurder der Kaapsche staats-spoorwegen, den heer Warren, resident ingenieur, de heeren Howard en Low, en de secretarissen der departementen, was op zijn terugreis van Piketberg langs den pas aangelegden spoorweg tusschen Moorreesburg en Malmesbury; en toen hij heden morgen Moorreesburg verlaten had en 3 à 4 mijlen ver was, werd er op den trein gevuurd door onbekende personen, wordende de lokomotief getroffen door een kogel uit een Lee-Metford geweer, en dat wel vlak bij de plek waar de stoker stond, zoodat deze bijna geraakt was. De kogel is thans in bezit van den minister. De heer W. W. Brook Howard had het bestuur van den trein, en zegt dat de schok net was als was de grendel van de lokomotief gebarsten. De stoker wilde den kogel optillen, maar moest hem laten vallen als te heet. Uw correspondent heeft het gaatje gezien door den kogel in de lokomotief geboord, en kan instaan voor de waarheid van het bericht. Hier mag gemeld worden dat in de buurt van het gebeurde reeds vroeger verteld was dat men er wapenen had verborgen, en de kommandant deed persoonlijk onderzoek, doch vond niets. Rebellen zijn, voor zo ver men hoort, in het distrikt niet te vinden. Verdere aanmerkingen zijn onnoodig.<br> (Later). - Het schot moet blijkbaar bedoeld zijn voor hen die in het spoorrijtuig achter de lokomotief zaten, want net vóór het gevuurd werd had de heer W. Brooke Howard, den machinist gelast de stoom te verminderen omdat op die bepaalde plek de lijn niet was geballast; en was dit nie geschied dan zou het rijtuig net in de lijn van den kogel zijn geweest toen men den schok van de lokomotief voelde. De heer Howard liet den trein ophouden, daar hij mende dat de grendel was gebroken, maar de stoker zeide: "neen, 't was een schot uit een revolver"; en bukkende om den kogel op te rapen zij hij: "daar's de kogel"' doch hij liet hem vallen als te heet. De heer Howard nam den kogel op en bracht hem, nog warm, naar den heer Robinson, privaten secretaris. De kogel ging een halven duim in de ijzeren zijde van de lokomotief, en was hij niet net door een plek gegaan waar twee stukken ijzer elkander raken, dan had hij den heer Howard in het been getroffen. De machinist die aan den anderen kant van de lokomotief was had een dergelijk geluid eenige seconden vroeger gehoord, zoodat er meer schoten moeten zijn gevuurt, die men echter niet opmerkte omdat zij niet raak waren. Dit bericht is van iemand die op den trein zat, en het schijnt dat machinist zoowel as stoker een wonderdadige ontsnapping hebben gehad.</ref> Dr. Smartt het later sy inspeksietoer na Saldanhabaai via Darling en Hopefield voortgesit.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Gemengd Nieuws. 6 Juli, p.2: Dr. Smartt, commissaris van openbare werken, is, vergezeld van den heer T.R. Price, direkteur-generaal van spoorwegen Donderdag vertrokken op reis na Saldanhabaai, over Darling en Hopefield.</ref> '''14 Augustus 1901:''' Die aanbouwerk van die Hopefieldlyn begin. Die spoorstawe en vasmaakgoed het die oorsese land van oorsprong reeds op 11 Junie 1901 per skip verlaat, terwyl die lokomotiewe selfs nóg vroeër bestel is. Dwarslêers is op 4 Julie 1901 vanuit oorsee aangevra.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> <u>'''9 September 1901:'''</u> Die spoor tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg word uiteindelik geopen.<ref name="Railwayyearbook.1903.277">[https://books.google.co.za/books?id=UTNKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=railways+moorreesburg+1901&hl=af&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbyeyN6q6HAxUjWkEAHerVDioQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=railways%20moorreesburg%201901&f=false The Railway Yearbook. 1903. Historical Sketch, p. 277]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.za/books?id=FmDFKuQuskMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=moorreesburg&f=false Report of the General Manager of Railways for the Year 1902. 1903. bl. v]</ref><br> Die hoofsensor het uit sy foutjie geleer. Die opening van die spoorweg is eers die ''volgende'' dag, Dinsdag, 10 September, berig:<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. Gemengd Nieuws. 10 September, p. 1.</ref> {{cquote| De Malmesbury-Moorreesburg spoorweg die gisteren voor verkeer geopend werd, werd onder kontrakt voor de regeering gebouwd door de heeren Donaldson en Fawcus, tegen een uitgaaf van ongeveer £100,000. Van wegen den oorlog was er wat oponthoud met het landen en vervoeren van materiaal en is de voltooiing van den spoorweg daardoor vertraagd geworden, doch de lijn is nu kompleet en gisteren morgen om 7.40 v.m. is de eerste trein van Kaapstad naar Moorreesburg vertrokken, te Moorreesburg arriveerende om 10 minuten voor 1 uur. De terugkeerende trein zal van Moorreesburg vertrekken om 1.35 n.m., en te Kaapstad arriveeren om 6.45 n.m. Vooreerst zullen er drie treinen per week loopen naar en van Moorreesburg—op Maandags, Woensdags en Vrijdags. De nieuwe lijn is precies dertig mijlen lang en loopt door het graandistrikt. De verlenging zal voor de graanboeren in den omtrek van grooten dienst zijn, en ze zijn dan ook verheugd in het bezit van spoorweg verbinding te zijn. }} Duidelik met die opening is 'n proefrit op dieselfde dag nog onderneem, want op Donderdag, 12 September 1901, staan in die ''Advertentieblad'' (die naam wat ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' tydens die oorlog aangeneem het) die volgende:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250319204129/https://digital.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.2/4155/za-1901-09-12.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y ''Advertentieblad''. 1901. Gemengd Nieuws. 12 September: bl. 2, kolom 1.]</ref> {{cquote| De eerste trein van Kaapstad naar Moorreesburg vertrok Maandag morgen om tien minuten voor acht uur uit de stad, en bereikte Moorreesburg om tien minuten voor één uur. De trein keerde 's avonds naar de stad terug. De proefrit was een succès in alle opzichten. }} '''7 Oktober 1901:''' Die dwarslêers kom in die land aan vir die Hopefieldlyn; nog geen spoorstawe nie.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> '''8 November 1901:''' Die skepe met die lokomotiewe vir die Hopefieldlyn vaar Tafelbaai binne. Die spoorstawe sal eers vyf weke na die lokomotiewe (dus, iewers in Desember) aan die Kaapse hawe gelewer word. Buiten die grondwerk, is daar nie veel bouwerk wat dus verrig kan word aan die Hopefieldlyn nie. <ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> '''19 November 1901:''' Volgens mediaberigte het die Boere onttrek uit die streek. [[Moorreesburg tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog|Generaal Manie Maritz verlaat Moorreesburg op 12 November]] (dieselfde dag toe [[Hildebrand-monument|Veldkornet C.P. Hildebrand by Darling gesneuwel het]]), sonder om enige skade aan te rig, buiten die telegraafinstrumente buite werking te stel. Op 14 November vuur die Boerekommando's vanuit 'n rivierbedding en 'n plaashuis op 'n pantsertrein wat twee troeptreine vooruit gegaan het. Die Britse "2nd Berks" (Royal Berkshire Regiment) antwoord met die pantsertrein se kanonne. Een van die Berks is gewond. Die Boere slaan op die vlug.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. De Inval in de Kolonie. 19 November, p. 4: Malmesbury, 15 Nov—[...]— De krijgsbewegingen der afgeloopen week benoorden Malmesbury zijn geëindigd met het terugtrekken der republiekeinen over Bergrivier. Op een pantsertrein, die aan twee troep-treinen het geleide gaf, werd op 14 dezer bij Moorreesburg uit de bedding van een rivier en uit een boerenwoning gevuurd. De troepen, waaronder het 2de Berks, sprongen terstond uit den trein, geholpen door de kanonnen van den pantsertrein. De vijand was hierdoor zoo uit het veld geslagen dat zijn vuren terstond verslapte en ophield. Hij vluchtte, door bommen vervolgd. Een der Berks werd gewond. Maritz heeft op 12 dezer Moorreesburg verlaten, zonder schade aan te richten behalve aan de telegraaf instrumenten. Majoor Shearman was aan het vechten met Theron bij Riebeekskasteel op 13 dezer, en dreef hem westwaarts. Kolonel Crabbe heeft een bende republiekeinen uit een positie bij Mostertfontein verdreven, een wagen vol nieuwe kleederen en 28 paarden buit makende. Eén republikein sneuvelde, twee werden gewond. Van de onzen werden twee van Brabant's Horse gewond.</ref> Teen 19 November wil dit lyk of Maritz en 'n deel van sy kommando oor die Bergrivier verdryf is, maar een deel van sy mag bly agter. Hierdie afdeling, onder Theron, word gevind en oor die rivier verdryf. Ander republikeinse kommando's druk deur na die westelike distrikte van die Kolonie waar die afwesigheid van die spoorweë tot hul voordeel benut word. Pijpers, wat Scheepers opgevolg het, en Smuts is nou wes van die hoofspoorweg. <ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1901. De Inval in de Kolonie. 23 November, p. 3: Moorreesburg, 19 Nov - [...] - Het blijkt dat toen Maritz kort geleden over Bergrivier werd gedreven, hij den ouden boerenstreek in praktijk bracht om een deel van zijn macht achter te laten, in de hoop dat zij de aandacht der Britten zouden ontgaan nu deze op het hoofdorps gerichts was. Die afdeeling, onder Theron, is gevonden en over de rivier gedreven. De republikeinen trekken steeds door naar de westerdistrikten der Kolonie, waar de afwezigheid van spoorwegen voor hun taktiek voordeelen biedt. Pijpers, die Scheepers is opgevolgd, en Smuts zijn nu bewesten den hoofdspoorweg.</ref> '''Desember 1901:''' Noudat die spoorstawe vir die Hopefieldlyn uiteindelik vyf weke na die lokomotiewe in die Kaap land, sit die ingenieurs met 'n oorvloed materiaal, maar 'n nuwe krisis: daar is geen teken van die materiaal- of boutrokke om die swaar komponente te vervoer nie. Die spoorlegging kon selfs dán nog nie begin nie.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening">Moir, S.M. 1963. The Hopefield Railway. In: ''Twenty-four inches apart : the two-foot gauge railways of the Cape of Good Hope''. Lingfield : The Oakwood Press, pp. 37-47.</ref> '''24 April 1902:''' Die eerste spoor vanaf Kalabaskraal is gelê.<ref name="Elliotverslag1902" /><ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> '''29 April 1902:''' Die treinspoor het nou tot by Piquetberg gevorder, onder die wakende oog van mnre Warren (spoorwegkontrakteur) en Robinson (resident-ingenieur). 'n Groot struikelblok tans by die spoorlegging en onderhoud is die gebrek aan water tussen Moorreesburg en Piquetberg. Al is hoeveel putte gegrawe deur die waterbooringenieur G. Toucher, bly die water in hierdie putte meestal brak en deug nie vir lokomotiewe nie. Die regering koop nou water van mnr. Schalk Burger van Groenvallei, naby Piquetberg, wat genoeg voorraad sal verseker vir die Elandsvleistasie. Waterpype word tans ook gelê. <ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1902. Piketberg. 6 Mei: p.2 : 29 April, 1902. De spoorweg, die groote voortrekker der beschaving, is eindelijk voor ons buiten den weg liggend dorp een voldongen feit geworden, en zal weldra voor het reizend publiek geopend worden. Het is recht verkwikkend de treinen dagelijks te zien komen, en grooten dank is men verschuldigd aan den spoorweg aannemer, den heer Warren, en den resident ingenieur den heer Robinson met hun personeel voor de krachtvolle wijze waarop zij spoed gemaakt en, in weerwil van de onlusten die in het land heerschen, den spoorweg aangelegd hebben. Eén groot bezwaar bij aanleg en onderhoud van de lijn was de schaarschte van water tusschen Moorreesburg en Piketberg, schoon verscheiden putten zijn geboord door den welbekenden waterboor ingenieur G. Toucher; want het water dier putten is meest brak en deugt dus niet best voor lokomotieven. De regeering heeft thans verstandig gehandeld door het aankoopen van het water van den heer Schalk Burger, van Groenvallei, bij Piketberg, waardoor een overvloedige verstrekking van water aan het station Elandsvlei zal zijn. Het kontrakt voor het leggen van vijf mijlen pijpen voor dit water wordt thans ten uitvoer gelegd.</ref> '''31 Mei 1902:''' Die [[Vrede van Vereeniging]] word gesluit; die oorlog is verby. Die [[Moorreesburg tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog#Afkondiging_van_die_krygswet|krygswette]] van die Kaapkolonie bly egter steeds van krag tot 16 September 1902.<ref name="VVeVR2001.121">Strauss, F. (samest.). 2001. Kaapse Afrikaners betaal duur. In: Voor Vrijheid en Voor Recht: Chronologie van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog van die Boere-Republieke teen Groot-Brittanje, 1899-1902. Ongepubliseerde werk. Piketberg: Swartland Boere-Oorlog Herdenkingskomitee, pp. 121-122.</ref> ==== Ná die Anglo-Boereoorlog ==== '''2 Junie 1902:''' Die afgelope week het goeie reën geval; die Bergrivier is vol, wat beteken die tydelike spoorwegbrug by Piquetberg is onbegaanbaar. Die permanente brug is gedeeltelik klaar.<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1902. 5 Junie, p. 2: Piketberg, 2 Juni [...] - Prachtige regens zijn gedurende de afgeloopen week gevallen. De Bergrivier is vol, en de tijdelijke spoorwegbrug is onpassabel. De permanente brug is gedeeltelijk gereed en zal spoedig klaar zijn.'' </ref> '''18 Julie 1902:''' Die lyn tussen Malmesbury en Moorreesburg is al enkele maande in volle gang, maar die opening kon weens die oorlog nie gevier word soos die inwoners graag wou nie. Die Minister van Openbare Werke besoek Piquetberg om die spoorweglinie aldaar te inspekteer; dit is sy eerste besoek aan die dorp. In sy toespraak, veral nou dat die oorlog verby is, pleit hy vir gematigheid en samewerking, en om te waak teen 'n jingo-gees, heftige twis of rassehaat (tussen die Engelse en Afrikaners). Hy hoop by sy volgende besoek aan Piquetberg sou daar groter ontwikkeling wees; hierdie ontwikkeling sou deur die spoortrein bevorder word, wat, so hoop hy, teen 1 Oktober 1902 geopen sou word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Minister Douglass te Piketberg. 22 Juli, p. 3: Piketberg, 19 Juli. — [...]. — De heeren Douglass, minister van openbare werken, en Price, algemeen bestuurder der spoorwegen, hebben gisteren de stad bezocht om de nieuwe spoorweglinie die men hier aanlegt te inspekteeren. De leden van het spoorwegbestuur ontmoetten hen aan het station, en later werd een vergadering gehouden, waar het parlementslid Daniel Marais, de bezoekers uit distrikt en dorp verwelkomde. Na burgemeester Dommisse over zekere plaatselijke belangen te hebben aangehoord, antwoordde de minister met een rede in den loop waarvan hij zijn liefde voor dit land te kennen gaf, waar hij niet geboren was maar van zijn vroege jeugd af had gewoond. Dit was zijn eerste bezoek aan Piketberg, en was de spoorweg geopend, dan hoopte hij een groote ontwikkeling van het distrikt te zien. Om één ding, zeide hij, was hij zeer blijde, en wel dat zij hun vrijheid zouden behouden, met andere woorden op gelijken voet gesteld zouden worden met elk ander deel van het Britsche rijk wat rechten en vrijheden betrof. "Nu wij," ging hij voort, "hierin geslaagd zijn, moeten wij trachten door zamenwerking voorspoed en vrede aan het land te schenken. Het parlement komt weldra bijeen. Laat er matiging zijn aan beide kanten. Het is noodig dat al de jingo geest door beide partijen aan den dag gelegd ten einde kome. Moeten wij rassenhaat en heftige twistreden in het huis hebben, dan zal dit toonen dat wij de vrijheid niet verdienen die wij verkregen hebben. Laat de gematigden van beide partijen het tot dus ver winnen dat elk nationaliteit moge zamenwerken tot vooruitgang en verbetering des lands. Er zijn hier lieden die op nieuw rassenhaat trachten te verspreiden, en dit zijn de lieden die men bedwingen moet. Ik geloof dat iedereen die zoo spreekt en werkt dat hij het gevoel der andere partij kwetst, een vijand is van zijn vaderland. Laat ons gematigd zijn en zamenwerken tot ontwikkeling van het land, en bevordering van waren vooruitgang." Verder gaf de minister zijn hoop te kennen dat bij zijn volgend bezoek aan Piketberg er veel grooter ontwikkeling des lands zich zou toonen. '''Die ontwikkeling zou door den spoortrein bevorderd worden, die hij hoopte dat tegen 1 October zou geopend worden.'''</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Piketberg. 22 Juli, p. 2: Dit dorp verheugt zich in het vooruitzicht dat de spoorweg daarheen binnenkort voltooid en geopend zal worden. De lijn van Malmesbury naar Moorreesburg is reeds eenige maanden in volle werking, hoewel de opening onder de landsomstandigheden niet kon gevierd worden, zooals de inwoners van het distrikt het gaarne gezien hadden. Wij vertrouwen dat de opening naar Piketberg onder gunstiger omstandighede zal plaats vinden en dat de distrikten, waardoor deze lijn gaat dan de gelegenheid zullen hebben waarlijk feest te vieren. De opening van een spoorweg naar een distrikt is van groote beteekenis, vooral ook met het oog op de mogelijke ontwikkeling der hulpbronnen des lands. De commissaris van publieke werken de heer Douglass, die dezer dagen een inspektie reisje naar Piketberg heeft gemaakt, drukte op een vergadering, waarop hij op gepaste wijze door den heer D. J. Marais, het plaastelijke parlementslid, verwelkomd werd, de hoop uit dat een zeer grootte ontwikkeling van het distrikt bij zijn volgen bezoek te bespeuren moge zijn. Zijne aanmerkingen over de algemeene politieke aangelegenheden van het land verdienen ook nauwkeurige aandacht. Hij pleitte voor gematigdheid en "de onderdrukking van al het Jingoisme dat in beide partijen gaande was."</ref> '''9 September 1902''': Tydens die parlementsitting vra James Lawrence (Kimberley) die Kommissaris wanneer die spoorlyn na Piquetberg vir passasiers en goedere geopen sal word. Mnr. Douglass sê dit sou aanvanklik 1 Oktober 1902 gewees het, maar te wyte aan die reën, ens. is die werk vertraag. Hy hoop die openingsdatum sal 1 November 1902 wees.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Wetgevende Vergadering. Spoorweg naar Piketberg. 11 September (by 9 September se blad ingedeel): De heer Lawrence vroeg den commissaris van openbare werken wanneer het verwacht werd dat de spoorweg naar Piketberg voor passagiers en goederen vervoer geopend zou worden.<br>De heer Douglass antwoordde, dat men gehoopt had den spoorweg te openen op den 1sten October, doch wegens regens, enz., werd het werk verzuimd. Hij hoopte, dat de spoorweg op den 1sten November zou geopend worden.</ref> Nou waarom juis 'n verteenwoordiger vir Kimberley? Lawrence het 'n sterk nostalgiese band met die dorp Piquetberg gekoester. Tydens 'n besoek op 20 Januarie 1898 — sowat 35 jaar nadat sy ouers daar gewoon het — was hy so beïndruk deur die uitgebreide vooruitgang van die landbou, dat hy gesê het dat die "geroep van de menschen om een spoorweg verdient verhoord te worden". Op daardie dag het hy ook die openbare geboue en die vernaamste plekke besoek.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1898. Een bezoeker. 22 Januari, Bijvoegsel, p. 1: Piketberg, 21 Jan. [...] De heer James Lawrence L.W.V. (Kimberley) en gezelschap brachten ons gisteren een bezoek. Zijn ouders woonden hier 35 jaren geleden. Hij was verbaasd over de uitgebreide bebouwde landerijen en zei dat het geroep van de menschen om een spoorweg verdient verhoord te worden. Hij bracht ook een bezoek aan de publieke gebouwen en de voornaamste plekken in het dorp. Hij keerde hedenmorgen terug naar de Kaapstad.</ref> '''25 September 1902:''' Luidens die redakteursbrief van ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' is die spoorlyn na Hopefield byna klaar en sal binnekort geopen word. Die rollende materiaal van hierdie spoorweg het reeds aangekom en staan gereed om gebruik te word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Twee voet spoorbreedte. 25 September, p.3 : Deze lijn naar Hopefield is bijna klaar en zal binnenkort geopend worden. Het rollend materiaal voor dezen spoorweg is reeds aangekomen en staat gereed om gebruikt te worden.</ref> '''29 September 1902''':Voordat daar besluit word om nog geld te stort in 'n smalspoorlyn tussen Port Elizabeth en Avontuur, stel Minister Douglass voor die parlementslede moet 'n besoekie gaan bring aan Kalabaskraal, sommer op die eerskomende Saterdag nog.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Parlement. Wetgevende Vergadering. Maandag, 29 September, 1902. Avondzitting. Gekozen comité op Spoorwegen. 2 Oktober, p. 5: Het huis ging in comité op het eerste rapport van het gekozen comité op spoorwegen. De heer Malan dacht, dat voor dat het huis tot stemming kwam, het wenschelijk was, dat de leden den twee-voet spoorweg te Kalabaskraal zouden inspekteeren.<br> De heer Douglass zei, dat hij ook gaarne de leden de gelegenheid wou geven om de Kalabaskraal-Hopefield lijn te onderzoeken.<br> Hij zou schikkingen voor zoodanig bezoek laastleden Zaterdag gemaakt hebben, doch werd ongelukkig daarin door het ongunstig weder verhinderd. Hij zou aan de hand geven, dat men op aanstaanden Zaterdag een toertje of naar Saldanhabaai of naar Kalabaskraal zou maken.<br> De heer Malan zei, dat hij met een paar andere leden laastleden Zaterdag te Kalabaskraal was om te zien hoe de twee-voet lijn aldaar beantwoordde. Hij deelde het huis eenige bijzonderheden daaromtrent mede. Hij had een gesprek met den heer Elliott aangaande smalle spoorwegen, en vroeg hem zijn opinie omtrent de Avontuur lijn.<br>De heer Elliott zei, dat hij niet over den grond gegaan had, maar volgens de plannen dacht hij, dat de twee-voet lijn geschikt zou zijn voor vrachten van 60 tot 70 ton. Spreker meende, dat het wenschelijk was om een weinig met de Avontuur lijn te wachten, totdat men beter in staat was te oordeelen over de werking der lijn te Kalabaskraal. [...]</ref> Douglas wou die parlementlede eintlik al die vorige Saterdag (27 September 1902) die geleentheid bied om die smalspoorlyn van Kalabaskraal na Hopefield te gaan inspekteer (dit was op aanbeveling van parlementslid F.S. Malan die Dinsdag, 23 September 1902),<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Parlement, Dinsdag, 23 September 1902. Spoorwegen. 25 September: Bijvoegsel : De heer Malan wou een praktische aanbeveling doen. Kon de commissaris niet op Zaterdag een specialen trein laten loopen naar Kalabaskraal, waar de leden dan zelven konden zien hoe een 2 voet lijn werkte? Die lijn was bijna in werkende orde. Het zou goed zijn om het debat te verdagen, en met eigen oogen zien hoe een 2 voet lijn beantwoordde.</ref> maar dit het ongelukkig gereën. Nou beplan hy 'n uitstappie. In sy inleidingsartikel gee die redakteur van de ''Zuid-Afrikaan'' 'n vinnige opsomming van die Hopefield-lyn tot op hede: Die lyn tussen Kalabaskraal na Hopefield word in Augustus 1901 mee begin. Die stawe is reeds tot op Hopefield gelê, maar die gedeelte tussen Darling en Hopefield moet nog gegruis word. Daar word verwag dat die lyn teen die einde van Januarie 1903 geopen sal word. Die lengte van die spoorlyn is, luidens die artikel, 47¼ myl, en die massa van die stawe is 35 pond per jaart (17,36 kilogram per meter). Die spoorwydte is 2 voet, maar die bokant van die trokke se wydte is 6 voet vergeleke met die spoorbreedte onder. Die passasierswaens het reeds in Kaapstad aangekom, maar is nog nie uitgepak nie. Die enjins is in Soutrivier monteer en toe, heeltemal klaar, na Kalabaskraal vervoer. Elke trok kan 12 ton dra.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. De Twee-voet Spoorweg. 30 September, p.3: De lijn van Kalabaskraal naar Hopefield werd in Augustus, 1901, begonnen. De staven zijn reeds tot op Hopefield gelegd, doch het gedeelte van den weg tusschen Darling en Hopefield moet nog gegruisd worden. Men verwacht dat de lijn tegen het einde van Januari, 1903, geopend zal worden. De lengte der lijn is 47¼ mijl. Het gewicht der staven is 35 pond per yrd. De wijdte van het spoor is 2 voet, en die der trucks – 6 voet buiten-werk. De passagier-wagens zijn in Kaapstad aangekomen doch nog niet ontpakt. De engines werden in het Zoutrivier werken opgezet en toen kompleet naar Kalabaskraal vervoerd. Elk truck kan 12 ton dragen.</ref> '''3 Oktober 1902:''' Navrae word daagliks gerig wanneer die spoorweg na Piquetberg geopen gaan word, en of die Minister van Openbare Werke sy woord gestand sal doen.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Telegrammen: Piketberg. 7 October, p. 3: Piketberg, 3 Oct [...] Dagelijks wordt er hier gevraagd wanneer de spoorweg naar Piketberg geopend wordt, daar de tweede belofte van den commissaris van openbarte werken in antwoord op een vraag van het parlements lid Lawrence gemaakt, thans behoort te worden nagekomen.</ref> '''4 Oktober 1902:''' Op uitnodiging van die Kommissaris van Openbare werke, reis 60 here, parlementslede en ander belangstellendes van Kaapstad per spesiale trein na Kalabaskraal op besoek, en van daar af via die smalspoor na Darling. Vanaf Kalabaskraal is die reis voortgesit in oop trokke (want die passasierwaens was nog nie gereed nie). Die spoor is nog nie heeltemal klaar nie; drie keer het daar heelwat oponthoud plaasgevind. Omdat materiaal vir die brûe nog nie opgedaag het nie, moes die spoorwegwerkers maar improviseer met stapels dwarslêers. Terwyl die reisgeselskap gewag het, het hulle blomme gepluk - wat by die duisende gestaan het. Omstreeks 1 uur kom die eerste trein met passasiers by Darling aan. Daar was een lang tent met tafels eetgoed gereed. Nadat die ete genuttig is, is daar met vonkelwyn allerhande heildronke ingestel en toesprake afgesteek. Die kommissaris stel dit egter duidelik: dit was nie die formele opening van hierdie spoorweg nie, maar dit kon met reg as 'n "onformeele" beskou word. Dit was tog die eerste dag waarop 'n goederetrein en 'n trein met passasiers op Darling aankom. Die passasiers op reis was egter pikswart van die roet - die lokomotief het 'n "boel water zwart van steenkool" oor die passasiers gespat. 3:15 nm. begin die terugtog en 7:30 nm. was die geselskap terug in Kaapstad.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Zaterdags uitstapje naar Darling. 7 Oktober, p. 3: Een gezelschap van zoowat zestig heeren, parlementsleden en andere belangstellenden, ging laatstleden Zaterdag, op uitnoodiging van den commissaris van openbare werken, van de Kaapstad per specialen trein naar Kalabaskraal, en vandaar over de twee-voet spoorlijn naar Darling. Onder de leden van het gezelschap zag men o.a. den hoofdrechter (sir Henry de Villiers), de heeren Wilmot, L.W.R., Bellingan, L.W.R., De Wet, L.W.R., Du Toit, L.W.R., Douglass, L.W.V., Van Huijssteen, L.W.V., Lotter, L.W.V., dr. Vanes, L.W.V., T. Theron, L.W.V., Cartwright, L.W.V., Bailey, L.W.V., Van Zijl, L.W.V., Van Heerden, L.W.V., Hockly, L.W.V., adv. Joubert, enz. De dag liet, wat het weder betrof, niets te wenschen over. Om 7.30 begon de reis van Kaapstad, en om 9.30 was men te Kalabaskraal. De tijd ging zoo ongemerkt voorbij, daar de commissaris gezorgd had voor een zeer smakelijk ontbijt op den trein.<br> Van Kalabaskraal werd de reis voortgezet in open trucks (de passagiers wagens voor de smalle lijn zijn nog niet gereed), en de reis was zoo aangenaam als men maar kon wenschen. De spoorlijn is echter nog niet geheel klaar, en driemaal vond er dan ook heelwat onponthoud plaats. Daar het materiaal voor de bruggen nog niet gearriveerd is, heeft men tijdelijk “sleepers” opgestapeld, waarover de sporen gelegd zijn. Sommige bouten waren te stijf geschroefd, en daar de zon tamelijk warm was, en de sporen zich door de hitte uitrekten, was het noodig eerst de lijn in orde te maken vóór men over zulke plaatsen kon gaan. Het gezelschap verzamelde intusschen van de bloemen, die er bij tien duizenden aan alle zijden stonden.<br> Zoowat 1 uur kwam dan de eerste trein met passagiers te Darling aan. Onder een lange tent stonden er tafels met eten gereed, waaraan een ieder zich te goed deed. Na het eten, terwijl men de champagne niet spaarde, werden er eenige toasten gedronken en speeches afgestoken.<br> De commissaris (de heer Douglass), stelde eerst heildronken in op den koning en den gouverneur.<br> Daarop kwam de heer Grocott, president van de pers unie, aan het woord, die zei, dat hij over de politiek bij die gelegenheid niet zou spreken, terwijl hij de toast op de wetgeving instelde. Het parlement had veel voor het land gedaan door spoorwegen, telegraaf en post, enz., zoodat kranten nu aan bijna alle boerenwoningen afgeleverd konden worden. Hij was twintig jaar in het land, en gedurende dien tijd had hij niets dan gestadigen vooruitgang bespeurd; honderden mijlen van spoorwegen zijn er nu over de geheele Kolonie; veel was in het verleden gedaan, en hij hoopte, dat nog meer in de toekomst gedaan zou worden als men getrouw bleef aan den koning en het land. Daar bestond bij hem geen twijfel, dat de heer Douglass bij de volgende elektie, al stonden er drie kandidaten te Grahamstad, meer stemmen dan al de anderen zou krijgen. Met deze woorden stelde hij zijn toast in op beide huizen van het parlement, en voegde er bij, dat al hadden zij eenige fouten in ’t verleden gemaakt, hij ervan overtuigd was, dat dit niet weer zou geschieden.<br> Sir Henry de Villiers bedankte in naam van de wetgeving. Hij zei o.a., dat de vorige spreker groote kennis droeg van het parlement, niettegenstaande dat hij gezegd had, dat het parlement fouten begaan had in het verleden. Hij bedankte de pers voor de rapporten van de speeches in het parlement, en ook voor de uitoefening van kritiek, ofschoon de kritiek niet altijd gegrond en juist was. Kritiek was noodzakelijk, publieke lichamen moesten gekritiseerd worden om een gematigden toon aan te slaan. In den laatsten tijd, echter, had hij tevergeefs naar de noodige gematigdheid van de pers gezocht. Het zou goed zijn indien de pers [zich] tot [een] voorbeeld zou stellen van gematigdheid. Hij was gevraagd om op de toast te antwoorden. Spreker was voorzitter van het hoogerhuis, en hij moest zeggen, dat de leden van dat huis wijze, vastberaden, sobere, stille oude mannen waren. In dat huis hadden er geene onaangename voorvallen plaats. Hij was 30 jaar president van het huis, maar kon het gedrag van geen enkelen lid veroordeelen. Dit kon niet gezegd worden van eenig twee lichamen in de wereld. Dit gold niet slechts de oorspronkelijke oude leden, maar de nieuwe leden wedijverden met de ouden in gematigdheid. Daar was geen achteruitgang maar wel vooruitgang in het huis. De toestand was uitstekend. Hij moest ook voor de Wetgevende Vergadering antwoorden. Hij las de debatten van het lagerhuis getrouw in de pers, waar zij zoo volledig gerapporteerd werden. In aanmerking nemend het natuurlijk gevoel na den oorlog waren de debatten zeer goed en van gematigden toon—ja ruim zoo degelijk als die van eenige vroegere sessies en van parlementen over de wijde wereld. Groote gematigdheid werd aan den dag gelegd door de leden bij het passeeren der indemniteitsbill en vele andere zaken tot nut van het land.<br> Dat men alzoo te Darling vergaderd was, zei hij, was de vrucht van de wetgeving van het verleden. Al had men wat op den weg moeten verzuimen was het onvermijdelijk. Hij bedankte den commissaris voor de gelegenheid, die hij aan het gezelschap verschaft had, om de 2 voet lijn te inspekteeren en dus een oordeel te kunnen vellen over den strijd van spoorbreedten.<br> De magistraat van Malmesbury stelde voor een toast op “onze spoorwegen.” Hij zei, dat hij niet wist waarom men juist hem gevraagd had, want hij had geen uitgestrekte kennis over spoorwegen. Hij zwaaide lof toe aan het spoorweg departement en vermelde van de groote opoffering der spoorweg beambten gedurende den oorlog voornamelijk van het spoorweg korps. Waar daar een spoorweg gebouwd werd ging alles vooruit. De Transkei had een spoorweg noodig en hij vertrouwde dat er spoedig een spoorweg daar zou gebouwd worden.<br> De commissaris beantwoordde de toast en merkte aan, dat het verbazend was hoe groot een verandering er kon plaats vinden. Jaren geleden dachten velen, dat de beste wijze om het land tot voorspoed te brengen was om de spoorweg tijdelijk te sluiten! Nu echter was het omgekeerd. Van alle plaatsen in het land ging er een geroep uit om een spoorweg te hebben. De regeering deed haar best en trachtte om naar haar uiterste vermogen dien roepstem te beantwoorden. Dit land, zei hij, was toch een van de beste landen om in te wonen. Als iemand hier kwam had hij geen begeerte om weer te vertrekken. Om een toekomst te hebben moest men broederlijk samenwerken om het land te ontwikkelen en rassenhaat vergeten. Dan had het land een luisterrijke toekomst. Dit was niet de formeële opening van dezen spoorweg, maar kon met recht als een onformeële beschouwd worden. Deze, zei hij, was toch de eerste dag, waarop een goederen trein en een trein met passagiers te Darling aankwam. Hij vreesde echter, dat de vrouwen hun mannen als zij in den avond thuis kwamen, niet zouden herkennen, want blanken waren zij vertrokken, en zwarten zouden zij terugkomen. (Op de reis verspreidde de locomotief een heele boel water zwart van steenkool over de passagiers). Hij bedankte leden van het parlement, dat zij persoonlijk de 2 voet spoorlijn hadden komen zien. Hij dacht, dat zij nu een goed oordeel zouden kunnen vellen. Hij meende, dat als men dit jaar met spoorwegen in het oosten zich bezig hield, het noord-westen dan in het volgend jaar aan de beurt moest komen. Hij wou niet voor het parlement met schema’s komen op gebiedende manier maar wou slechts den wil van het huis uitvoeren. Hij had een telegram van den heer McEwen, bestierder der spoorwegen ontvangen, waarin hij zijn spijt te kennen gaf, dat hij wegens een ernstig ongeval in zijn huiselijken kring niet tegenwoordig kon zijn. Verder sprak hij tot lof van de spoorweg beambten gedurende den oorlog en bijname van de machinisten en stokers die hun leven in de waagschaal stelden om hun plicht te doen. Hij bedankte hartelijk op de toast op “onze spoorwegen.”<br> De heer Wilmot, L.W.V., had in den morgen niet gedacht, dat hij in het veld zoo een goede vergadering voor zich zou zien. Het land onzer inwoning was een land van wol en wijn, maar de geest van broederlijke samenwerking moest daar niet gemist worden. In den Bijbel vond men het groot gebod, dat wij elkander moeten liefhebben en vergeven. Men moest alle bitterheid laten varen en elkander liefhebben en respekteeren. Er kon geen toekomst voor het land zijn tenzij men dat gebod van den Bijbel gehoorzaamde. Dit land was goed maar zonder liefde en vergeving kon men niet voortgaan. Met deze woorden stelde hij de toast op het land onzer inwoning voor.<br> Ds. Albertijn, de plaatselijke leeraar antwoordde met zeer gepaste woorden. Hij kon niet zeggen in navolging van Julius Caesar: “Vrienden, Engelschen” en ook met “Vrienden Hollanders”. Hij wou een naam hebben waarmee hij hen allen kon toespreken (Een stem: Zuid Afrikaanders.) Wel dan “Vrienden, Zuid Afrikaanders, landgenooten hoort naar mij.” Zooals men sprak van Physica en Metaphysica zoo kon men ook spreken van de politiek en de metapolitiek. Zooals men in de metaphysica zich bezig hield met dingen hooger dan die der physica, zoo kon men ook in de hooger politiek vereenigd zijn en dingen van algemeen belang tezamen doen. Getrouwheid aan het land onzer inwoning strookte wel met loyaliteit aan den koning, want die aan het land getrouw was moest ook getrouw zijn aan den koning die het land regeerde. Men moest dan loyaal zijn aan wat de heer Wilmot genoemd had, loyaal aan ons land, ons koning en ons God.<br> De heer Hockly, L.W.V., stelde de toast in op de “ingenieurs,” en zei dat was daar geen ingenieurs, dan zou men niet heden te Darling zijn gekomen. Eerst dacht men hier dat spoorwegen alleen op effen grond konden gemaakt worden. Maar dit was niet zoo. Wij hadden meesterstukken van ingenieurswerk zooals Hex Rivier. De ingenieurs professie ging met den tijd mee. Hij wou den naam van een zeer jongen doch knappen ingenieur noemen, nl. den heer Eliot, die deze lijn had gemaakt. Sir H. de Villiers was ook jong toen hij tot rechter werd aangesteld, toch deed dat niets aan de zaak. Hij dacht, dat 2 voet spoorlijnen vele deelen van het land zouden openen.<br> De heer Eliot bedankte, en zei, dat hij hoopte dat de terugreis voorspoediger zou zijn. Het werk was nog niet geheel gereed. Het zou goed geweest zijn indien men gekomen was als de lijn klaar was. In den morgen was een goederen trein heel voorspoedig over de lijn gekomen. Binnen 3 maanden zou de lijn gereed zijn. Hij dacht, dat men dan moest komen zien want dan zou men kunnen oordelen wat door 2 voet spoorlijnen gedaan kon worden. Op deze lijn was er geen bijzondere ingenieurskunst noodig, maar zij was de eerste 2 voet lijn en daarom was er veel om na te kijken. Hij prees zijn staf voor hun getrouwheid aan het werk. Het ongeval van de reis was hoegenaamd niet te wijten aan de breedte van de lijn; hetzelfde gebeurde ook op breeder lijnen.<br> De commissaris bedankte den heer Warren, kontrakteur van het gruizen der lijn. Hij zei, dat de lijn door het departement gebouwd werd. Het departement gaf sub-kontrakten uit maar hield de heele zaak in eigen handen. Dat men naar Darling kon komen was grootelijks te wijten aan de welwillendheid van den heer Warren, wiens zaak er misschien aanzienlijk door leed.<br> De heer Warren bedankte gepast. Sommigen, zei hij, schenen ietwat ontevreden, doch het ongeval was slechts hieraan te wijten, dat de lijn nog niet klaar was, en de moeren te stijf aangeschroefd. Volgens zijn meening was de lijn ruim zoo goed als eenig andere in de kolonie. Men wachtte op het materiaal voor de bruggen. De lijn was zonder gevaar.<br> Toen ging men even het dorpje bekijken, en de terugreis werd om kwart over drie begonnen, die zeer voorspoedig afliep. De heeren Cartwright en Bailey collecterde onder het gezelschap en bracht zoowat £2 10s. bijeen dat aan den machinist, den voorman en den kondukteur en hen die ze hielpen verdeeld werd.<br>Het gezelschap kwam na een zeer genoegelijken dag te hebben genoten om half acht in de stad terug.</ref> Vanaf die 11de Oktober 1902 kon die afsender slegs goedere wegstuur, maar op enkele voorwaardes: :::1. Goedere kon slegs vanaf Kalabaskraal gestuur word met die konstruksietrein Darling toe, en :::2. Wanneer dit die Spoorwegdepartement gepas het.<ref name="Kilpin" /><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Vervoer van Goederen van Kalabaskraal, naar Darling. 1 November: bijvoegsel: In verband met de advertentie die in die Gouvernments Gazette op 14 en 15 dezer verschijnt, met betrekking tot bovenstaande, wordt hiermede tot algemeene naricht, dat het vervoer van goederen onder de voorwaarden genoemd in gemelde advertentie, slechts zullen gelden van Kalabaskraal naar Darling, en niet vice versa. Alle overladen te Kalabaskraal moet gedaan worden door de verzenders. - John Brown, Hoofd-ingenieur. Kaapstad, 28 October, 1902.</ref> '''11 Oktober 1902''': Die Bergrivierbrug by Piquetberg is klaar. Die brugbouer was ene meneer Kirkley. Die hoop word uitgespreek dat die spoorweg op 1 November geopen sal word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Spoorwegwerken en feesten. 16 October, Bijvoegsel: Piketberg, 14 Oct—[...]—Een der fraaiste bruggen in de westelijke provincie is Zaterdag l.l. voor den Piketbergschen spoorweg over Bergrivier gelegd; en den onder-aannemer, den heer Kirkley, mag men gelukwenschen dat hij zijn werk met zooveel knapheid en geluk heeft volvoerd. Men hoopt dat de minister van op. werken zijn belofte zal houden om den spoorweg op 1 November te openen. Met wat er nog te doen is wordt flink haast gemaakt.</ref> '''21 Oktober 1902:''' In die hofsaal te Piquetberg word 'n komitee saamgestel wat hul sal bemoei met die reëlings met betrekking tot die opening van die spoorlyn. Die goewerneur en minister Douglass sal genooi word. Daar word besluit geen politieke toesprake sal die 15de November gehou word nie, en 'n noenmaal sal aangebied word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. De Piketbergsche spoorweg. 25 October, bijvoegsel: Piketberg, 22 Oct [...] Een invloedrijke vergadering werd gisteren avond hier in de hofzaal gehouden om schikkingen te maken met betrekking tot de opening van den Piketbergschen spoorweg op 15 November. De heer Boyes, CC, werd eenstemmig tot voorzitter, de heer Dommisse tot secretaris gekozen, en men nam de volgende besluiten:<br> Een openbaar luncheon zal gegeven en z.ex de gouverneur en de minister Douglass zullen hiertoe worden uitgenodigd. Geen politieke toespraken te houden; het comité te bestaan uit den voorzitter, het spoorwegcomité (de heeren Dommisse, Liebenberg en Parrott), ds Vlok de heeren D de Waal, MLA, D Marais, MLA, M Melck, M D C, P Rocher, M D C, J Von Litzenburgh, J P H Eksteen, M D C, J Meissenheimer, J Liebenberg, S Ettman, L Brandie, dr Dommisse, S Myburgh (van uit Porterville), de heeren Bresler, de burgemeester, Mohr en Win.<br> Het comité zal op Donderdag, 31 dezer, bijeenkomen.</ref> '''13 November 1902:''' ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' kondig aan die spoorweg van Moorreesburg na Piquetberg en Eendekuil sal Saterdag, 15 November geopen word. Die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke sal hierdie plegtigheid persoonlik bywoon. Vrydagaand om 11:25 nm. sal 'n spesiale trein met gaste van die kommissaris uit Kaapstad vertrek. Slaapgeriewe sal op die trein beskikbaar wees; ontbyt en aandete ingesluit. Saterdagmiddag sal die inwoners van Piquetberg 'n noenmaal aan die uitgelese gaste bied. Karre sal by die stasie beskikbaar wees om die besoekers te kom oplaai. Die trein behoort die Saterdagaand teen 10 nm. terug in die Kaap te wees.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Piketberg Spoorweg. 13 November, p. 3: De spoorweg van Moorreesburg naar Piketberg en Eende-kuil zal a.s. Zaterdag, 15 dezer geopend worden. De commissaris van openbare werken zal deze plechtigheid persoonlijk bijwonen. Vrijdagavond om 11.25. zal een speciale trein met de gasten van den commissaris Kaapstad verlaten. Toebereidselen voor ’t slapen in den trein zullen gemaakt worden. Ontbijt en avondeten zullen op den trein verschaft worden. Zaterdagmiddag zullen de inwoners van Piketberg een “lunch” aan de gasten geven. Karren zullen bij ’t station zijn om de bezoekers af te halen. De trein wordt verwacht Zaterdagavond om 10 uur weder in Kaapstad terug te zijn. Wij wenschen de inwoners van Piketberg reeds bij voorbaat geluk met de opening van den spoorweg.</ref> '''15 November 1902:''' Die Piquetberg-lyn word amptelik geopen. Reeds op Vrydagaand, die 14de November, klim die hoëlui van die Kaapkolonie omstreeks 11:25 nm. op 'n spesiale trein in die Kaap op om die opening van die Moorreesburg-Eendekuil-lyn by te woon. Enkele minute voor 7:00 vm. stoom die trein Piquetberg se stasie binne. Ds. Vlok doen die verwelkoming, mnr. Douglass antwoord daarop, en vra van die parlementslede om hul toesprake te lewer. D.J. Marais en D.C. de Waal word elkeen aan die woord gestel, albei is Lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering wat die streek verteenwoordig - albei benadruk die potensiaal van die distrik. Hierna vertrek hulle van Piquetberg na Eendekuil. Daar aangekom, lees Douglass 'n sertifikaat van die hoofingenieur Brown voor, as getuienis dat die nuwe seksie van die Moorreesburg vir openbare vervoer geskik was. Hierop verklaar hy die spoorlyn geopend. Douglass gee net weer 'n oorsig hoe die beplanning destyds verloop het, en mnre. McEwen (hoofbestuurder van die spoorweë), Brown (hoofingenieur), Robinson (residentingenieur van die lyn) en Warren (kontrakteur) word bedank. Elkeen van hulle kry 'n spreekbeurt. By die noenmaal in 'n "schoolvertrek" op Piquetberg word verskeie heildronke ingestel en toesprake gelewer. Die koerant berig hoe D.C. Waal benadruk het hoe hy vanaf 1886 tot 1889 [drukfout, lees: 1898] in die parlement gepleit het om die spoorlyn deurgevoer te kry. Vandag is hy gelukkig om die lyn geopen te sien. Hy ken die distrik al vir meer as 20 jaar. Hy kan geen rede insien waarom hulle, die vrugbaarste distrik, nie genoeg graan kan produseer om Kaapstad en ander plekke daarvan te voorsien nie. Hy wens die distrik alle voorspoed toe. Die noenmaal het tot 3:00 nm. geduur.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. De Opening van den Piketberg Spoorweg. 18 November, p. 4: Op Vrijdag avond, omstreeks vijf-en-twintig minuten over elf, vertrok een speciale trein met den commissaris van openbare werken, en omtrent een zestigtal gasten, dat uit parlementsleden, officieele beampten, en prominente inwoners van Kaapstad bestond, aan boord naar Piketberg om de opening der Moorreesburg—Eendekuil lijn bij te wonen.<br> Onder de aanwezigen bevonden zich de commissaris van openbare werken, en de volgende heeren: J.A. Lochner, L.W.R., Mulder, L.W.R., Graaf, L.W.V., Malan, L.W.V., D.J. Marais, L.W.V., D.C. de Waal, L.W.V., T.P. Theron, L.W.V., Oats, L.W.V., Van Zijl, L.W.V., Wolfaardt, L.W.V., Oosthuizen, L.W.V., Wood, L.W.V., Krige, L.W.V., Van der Merwe, L.W.V., Weeber, L.W.V., W. Thorne (burgemeester van Kaapstad), H. R. Horne (civiele commissaris), sir S.R. French (postmeester-generaal), kapt. Jurisch (landmeter-generaal), McEwen (algemeene bestierder van spoorwegen).<br> Heel spoedig begaf een ieder zich ter ruste — menigeen om niet te ontwaken voordat men den volgenden morgen Piketberg statie gemaakte.<br> Eenige minuten voor zeven stoomde de trein Piketberg statie binnen, alwaar een aantal prominente inwoners, geleid door hun magistraat (den heer Boyes), reeds wachtende waren om de bezoekers welkom te heeten.<br> Als mondstuk der inwoners trad ds. Vlok op, en zei o.a., dat deze een dag was waarop hun innig verlangen verwezenlijkt, en hun vurigste wenschen vervuld waren. Zij hadden er lang naar uitgezien om in aanraking met de wereld te komen. Het nieuwe middel van vervoer zou hen niet slechts in staat stellen om hun behoeften onder de aandacht der regeering te brengen, maar ook om het vermogen van het distrikt te ontwikkelen, en te toonen wat het werkelijk opbrengen kon. Het was iets ongewoon om een kabinetminister in hun midden te hebben. Namens de inwoners bedankte hij zeer hartelijk de vrienden voor de belangstelling betoond door hun overkomst, en kon hen verzekeren, dat zij hun best zouden doen om hen thuis te doen voelen. Zij heetten hen van harte welkom, en hoopten, dat zij aangename herinneringen zouden medenemen, wanneer zij naar hun woningen terug gingen.<br> Hierop antwoordde de commissaris (de heer Douglass) in gepaste woorden, en drukte de hoop uit, dat met de opening van den spoorweg, er zulk een tijdperk van vooruitgang en welvaart Piketberg te beurt mocht vallen, als de inwoners nooit tevoren ondervonden hadden. Daarop verzocht hij de plaatselijke parlementsleden om voorwaarts te komen en hun constituenten toe te spreken.<br> De heer D.J. Marais, L.W.V., nam toen het woord, en zei, dat omtrent achttien jaren geleden, toen hij zich in het distrikt vestigde, had hij een onderhoud met zijne medeboeren, en wees hen op de groote behoefte aan een spoorweg naar Piketberg voor de ontwikkeling van het distrikt. Sedert dien tijd was er een beweging tot het verkrijgen van een spoorweg. In verband hiermede hadden zijn collega en hij met drie regeeringen en vier commissarissen te doen. Sir James Sivewright werd gevraagd om een opmeting van de lijn te laten maken, maar het was de heer Sauer die den post door 't huis kreeg. Gedurende den tij d waarin dr. Smartt commissaris was, werd de eerste sectie naar Moorreesburg voor trafiek geopend, en vandaag hadden zijn den hr. Douglass hier, die de lijn naar Eendekuil zou openen. Hij zwaaide den commissaris en de regeering lof toe voor de praktische wetgeving der afgeloopene sessie, en meende, dat de vooruitgang en de belangen der Kolonie heel veilig in de handen van het tegenwoordige ministerie waren. Nie[mand] kon het betwisten, dat zij de tegenwoordige regeering te danken hadden voor de handhaving van verantwoordelijk bestuur en van vrijheid.<br> De heer D.C. de Waal, L.W.V., wenschte de Piketbergers geluk met het genot hun te beurt gevallen om de nieuwe spoorweglijn te kunnen inwijden. Hij vertrouwde dat de Piketberg statie één der best betalende staties langs de lijn zou zijn. Zij waardeerden allen ten volste wat de commissaris en de regeering voor hen gedaan hadden. Hij zou gaarden zien, dat er £25,000 op de begrooting geplaatst werd voor het aankoopen van zaadkoorn voor het Piketberg distrikt, aangezien er groote verwoesting door den roest in graan teweeggebracht werd.<br> Hierop vertrok men van Piketberg naar Eendekuil. Daar aangekomen, las de heer Douglass een certifikaat van den heer Brown, den hoofd-ingenieur, getuigende dat de nieuwe sectie van Moorreesburg voor publieke trafiek geschikt was. Hierop verklaarde hij de lijn geopend.<br> De heer Douglass ging toen voort om eenige bijzonderheden met betrekking tot den bouw en de kosten der lijn te geven. In 1899 stemde het parlement £505,000 voor 't bouwen van een lijn van Malmesbury naar Eendekuil. De geheele som, £505,000, werd niet noodig bevonden, en na de voltooiing der lijn was er een overschot van £76,000. Spreker gewaagde voorts van uitstekende diensten bewezen door den heer McEwen (den algemeenen bestierder van spoorwegen), den heer Brown (den hoofd-ingenieur), den heer Robinson (plaastelijke ingenieur der lijn), en den heer Warren (den kontrakteur); en merkte aan, dat men voornemens was met den bouw der lijn verder te gaan, en niet rusten zou voordat Clanwillam bereikt was.<br> De heeren McEwen en Brown bedankten voor de vriendelijke aanmerkingen omtrent hen gemaakt, waarna de heer Robinson de vergadering toesprak en gewag maakte van de moeilijkheden in verband met het bouwen der lijn. Het land verkeerde in een rusteloozen toestand, en men had de grootste moeite met het vervoer van materiaal, enz.<br> De heer Warren (kontrakteur), en de heer Clarke (hoofd-trafiek bestierder), maakten hierop korte toespraken. Laastgenoemde merkte aan dat voor een nieuwe lijn was de spoorweg naar Eendekuil een der beste lijnen waarover hij gereisd had. Van Maandag, den 17den dezer, zouden er drie treinen heen en weder wekelijks loopen, doch hij hoopte spoedig in staat te zijn om hen een dagelijkschen trein te geven. Dit zou, natuurlijk, afhangen op de hoeveelheid der trafiek — hoe meer hoe beter.<br> Nadat men "succès voor den Piketberg spoorweg" gedronken had, keerde men terug naar Piketberg om aldaar aan de "luncheon" deel te nemen.<br> DE LUNCHEON.<br> Het schoolvertrek te Piketberg, alwaar de gasten zeer goed op een luncheon, verschaft door de inwoners van het dorp, onthaald werden, was prachtig en smakelijk versierd, en liet niets te wenschen over.<br> De voorzitterstoel werd ingenomen door den heer Boyes, den plaatselijken magistraat. Het getal aanwezigen was ietwat over de tweehonderd.<br> De toast op den gouverneur werd ingesteld door den heer Boyes, en met geestdrift gedronken. Het speet hem, dat zijn excellentie het onmogelijk vond om tegenwoordig zijn, doch hij hoopte, dat zij spoedig de eer zouden hebben hem in hun midden te onthalen.<br> De heer D.J. Marais, L.W.V., stelde de toast op het ministerie in, en zei, dat het een gunstige dag voor Piketberg was, en niemand gevoelde zich gelukkiger dan de parlementsleden voor het distrikt. De vorige vertegenwoordigers, de heeren Human en sir David Tennant, droegen altoos de belangen van het distrikt op het hart, en zulks was het geval ook met den heer De Waal en hem. Met betrekking tot den toast, dien hij ging instellen, kon hij zeggen, dat hij de regeering altoos bijgestaan had, en dit had hij gedaan met het grootste pleizier. Wanneer men den tegenwoordigen toestand van het land vergeleek met dien van een paar jaren geleden, dan had men stof tot dankbaarheid. Men had nu vrede, en onafhankelijkheid — men had veel reden tot dankbaarheid tegenover de tegenwoordige reg. Verder maakte spreker gewag van het praktische werk door de [r]egeering gedurende de afgeloopene sessie gedaan, en wees er op, dat men veel aan den commissaris verschuldigd was, dien zij het genoegen hadden dien dag in hun midden te hebben. De commissaris had hem beloofd gedurende het recès schikkingen te maken voor een opmeting naar Clanwilliam. Hij geloofde, dat zij ook spoedig een taklijn van Porterville-road zouden hebben.<br> De heer Douglass bedankte de vergadering voor de hartelijke ontvangs. Daarop maakte spreker eenige aanmerkingen op de noodzakelijkheid van conciliatie — dit was het eerste beginsel van het tegenwoordige regeering. Zij geloofde, dat de eenige wijze om den vooruitgang van Zuid-Afrika te bevorderen was door de twee groote nationaliteiten van het land — de Hollandsche en de Engelsche — te vereenigen, en door het verledene in den poel der vergetelheid te dompelen. In de afgeloopene sessie werd er meer gedaan om het land te ontwikkelen dan in eenige der vorige sessies. Als vrucht dier sessie zouden er 530 mijlen nieuwe spoorwegen gebouwd worden tegen eene uitgave van £2,250,000, en £2,000,000 zou gespandeerd worden om de bestaande spoorwegen te verbeteren, zoodat zij in staat zouden zijn met Natal te wedijveren voor den handel van het noorden. Na melding te hebben gemaakt van het Theebus besproeiings schema, als een voorlooper van andere mogelijke schemas, merkte spreker op, dat de handel ook niet verwaarloosd werd, £2,000,000 zijnde op de begrooting geplaatst voor de havens. Met betrekking tot compensatie was spreker van gevoelen dat er zonder compensatie geen duurzame vrede en tevredenheid in het land bestaan konden. Wat de regeering in het verleden gedaan had meende zij in de toekomst ook te doen. Ten slotte zei spreker: "gij hebt ons uw vertrouwen in het verledene geschonken, en indien gij van gevoelen zijt, dat wij uw vertrouwen waardig waren, verzoeken wij u ons dat vertrouwen in de toekomst te schenken." (Luide toejuiching). De heer Eksteen stelde de toast op "[de] bezoekers" in, waarop<br> De heer Theron, L.W.V., gepastelijk antwoordde, en de dames van het distrikt en dorp complimenteerde op de bekwame wijze waarop zij de gasten op de "luncheon" bedienden. Hierop werd het "succes van den Piketberg spoorweg" door den heer J. Dommisse, den secretaris van het plaatselijke comité, ingesteld.<br> De heer D.C. de Waal, L.W.V., in antwoord, zei dat, indien er één man was, die bijzonder verheugd was dat hun spoorweg voor trafiek geopend zou worden, dan was 't hij. Van 1886 tot 1889 had hij om een lijn voor Piketberg in het parlement gepleit, en vandaag had hij het genoegen de lijn geopend te zien. Hun distrikt was één der vruchtbaarste in Zuid-Afrika. Op dit punt kon hij van ondervinding spreken. Hij was met het distrikt voor over de twintig jaren bekend. Er bestond geen reden waarom zij niet genoeg graan zouden opbrengen om Kaapstad en andere plaatsen te voorzien. Hij vertrouwde, dat de commissaris het Piketberg—Porterville schema zou doorkrijgen, en dat hij ook zijn werk van de verlenging noordwaarts naar Clanwilliam zou maken. Hij wenschte het distrikt allen vooruitgang en voorspoed toe.<br> Hierop volgde de toast op de dames door ds. Vlok en den heer J.A. Graaff, L.W.V., waarop de heer Douglass den toast op den voorzitter instelde, die in een paar gepaste woorden bedankte, en tevens zijn dank aan het comité, dat alles in zijn vermogen gedaan had om de verrichtingen een succes te maken, toebracht.<br> De verrichtingen werden gesloten met het zingen van "God save the King."<br> Omstreeks drie uur vertrokken de bezoekers van Piketberg op hun terugreis huiswaarts. Het behoeft nauwelijks vermeld te worden, dat een ieder hoogst tevreden was met de aller vriendelijkste ontvangst te Piketberg, en de uitstekende goede behandeling op den trein zoowel met het gaan naar als met de terugkomst van Piketberg.</ref><ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FmDFKuQuskMC&pg=GBS.PR55&hl=en_ZA&q=moorreesburg Report of the General Manager of Railways for the Year 1902. 1903. bl. lv]</ref> In die '''1902-Jaarverslag''' van die Hoofbestuurder van die Kaapse Spoorweë, moet die residentingenieur H.H. Elliot verslag doen van die jaar se werk. Aan die begin van die jaar kon daar feitlik nie veel vordering gemaak word nie, want geen rollende materiaal vir die smalspoor is nog ontvang nie. Teen April 1902 was daar darem al genoeg om die spoorlegging mee te begin. Op 24 April is die eerste spoor vanaf Kalabaskraal gelê; die eerste enjin het op 3 September 1902 op Hopefield aangekom. Hierna volg die brugbouery en ballasgooi. Teen jaareinde se kant is die meeste bruggies en waterlope/duikers voltooi - dié wat oorbly sal einde Januarie 1903 klaar wees. 18 myl ballaswerk lê nog voor. Hopefield se opening kan in Februarie verwag word. Met die uitsondering van drie spoorweghuisies is feitlik al die spoorweggeboue klaar. Wat water aanbetref: die natuurlike watervoorraad deur swaartekrag gelewer naby Riverlands (5 myl anderkant Kalabaskraal) is bevredigend, daar is genoeg watervoorraad in en rondom Hopefield, maar Darling wek kommer. Die water wat by elke boorgat en put bekom is, is glad nie vir die enjins geskik nie. Grondwateropsporing duur voort. Jarra- en karriehout uit Wes-Australië is vir die brûe gebruik - al die brûe is van hout.<ref name="Elliotverslag1902">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Report_of_the_General_Manager_of_Railway/FmDFKuQuskMC?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=hopefield+1903+march+rail&pg=PA12&printsec=frontcover Report of the General Manager of Railways for the Year 1902. 1903. Cape Town: Cape Times Limited, p. ixxx]: Kalabas Kraal-Hopefield Railway, 2 Ft. 0 Inch Gauge (47) Miles) .Mr. H. H. Elliott, the Resident Engineer for the Line, reports : — <br>During the early part of the year, but little progress was made with the works owing to the long delay in receipt of the narrow gauge rolling stock. By April sufficient stock had arrived to allow of platelaying being started, and the first rail from Kalabas Kraal was laid on the 24th of that month — the first engine entering Hopefield on the 3rd September.<br>Bridge erection and ballasting was then put in hand. All the large bridges and culverts were completed by the end of the year, and the few that remain to be done, will be completed by the end of January. Some 18 miles of ballasting remain to be done, and the Railway should be opened for Public Traffic to Hopefield during February.<br>Goods Traffic to Darling was opened on the 4th October.<br>All the buildings were completed during the year, with the exception of three Platelayers' Cottages, which will be ready during January. — A very satisfactory gravitation water supply is provided at Riverlands 5 miles from Kalabas Kraal — and good supplies are provided at and near Hopefield, but all attempts at obtaining an intermediate supply at or near Darling have failed. Boring and wellsinking have both been tried, but the water tapped has in all cases proved unfit for engines. Further prospecting is now in hand. In constructing this narrow gauge line, wooden bridges have been adopted, the timber - Jarrah and Karri - being imported from Western Australia for the purpose.</ref> '''Desember 1902:''' Teen hierdie tyd is die spoorlyn tot by Darling klaar.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/The_Railway_Year_Book/UTNKAAAAYAAJ?l=af&gbpv=1&dq=caledon+1902+railway&pg=PA277&printsec=frontcover Sekon, G.A. (ed.). 1903. ''The Railway Year Book for 1903''. London: The Railway Publishing Company, p. 277]: At the present time (December, 1902) this line has been completed to Darling, and it is hoped the whole line to Hopefield will be completed shortly.</ref> <u>'''28 Februarie 1903:'''</u> Hopefield se smalspoorlyn word uiteindelik heeltemal geopen,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/pagesweekly51londuoft/page/n137/mode/2up?q=%22kalabas+kraal%22 ''Page's Weekly''. 1902. South African Résumé. July 5(1), p. 84]</ref><ref>Hopkins, H.C. 1953. ''Eeufeesgedenkboek van die Ned. Geref. Kerk Darling.'' Stellebosch : Pro Ecclesia-Drukkery, p. 86: Spoorweg en Elektrisiteit: Nadat die spoorweg in 1877 Kalbaskraal bereik het en daarvandaan ook Malmesbury, is die spoor van Kalbaskraal af na Darling en tot by Hopefield in 1903 voltooi. Tydens die Anglo-Boere-oorlog was die uitgrawings by Darling reeds gedoen. Sedert 1939 deel Darling in die gerief van elektrisiteit deur Escom vanuit Kaapstad verskaf.</ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Report/JcDFX8yU_TYC?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=%22traffic+on+28th+February,+1903.%22&pg=RA1-PA12&printsec=frontcover Cape if Good Hope Report of the General Manager of Railways for the Year 1903 (with appendices). 1904. Cape Town: Cape Times Limited, p. 12]: The 2 ft. gauge line from Kalabas Kraal (on the Malmesbury line) to Hopefield, via Darling, length 47½ miles, authorised under Act 19 of 1900, was opened for general traffic on '''28th February, 1903'''.</ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Official_Year_Book_of_the_Union_and_of_B/YcQvAAAAYAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=hopefield+1903+28+february+rail&pg=PA568&printsec=frontcover Official Year Book of the Union, No. 1. Containing Statistics mainly for the period 1910-1916. Pretoria: The Government Printing and Stationary Office, p. 568]: Gauge of 2 ft. Owing to the poor nature of the country through which these [supplying] feeders ran, economy in construction was necessary, and the question as to whether economy could be secured without serious disadvantage was debated for some time. At last Cape Government Railway decided upon building lines to 2 ft. guage, and the first of such lines, that from Kalabas Kraal to Hopefield, forty-seven miles long, '''was opened on the 28th February, 1903'''.</ref> wat beteken die publiek kan ook nou by Darling opklim.<ref name="Kilpin">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/The_Cape_of_Good_Hope_civil_service_list/WUcrZ0UFHW8C?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=%22traffic+on+28th+February,+1903.%22&pg=PA210&printsec=frontcover Kilpin, E.F. 1905. ''The Cape of Good Hope Civil Service List''. Duties of Officers. Cape Town: W.A. Richards & Sons, p. 210]: The line was opened to Darling (22¼ miles) for goods traffic by construction train from Kalabas Kraal to Darling when convenient to the Department, on October 11th, 1902, and the whole line was opened for general traffic on 28th February, 1903.</ref> Mnr. Douglass, die Minister van Openbare Werke in die Kaapkolonie, het by die opening van die nuwe spoorlyn 'n toespraak gehou, waarin hy hulde gebring het aan Minister [[Joseph Chamberlain]], "wat die eerbied en bewondering van almal afgedwing wat met hom in aanraking gekom het". Die spreker glo ook dat die volk van die Kaapkolonie gehoor sal gee aan Chamberlain se aansporing tot versoening, en dat die dag binnekort sal aanbreek wanneer die huidige politieke gevangenes vrygelaat sal word (met ander woorde, amnestie verkry). <ref>[https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010128518:mpeg21:p009 ''Het nieuws van den dag''. 1903. 3e Blad. Buitenlandsch nieuws. 4 Maart:9] : De Heer Douglass, Minister van Openbare Werken in de Kaapkolonie, heeft bij het openen van een nieuwe spoorweglijn (Hopefield-Kalabaskraal) een toespraak gehouden, waarin hij hulde bracht aan Minister Chamberlain, „die eerbied en bewondering had afgedwongen aan allen, die met hem in aanraking kwamen". Hij verklaarde voorts te gelooven, dat het volk der Kaapkolonie gevolg zal geven aan Chamberlain’s aansporing tot verzoening, en dat de dag nabij is, waarop de thans gevangen politieke veroordeelden in vrijheid gesteld zullen worden.</ref> === Waarom nie 'n privaatspoorlyn nie? === Tereg kan gevra word of 'n privaatspoorlyn nie al die onsmaaklikhede tussen Hopefield en Moorreesburg van die begin af uit die weg kon geruim het nie. Die vraag is liewer of dit in die eerste plek 'n opsie was. [[Robertson]] kry in April 1887 sy spoorwegopening. Nou juis in die vloedjaar. Van die grondwerk het weggespoel, en die treinrit is maar versigtig deur die krieketspan onderneem.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1887. Gemengd Nieuws. Een Cricketspel en een spoorweg. 2 April, p. 2: De Worcesterssche Cricketclub zou, volgens een berigt van een correspondent, Woensdag tegen de Robertsonsche spelen, en sloeg aan den heer Walker, van den Centralen Spoorweg, voor om zekere som te waarborgen als hij een extra trein naar Robertson liet loopen. Dit geschiedde, en schoon men op weg eenig oponthoud had door het passeren van ballast- en werktreinen, welken tijd zich met oefeningen in het vak ten nutte maakte, en een eind ver de trein door de locomotief voortgestuwd in plaats van getrokken moest worden, kwam men te Robertson net op tijd aan. Het resultaat van den strijd was ten gunste van Worcester, met 1 run en 6 wickets. Er waren heel wat dames en heeren op het terrein, zoo als de heeren English, C.C. en R.M., Foster, Dowds, During, Labrant en Eerw. Morris uit Robertson, Eerw. Murray, den heer Harris en anderen uit Worcester; en het spelen werd als zeer goed beschouwd, vooral, aan den Worcesterschen kant, het "fielding." Te vijf ure vertrok men weder naar het station, waar men echter het geduld van den heer Walker zeer op de proef stelde, doordat nu eens deze en dan weder gene, in plaats van allen te gelijk, opdaagden, en ten slotte bleven toch nog een heer en dame achter. Worcester bereikte men te kwart over zevenen, in korter tijd dan men gekomen was, want er was minder oponthoud. Onze correspondent is blijkbaar zeer ingenomen met den togt, en verklaart dat de Centrale Spoorweg tot aan de Nuij even gemakkelijk en prettig is als de Westelijke, maar van daar ondervindt men schuddingen, en zou een Spoorweggeleerde welligt zeggen dat de lijn beter geballast moest zijn. De cricketers uit Worcester waren door hun Robertsonsche vrienden uiterst gastvrij ontvangen, en het speet hun maar dat die van Montagu hun uitnoodinging niet hadden aangenomen om den volgenden dag met hen een spel te hebben. Van de rozijnenmarkt stelt men zich voor dat zij een succes zal zijn, en het weder was prachtig; maar anders ging het te Worcester slapjes, en het eenige wat hoop op betere dagen gaf was dat, na een sluiting der wagenmakerswerkplaatsen voor een losse zes maanden, er weder eenige orders voor wagens gekomen waren.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1887. Gemengd Nieuws. 16 April, p. 2: Centrale Spoorweg - Tusschen Worcester en Robertson loopt thans dagelijks een goederen- en passagierstrein heen en weerom.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1887. Robertson: Rozijnententoonstelling. 23 April, p. 3: De eerste tentoontstelling van rozijnen te Robertson werd op ll. Woensdag gehouden, op het plein naast de Ned. Geref. Kerk, in een tent voor dat doel zeer net ingerigt. Van Worcester werden bezoekers vervoerd door den trein van de Centrale Maatschappij, die reeds een week lang elken morgen een trein doet loopen van Worcester en een terug des namiddags.</ref> Roodewal ([[Ashton]]) kry sy spoorwegopening in Oktober 1887.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1887. Gemengd Nieuws. 18 October, p. 2: Te Roodewal worden thans, volgens het Worcestersche blad, nu de Spoorweg zoo ver geopend is allerlei gebouwen gesticht, en daar hebben wij niets tegen; maar waarom is die plek thans "Ashton" herdoopt? Die naam roept ons althans niets anders in het geheugen dan een hier vroeger woonachtigen uiters magere Majoor: en gedachtig aan Farao's droom zien wij in al wat mager is iets "moefijo's".</ref> Die Kaapse Sentrale Spoorwegmaatskappy kry sy likwidasiebevel in 1890.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1890. Gemengd Nieuws. 19 April, p. 2: De Heer John Walker blijkt zijn proces tegen de liquidateurs der Centrale Spoorweg-maatschappij verloren te hebben, en kreeg van den Regter er raak van langs.</ref><ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1890. Hoog Geregtshof. Donderdag, 28 Augustus 1890. Kaapsche Centrale Spoorwegen (in liquidatie). 30 Augustus, p. 2: Adv. Schreiner legde het eerste rapport voor van Sir T. Scanlen, den officieelen liquidateur, en deed een vraag over de hem verschuldigde betaling. Hij had een voorstel dat aan Sir Thomas zoowat £300 zou besorgen; en dit ging er door, moetende het rapport veertien dagen bij den Meester ter tafel liggen. Het rapport was in zoo ver zeer gunstig voor den heer J. Walker, als deze verklaard werd gezorgd te hebben dat de exploitatie der lijn Worcester-Ashton zoo weinig mogelijk kostte.</ref> Om treinspore, treine en trokke, steenkool, ens. alles privaat te besit en te bestuur, kos duur. Juis in 1902 tydens die parlementsitting (terwyl die Hopefieldlyn nog in aanbou was, 'n bietjie mosterd na die maal) was daar sprake van die "Saldanha Bay Harbour and Estate Company Limited". Hierdie maatskappy se voorgestelde privaatspoorlyn sou oos-na-wes loop vanaf Portervilleweg-stasie, kruis by Moorreesburg (hetsy by Rust-stasie, hetsy by 'n punt net noord van Moorreesburg), deur Hopefield gaan, tot by Saldanhabaai. Hopefield en tot 'n mindere mate Moorreesburg sou hierdeur dus bevoordeel geword het. Dit sou, ironies genoeg, boonop 'n 3 voet 6 duim-spoor wees. Hierdie skema sou 'n aardige bedraggie kos van £1 400 000, waartoe die staat £300 000 moes bydra.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> Op 8 Julie 1902 is 'n vergadering van hierdie onderneming gehou,<ref>''Het Advertentieblad''. 1902. Stadsnieuws. 8 Juli, p. 2: Een vergadering van de Saldanha Baai haven- en landmaatschappij (beperkt) is Vrijdag namiddag hier ter stede gehouden onder voorzitterschap van den heer Zietsman, L.W.V. Het bleek dat de direktie nog niet veel inlichting kon verschaffen, maar dat zij groote en vrij kostbare plannen in het oog had waar men de gevoelens der aandeelhouders over wilde kennen. Het rapport toonde dat het kapitaal der maatschappij £70,000 bedroeg, waarvan £10,000 in reserve werd gehouden, dat de aandeelhouders naar eisch opbetaalden, dat men land had aangekocht van den heer Anderson en bijna klaar was met den aankoop van dat der heeren Sadie, en dat men in overeenkomst was getreden met de heeren Pauling en Co. voor de opname der noodige spoorweglinie, haven- en waterwerken; voor welk alles men de bekrachtiging van de aandeelhouders wilde.<br>Er waren maatregelen genomen voor het maken eener plantage, daar men geen hout op de plek had, en voor den aankoop van een verderen landverkoop van den heer Anderson, die er een zeer matigen prijs op had gesteld en over het geheel met de maatschappij in alles zamenwerkte. De spoorweg zou moeten loopen van Saldanha Baai naar Porterville, een lijn van waterpijpen van Bergrivier naar Saldanha Baai, en de heeren Pauling en Co. waren bereid om 20 percent van de kosten der opname van die lijnen en van de havenwerken in aandeelen der maatschappij te nemen. Men zou natuurlijk de werken slechts dan door het parlement kunnen doen goedkeuren als men de regeering, als eigenaars van het strand, het recht van onteigening toekende; maar dit had geen bezwaar en was ook aan St. Jansriviermond geschied.<br>Voor het bouwen van een hotel was ’t wellicht nog niet de tijd, schoon reeds onder de aandeelhouders zich hiertoe een syndikaat had gevormd; maar de regeering had beloofd zich niet te zullen verzetten tegen den aanleg van een engen spoorweg naar Hopefield. De maatschappij was eigenaares van 1,500 acres aan Saldanha Baai, die zij de mooiste haven der Kaapkolonie achtte als men er de noodige werken voor in orde bracht; en men dacht den grond reeds nu ten deele in bouwerwen te verdeelen en van de hand te zetten. Was men met de opmetingen klaar dan wilde men een groote affaire van ’t plan maken, en zou men er geld genoeg uit Engeland voor krijgen. Op voorstel van den voorzitter en den heer Krige werd het rapport aangenomen, en de heer J. A. S. Watson gaf inlichtingen omtrent het plan van een hotel, dat door de maatschappij desverkiezende voor kostprijs plus 10 percent zou kunnen overgenomen worden. Ook dit vond bijval, en men kende de direktie £100, den voorzitter £150 als honorarium toe.</ref> en omstreeks 1 November 1902 is daar met die eerste opmetings begin.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Malmesbury. 1 November, Bijvoegsel: De lijn van Saldanhabaai naar Portervilleweg en de ontwikkeling van het schema worden met groote belangstelling gadegeslagen. De landmeters zijn bezig om opmetingen te doen van de voorgestelde route.</ref> Dat van die inwoners nie 'n oomblik getwyfel het aan die egtheid van die maatskappy nie, blyk uit die 114 handtekeninge wat op 2 Julie 1903 by die Wetgewende Raad ingedien is om die voorgestelde roete tussen Saldanhabaai en Portervilleweg-stasie te verander.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Parlement. Wetgevende Raad. Donderdag, 2 Juli, 1903. Petitie. 4 Julie, p. 5: De Ed. heer Lochner diende een petitie in, geteekend door 114 personen, vragende om een verandering in de baan van den voorgestelden spoorweg tusschen Saldanhabaai en Porterville Road Station.</ref> Die maatskappy het heelwat vangplekke in sy klousules ingebou:<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Die "alles of niks"-dwangklousule: As die regering ná 15 jaar sou besluit om die maatskappy uit te koop, was hul wetlik verplig om al drie ondernemings (die hawe, die spoorlyn én die waterskema) gelyktydig oor te neem. Die staat kon nie bloot die winsgewende hawe nasionaliseer en die maatskappy met 'n verliesgewende spoorlyn of duur waterskema laat sit nie.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Die waarborg op 'n 25%-winsgrens met die uitkoop: Indien die staat die maatskappy sou uitkoop en daar 'n dispuut oor die prys ontstaan, kon die arbiters nie 'n prys bepaal wat hoër is as kosprys plus 'n stewige 25 persent suiwer wins nie. Al was die onderneming in wese ook bankrot.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Die maatskappy het 'n massiewe direkte regeringsubside van £2 000 per myl gevra, plus 'n hawesubsidie van 25 persent op die kapitaal (tot 'n maksimum van £160 000). Dit beteken die publiek moes minstens £300 000 van die totale £1 400 000 opdok, terwyl die bates in private besit sou bly.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Totale alleenhandel op in- en uitvoer: Volgens klousule 11 sou die maatskappy die uitsluitlike reg hê om alle goedere deur die Saldanhabaai-hawe in of uit te voer. Geen mededinging sou toegelaat word nie, wat aan hulle absolute beheer oor die streeksekonomie en handelsroetes gegee het.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Die reg om belasting op te lê: klousule 16 sou die privaatmaatskappy vrye teuels gee om sy ''eie'' hawebelasting te hef.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Onteiening van private grond via arbitrasie: Waar die spoorwegnetwerk en waterpype vanaf die Bergrivier (by Jantjesfontein) oor dosyne privaatplase na Saldanha sou loop, kon die maatskappy na goeddunke pype lê op privaatgrond. Waar die kontrakte nie vooraf gesluit is nie, sou "arbiters" bloot die vergoeding bepaal.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Klousule 53 bepaal dat die maatskappy die reg behou om alle of enige gedeelte van hul belange aan wie ook al te verkoop.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei" /> * Die maatskappy bepaal in die klousules ook dat hul tariewe nie hoër as die Nuwe Kaapse Sentrale Spoorweë s'n sal wees nie.<ref name="Saldanhabaaiskema14mei">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Het Saldanhabaai Schema. 14 Mei, p. 4: Men zal zich herinneren, dat Saldanhabaai gedurende de vorige sessie van het parlement prominent onder de aandacht van het publiek werd gebracht, door de reis die een groot aantal parlementsleden, op uitnoodiging der regeering, daarheen maakte. Een maatschappij was toen reeds gevormd, genaamd de "Saldanha Bay Harbour and Estate Company, Limited." Deze maatschappij werd opgericht met het doel Saldanhabaai als een zeehaven te ontwikkelen en ze met een spoorlijn te verbinden naar Portervilleweg Station. Saldanhabaai zal gedurende de volgende sessie nog meer prominent onder de aandacht van het publiek gebracht worden.<br>Drie private wetsontwerpen zijn bij den klerk van de Wetgevende Vergadering door deze maatschappij ingediend, en het parlement zal gevraagd worden deze bills tot wet te maken. Wij bepalen ons heden tot een korte opsomming van deze drie bills.<br>De eerste bill, en in meer dan een opzicht de belangrijkste, is: "een bill om de genoemde maatschappij te machtigen een haven van toevlucht te Saldanhabaai, in de afdeeling Malmesbury, te bouwen, om ze te verbeteren, en om doks en andere werken daarmede in verband staande te bouwen, en om zekere macht en voorrechten voor genoemd doel toe te staan." Dit is een ingewikkelde bill van 57 clausules. In clausule één wordt macht gevraagd om al de noodige werken, doks, breekwater, jetties, telegraaf, enz.<br>te bouwen; terwijl de tweede clausule aan de maatschappij het recht geeft gebruik te maken van de kust van een punt ongeveer 2,500 voet noordwest van Noordbaai tot voorbij Hoetjesbaai. Dit is een lange clausule die men onmogelijk kan verstaanbaar maken zonder de kaarten, waar de beschrijving op ziet. Ook vraagt de maatschappij het gebruik van zekere deelen van gouvernements grond.<br>In clausule 6 wordt gezegd dat de haven gebouwd zal worden door de maatschappij, met een bijlage van 't gouvernement van 25 percent op het belegd-kapitaal, mits deze laatste som door het gouvernement te worden betaald, de som van £160,000 niet zal te boven gaan. Dan zal de maatschappij (clausule 11) het uitsluitend recht hebben goederen in genoemde haven in of uit te voeren; terwijl zij het recht krijgt (clausule 16) een haven-belasting op te leggen. Het spreekt van zelf dat aan de maatschappij macht gegeven wordt, volgens de bill, om regulaties te maken omtrent het gebruik van de haven, enz.<br>In clausule 53 behoudt de maatschappij het recht om alle of eenig gedeelte van hare belangen aan anderen over te maken.<br>De voorgaande clausule (52) bepaalt dat het gouvernement na 15 jaar het recht zal hebben de maatschappij uit te koopen. Indien men niet overeen kan komen omtrent den prijs, dan moet de zaak naar arbiters verwezen worden, maar de arbiters kunnen geen hooger prijs bepalen dan de kostprijs plus 25 percent op dien prijs. Ook zal de maatschappij niet verplicht wezen de havenwerken aan de regeering te verkoopen, tenzij de regeering ook den spoorweg naar Portervilleweg Station en het Bergrivier water schema overneemt.<br>De tweede bill is: "om zekere rechten, macht en voorrechten aan genoemde maatschappij te verleenen voor het verschaffen van water aan 't publiek te Saldanhabaai van uit de Bergrivier." Volgens clausule één wordt het water genomen uit genoemde rivier op de plaats genaamd Jantjesfontein, en de pijpen worden dan gelegd over: Heuvelfontein, Langerietvlei, Matjesfontein, Spaniaard's Bosch; Klipfontein, Koningsvlei, Langeberg, Uienkraal, IJzervarkens, Lea 696, gouvernements grond, Kliprug, meent van Hoetjesbaai, Kreeftebaai, gouvernements grond, naar Baviaanskop, en van daar naar de eigendommen der maatschappij." De maatschappij vraagt de macht om op deze plaatsen te gaan, de pijpen te leggen, dammen te bouwen, het water te filtreeren, enz. Waar vooraf geen kontrakt is aangegaan met de eigenaren dier plaatsen, daar zal de maatschappij bereid zijn schadevergoeding te betalen volgens uitspraak van arbiters. Dan vraagt de maatschappij ook het recht om water aan anderen te verschaffen, hare werken te beschermen, enz.<br>De bepalingen omtrent het onteigenen van deze waterwerken komen op hetzelfde neder als die in de bill voor de ontwikkeling van de haven. Deze bill heeft 24 clausules.<br>Wij komen nu tot de derde bill: "om de genoemde maatschappij te machtigen een spoorlijn te bouwen en te exploiteeren van Saldanhabaai naar een punt op de lijn der Kaapsche Gouvernement spoorwegen te of in de nabijheid van Portervilleweg Station." De wijdte van het spoor zal niet minder dan 3 voet 6 duim wijd zijn. De lijn zooals in de bill aangegeven zal gaan ten oosten van Hopefield naar Oudepost, en in de nabijheid van Rust-Siding over de Malmesbury-Moorreesburg lijn gaan. Er is echter ook een andere opmeting rechtuit van Hopefield naar een punt ten noorden van Moorreesburg en van daar naar Portervilleweg. In clausule 12 vraagt de maatschappij een bijdrage van het gouvernement van £2,000 per mijl. In de volgende clausule wordt bepaald, dat het vervoer-tarief op deze lijn niet hooger zal zijn dan hetzelfde tarief thans door de Nieuwe Kaapsche Centrale Spoorwegen, bept., gevraagd.<br>Waar de lijn over privaat eigendom gaat is de maatschappij gewillig compensatie te betalen. De condities omtrent het aankoopen van deze lijn door de regeering zijn dezelfde als die van de haven en het water-schema. Als de regeering de eene onderneming wil overnemen dan moet ze alle drie nemen. Deze bill heeft 22 clausules.<br>Men zegt dat het geheele schema, al drie ondernemingen te samen, volgens berekening van de ingenieurs der maatschappij £1,400,000 zal kosten. De bijdrage die van de regeering gevraagd wordt voor de haven en den spoorweg wordt gesteld op £300,000.</ref> Nadat die gekose komitee sy verslag met amendemente ingedien het,{{voetnota|Die amendemente was onder andere: dat die regering slegs die kus aan die maatskappy sal verhuur; dat die maatskappy slegs beheer sal verkry oor die deel van die hawe in die maatskappy se besit; en dat die moontlike onteiening van die maatskappy nie kosprys-plus-25% sal wees nie, maar kosprys plus 20%. - ''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Saldanhabaai. 28 Julie, p. 4.}} steek dr. Smartt op 28 Julie 1903 'n stokkie voor enige verdere ontwikkeling. Hy kan geen rede insien waarom 'n privaatmaatskappy moet meeding met die Kaapse hawe waarvan die dokke pas verbeter is met die belastingbetaler se geld nie. Daar is ook ongeruimdhede rakende die maatskappy self: onder andere besit 11 parlementariërs aandele in die maatskappy, maar die aantal aandele strook ook nie. Hoe kan 800 aandele bewillig word, maar Chiappini Bros-makelaars toon ekstra aandele (4 945)? Dit gaan vir hom hier om 'n maatskappy wat op papier massiewe aandeeltransaksies (en moontlike omkoopskemas) bedryf, terwyl die maatskappy tien teen een nie 'n enkele pennie op sy naam het nie.{{voetnota|Dit wil voorkom of die hele papiermaatskappy van die begin af koersmanipulering (''pump & dump'') was.}}<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Wetgevende Vergadering. Saldanha Baai Havenwerken Wetsontwerp. 30 Julie, p. 6: Dr. HOFFMAN stelde voor: Dat het Saldanha Baai havenwerken wetsontwerp terug verwezen worde naar het gekozen comité op het wetsontwerp om speciaal en één voor één de redenen te rapporteeren, die het comité deden besluiten, dat de voorrede niet bewezen was.<br>Vooraf echter stond Dr. SMART op en vroeg of dr. Hoffman, die deze extra ordinaire resolutie voorstelde, niet eenige ophelderingen diensaangaande aan het Huis zou geven. Hij protesteerde tegen de handelwijze van dr. Hoffman, als geheel in strijd zijnde met de regels van het Huis (hoor hoor). Na nog eenige opmerkingen, die de speaker beantwoordde, ging Dr. Smart voort met te zeggen, dat dit een hoogst ongeschikt oogenblik was voor een motie van die soort om gepasseerd te worden.<br>Sir HENRY JUTA zeide dat dit een soort van beschuldiging was tegen het Comité en zoo iets was nog nooit in het Huis gebeurd.<br>De SPEAKER riep den heer Juta tot de orde, als zijnde niet bij, doch de afgevaardigde voor Oost-Londen aan het woord.<br>Dr. SMARTT vervolgde en zeide, dat hij geloofde dat het select comité gehandeld had in wat het geloofde de beste belangen van het Huis te zijn. Hij was het eens met het select comité dat het een ongehoorde zaak was, waar geen bewijs van de noodzakelijkheid was voor de constructie van de haven om een private maatschappij te veroorloven met den Staat te competeeren. Hij wilde voorop zeggen dat de heer Merriman geen persoonlijk belang in de zaak had, doch als de heer Merriman de getuigenis van het select comité gelezen en goed bestudeerd had, zou hij het laatste lid van het Huis zijn, om de aanmerkingen te maken, die hij met betrekking tot den heer Jagger en het comité gemaakt had. Spreker vervolgde, door erop te wijzen dat een groot bedrag was besteed aan de Kaapstadsche dokken, waarvoor de Kaapstadsche belastingbetaler verantwoordelijk was. Het was dus plicht om te voorkomen, dat een private maatschappij zou competeeren met deze werken. Spreker had altijd geobjectiveerd tegen monopolies als de Saldanhabaai maatschappij, ten koste van den belastingbetaler des lands. In dit geval, waar vele leden van het Huis zeer betrokken waren in dit schema, was het de plicht van het Huis daarop nog meer toe te zien. Spreker zeide alleen te spreken uit overtuiging. Spreker wees erop, dat het dit Huis zeer slecht paste een schema te behandelen, waar een verantwoordelijk ambtenaar van de kroon diep in betrokken was. Tot het laatste had spreker geen objectie doch die ambtenaar moest toelaten dat het schema in het Huis vrij kon worden behandeld, en dus in dat geval afstand doen van zijn zetel. Spreker was ervan overtuigd, dat de Procureur Generaal het schema niet zou ondersteunen. Spreker hoopte, dat ieder lid de getuigenis voor het select comité afgelegd zou lezen. Spreker wilde niet op alle zaken ingaan, doch wilde zeggen dat men leden van dit Huis, zoo al niet in deze sessie, dan toch vorige sessie aandeelen in dit schema had aangeboden. In de lijst van aandeelhouders waren de namen van 11 leden van dit Huis, bovendien zouden de bevorderaars 800 aandeelen ontvangen. Spreker zou een examinatie willen gehouden hebben om uit te vinden, hoe het kwam dat de heeren Chiappini Bros zoovele extra aandeelen hadden (4945). Spreker achtte het mogelijk, dat die aandeelen slechts in hun naam stonden om daarover later in belang van het schema te beschikken. Niet alleen parlementsleden, doch zelfs dames uit Tarkastad waren in het schema betrokken, zonder twijfel, omdat zij dachten dat het Huis sterk genoeg was, om het schema te ondersteunen. Spreker had altijd er tegen geobjectiveerd dat het zegel van de regeering zoude worden gedrukt op private schemas. Uit de getuigenis was spreker niet gebleken, dat deze corporatie een penny werkelijk kapitaal bezat. Spreker wees erop dat de tijd gekomen was, dat het Huis zulke practijken tegenging. Spreker protesteerde ten sterkste er tegen, dat private belangen het Huis zouden binnensluipen. Hij wenschte nog veel meer over deze zaak te zeggen, en stelde daarom de verdaging van het debat voor dat tot Woensdag 12 Augustus werd verdaagd.<br>Het Huis verdaagde daarop te 5 55.</ref> Op 12 Augustus 1903 word die debat hervat. In die debat word Retief van Hopefield as 'n geloofwaardige getuie voorgehou. Van belang hier is sy getuienis in die gekose Komitee, wat die breër openbare sentiment in die streek weerspieël. Die openbare vergaderings is op albei dorpe gehou. Op Moorreesburg is sy resolusie (dat die regering self die spoorwegaanleg moet hanteer en nie private sindikate nie) met 'n oorweldigende meerderheid aanvaar, behalwe vir twee stemme (Anderssen en Coetzee van Hoedjesbaai), wat direkte finansiële belange in die Saldanhabaai-skema gehad het. Nog 'n belangrike punt is die oorbodigheid van die voorgestelde lyn: die landbou-oorskot is nie van so 'n omvang dat 'n splinternuwe, mededingende spoorweg/hawestelsel regverdig kan word nie. Daar is wel verwys na 'n verslag van die ingenieurs McKenzie en McClean wat bevind Saldanhabaai sou baie min binnelandse verkeer kry, buiten die ''invoer'' van steenkool, tensy [[Tafelbaai]] se hawe heeltemal geblok word.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Parlement. Wetgevende Vergadering. Woensdag, 12 Augustus, 1908. Saldanhabaai. 13 Augustus, p. 6: Het verdaagde debat op het voorstel, dat het rapport van het select comité terug verwezen worde naar het select comité op het Saldanhabaai Havenwerken Wetsontwerp, werd hervat door<br>Dr. SMARTT, die begon door aan te merken, dat Dr. Hoffman’s voorstel van de gewone orde van de handelingen van het Huis afweek. Dr. Hoffman had geen argumenten gebruikt om zijn belangrijke motie voor te stellen. Spreker meende, dat het parlement beschermd moest worden tegen corruptie. Hij wilde de jongere leden niet blameeren, omdat zij aandeelen in het Saldanhabaai schema hadden. De oudere leden echter kon hij niet vrijstellen van blaam. Spreker refereerde naar het uitstapje naar Saldanhabaai gedurende de vorige sessie. Hij wilde Sir Gordon geenszins blameeren, doch de aandeelen waren dadelijk na dat uitstapje gestegen. Daarna las spreker uit de “S. A. News” deelen van het rapport over het uitstapje, en zei, dat hij gaarne een portret zag nemen van al de parlementsleden, die aandeelhouders zijn in het Saldanhabaai schema. Daarna refereerde spreker naar de correspondenties over de zaak in de nieuwsbladen. Spreker trok in twijfel de feiten genoemd in den brief, die in de “Cape Argus” verscheen en onderteekend werd door Gebr. Chippini. Hij las een deel van de getuigenis voor van het select comité om zijn standpunt te bewijzen. Hij meende, dat parlementsleden die aandeelhouders werden in zulke schema’s, dadelijk moesten bedanken. Hij deed daarna een hevigen aanval op Sir P. Faure en zei, dat het een schande was dat deze nog lid van de regeering was.<br>Sir P. FAURE: Je zult nog veel van mij hooren, gaat maar voort.<br>Voortgaande zei spreker, dat aandeelen aan parlementsleden aangeboden waren, en las in dat verband voor een paragraaf uit de “S. A. News”, waarin gezegd werd, dat de heer Rademeyer, L.W.V., 1,000 aandeelen die hem aangeboden werden van de hand zou hebben gewezen.<br>De heer RADEMEYR zei, dat spreker ook zijn ontkenning moest lezen.<br>Dr. SMARTT deed zulks, maar achtte het toch vreemd dat het telegram van hem niet veel langer was. Spreker wilde thans verwijzen naar de getuigenis voor het select comité, en er op wijzen, dat het niet aanging de zaak terug te verwijzen naar het select comité. '''Spreker wilde dan refereeren naar het getuigenis van den heer Retief van Hopefield, die volgens geweten en eerlijk had getuigd, en die gezegd had, dat als de havenwerken en spoorweg noodig waren, dit zou geschieden door de regeering. De heer Retief had getuigenis afgelegd betreffende de Hopefield én Moorreesburg vergaderingen in verband met dat onderwerp. De heer Retief verklaarde dat ook te Moorreesburg zijn resolutie was aangenomen op 2 stemmen na, die van de heeren Anderssen en Coetzee van Hoetjes Baai. Spreker wees er op dat de twee laatstgenoemden betrokken waren in het schema. Over de vergadering te Malmesbury ondervraagd had de heer Retief verklaard, dat men daar de spoorlijn zoo dicht mogelijk bij Malmesbury wenschte. Spreker refereerde thans naar een rapport van de heeren McKenzie en McClean, dat de Saldanha Baai haven weinig verkeer zou krijgen, behalve voor kolen, tenzij de haven van Kaapstad geblokt was.''' Spr. was er van overtuigd, dat er geen justificatie was, om te veronderstellen dat deze haven zoude kunnen competeeren met Delagoabaai, waar de haven van Kaapstad zich dien doorvoer naar Johannesburg niet kon verzekeren. De afstand naar Johannesburg van Kaapstad, Saldanha Baai, Port Elizabeth, Oost Londen, Durban en Delagoa Baai waren respectievelijk 1,013, 1,025, 713, 665, 484 en 396 mijlen. De waarde van goederen in 1903 door Kaapstad vervoerd naar Johannesburg...<br>De SPEAKER viel hier in de rede, en wees er op, dat spreker buiten de orde was.<br>Dr. SMARTT zeide dat de bijzonderheden die hij vermeldde in verband stonden met de motie van Dr. Hoffman. Spreker meende dat de getuigenis voor het select comité zoodanig was dat spreker oppositie moest voeren tegen de motie. Spreker wilde in kort opgeven, waarom het Huis tegen de resolutie moest zijn: 1º. Rechtvaardigde de handel het niet, 2º. Was het competitie met de Tafelbaai haven. Het zou plichtsverzaking zijn, als men een private maatschappij toeliet te competeeren met Tafel Baai haven. Spreker wees er verder op, dat dit Huis verschillende spoorwegen had toegestemd, die door de regeering waren aangelegd, als de Malmesbury lijn, de Eendekuil lijn.<br>De SPEAKER riep spreker nogmaals tot de orde.<br>Dr. SMARTT vervolgde en zeide, dat hij hoopte, dat de resolutie van Dr. Hoffman niet zou aangenomen worden. Spreker kwam tot de conclusie, dat het Huis niet met het schema accoord ging.<br>De SPEAKER wees er den spreker op, dat hij niet gerechtigd was de conclusie van het Huis te trekken.<br>Dr. SMARTT vroeg of hij niet gerechtigd was het Huis te verklaren, waarom het verplicht was tegen de resolutie te stemmen.<br>De SPEAKER antwoordde bevestigend, doch zeide dat spreker zich bij de motie diende te bepalen, en zeide, dat spreker kon voortgaan, doch dat hij, indien hij iets zou zeggen buiten het onderwerp, tot de orde zoude worden geroepen.<br>Dr. SMARTT vervolgde door op het belang der zaak te wijzen, en in verband daarmede te zeggen, dat er geen reden voor het Huis was om van de gewone orde af te wijken, en de resolutie aan te nemen. De handelwijze van den afgevaardigde voor Paarl toch stelde een afwijking voor van de gewone orde van het Huis.<br>Spreker meende, dat hij vele aanhangers in het Huis zou hebben, onverschillig van welke partij, die het met spreker eens zouden zijn. Spreker meende, dat het Huis verplicht was de conscientieuse handelwijze van het select comité te handhaven, en dat dit comité voor zijne handelwijze den dank van het Huis verdiende. De kwestie was niet een partijkwestie. Spreker beriep zich op den afgevaardigde van Beaufort West die een lid van het select comité was, en die ook van meening was, dat de preamble van het ontwerp niet correct was. Spreker zeide slechts te doen wat hij zijn plicht voelde, zonder kwaadwillige bedoelingen. Spreker was vol vertrouwen dat het land hem in zijne houding ondersteunde. Spreker hoopte dat ook de tegenpartij hem zou steunen, om de constitutie dezer Kolonie te maken tot een waardige constitutie. De practijken die in zwang kwamen als het Saldanha Baai ontwerp, waren een gevaar voor de constitutie en dienden te worden geweerd.<br>De heer CLOETE zei, dat hij 200 aandeelen in de maatschappij had. Deze aandeelen had spreker gehad voordat hij lid van het Huis werd. Spreker had niets te doen gehad met de directie van de maatschappij. Hij had nog zijn aandeelen en had er niet mee gedobbeld. Spreker meende, dat meer dan negen-tiende van de leden van het Huis aandeelhouders in maatschappijen waren. Als het waar was dat leden aandeelen gratis aannemen, diende een onderzoek te worden ingesteld.<br>De heer MERRIMAN begon met te zeggen dat de afgevaardigde voor Oost Londen twee uur en een kwartier gesproken had, en zijn auditorium zeer vermaakt had, want de beschuldigingen door dien afgevaardigde gemaakt, troffen hem zelf. Spreker vroeg wat zijn (sprekers) gevoel moest zijn, toen hij de aanvallen van dien spreker had gehoord op den leider der “loyal Dutch” (de heer Zietsman). Die afgevaardigde had alles gedaan om den heer Zietsman, den leider eener groote partij, want de “loyal Dutch” partij was een groote, te verkleineren.<br>Dr. SMARTT vroeg: Wilt gij het een ander doen?<br>De heer MERRIMAN: Ik verkleineer niemand. Spreker vervolgde door te wijzen op de beschuldigingen door Dr. Smartt uitgesproken tegen den Kolonialen Secretaris, en zeide, dat Dr. Smartt een lid van het ministerie was, toen de Koloniale Secretaris aandeelhouder werd, en toch had die afgevaardigde zich niet teruggetrokken uit dat ministerie. Spreker ontzegde den afgevaardigde voor Oost Londen verder het recht om zulke verwijten te doen aan het Parlement als die spreker gedaan had. Spreker had gedacht dat die afgevaardigde het schema had bestreden uit handels jalousie. Doch volgens de argumenten genoemd door dien afgevaardigde en na de insinuaties door dat lid uitgesproken tegen verscheidene leden van het Huis, meende spreker, dat de zaak terug moest naar het select comité, opdat die afgevaardigde die insinuaties zoude kunnen bewijzen. Er waren veel groote private schema’s voor het Huis geweest, doch nimmer had de afgevaardigde van Oost Londen zulk een positie aangenomen als bij dit schema. Spreker wees op de aantijging gemaakt tegen den Kolonialen Secretaris, en vergeleek dezen tijd met den tijd toen spreker op de ministerieele banken zat, en de verwijten die hij van dien spreker had moeten aanhooren. Spreker wees er op, dat het verschrikkelijk was, om aan den vooravond eener verkiezing tot het volk te zeggen, dat men de parlementsleden niet kon vertrouwen. Spreker wilde het schema thans niet volgens zijne merieten behandelen. Daarvoor was het thans niet de tijd. Thans was alleen onder behandeling de vraag of het schema naar het select comité zou teruggaan of niet. Men wilde weten of voorzitter en leden van dat comité ingingen op de aantijgingen gemaakt door den afgevaardigde voor Oost Londen. Spreker achtte het na die rede zijn plicht voor de motie van Dr. Hoffman te stemmen.<br>Sir PIETER FAURE wilde niets hoegenaamd spreken over het schema, daar hij vele aandeelen hield in de maatschappij. Hij dankte Dr. Smartt voor zijn vleiende aangename woorden. Spreker zou zich zich zeer gegriefd gevoeld hebben als iemand anders dan Dr. Smartt de verklaring had gedaan. Hij was oorspronkelijk een groot grondeigenaar te Saldanhabaai, en toen de maatschappij opgericht werd had hij vele aandeelen ontvangen voor zijn grond. Toen de kwestie in het kabinet besproken werd, had hij zich teruggetrokken om onbevoordeeld te blijven. Hij meende dat hij recht had gehandeld. Dr. Smartt stond heden op als apostel van reinheid en rechtvaardigheid, en wilde dat spreker moest bedankt hebben. Dr. Smartt vergat echter het Smartt syndicaat. Dr. Smartt had toen ook een groote concessie gevraagd van de regeering. Toen Dr. Smartt Commissaris van spoorwegen was had hij duizenden zakken steenkool van de firma Lewis & Marks gekocht, en de heer Marks was een vennoot van Dr. Smartt. Dus was Dr. Smartt de laatste persoon om hem te beschuldigen.<br>Dr. SMARTT stond herhaaldelijk op om explanaties te maken, en om aan te dringen bij den Eersten Minister en den Procureur-Generaal om te verklaren wat hij gedaan en niet gedaan had toen hij in het kabinet was. De twee genoemde ministers echter verroerden geen vin.<br>De heer CURREY wilde evenals de heer Cloete persoonlijke uitlegging geven van zijne belangen in die zaak. Spreker meende dat ieder lid van het Huis vrijbleef zijn geld te beleggen, zooals hij wenschte. Spreker had op 14 April 1902 van de Saldanhabaai 500 aandeelen gekocht tegen 20s. Het was destijds oorlog, en eerst zes maanden later was spreker verkozen tot afgevaardigde. Na dien tijd had spreker 400 van de 500 aandeelen verkocht.<br>Dr. SMARTT: Voor hoeveel?<br>De heer CURREY: Daar hebt gij niets mede te maken. Ik bestuur mijne zaken, gij de uwe, en ik vraag ook geen verslag van uwe zaken. Toen spreker op 14 Februari 1903 gelezen had dat de Saldanhabaai eenige privileges had verzocht aan het Huis had spreker zijn overige 100 aandeelen verkocht, om vrij te blijven in zijne stemming in het Huis. Spreker had thans geen aandeelen verder, en wees de insinuaties van Dr. Smartt verre van zich. Spreker had in den tijd toen hij de Saldanhabaai aandeelen had gekocht, ook aandeelen in den “Kommetje Estate” spoorweg gekocht, waarvan hij eveneens afstand had gedaan, om vrij te blijven.<br>Dr. SMARTT riep: Daar hebben we niets mede te maken.<br>De heer CURREY vroeg van de aanwijzingen van Dr. Smartt verschoond te mogen blijven. Spr. eindigde met de houding en insinuaties van Dr. Smartt scherp te veroordeelen.<br>Dr. BECK wilde ook een persoonlijken uitleg maken, en begon door een versje op te zeggen, dat toepasselijk was op Dr. Smartt. Spreker had ook aandeelen in de Saldanhabaai maatschappij gehad — 750 in getal. Hij had 20s. per aandeel betaald. Kort daarna had hij zijn aandeelen van de hand gezet, en dus had spreker geen belang hoegenaamd in de maatschappij. Dr. Smartt was niet alleen gemeen maar ook geheel verkeerd in zijn verklaring geweest, zooals spreker aantoonde uit de notulen van het Engelsche lagerhuis. Dr. Smartt had gezegd dat leden moesten bedanken zoodra private wetgeving ingebracht werd, die in verband stond met de maatschappij, waarin zij aandeelen hadden. Spreker wilde zien of Dr. Smartt een resolutie zou voorbrengen om het Huis te zuiveren. Hij meende dus, dat hij het recht had om te dwingen dat het rapport terug verwezen zou worden naar het select comité.<br>De heer ZIETSMAN wilde geen apologie maken voor zijn positie in de Saldanhabaai maatschappij, in spijt van ’t geen Dr. Smartt had gezegd. Spreker voelde zich niet beschaamd over de houding die hij had aangenomen, en waarbij hij alleen de belangen en den vooruitgang van het land op het oog had. Dit was geen beleidigend beginsel, zeide spreker, voor eenig lid van het parlement. Spreker herinnerde er aan, dat in heel Groot-Brittannië niet een dok en niet een spoorweg in handen der regeering was, doch alles in handen van private maatschappijen, die Engeland groot gemaakt hadden, en die Engeland dus te danken had aan het ondernemend initiatief van ondernemende lieden. Wil dus, vroeg spreker, Dr. Smartt daarom een smet werpen op de geheele Britsche natie? Wilde die afgevaardigde, vroeg spreker, hetzelfde doen met betrekking tot Amerika, waar de toestanden hetzelfde waren. Spreker dankte God, dat hij niet zoo kortzichtig was, om die beginselen te volgen. Spreker hoopte, dat het ontwerp weer voor een select comité zou komen, en als er eenige twijfel was aan de goede bedoelingen van de bevorderaars van het schema, moesten die in select comité blijken. Spreker was overtuigd dat ieder lid van het Huis het recht had van een select comité volledige lichting te eischen, voor de houding in goed- of afkeuring door zulk een comité aangenomen. De zaak in kwestie berustte niet in handen van een select comité, doch in handen van het Huis, dus het Huis had het recht van beslissing en niet het comité. De afgevaardigde van Oost Londen, die een der leiders van de progressieve partij was had meer private schema’s die voor het Huis waren geblokt. Spreker vroeg of dat “progrès” was. Dan wist spreker niet wat met “progrès” bedoeld werd. Als men de ideeën van Dr. Smartt zou volgen, dan zou men een politiek volgen, waardoor ondernemende en knappe menschen uit het Huis werden geweerd.<br>De SPEAKER wees spreker op de zaak die aan de orde was.<br>Spreker refereerde naar aantijgingen gemaakt door Dr. Smartt tegen het aandeelenboek, alsof bladen daar aaneengeplakt waren, om aandeelen voor zekere geheime bedoelingen te verbergen. Spreker legde dit boek open, en wees op eenige bladen, aaneengespeld, wegens een fout van een klerk. Scherp critiseerde spreker de houding van Dr. Smartt met betrekking tot deze aantijging. Refereerende naar de beschuldiging gemaakt tegen den Kolonialen Secretaris, zeide spreker, dat hij geen verdediging voor dezen Minister wilde voeren, doch er op wijzen, dat Dr. Smartt nooit dergelijke beschuldiging had geworpen naar wijlen den heer Rhodes, toen die op de ministerieele banken gezeten had. Spreker meende, dat de Koloniale Secretaris gerechtigd was naast landsbelangen zijn eigen belangen te bevorderen. Hij betreurde het geen volledige speech te kunnen maken, wijl hij veel opgaven zou kunnen bijbrengen, om de beweringen van den afgevaardigde van Oost Londen te niet te doen. Echter wilde spreker refereeren naar de bewering van Dr. Smartt, dat een Saldanhabaai haven òf geen verkeer zou hebben òf met de Tafelbaai zou competeeren. Spreker wees er op, dat vier maatschappijen £1,300,000 “demurrage” hadden moeten betalen, wegens onvoldoende haven accommodatie in de Kolonie. Spreker ging verder na de motieven die de maatschappij hadden geleid tot het schema. Hij wees er Dr. Smartt op, dat hij noch het ontwerp noch de getuigenis had gelezen, daar hij anders bekend zou zijn met de voorwaarden van overname door de regeering te eeniger tijd.<br>De SPEAKER riep spreker weder tot de orde.<br>De heer ZIETSMAN betreurde het Dr. Smartt niet op alle punten van antwoord te kunnen dienen. Het was sprekers plan niet geweest te spreken in deze zaak, noch zijn stem in deze zaak te gebruiken. Spreker hoopte echter, dat ieder lid een houding in dezen zou aannemen, afgezien van partijschap, en dat een volledig onderzoek in select comité zoude worden gemaakt naar de aanklachten uitgesproken door Dr. Smartt. Hij meende, dat ’t prestige van ’t Huis zulks na de rede van Dr. Smartt eischte.<br>De heer HOCKLY zei, dat men thans zag wat het gevolg was van de motie van Dr. Hoffman. Daarna weidde hij uit over de machten en recht van het Huis en select comités. Hij meende, dat de beslissing van ’t select comité finaal was. Hij hoopte, dat men de motie Hoffman zou afstemmen.<br>De heer WYNNE begon met te zeggen, dat hij geen aandeelen in de maatschappij had, dus onpartijdig kon spreken. Spreker meende, dat het select comité over de zaak gezeten had, en daarbij landsbelangen op het oog had gehad. De “preamble” was niet bewezen bevonden in select comité, en was het Huis, volgens spreker, verplicht zich daarbij neder te leggen. Spreker was er echter voor, dat het comité macht zou hebben meer getuigenis in te winnen, doch hij zou stemmen tegen terugzending van het ontwerp naar ’t comité.<br>Kolonel SCHERMBRUCKER meende, dat een uitspraak recht kon zijn en toch de redenen er voor genoemd verkeerd. Hij meende dat het wenschelijk was om het rapport terug te verwijzen naar het select comité. Was hij een lid van het select comité geweest, zou hij het rapport weer terug hebben gezonden zonder een woord er aan toe te voegen. De getuigenis was daar, en men had geen andere redenen noodig. De heer Jagger had zijn oordeel geveld volgens de beste belangen van het land, en dus was het belachelijk om ’t rapport terug te verwijzen. Hij zou dus tegen de motie stemmen.<br>De heer J. C. MOLTENO meende, dat diende onderzocht te worden wat het best te doen was in belang van het land. Spreker refereerde naar het gezegde van een kapitein, die zeven jaar geleden aan spreker gezegd had, dat hij voor de eerste en voor de laatste maal in Zuid-Afrika was geweest, wijl hij geen kans had gehad zijn hout te lossen. Spreker had bovendien gehoord van autoriteiten, dat de Kolonie te weinig havens had en iedere haven mogelijk moest opnemen. Spreker protesteerde daarom tegen de houding van den heer Wynne, die namens zijne constituenten geprotesteerd had tegen de Saldanhabaai, wegens competitie met Port Elizabeth. Spreker meende, dat men niet de belangen van een of andere haven in het bijzonder mocht beschouwen, doch de belangen van den belastingbetaler in het algemeen. Verschillende zeeofficieren hadden spreker verzekerd, dat Saldanhabaai de fijnste haven was van de Kaapkolonie.<br>De SPEAKER wees er op, dat er geen tweede lezing reden kon gehouden worden.<br>De heer MOLTENO zeide, dat het moeilijk was zich aan de orde te houden, waar verschillende punten waren aangeroerd door verschillende leden. Spreker trachtte aan te toonen, waarom de opening van Saldanhabaai in belang van de Kolonie was. En spreker meende, dat waar het gouvernement niet de gelegenheid aangreep om een werk te ondernemen, mocht men niet een private maatschappij daarin belemmeren. Er moest slechts voorziening zijn, en die voorziening bestond, volgens spreker, in het ontwerp, dat de regeering de geheele zaak tegen billijke kosten zou kunnen overnemen. Spreker wilde, dat Zuid-Afrika ontwikkeld werd, in zoo uitgebreid mogelijken zin. Daarom meende spreker moest de zaak teruggaan naar ’t select comité. En spreker was het eens met den afgevaardigde voor Wodehouse, dat als er eenigen twijfel daaromtrent bestond, die twijfel opgeheven was na de rede van Dr. Smartt. Spreker betreurde dat die afgevaardigde niet aanwezig was, doch wilde spreker zeggen, dat hij nooit vuiler of gemeener rede had gehoord in het Huis dan van dien afgevaardigde. Spreker geloofde echter, dat die afgevaardigde niet steeds verantwoordelijk gehouden kon worden voor zijne woorden. Ook had hij een vreemdsoortige houding aangenomen sedert hij was afgezet als leider zijner partij. Spreker critiseerde de houding door Dr. Smartt aangenomen scherp. Die afgevaardigde had geweten, toen hij zijne insinuaties uitsprak, dat vele leden die aandeelen hadden, voordat zij een zetel in dit Parlement hadden. Hij hoopte, dat men het belang van havens voor dit land van hooger standpunt zou beschouwen, dan van een persoonlijk standpunt. Niemand beter dan de afgevaardigde van Kaapstad, de heer Jagger, kon overtuigd zijn van ’t noodige van meerdere havens. Spreker herhaalde als de regeering niet op het schema inging was het schandelijk, als het Huis eene private maatschappij, die het intiatief nam, in de uitvoering daarvan belemmerde. Spreker zou daarom de motie voor ’t Huis beslist ondersteunen.<br>De heer JAGGER wilde de gelegenheid te baat nemen om een uitleg te geven. Ten eerste had men gezegd, dat hij bevooroordeeld was. Wel als Kapenaaar had hij natuurlijk zijn eigen opinie over de zaak. Toen hij echter op ’t comité benoemd werd, had hij getracht onbevooroordeeld te handelen. Hij zou de reden opnoemen waarom hij de bill had uitgeworpen. '''Hij wees op de produkten van het land in de nabijheid van Saldanhabaai. Eieren, groenten en graan werden daar geproduceerd. Twee lijnen van Kaapstad waren reeds gemaakt en zij waren genoeg om het land daar te ontwikkelen. Daarom, meende hij, dat een haven het land niet meer kon ontwikkelen, omdat er geen produkten waren om overzee te vervoeren.'''<br>De SPEAKER riep hem tot de orde en zei, dat hij zich moest houden bij de motie voor het Huis.<br>Sir HENRY JUTA en de heer D. C. DE WAAL zeiden, dat zij ook over de zaak gesproken zouden hebben, maar volgens de regeling van den Speaker konden zij zulks niet doen.<br>De heer JAGGER zei, dat hij dus ook niets meer zou spreken.<br>Sir HENRY JUTA zeide, dat hij een lid van het select comité geweest was, en hij wenschte de redenen te geven, waarom hij tegen de terugzending naar het comité was. Dit echter werd niet toegelaten dus kon spreker alleen zeggen, dat hij tegen de motie was.<br>De PROCUREUR-GENERAAL refereerde naar de uitdrukking van Dr. Smartt, waar hij de regeering had opgeroepen, hare meening uit te spreken, betreffende het Saldanhabaai schema. Spreker refereerde naar de “Hansards” van vorig jaar, om de houding der regeering in deze toe te lichten, om te bewijzen, dat de regeering niet voornemens was iets te doen of te ondernemen tegen de landsbelangen. Spreker meende verder, in antwoord op een vraag van Dr. Smartt, dat het geheel een persoonlijke opvatting was, of een lid van het Ministerie gerechtigd was aandeelen in zulk eene maatschappij te hebben of niet. Wat betrof de terugzending naar een select comité was spreker overtuigd, dat men niet meer feiten zou hooren. Spreker meende, dat de eenige reden, die Dr. Hoffman zou gehad hebben voor zijn voorstel kan geweest zijn, om de bill te redden. Spreker meende verder, dat het de plicht der regeering was het werk zelf te ondernemen, en hoopte spr. dat in de volgende sessie een wetsontwerp in dien geest zoude worden voorgebracht door de regeering. Wat betrof terugzending van het ontwerp naar het select comité, meende spreker, dat zulks verspilling van tijd was. Men zou de redenen der verwerping thans even goed van den voorzitter kunnen hooren, als de regels van het Huis dit toelieten. Men kon echter, volgens spreker, geen comité daartoe dwingen. Wanneer het comité de eer van het Huis, die aangetast was, zou kunnen redden, zou spreker het voorstel met beide handen aangrijpen, doch hij was het niet met den afgevaardigde voor Wodehouse eens, dat het comité daartoe macht had.<br>De heer MERRIMAN herhaalde hier, wat hij had gezegd en bedoeld.<br>De PROCUREUR-GENERAAL zeide, dat hij het voordeel van terug verwijzing naar een select comité daarvoor niet inzag, wijl het hem voorkwam dat dit en het schema twee verschillende zaken waren.<br>De heer WALTON wilde weten waarom Dr. Hoffman geen redenen had genoemd hoe hij zijn motie voorstelde Het was alles niets anders dan een aanval op de leden van het select comité. Spreker kon dus niets anders dan tegen de motie stemmen. Hij meende dat de bestaande havens voldoende waren.<br>De SPEAKER riep hem tot de orde.<br>Spreker ging voort te zeggen dat de Saldanhabaai nooit handel met het noorden zou drijven. Spreker meende dat er iets uit de orde was met de financiën van de maatschappij. Als hij de getuigenis las dan kwam hij tot de gevolgtrekking, dat het comité geen ander rapport had kunnen uitbrengen. Spreker trachtte daarna Dr. Smartt schoon te wasschen. Aangaande ministers, meende hij, dat zij meer speciaal het geheele land vertegenwoordigen, en als zoodanig behoorden zij geen deel te nemen in zulke financieele schema’s, die competeerden met de beste belangen van het land. Hij eindigde door te herhalen dat hij tegen het voorstel Hoffman zou stemmen.<br>De heer SAMPSON wees op de regels van het Huis, nadat een ontwerp door een comité was onderzocht. Als de “preamble” door het comité niet bewezen was geacht, was de regel van het Huis dat het ontwerp viel. Redenen konden niet worden gevraagd voor de houding door het comité aangenomen, aangezien deze redenen dan besproken konden worden. Alleen in geval men vermoeden had dat corruptie of iets van dien aard had plaats gehad kon men toelichting der motieven vragen.<br>De heer MALAN wees er op, dat in het select comité drie leden, de heeren Hill, Searle en Rabie voor de preamble en de voorzitter (de heer Jagger) de heer Bailey en Weeber tegen de preamble hadden gestemd. De voorzitter had zijn beslissende stem tegen gegeven, zeide spr. om de zaak open te houden. In verband hiermede vroeg spreker of hij een amendement kon voorstellen in dien geest, om de origineele motie zoodanig te amendeeren, dat daarin zouden worden opgenomen de woorden: “met het doel om van het select comité de verzekering van het open houden der kwestie te krijgen.” Het amendement werd echter buiten de orde verklaard.<br>De heer SAUER zei, dat hij de zaak niet wilde bespreken. Hij was het eens met den Procureur-Generaal, dat het beter was dat de regeering een spoorweg van Saldanhabaai zelf behoorde te bouwen van Saldanhabaai naar de hoofdlijn; echter vond hij het vreemd zulks van hem te vernemen. De reg. had zich, zei hij, feitelijk verklaard ten gunste van het schema door eenige amendementen op de bills voor te leggen.<br>Sir GORDON SPRIGG zei, dat de regeering nooit had verklaard wat zij in deze zaak van plan was.<br>Wel, zei de heer SAUER, een regeering hield gewoonlijk er een brein op na, dat voor groote verandering vatbaar is. In den gewonen loop van zaken beteekende het indienen van amendementen dat men in beginsel met een bill eens is. Hij hoopte dat de motie aangenomen zou worden. In het Engelsche lagerhuis werd dit meer dan eens gedaan. Daarom was het geen reflectie op het comité. Spreker zei, dat smaaksche dingen gezegd waren in het Huis. Bijv. Kol. Schermbrucker had gezegd, dat als hij lid van het comité was, hij de order van het Huis niet in aanmerking zou nemen. Daarom was het noodig om het rapport terug te verwijzen. Na de aanspraak van Dr. Smartt was het des te meer noodig om zulks te doen. Hij was er zeker van, dat de toespraak van Dr. Smartt wijd en zijd naar het land gezonden zou worden, bijv. naar de “E. P. Herald”, en deze had gemeene beschuldigingen tegen de leden van het parlement gemaakt en alzoo de eer van het Huis geschonken. Daarom kon het niet anders, men moest het rapport terug naar het select comité verwijzen om de reden te hooren, waarom het lichaam de bill had uitgeworpen. Werden de zware beschuldigingen van Dr. Smartt herhaald dan moesten verdere stappen genomen worden. Hij zou dus stemmen voor de motie van Dr. Hoffman.<br>De heer ABE BAILEY stelde de verdaging van het debat voor. In stemming gebracht verklaarde de Speaker de verdaging van het debat verworpen.<br>De heer ABE BAILEY vroeg de verdeeling.<br>Dr. SMARTT vroeg of de leden die in het schema geinteresseerd waren, buiten stemming konden worden gehouden.<br>De SPEAKER: Neen.<br> De heer WALTON vroeg, welke middelen het Huis dan had om zulks te voorkomen.<br>De heer MERRIMAN drong op stemming aan.<br>Tegen verdaging van het debat waren 32 leden, n.l.:<br>Badenhorst, Dr. Beck, Beyers, Burton, Cillié, Currey, Dempers, N. F. de Waal, A. S. du Plessis, M. J. du Plessis, Du Toit, Dr. Hoffman, Joubert, Krige, Malan, Merriman, J. T. Molteno J. C. Molteno, Oosthuizen, Rabie, Rademeyer, Sauer, Charles Searle, Silberbauer, J. A. Smuts, Sonnenberg, Dr. Te Water, Theron, Van der Merwe, Van Huyssteen, Van Zijl, Weeber.<br>Voor verdaging 29 leden, n.l.:<br>Abé Bailey, Blaine, Cartwright, Crosbie, D. C. de Waal, Douglass, Frost, A. J. Fuller, Graaff, Hockly, Jameson, Jagger, Sir Henry Juta, Michell, Oats, Olivier, Runciman, Sampson, Schermbrucker, James Searle, Slater, Dr. Smartt, Sir Gordon Sprigg, Stead, Walton, Warren, Wienand, Wood, Wynne.<br>Zoodat de verdaging met 4 stemmen meerderheid was verworpen.<br>De heer HOOKLY stelde thans de verdaging van het Huis voor.<br>In stemming gebracht verklaarde de Speaker de verdaging aangenomen.<br>De heer SAUER vroeg de verdeeling.<br>Dr. SMARTT vroeg weder of de betrokken leden buiten stemming konden worden gehouden.<br>De SPEAKER wees er op, dat de stemming ging over al of niet verdaging van het Huis, waarin geen betrokken partijen waren.<br>In stemming gebracht waren tegen verdaging 35 leden, voor verdaging 33 leden, zoodat met 2 stemmen meerderheid tot niet-verdaging besloten werd.<br>De heer WARREN hervatte daarop ’t debat, doch hoewel hij vele woorden gebruikte zei hij slechts tegen de motie te zullen stemmen, waarna hij andermaal de verdaging van het debat voorstelde.<br>Sir H. JUTA secondeerde.<br>Tot stemming gebracht zijnde verklaarde de Speaker dit voorstel aangenomen.<br>De heer SAUER vroeg een verdeeling doch trok later zijn voorstel terug.<br>Het debat werd dus verdaagd en wel tot 26 Augustus.<br>Het Huis verdaagde om 6.20.</ref> Op 14 Augustus 1903 is die debat rondom die skema op die lange baan geskuiwe.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /> === Waarom 'n 2 vt.-spoorlyn? === [[Lêer:CGR No. NG 1–3.jpg|duimnael|regs|350px|Die CGR Baldwin NG 1-3 stoomlokomotief. Sulke lokomotiewe moes spesiaal gebou word vir die smalspoorlyn van 47½ myl]] [[Lêer:CGR Baldwin 2-6-0 no. 2, SAR Class NG7 no. NG23.jpg|duimnael|regs|350px|Die CGR Baldwin 2-6-0 no. 2 stoomtrein kom in Hopefield aan met passasierswaens]] Charles Tennant Jones (LWV van Port Elizabeth) het reeds op 28 Julie 1891 tydens 'n parlementsitting in die Wetgewende Vergadering gesê dit is onwenslik om 'n spoorwegbreedte van 3 voet 6 duim, wat tot nog toe op al die regeringspoorweë gebruik is, nou te loop staan en "breek" op die lyn vanaf Vrijburg na Mafeking omdat die [[British South Africa Company]] van Rhodes dit so wil doen. Reeds word gewys op die lastigheid van die oorlaai, die noodsaaklikheid om alles te dupliseer (werkswinkels, stasies, ens.). Dwarsoor die land wil mense juis gelykvormigheid hê.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1891. Het Parlement, Wetgevende Vergadering. Dingsdag, 28 Julij. Vrijburgsche Spoorwegverlenging, 30 Julij, p. 3: De heer Jones stelde voor: Dit Huis is van gevoelen dat het niet wenschelijk is dat de spoorweg-breedte van 3 voet 6 duim tot hiertoe gevolgd op al de Gouvernements spoorweglijnen, worde gebroken op de lijn van Vrijburg naar Mafeking, door de Britsch Zuid-Afrikaansche Maatschappij onder Overeenkomst van 23 Januarij, 1890. [...] Het veranderen van het spoor had veel bezwaar, b.v. de kosten van het overladen, de noodzakelijkheid van nieuwe werkplaatsen, enz. Overal elders had men een strekking om het geheele land door dezelfde breedte van spoor te hebben.</ref> Die Kaapse regering kan dus nie aanvoer hulle het nie geweet nie. Gedurende die 1897-sitting van die Parlement, toe die Caledon-spoorwegwet onder bespreking was, het dit duidelik geword dat 'n groot aantal lede van die Wetgewende Vergadering van mening was dat die tyd nou aangebreek het om die bou van duur lyne, wat £7 000 tot £8 000 per myl bedra, te staak, en dat daar begin moes word met die bou van ligter spoorweë, wat vir die helfte van daardie koste gebou kon word.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> Van die aanloklike redes (eintlik verkoopsargumente) wat aangevoer is, sluit in: * Smaller lyne kan breër (hoof)spoorlyne "voed" (of by inloop)<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Geen deel van die Kolonie het genoeg bevolking of groot/swaar nywerhede om die uitgawe van £5 000 tot £8 000 per myl te regverdig nie. Dit is ook sterk te betwyfel of so 'n spoorweg die bevolking of nywerheid tot so 'n mate sal vermeerder of verhoog dat so 'n lyn binne 'n paar jaar die bedryfskoste sal verhaal en 'n redelike opbrengs op die insetkoste sal lewer.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Bloot omdat dele van die Kolonie nie bevolk genoeg is vir 'n 3 voet 6 duim-spoor nie, beteken nie daardie plekke hoef heeltemal sonder 'n spoorlyn te bly nie. Enige spoorweg is beter as geen spoorweg.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Ondertussen is besluit om weg te doen met onnodige duur stasies en allerhande bykomstighede en net te fokus op ontwikkelingslyne.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Die lyne is goedkoop (£2 000 per myl), met minimale rente op die skuld wat aangegaan is.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Soos 'n sakeman moet mens klein begin, en aanhou win. Dink aan 'n sakeman wat 'n winkel in 'n nuwe land oopmaak: hy sal eers geboue oprig volgens die klandisie wat hy verwag; soos die besigheid uitbrei, sal hy ook sy winkel vergroot. Net so kan mens 'n spoorweg van so 'n grootte en gewig bou dat die verkeer vir die eerste 10 jaar wat daaroor gaan, goedkoop vervoer kan word. Dit sal 'n dividend oplewer op die klein kapitaal wat daarin belê is. Sodra die distrik volle ekonomiese wasdom bereik het, sal die tyd ryp wees om die spoor te vervang met die swaarder spore en rollende materiaal van die hooflyn. Die hooflyn wat dan gelê word, het homself sommer reeds afbetaal! :[[Victoria (Australië)|Victoria]] in Australië word as sprekende voorbeeld voorgehou - 'n kleiner lokomotiefie sou beter gepas het by die laer produksie van die betrokke gebied. Die Australiërs het egter breë spoorlyne en groot lokomotiewe gekoop, en kan nou hul hare uit hul kop uittrek.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Selfs die armste dele in 'n land kan ontwikkel word, wat altyd opbrengste sal oplewer (nie altyd dadelik nie), maar soos daardie dele ekonomies groei en vooruitgaan, sal daar selfs meer vertakkings bykom. En dit, sonder om die staatskas onnodig te belas.<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * As die 2 vt.-spoorlyn in ander lande kan werk, dink net wat dit vir die Kaap kan beteken. Die Franse begin ook nou oorskakel na smalspoorlyne toe, en ander lande het geen probleem daarmee om spore aan te lê waar daar van breedte verwissel moet word nie.{{voetnota|Die leser sal vinnig in die teks ontdek die Franse is op presies dieselfde tydstip waar die Kapenaars nou is - ook hulle aanlê van smalspore is nog onbeproef.}}<ref name="Bodtker1" /> * Die boer sal maar te bly wees vir enige spoorlyn wat na sy kant toe kom, en met albei hande aangryp. Natuurlik sal dit 'n tydjie duur vir die boere om aan die nuwe omstandighede gewoond te raak, maar die boere sal dan tienvoudige opbrengs kan lewer. Selfs al maak die spoorweë geen direkte wins nie, is daar altyd die indirekte wins tot almal se voordeel.<ref name="Bodtker1">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Kleine spoorwegen voor de Kaapkolonie. 21 Februarie, p. 3: (Door C. Bodtker, civiele ingenieur.)<br>Gedurende de 1897 zitting van het parlement, toen de Caledon spoorwegwet onder discussie was, werd het duidelijk dat een groot aantal leden van de wetgevende vergadering van opinie waren, dat de tijd thans gekomen was, dat de aanbouw van dure lijnen, die £7,000 tot £8,000 per mijl kosten, moest ophouden, en dat men een begin moest maken met het bouwen van lichtere spoorwegen, die voor de helft dier kosten konden aangelegd worden. De ed. heer John X. Merriman ging zelfs zoover om voor te stellen, dat men de thans bestaande spoorwegbreedte moest opbreken. De commissaris van publieke werken verklaarde zich tegen eenige verandering van de breedte voor den Caledon spoorweg, daar deze het eerste stuk was van een doorgaande lijn naar het oostelijke gedeelte der Kolonie, die den tegenwoordigen afstand per spoorweg tusschen Kaapstad en Port Elizabeth aanzienlijk zou verminderen, en een ieder, die, zooals de commissaris, geloof slaat aan de toekomst der Kolonie, moet toestemmen, dat hij volmaakt gelijk had met zijne objectie, zoolang er waarschijnlijkheid bestond dat de gemelde lijn een hoofdlijn zou worden. Het is wel bekend dat een breken van de spoorwegbreedte op een hoofdlijn extra oponthoud en ongemak veroorzaakt. Sir James Sivewright, de commissaris, was echter ten gunste van lichtere lijnen als “voeders” voor de hoofdlijnen, en nu hij zich in die richting uitgesproken heeft, mag men hopen, dat met het blijkbare gevoelen van het meerendeel der leden van het huis ten gunste van zulke lijnen, de dag niet meer ver af is, dat de Kolonie hare “lichte spoorwegen” zal hebben; namelijk lijnen met een twee voet breedte, of daaromtrent, in plaats van de tegenwoordige breedte van 3 voet 6 duim.<br>Alle autoriteiten op het gebied van spoorwegen komen overeen, dat geen enkel deel der Kolonie genoeg bevolking of groote nijverheidstakken bevat, om de uitgaven van £5,000 à £8,000 per mijl voor onze spoorwegen te rechtvaardigen, vooral niet als zulke spoorwegen slechts voor een zeker distrikt moeten dienen. Ook is het niet waarschijnlijk dat door het bekomen van zulk een spoorweg, de bevolking of nijverheid zoodanig zal toenemen, dat binnen eenige jaren zulk een lijn de kosten van bewerking en een redelijke rente op het besteede kapitaal zal afwerpen. Doch moeten daarom die deelen van de Kolonie geheel zonder spoorweg communicatie blijven? Is het dan niet beter de bestaande breedte te breken? Het is het laatste dat de voornaamste objectie schijnt te zijn tegen spoorwegen met een breedte van zegge 2 voet. De meeste personen zullen erkennen dat een spoorweg met een kleine breedte beter is dan glad geen spoorweg, en dit wordt dan ook bewezen door het feit, dat al deze kleine spoorwegen in al de landen waar zij ingevoerd zijn, zeer veel hebben bijgedragen tot bevordering der welvaart van de distrikten, die zij doorsnijden, en meer dan iets anders hunne snelle ontwikkeling hebben veroorzaakt.<br>Een van de resultaten, waartoe de Kaapsche commissie in 1895 aangesteld om onderzoek te doen naar den aanleg en het werk van smalsporen kwam, is: “Dat over gewonen grond waar weinige natuurlijke bezwaren bestonden, het voordeeliger zou zijn in plaats van smalsporen aantenemen in verband met de bestaan de 3 voet 6 duim breedte, om “lichtere” lijnen aan te leggen op de gewone breedte; dat wil zeggen, een lichte soort van rails en sleepers te gebruiken, steile hellingen en scherpere krommingen aantenemen, en de hoogste snelheid te beperken tot zegge 12 mijl per uur. Stationsgebouwen, goederenloodsen, vee en wagen landingen en andere bijkomende zaken kunnen ook afgeschaft worden. In zulke gevallen zou weinig additioneele locomotieven of rijtuigen worden vereischt, en de koste van aanleg zou dan heel weinig meer zijn dan die van een smalspoor.<br>Zulk een denkbeeld uittevoeren mag raadzaam wezen onder de voorzegde condities, en in zulk geval zullen de kosten van aanbouw misschien heel weinig meer zijn dan die van een smalspoor. Doch ongelukkiglijk bieden die afdeelingen der Kolonie die thans spoorwegen noodig hebben, heel wat natuurlijke zwarigheden op, en zulke lichte lijnen als door de commissie aanbevolen kunnen hier alleen gebouwd worden tegen het dubbele van wat een 2 voet breede spoorweg zou kosten. En waarom zou men dan niet de goedkoopste der twee spoorwegen aanleggen, zoolang die het vervoer kan dragen, en even goedkoop of zelfs goedkooper kan bewerkt worden? Waar een lijn ten koste van zegge £2,000 per mijl gebouwd, een rente zou opleveren, zou een spoorweg, die tweemaal dat bedrag kost, niet meer dan de kosten van bewerking opleveren. De heer Mackay zegt in zijn boek over “lichte spoorwegen” het volgende:<br>“In zake den aanleg van spoorwegen moeten wij dezelfde beginselen volgen, als een bezigheidsman doet wanneer hij een winkel in een nieuw land opent. Deze zal eerst gebouwen optrekken berekend naar het bedrag der bezigheid die hij verwacht te doen, of met zijn kapitaal kan doen, en naar mate zijne bezigheid zich uitbreidt, in die mate zal hij ook zijn winkel vergrooten. Als een kleine spoorweg in een distrikt wordt gebouwd met zulke grootte en gewicht van spoorstaven (rails) dat het op goedkoope wijze het traffiek kan dragen dat waarschijnlijk in de eerste 10 jaren er over zal gaan, dan zou het een dividend opleveren op het kleine kapitaal er in gestoken, en dit gedurende het meerendeel zoo niet het geheel van dien tijd; en als het distrikt er door behoorlijk was ontwikkeld, dan zou het tijd genoeg zijn om hem te vervangen door de zwaardere rails en rollend materiaal van den hoofdlijn.<br>Het feit zelf dat er een lichte spoorweg door een distrikt loopt, maakt dat de hoofdlijn er later goedkooper kan gelegd worden, dan wanneer men er dadelijk mee begonnen was, en als het werk behoorlijk wordt ingericht behoeft er geen hindernis aan het vervoer te worden gedaan.<br>Door het volgen van dit stelsel van spoorweg aanleg ten einde arme distrikten te ontwikkelen, zou een land spoorwegen bezitten die altijd hun renten op het kapitaal opleveren, en dientengevolge kunnen ook later andere distrikten een spoorweg hebben, en dit zonder dat die een druk uitoefenen óp de financiën van het land.”<br>Het is ongetwijfeld dat deze politiek de rechte is voor deze Kolonie, en hoe spoediger men ze aanneemt, hoe beter voor alle belanghebbenden. Deze lichte spoorwegen zijn bewezen een succes te zijn in andere landen, en moeten dit zijn in een land, dat zooveel hulpbronnen heeft als de Kaapkolonie.<br>De Duitschers zijn over het algemeen zeer voorzichtig voor zij iets nieuws aannemen, doch toen het Pruisische gouvernement in 1892 overtuigd was dat lichte spoorwegen een noodzakelijkheid waren geworden, en in vele gevallen verkieselijker waren boven den aanleg van gewone wegen, die een jaarlijksche uitgave vereischten zonder iets op te leveren, toen zeide de Pruisische minister van publieke werken bij het voorstellen der derde lezing van de wet op lichte spoorwegen het volgende: “In andere streken is de aanbouw en het bewerken van dergelijke lichte spoorwegen een zegen voor het land geweest. Iemand, die door Noord-Italië, België of Holland reist kan zichzelven overtuigen welk een zegen deze lichte spoorwegen geweest zijn. Het is alsof men besproeiingskanalen door de velden heeft gemaakt, en alles groeide en bloeide onder den vruchtbaarmakenden stroom. In Noord-Italië vooral is het nut dat zij gesticht hebben zoo duidelijk, dat zelfs de onopmerkzame reiziger zijne aandacht op hen moet vestigen.”<br>Slechts zes jaren zijn verloopen, sinds deze woorden gesproken waren, en wat was het gevolg? Eenige duizenden van mijlen lichte spoorwegen zijn gebouwd geworden, en allen hebben beantwoord, uit een geldelijk zoowel als uit een ingenieurs oogpunt, zooals eenige door mij aan te halen cijfers zullen bewijzen.<br>Inderdaad zulk een zegen voor Duitschland is dit stelsel van lichte spoorwegen geweest, dat de provinciale en plaatselijke autoriteiten heden overal lichte spoorwegen aanleggen in plaats van wegen, want de laatsten kosten van £25 tot £40 per mijl elk jaar aan onderhoud, terwijl de eersten, indien goed bestuurd, renten en dividenden opleveren.<br>Wanneer men de boeren in deze kolonie vraagt waarom zij zich niet meer toeleggen op landbouw, dan is hun antwoord steeds, omdat zij geene markten in de nabijheid van hunne plaatsen hebben, en het vervoer naar de naaste spoorwegstatie, misschien meer dan honderd mijlen ver, te duur is, en het noodig maakt, dat hunne ossen steeds op pad moeten zijn in plaats van de landen te beploegen. Als een kleine spoorweg door of nabij hunne plaatsen liep, zou zulk een antwoord geen reden van bestaan hebben, en ik ben er van overtuigd dat dan de meeste boeren van den spoorweg zouden gebruik maken, en veel meer land zouden bebouwen. De Zuid-Afrikaansche boer maakt graag geld en als hij de gelegenheid er voor heeft, doet hij alles wat hij kan om zijne inkomsten te vermeerderen. Wij bezitten in de Kolonie vele vruchtbare distrikten, die op het gebied van landbouw geen vooruitgang kunnen maken zonder een spoorweg; en als deze distrikten spoorwegcommunicatie hadden, zouden zij in vele gevallen tienmaal zooveel kunnen produceeren als thans. Doch zulk eene verbetering vindt niet dadelijk na den aanleg van een spoorweg plaats. Een zekere tijd is noodig om de boeren te doen gewoon geraken aan de veranderde omstandigheden en in dien tusschentijd zullen de spoorwegen misschien niet meer dan hunne werkonkosten vergoeden; maar zelfs in zulke gevallen behooren zij gebouwd te worden, wegens het voordeel aan hen verbonden. Het komt er niet op aan of deze spoorwegen al dan niet direkt betalen, want de indirekte winst mag grooter zijn dan het direkte verlies. Dit wordt ook bewezen door den algemeenen bestuurder van spoorwegen in zijn rapport over de bestaande lijnen.<br>Er zijn een aantal distrikten in deze Kolonie die een “kleinen spoorweg” zouden onderhouden kort na den aanleg er van, zoo de kosten van aanbouw geen £2,500 per mijl te boven gaan, en de lijn op spaarzame wijze bewerkt wordt. Maar op het oogenblik is er geen enkel distrikt, dat in staat is een lijn te onderhouden, gebouwd volgens de tegenwoordige breedte, en een berekende aanlegkosten van £7,000 tot £8,000 per mijl. De aanleg van zulke kostbare lijnen zou het land elk jaar een groot verlies veroorzaken. Men behoeft slechts het rapport te lezen van het parlementaire staande comité op spoorwegen, aan wien de wetgevende vergadering van Victoria deze kwestie van smalsporen opdroeg in 1895, en dan zal men uitvinden aan welke vreeselijke gevolgen die Kolonie leed door het ingaan op dure spoorweglijnen, toen de traffiek hun aanleg niet vereischte. Uit de door dit comité aangehaalde cijfers blijkt het, dat het vervoer op de spoorwegen bij verre na niet de grens bereikte die de breedte en wijze van aanleg kan vervoeren, en dat die spoorwegen aangelegd zijn zonder het oog te houden op het vervoer, en tegen kosten die geheel buiten evenredigheid waren met de verwachte inkomsten. “Kleine spoorwegen” van 2 voet breed met een 15 ton lokomotief konden een veel grooter vracht per trein hebben gedragen, dan die spoorweg al die jaren gemiddeld droeg; zij zouden de distrikten die zij moesten dienen voldoening hebben gegeven, en volgens het rapport van het comité slechts ¼ van het kapitaal hebben gekost. Met dezelfde inkomsten, werkkosten en rato van interest, zou het verlies £15,000 tot £20,000 minder zijn geweest, als men “kleine spoorwegen” had gebouwd. Niettegenstaande de tegenwerking van den hoofd ingenieur van de Victoria spoorwegen, die de bestaande breedte niet wilde veranderd hebben, besloot de commissie aan te bevelen dat een of twee proeflijnen in geschikte distrikten zouden worden gebouwd met een breedte van 2 voet.De uitbreiding van het gebruik van 2 voet lijnen in Frankrijk en de Fransche bezittingen, wordt in een artikel in het Engelsche nieuwsblad The Engineer, aldus beschreven.“De ondersteuners van het smalspoor systeem hebben de Kamer er toe gebracht om te beschouwen dat boven een zekere hoogte, de gewone breede spoorwegen onnoodige en onproduktieve uitgaven veroorzaken, en dat met een hoofdsysteem van gewone spoorwegen het geld veel nuttiger gebruikt wordt om twee honderd mijlen ‘voedlijnen’ aanteleggen dan de bestaande lijnen de helft of het kwart van dien afstand te verlengen. De voorstanders van de smalsporen staan er op dat elk Fransch dorp door zijn klein spoorwegje behoorde verbonden te zijn, en zij argumenteeren dat de vermeerdering in transport vergemakkelijking meer zou opbrengen door de aansporing van landbouw en andere nijverheid, dan zij zouden kosten.”In Pruisen bestaan, sinds de “lichte spoorwegen wet,” in 1892 gepasseerd werd, niet minder dan 120 lichte spoorweg lijnen van verschillende breedten, en zijn er 60 in aanbouw.In 1897 in België had men 1,041 mijlen lichte spoorwegen. De gewone breedte is er 3 voet 3{{breuk|3|8}} duim, behalve in spoorwegen die men wil laten aansluiten aan die van Holland, waar de breedte 3 voet 6 duim is, terwijl de vroegere standaard breedte van 4 voet 8½ duim slechts bij uitzondering toegelaten wordt, in geval van korte lijnen die een zwaar traffiek moeten dragen. In de voormelde drie landen zijn verschillende breedten aangenomen; in België gebruikt men er drie, in Pruisen alleen 9 verschillende, en in het geheele Duitscland omtrent 30 breedten. Geen vaste, onveranderlijke regel kan neêrgelegd worden omtrent de aantenemen breedte, daar alles afhangt van het bedrag gelds beschikbaar voor den aanbouw, het waarschijnlijk bedrag van het vervoer, de kosten van het bewerken der lijn, enz. Toen ik sprak van een 2 voet breedte als de meest geschikte voor de Kolonie op het oogenblik, deed ik dit met het oog op zekere lijnen die spoedig hunne werkonkosten zouden opleveren, indien op deze breedte aangelegd; maar ik ben, aan den anderen kant, geheel overtuigd dat er ook distrikten zijn waar een lichte spoorweg van de gewone breedte beter zou beantwoorden. Er schijnt in de Kolonie een sterk gevoel te bestaan tegen het breken van de gewone breedte; “liever glad geen spoorweg als dit”, is eene uitdrukking die dikwijls gehoord is. Doch door te bewijzen dat men in andere landen niets tegen dit breken van de breedte heeft, zoolang dit niet geschiedt op een hoofdlijn, die doorvervoer heeft, doch slechts op “voeders” hoop ik aantetoonen dat de voorgemelde uitdrukking eene verkeerde is.</ref> * Die oorlaaikoste verskil van land tot land. In Indië is dit 1 pennie per ton; in Frankryk 2 pennies per ton; in Sakse (Duitsland) is dit 1 pennie per ton; in Suid-Australië is dit tussen 3 tot 5 pennies per ton. In die Kaapkolonie, waar arbeid goedkoop is, kan dit ongetwyfeld minder wees.<ref name="Bodtker2" /> * Omdat smalspore hul eie treine en trokke het wat alleen staan, kan die rollende materiaal van die hooflyn (die 3 voet 6 duim), sowel as ou waens, ens., nie daarop gebruik word nie. Dit is glo een van die sterkste argumente wat geopper kan word: As die groot trokke van die hooflyn nie eens fisies op dieselfde spore as die klein, stilstaande waentjies op die taklyn kan pas of gly nie, kán hulle mos nooit per ongeluk teen mekaar vasry of bots nie.<ref name="Bodtker2" /> * Dit is nie meer nodig om 'n spesiale werkswinkel te hê nie. Die werktuigkundige kan sommer na die plek self gaan, of die lokomotief kan op 'n abbawa gelaai word, so klein is hy.<ref name="Bodtker2" /> * Spoed is nie so 'n groot faktor of noodsaaklikheid op die taklyne of platteland nie. Die spoorlyne sal daarom langer hou omrede die trein veerlig is; die wrywing en slytasie is ook minder sodra daar gerem word. Die onderhoudskoste is dus minder.<ref name="Bodtker2">''De Zuid-Afrikaan.'' 1899. Kleine spoorwegen. 25 Februari, p. 3:<br>II<br>Het parlementaire comité van Victoria ging flink op de kwestie van breedten in, en de getuigenis van een aantal welbekende spoorwegmannen werd gehoord. In het opsommen van deze getuigenis, zegt het comité:<br>“Terwijl de getuigenis bewijst dat de aanleg van deze smalsporen zich in verscheidene landen uitbreidt en dat zij die praktische ondervinding er van hebben, gunstige opinies omtrent hun nut hebben, wordt het door de ingenieurs van het departement en andere getuigen aangemerkt, dat 2 voet en 2 voet 6 duim lijnen voor gewone spoorwegdoeleinden waardeloos zijn, en dat de voordeelen verkregen door hunne invoering overtroffen zullen worden de nadeelen verbonden aan het afwijken van de gewone breedte in Victoria in gebruik. De zaak is echter niet geheel en al eene van het ingenieursvak, en te veel gewicht moet niet gehecht worden aan de getuigenis van de ambtenaren van het departement.”<br>De heer Mais, hoofdingenieur van Zuid-Australië, waar de breedte op drie plekken gebroken wordt, zegt:— „Waar er een gering vervoer bestaat, geloof ik niet dat dit punt de moeite waard is,” en in een memorandum, door hem aan het comité gezonden, zegt hij:—<br>„Ik ben geen voorstander van eenige bijzondere breedte, maar ik heb een groote objectie tegen het breken van de breedte, indien die een grooten invloed heeft op de voorname hoofdlijnen, omdat de last en onkosten van het overladen vermeerdert met den groei van het vervoer. Maar als de groote kwestie is, dat de kosten van aanleg van zijtakken van den hoofdweg zoo groot zijn, dat zij zulke konstruktie beletten, en er middelen gevonden moeten worden om het land te ontwikkelen, dan zou ik in zulk een geval zijtakken laten bouwen op een kleinere breedte, en mij de ongemakken van het breken der breedte laten welgevallen.”<br>De algemeene bestuurder der spoorwegen in Tasmanië, gaf het volgende als zijne opinie te kennen:—<br>„Een soort van schrikbeeld is gemaakt van de zwarigheden en kosten verbonden aan het overladen, en er is onnoodiglijk te veel hierover gezegd. Als een transportrijder zijn wagen naar de statie brengt, dan moeten de goederen afgeladen worden en weder in de spoorwegwagens worden geladen. Hetzelfde wordt precies gedaan als de hoofdlijn goederen ontvangt van de smallere zijtakken.”<br>De nadeelen die volgens de verschillende getuigen, aan het breken van de breedte verbonden zijn, kunnen opgesomd worden als volgt:—<br>1. Het oponthoud en de schade aan goederen veroorzaakt bij de stations aan de punten van vereeniging, en de kosten van het overladen.<br>2. Het verlies veroorzaakt door de isolatie (alleen staan) van het smalle spoor, die belet dat het rollend materiaal en de oudere wagens er kunnen gebruikt worden.<br>3. De noodzakelijkheid om aparte reparatie-plaatsen te hebben, met een staf van bekwame werklieden bij elk punt van vereeniging.<br>4. De zwaardere werkkosten op de smalsporen, en de mindere kansen voor goedkoop en snel vervoer van passagiers en goederen.<br>5. De kleine draagkracht van lijnen op zulk eene nauwe breedte als 2 voet of 2 voet 6 duim.<br>De kosten van overlading verschillen in de verschillende landen. In Indië is het minder dan 1d. per ton, maar in dat land is arbeid dan ook zeer goedkoop. Volgens een rapport van de commissie aangesteld om onderzoek te doen naar den aanleg, het onderhoud en het werk van smalsporen, welk rapport in 1895 aan het parlement van deze Kolonie werd aangeboden, zijn de kosten van overladen in Frankrijk 2d. per ton. In Saksen (Duitschland) kunnen 10 ton steenkolen uit een wagen van de hoofdlijn op twee wagens van den „kleinen spoorweg” overgeladen worden door twee man in 1½ uur tegen een koste van 1d. per ton. De gemiddelde rato per ton aan de punten van vereeniging in Zuid-Australië wordt gezegd van 3d. tot 5d. per ton te zijn, en in de Kaapkolonie waar arbeid goedkoop is, kan het ongetwijfeld voor minder gedaan worden. De kosten van overlading hebben geen grooten invloed op eenigen spoorweg. Zeg dat wij een taklijn hebben 50 mijlen lang, en wij 20,000 ton per jaar heben overgeladen, dan vertegenwoordigt dit tegen 3d. per ton eene uitgave van £250 per jaar of £5 per mijl.<br>De meest ernstige objectie aangevoerd tegen het afwijken van de gewone breedte, is ontegenzeggelijk het feit dat de smalsporen alleen staan, en het rollend materiaal van de hoofdlijn, even als oude wagens, enz., er niet op kunnen gebruikt worden. Het is uiterst handig voor het departement om rollend materiaal te kunnen zenden naar eenig punt, waar er plotseling eene ophooping van goederen plaats vindt; maar hoe dikwijls wordt het niet vergeten dat de lokomotieven van de zware hoofdlijn niet op de lichtere lijnen (van dezelfde breedte) kunnen gebruikt worden zonder de laatsten veel schade toe te brengen. In de opinie van zekeren ingenieur, is dit een der sterkste argumenten ten gunste van het breken der breedte, anders zou geen aardsche macht personen kunnen beletten om het rollend materiaal van de hoofdlijn op de lichtere lijnen te gebruiken, en deze laatsten te vernielen.<br>Het wordt ook beweerd, dat het noodig zal zijn om afzonderlijke werkplaatsen en werklieden te hebben om het rollend materiaal van de smallere spoorwegen te repareeren. Dit is geheel onnoodig. Als er iets hapert aan een locomotief of wagen, kunnen de reparaties gedaan worden op de plaats zelve, door werklieden van de naastbij zijnde werkplaats, en als het noodzakelijk is, dat de locomotief groote reparaties vereischt, kan die op eene speciale wagen geplaatst worden en over de hoofdlijn naar eene werkplaats worden vervoerd; hiervoor bestaan speciale ingerichte toestellen, die slechts weinige minuten werk vereischen.<br>Als men wil zeggen dat de werk-onkosten van een smalspoor veel hooger zijn dan die van de hoofdlijn, dan mist zulke bewering allen grond. Het is een aan ingenieurs welbekend feit, dat op dezelfde hellingen, een smalspoor locomotief, haar gewicht in aanmerking nemende, een veel zwaardere vracht kan trekken dan de locomotief van de hoofdlijn. Het is duidelijk, dat zoolang de „kleine spoorwegen” het traffiek kunnen baas raken, zij veel goedkooper kunnen bewerkt worden dan de breede lijnen, waar zooveel doodgewicht voor niemand wordt getrokken. Snel vervoer is eene groote noodzakelijkheid op de hoofdlijnen, maar op de taklijnen is dit niet van zooveel belang, en een snelheid van 12 tot 25 mijlen per uur, kan, indien noodig met veiligheid bereikt worden op een smalspoor.<br>De heer Everard R. Calthrop, vroeger assistent locomotief-superintendent, van de groote Indische Peninsular Spoorweg, geeft in een brief aan de „Times” een aantal belangrijke bijzonderheden omtrent het werken der smalsporen in Indië. Hij zegt:—<br>„De feiten door cijfers aangetoond met betrekking tot de drie breedten zijn even belangrijk als onomstootelijk. Vergeleken met de gewone breedte, zijn de gemiddelde kosten van de lijn die een „meter” (3 voet 3 {{breuk|3|8}} d.) breed is, iets minder dan de helft, terwijl de kosten van een 2 voet 6 duim lijn, slechts 1-5 er van bedragen. Deze cijfers sluiten al het rollend materiaal en uitgaven van kapitaal in. Maar zelfs in aanmerking nemende, dat, toen de oude hoofdlijnen gebouwd werden spoorwegstaven en rollend materiaal duurder waren, zoo hebben wij toch het feit, dat met hetzelfde geld men 400 mijlen spoorweg van 2 voet 6 duim kan bouwen en met alles voorzien voor elke 100 mijlen spoorweg van de gewone breedte. In Indië ten minste, lijdt het geen twijfel, of een smalspoor 100 mijlen lang moet, als „voeder” voor de hoofdlijn en drager van Engelsche handelswaren, een veel grooter invloed hebben op de ontwikkeling van een ongeopend distrikt, dan een lijn van de gewone breedte met 75 mijlen weg er aan, waarover de goederen door wagens moeten vervoerd worden. In zulk een geval is het alleen de smalheid en bijgevolglijk de goedkoopte van de breedte, die den invloed doet gevoelen, door goedkooper vervoer te verbinden met een grooter gebied van traffiek. De kosten van overladen bij de punten van vereeniging zijn als niets vergeleken met het besparen van wagenvervoer over een distantie van 75 mijlen.”<br>Hetzelfde argument werd gebruikt in het Kaapsche parlement, door den ed. heer J. X. Merriman, toen de Caledon spoorweg wet in de laatste zitting besproken werd. Hij toonde aan dat een lijn naar Caledon gebouwd tegen minder dan £3,000 per mijl betalen kon, waar een meer kostbare lijn dit nimmer zou doen. Hij zeide ook dat de politiek van de Kaapkolonie moest zijn om elk belangrijk middelpunt met de hoofdlijn te verbinden, een politiek die met een zwaar verlies voor het land zou gepaard gaan, tenzij een smallere breedte dan de tegenwoordige, 3 voet 6 duim, werd aangenomen.<br>De voormelde heer Calthrop zegt verder:<br>„De ondervinding bewijst, dat een 2 voet 6 duim breed spoor door een arm distrikt loopende met een passagiersvervoer van minder dan ¼ van de hoofdlijn en met een goederenvervoer van 1-20 er van, en slechts een gemiddeld inkomen leverende van £5 8sh. per week niet alleen kan bestaan, maar zelfs een grooter percentage van winsten kan opleveren dan een hoofdlijn die door de beste distrikten loopt, en al het voorname vervoer krijgt.<br>De reeds gemelde commissie in 1895 door de Kaapsche regeering aangesteld, kwam verder tot het volgende besluit:—„Dat deze proeflijnen behooren gebouwd te worden op een 2 voet breedte, volgens het Decauville systeem en dat het werk van zodanigen aard behoort te zijn, dat in het geval dat de lijn niet betaald, zij zonder groot verlies kan worden opgegeven en naar eene andere plaats verlegd worden.”<br>Met zooveel getuigenis van deskundigen ten gunste van spoorwegen met een smalle breedte, is het te hopen, dat de Kaapkolonie niet zal weifelen om zonder verder uitstel een begin met den aanleg er van te maken. Men moet echter niet vergeten dat het aanleggen en het bouwen van deze smalle sporen heel wat verschilt van die der hoofdlijnen, en ten einde zulke smalle spoorwegen te doen slagen is het noodig dat de opmeting, zoo-wel als de aanleg en het bewerken van deze kleine spoorwegen gelaten wordt in de handen van mannen die er een speciale studie van gemaakt hebben. Als de „kleine spoorwegen” slechts een copie gaan zijn van de hoofdlijnen op kleiner schaal gebouwd, zal de zaak van het begin af eene mislukking zijn. Om hiertegen te waken, zou het raadzaam voor den commissaris van publieke werken zijn om een bekwaam ingenieur naar Europa te zenden om den aanleg en de bewerking van deze kleine spoorwegen voor geruimen tijd aldaar te bestudeeren, zoodat zulk een ingenieur zijn ondervinding alhier kan te pas brengen wanneer men hier met den aanleg begint. Een feit dat in geen geval uit het oog moet worden verloren is, dat hoe meer de lijn gebouwd is in overeenkomst met het werk dat zij te doen heeft, hoe goedkooper het werk zal gedaan en hoe meer renten zij op het kapitaal zal afwerpen. Gewoonlijk gebruikt men geen transportwagen en een span ossen om werk te doen, dat door een Schotsche kar en twee ossen kan gedaan worden.<br>Het voornaamste doel van een kleine spoorweg is om een distrikt te ontwikkelen, en daarom moet het zoo aangelegd worden, dat het zulk vervoer kan vangen, zelfs als men daartoe verplicht is om heel wat een rechte lijn af te wijken. De ingenieur die dus zulk een lijn moet opmeten heeft dus een veel zwaardere taak te volvoeren, dan hij die slechts twee gegevene punten langs den kortst mogelijken weg moet vereenigen. Hij moet de voortbrengende kracht van elke plaats in het distrikt in aanmerking nemen, vóór hij kan beslissen welke van alle mogelijke wegen het meeste vervoer aan de lijn zal brengen, en dit zonder de jaarlijksche kosten van bewerking op onmatige wijze te verhoogen. De kosten van vervoer hangen voornamelijk af van de richting die de lijn volgt. Als de meest „recht-uit” afstand tusschen twee punten wordt gekozen, met sterke hellingen en scherpe bochten, met het doel om de kosten van aanleg te verminderen, dan zullen de kosten van vervoer verhoogd worden. De ingenieur moet dus beslissen of het raadzamer is de oorspronkelijke kosten van aanleg van de lijn te verminderen door die kort te maken, of de kosten van vervoer te verlagen door een lijn aan te leggen, die gemakkelijker hellingen en minder scherpe bochten heeft. Hij moet niet alleen den besten weg kiezen uit een technisch oogpunt, maar ook door cijfers uitvinden wat het bedrag van het vervoer zal zijn, vóór hij kan besluiten welke soort van kleine spoorweg het beste voor dat bepaalde distrikt zal beantwoorden.<br>Uit wat hierboven gezegd is, valt het gemakkelijk te begrijpen, dat om de meest geschikte lijn aan te leggen tusschen twee bepaalde punten en er tevens van verzekerd te zijn dat die waarlijk de beste onder de omstandigheden is, geen lichte taak uitmaakt, en een groote kennis van theorie vereischt zoowel als van ondervinding. Opmetingen worden gewoonlijk in dit land op een haastige wijze gedaan, tusschen de zittingen van het parlement, en de noodige tijd wordt niet aan ingenieurs vergund om verschillende wegen met elkander te vergelijken. Het zou derhalve een voordeel voor de Kolonie zijn als een vasten staf van opmeters werd aangehouden om degelijk na te gaan wat men van de verschillende lijnen mag verwachten, en wat zij kunnen doen, alvorens een voorgestelde lijn afgepend en gebouwd wordt. De Kolonie kan er dan zeker van zijn, dat werkelijk de beste en goedkoopste lijn gebouwd was geworden, en dat niet herhaald zal worden wat alreeds gebeurd is, namelijk dat, toen men eens besloot om de hellingen op zekere lijn te verminderen, de ingenieur die het opzicht over het werk had, in staat was om hellingen van 1 in 40 te verminderen tot 1 in 80, zonder de lengte of kosten van anleg der lijn veel hooger te maken. Alles hangt af van eene degelijke opmeting, zoowel de kosten van aanleg als het goedkoope bewerken der lijn.</ref> * Malmesbury se skuld vir die terminuslyn is ook as argument ingespan. Teen 1889 moes die Kaapse regering elke jaar £8 700 rente aan die banke in Londen terugbetaal, bloot omdat die swaar Kaapse spoorlyn daar in die Swartland lê. Dit is nog sonder om die kapitaalkoste terug te delg. Nadat al die bedryfskoste afgetrek is, het die lyn die staat net 'n skamele £340 per jaar in die sak gebring.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1889. Het Parlement. Wetgevende Vergadering. 26 Julij, Begrooting. 27 Julij, p.3: [...] De heer Hofmeyr vond het niet mooi van den heer Louw om lawaai te gaan opschoppen, nu een district zonder Spoorweg, als Fraserburg, iets wilde. '''Malmesbury had een Spoorweg waar men £8,700's jaars rente voor betaalde, terwijl de Spoorweg slechts £340's jaars hiervoor opbragt.''' Wat de hr. Van der Walt betreft moest hij opmerken dat er nu reeds een menigte bruggen waren aangenomen, en het zou verkeerd zijn als men een district als Fraserburg, dat door hongersnood veel geleden had, en welks bewoners in de treurigste omstandigheden verkeerd hadden, niet wilde te gemoet komen.[...]</ref> :In 1897, byna 8 jaar later, staan sake so: die landbou-ekonomie het intussen effens verbeter en die totale geld wat by Malmesbury se kaartjieskantore en vragdepots ingesamel word, trek nou by 'n indrukwekkende £460 ''per myl''. C. Bodtker (siviele ingenieur) gebruik hierdie stewige "bruto-omset" as sy groot troefkaart, maar vir die gewone belastingbetaler verswyg hy die fynskrif. Om daardie swaar breedspoortreine deurlopend te laat loop, vreet die daaglikse bedryfsuitgawes — aan steenkool en spoorweglone — 'n reuse-kapitaal op, wat beteken die uiteindelike netto wins op die staat se belegging bly steeds op 'n patetiese 1,2% staan.{{voetnota|„£1 4s. 8d. percent” (wat £1,23 in vandag se desimale geld is), beteken dit dat vir elke £100 wat die staat aan daardie myl spoorlyn bestee het, hulle slegs £1,23 per jaar se skoon wins oorgehou het. Vandaar die 1,2%.}} :Bodtker gebruik hierdie finansiële verknorsing, en verpak die blink verkoopsargument baie eenvoudig: die probleem is nie dat die platteland te min vrag lewer nie, maar dat die bestaande spoorlyn destyds hopeloos te duur gebou is (£5 794 per myl). Was hierdie lyn maar liewer 'n veerligte smalspoor wat teen slegs £2 500 per myl aangelê is, verminder die staat sy jaarlikse Londense rentekoers dadelik met meer as die helfte, wat dieselfde klein plattelandse inkomste skielik op papier in 'n reusagtige 11%-wins sal omtower.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1899. Kleine Spoorwegen. 3 Maart, Bijvoegsel:<br>III.<br>De smalspoor lijnen behooren geene steilere hellingen te hebben dan 1 in 40, als de werkonkosten zoo laag mogelijk zullen worden gehouden. Er zijn echter een aantal lijnen met scherpere hellingen gebouwd, die met winst bewerkt worden. Als een voorbeeld noemen wij de Darjeeling Himalaya Railway, die 6600 voeten klimt in 40 mijlen, door middel van steilten van 1 in 23 en 1 in 28, en dat met een twee voet breedte; op zulke steilten kan een 14 ton lokomotief een gewicht van 25½ ton op zeven goederenwagens geladen, trekken. In de Kaapkolonie zou 1 in 30 waarschijnlijk de steilste helling zijn, die op een lijn noodig zou zijn om zwaar werk te vermijden, en deze helling behoort geen verhinderding te zijn voor het bouwen van lichte spoorwegen.<br>Er is tegenwoordig geen distrikt in de Kolonie, die een spoorweg, er doorloopende met een door-traffiek van 30,000 ton, elk jaar kan voorzien, en dit kan, zooals wij later zullen zien, vervoerd worden met een 14 ton lokomotief op de Darjeeling Himalaya spoorweg over een doorloopende gemiddelde helling van 1 in 29 over 16½ mijlen.<br>De twee voet breedte is de meest geschikte voor deze kolonie, daar het de boeren in staat zal stellen hunne plaatsen met de „kleine spoorwegen” te verbinden door middel van draagbare spoorwegstaven, en zij kunnen op die wijze hunne produkten dadelijk van hunne plaatsen of landerijen verzenden zonder die eerst op eene wagen te laden. Het is de boer die de „kleine spoorweg” zal ondersteunen, en men moet derhalve het eerst zijne belangen in het oog houden.<br>Een 2 voet breede spoorweg kan in zeer korten tijd gebouwd worden, en om die reden is deze breedte aangenomen door de militaire autoriteiten op het vasteland. Een regiment soldaten bouwt thans een kleine spoorweg van Swakopmond naar Windhoek, in Duitsch West Afrika, waarvan omtrent 26 mijlen klaar zijn. De spoorwegstaven wegen 19 lbs. per yard en zijn 16½ voet lang, terwijl de lokomotieven slechts 7½ ton wegen en de steilste helling 1 in 18 is.<br>De hoofd-ingenieur van de Kaapsche regeerings-spoorwegen stelde in zijn rapport over lichte spoorwegen voor, dat ingeval de lijnen van 2 voet breedte niet goed beantwoordden, zij zonder een groot verlies opgegeven konden worden, en de lijnen afgebroken en ergens anders konden geprobeerd worden. Op het eerste gezicht zou het meesten van ons toeschijnen, dat om een spoorweg te bouwen en het dan weder af te breken, een te kostbare proefneming is. Toch wordt dit elke keer gedaan door de militaire autoriteiten op het vaste land van Europa.<br>De wijdte der spoordijk voor een 2 voet spoorweg behoeft niet meer te zijn dan tusschen de 6 en 8 voet, of omtrent de helft der breedte van de dijken der tegenwoordige Kaapsche spoorwegen. De „kleine spoorwegen” volgen de formatie van den grond, en als regel is het onnoodig om hooge dijken of doorgravingen te hebben. In de Kaapkolonie moet een spoorweg dikwijls groote kloven kruisen, waar de spoorweg-dijken 30 of 40 voet hoog moeten zijn, zoolang de kleinste bocht toegelaten een radius heeft van 5 kettingen. Met bochten van een radius van 1½ ketting kunnen die kloven beklommen worden. De kosten van de aardewerken van een „kleine spoorweg” behooren in geen geval £300 per mijl te boven te gaan, terwijl de kosten van de aardewerken der spoorwegen die men spoedig van plan is in de Kolonie te bouwen, tusschen £1,000 en £2,000 zullen bedragen. De voornaamste kosten verbonden aan het leggen van een „goedkoope spoorweg” is de permanente weg, en daar het van het hoogste belang is dat de rails sterk genoeg moeten zijn om het rollend materiaal en goederen te dragen die over den spoorweg zullen gaan, behoort het gewicht der rails niet tot op zijn laagste punt te worden gebracht. Zulks te doen zou een noodlottige misstap zijn, daar de permanente weg van het grootste belang is voor het veilig en spaarzaam bewerken van de lijn. Spoorstaven voor lijnen die waarschijnlijk een vast bestaan zullen hebben, behooren niet minder dan 30 lbs. per loopende yard te wegen, en waar er hellingen steiler zijn dan 1 in 40 voor een aanzienlijke lengte, zelfs niet minder dan 40 lbs. per yard met 2,150 stalen sleepers per mijl.<br>Een Duitsche firma, die verschillende lichte spoorwegen in Oost-Pruisen met uitnemende resultaten heeft aangelegd, heeft mij vele kostbare inlichtingen gegeven over het onderwerp van het bouwen van lichte spoorwegen. Die firma berekent dat de kosten van zulk een permanente weg met 40 lbs. rails omtrent £1,000 per mijl zal kosten, afgeleverd in een der havens van de Kolonie. Als wij daarbij £350 per mijl voegen voor het leggen van den weg, en het voorzien er van met ballast krijgen wij een totaal per mijl van £1,350. De derde belangrijke uitgave in de kosten van een „kleine spoorweg” is die voor bruggen en overgangen.<br>De rivieren in deze Kolonie te worden overbrugd, hebben dikwijls zeer hooge wallen, en zijn onderhevig aan sterke overstroomingen, en in zekere tijden rijzen en vallen zij zeer snel. In de gevallen van vele rivieren zou het verstandig zijn om, inplaats van een brug met diepe fondamenten aan te leggen, die nog bovendien vele voeten hooger moet zijn dan de hoogst bekende overstrooming, dwars over de rivier te gaan met een muur van metsel- of concreetwerk. In zulk een geval mag de communicatie een paar dagen lang, nu en dan gestoord worden, maar dit is van minder belang in verband met het feit dat men duizenden van ponden zou sparen, vooral als er niet zeer veel vervoer over de lijn is. Waar het eenigszins kan, behoort zulk een muur zoodanig te worden gebouwd, dat het als een dam kan gebruikt worden, hetzij voor besproeiing of voor het drenken van vee. Dit is reeds in twee of drie gevallen gedaan, b.v. te Grahamstown, waar door de spoordijk een uitmuntende dam gemaakt wordt. Waar bruggen absoluut noodzakelijk zijn, behooren dezelfde soort gebruikt te worden, die thans in zwang zijn bij de militaire werken op het vaste land van Europa, n.l. het Lübbeke systeem, dat gemakkelijk uitelkander te nemen is, en even gemakkelijk weder opgericht kan worden. Deze bruggen werden ook aanbevolen door de ingenieurs die de Duitsch Oost-Afrika centrale spoorweg hebben opgemeten. Hoewel bruggen een zware post zijn in de onkosten van de Kaapsche regeerings-spoorwegen behooren hunne kosten voor een 2 voet breede spoorweglijn geen £500 per mijl te boven te gaan. Als wij nu hierbij £400 per mijl voegen voor rollend materiaal, staties, gebouwen en andere benoodigdheden, dan komen wij tot het resultaat, dat een mijl van 2 voet breede spoorweg met 40 lbs. rails niet meer behoort te kosten dan £2,550. En dit is een zeer hooge berekening, die alleen onder zeer bijzondere omstandigheden zal behoeven overschreden te worden. Wij hebben op het oogenblik in Zuid-Afrika de Beira-spoorweg, ter breedte van 2 voet, en de Namaqua-spoorweg ter breedte van 2 voet 6 duim, maar hoewel ik de bestuurders van die lijnen heb verzocht om informatie omtrent de kosten van aanleg en bewerking, heb ik daaromtrent geen antwoord ontvangen. Uit de getuigenis afgelegd voor de commissie aangesteld om aan het Koloniale gouvernement rapport te doen aangaande lichte spoorwegen, blijkt het echter dat een lijn als die van Beira voor £2,000 per mijl kan worden gebouwd.<br>De ed. heer J X Merriman zeide gedurende de laatste zitting in het parlement, dat de Namaqualand spoorw. een succes was. De helft er van gaat door zeer zwaar terrein, de andere helft over een gemakkelijke streek. Het werd oorspronkelijk gebouwd tegen £1,400, maar later herlegde men de lijn met zwaardere spoorwegstaven, zoodat de tegenwoordige kosten £2,550 per mijl bedragen. Natuurlijk kan men de kosten van lichte spoorwegen in Europa niet gebruiken als eene maatstaf voor de Kolonie. De reeds te voren gemelde commissie door de Kaapsche regeering aangesteld, schatte de kosten van een „kleinen spoorweg” tegen tusschen £2,000 en £3,000.<br>Wij moeten thans overgaan om een schatting te maken wat de waarschijnlijke verdiensten van eene „kleine spoorweg” in de Kolonie zouden zijn en daartoe is het noodig na te gaan wat de tegenwoordige lijnen verdienen. De grove verdiensten van de Kaapsche regeerings-spoorwegen in 1897, waren volgens verslag van den algemeenen bestuurder, £1,621 per geopende mijl, maar veel van deze som werd verdiend op doorvervoer. Als wij naar de taklijnen zien, '''dan bevinden wij dat de Malmesbury lijn £460 per mijl verdiende''', de Aliwal Noord tak £825, de Graaff-Reinet lijn £453 en de Grahamstown tak £638. De grove verdiensten van de nieuwe Cape Central Railway, die een ontwikkelings-tak is van Worcester naar Ashton bedragen niet minder dan £445 per jaar. '''Al de takken der Kaapsche spoorwegen toonen met uitzondering van de Malmesbury tak, een groote vermeerdering van verdiensten aan.''' Alles in aanmerking genomen, kan er geen twijfel bestaan of de nieuwe aan te leggen lijnen kunnen van het begin af aan op een verdienste van £200 per mijl rekenen, die de tegenwoordige vermeerdering in de verdiensten der bestaande takken in aanmerking nemende, langzaam hooger zal worden en binnen 5 jaar na hun aanleg £300 per mijl zal kunnen bedragen. Allen die zorgvuldig de ontwikkeling van het spoorwegsysteem in de Kolonie hebben nagegaan, zullen moeten erkennen dat dit een zeer gematigde berekening is.<br>De kosten van bewerken hangen van zoo veel dingen af en verschillen zoodanig, dat het onmogelijk is om met eenige nauwkeurigheid te zeggen wat zij voor een „kleinen spoorweg” in de Kolonie zullen bedragen, zonder bekend te zijn met de lengte, de hoeveelheid goederen te worden vervoerd, de bochten en de hellingen. Zij zullen echter heel wat minder zijn dan die der tegenwoordige lijnen. '''In 1897 waren de werkonkosten op de Malmesbury lijn 6s. per treinmijl''', terwijl die op de Graaff-Reinet lijn slechts 3s. 5d. per treinmijl beliepen.<br>De heer Mackay, in zijn boek over „Lichte spoorwegen” zegt, dat de werk-onkosten op lichte lijnen in de Kolonie geen 2s. 6d. per mijl behooren te boven te gaan, met een treindienst van 1,200 treinmijlen per mijl per jaar, en dit meent twee treinen per dag, heen en weer. De Nieuwe Kaapsche Centrale spoorweg heeft een treindienst van omtrent 1,300 mijlen per geopende mijl, en de werkonkosten bedroegen in 1896 3s. 6d. per mijl, en met meer betaalbare vrachten in evenredigheid tot het geheele gewicht der trein, zouden zij waarschijnlijk het bedrag van 2s. 6d. niet te boven gaan. In Europa bedragen de werkonkosten van sommige der kleine spoorwegen slechts 1s. per treinmijl, maar dan hebben zij een drie- of viermaal grooteren treindienst, dan een kleine spoorweg in de Kolonie kan hebben, zonder ledige spoorwagens te laten loopen. Er zijn echter zekere vaste bedragen in rekening te brengen, die steeds dezelfde blijven, of de traffiek veel of min is. Als wij de werkonkosten van kleine spoorwegen met één dagelijksche trein, heen en weer, op 3sh. 6d. per mijl stellen, dan behoeft zulk eene begrooting in de Kolonie zeker niet te buiten worden gegaan, behalve in zeer bijzondere gevallen, en met twee treinen per dag in elke richting behooren zij geen 2s. 6d. te boven te gaan. Dit is £158 per mijl per jaar, en is zeer hoog voor lijnen van 2 voet breedte.<br>Het is een der grootste misslagen die een land kan maken om dure lijnen te bouwen tegen hooge kosten, als de inkomsten van zulke lijnen te worden verkregen, de uitgaven niet rechtvaardigen. De kolonie Nieuw Zuid-Wales heeft 17 taklijnen met een mijllengte van 1,112 mijlen, en al deze lijnen, met uitzondering van twee hebben traffiek genoeg om de werkonkosten te betalen en nog iets voor renten over te houden, maar tengevolge van de zware onkosten van het aanleggen er van, verliest die Kolonie elk jaar omtrent £320,000 op die lijnen. In de Kaapkolonie zijn weinig taklijnen in staat om iets bij te dragen tot de renten op het kapitaal. Volgens het rapport van den algemeenen bestuurder voor 1897, '''verdiende de Malmesbury-lijn slechts £1 4s. 8d. percent'''; de Graaff-Reinet-lijn 6s. 3d. en de Grahamstown-lijn 18s. 5d. percent op het belegde kapitaal. Waren „lichte spoorwegen” in die gevallen gebouwd geweest, dan hadden ze waarschijnlijk niet alleen de volle rente op het kapitaal afgeworpen, maar de regeering in staat gesteld om de tarieven te verlagen ten gunste van de distrikten die zij behooren te ontwikkelen. '''De Malmesbury-lijn werd gebouwd voor £5,794 per mijl, en een „kleine spoorweg” zou gebouwd geweest zijn voor £2,500 per mijl, terwijl het dezelfde diensten zou hebben gedaan, en tegen de helft der kosten zou kunnen bewerkt worden. Terwijl de tegenwoordige lijn een zuivere winst van iets over 1 percent op het belegde kapitaal afwerpt, zou de kleine lijn met dezelfde verdiensten omtrent 11 percent winst hebben kunnen aantoonen, en dit is groot genoeg om de regeering in staat te stellen het tarief aanzienlijk te verminderen.'''</ref> === Hopefield-lyn se klagtes === Die vragvervoerdiens (11 Oktober 1902) by Darling is amper nie eens 'n maand oud nie, of D.C. de Waal sê op 6 November 1902 tydens 'n parlementêre sitting hy hoor dat die spoorwaens op die Kalabas-lyn herhaaldelik omslaan as hulle met bale hooi gelaai is.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1902. Parlement. Wetgevende Vergadering. Donderdag, 6 November, 1902. Spoorweg Verlenging Wetsontwerp. 11 November, p. 5: De heer D.C. de Waal zei, dat er in andere landen slechts in buitengewone gevalle tweevoet lijnen gebruikt werden. Hij had gehoord, dat de spoorwagens herhaaldelijk omsloegen op de Kalabaskraal lijn, wanneer zij met balen hooi geladen waren. Hij wou aanraden om te bezinnen voor dat men begon. Dit was zijn raad. Men moest eerst zien hoe de Kalabaskraal lijn zou beantwoorden voordat men andere ter hand zou nemen.</ref> Dit was nog voordat Hopefield se lyn amptelik geopen is. Skaars drie maande ná die opening van die Hopefield-lyn, hoop die klagtes op. By 'n openbare vergadering op 19 Mei 1903 te Malmesbury kla leweransiers nie alleen oor vertragings wat hul winste opvreet en klandisie laat verloor nie, maar ook die laai en oorlaai van goedere van spoor na spoor wat eenvoudig net nie plaasvind nie. By hierdie oorlaai word goedere ook alte dikwels gesteel. Ene meneer Van Aarde kla spesifiek oor die smalspoorlyn langs Kalabaskraal na Darling en Hopefield, en meneer Stucke (Stucke en Co.) beaam dit ten volle.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Malmesbury en de spoorwegkwestie. 21 Mei, p. 6: Een Kaapsche tijdgenoot geeft een verslag van zijn rapporteur te Malmesbury van een bezoek van den heer Paterson, Assistent Bestuurder van Spoorwegvervoer, aldaar gebracht om onderzoek te doen naar zekere spoorweg grieven. Het was den morgen van zijn komst, op 19 dezer, dat hij zamen met eenige kooplieden het station bezocht, om later op den dag met het belanghebbend publiek een bijeenkomst op het stadhuis te houden. De heer Rood, van de firma Rood en Pemberton, bekleedde den voorzitterstoel, en las een brief van 5 laatstleden voor, waarin de grieven worden uiteengezet. Zij wezen vooral op het gebrek aan Prieska. Zoo veel produkten en andere goederen waren aan het station bijeen dat, als men maar met de verzending er van evenveel haast wilde maken als sedert December tot een eind in April, het twintig maanden zou duren eer alles verzonden was; en wat hier beweerd werd zou men zien de waarheid te zijn als men de boeken naging. Op Maandag, Woensdag en Vrijdag deed men bijna niets dan de treinen te verplaatsen, zoodat er aan laden niet gedaan werd; en de verzending der goederen aan hun adressen was zoodanig dat men overstroomd werd met brieven en telegrammen over goederen die men lang had moeten ontvangen maar wel vier weken of meer schenen noodig te hebben om 50 mijlen ver te worden vervoerd. Men scheen thans een mooi seizoen voor zich te hebben, maar wat hielp dit als men geen gelegenheid had zijn oogst te verzenden. De oorlog, voegde de voorzitter er bij, had groote bezwaren gebracht, maar de vrede had deze niet verminderd, en het zou tot het eind van 1904 duren eer men, tenzij er verlichting kwam, met het thans verzondene in orde was. Aan het sluiten van kontrakten was geen denken, en de vertraging gaf de kooplieden dubbel werk, terwijl de landbouwer de gereedschappen niet ontving die hij voor zijn bedrijf noodig had. Een der eerste veranderingen die men hebben moest was ’t maken van twee aparte goederenloodsen, een voor ’t verzenden en een voor het ontvangen van goederen. Nadat deze toespraak met toejuiching was ontvangen, sprak de heer Lombard over de aflevering van goederen, die in vele gevallen zoo laat geschiedde, dat wie ze verwachtte ze niet langer noodig had; ploegen als de ploegtijd, mest als die der bemesting over was. Zijn firma had hierdoor goede klanten verloren. De heer Koch (Smuts en Koch) zeide dat de negotie niets waard was als zij onder zulke omstandigheden moest gedreven worden; men moest bestellingen afwijzen omdat men wist dat men er niet aan voldoen kon, iets wat hij staafde door het voorlezen van brieven. '''De heer Van Aarde klaagde over het vervoer van goederen langs de enge lijn van Kalabaskraal naar Darling en Hopefield; de goederen bleven te Kalabaskraal tijden lang liggen eer zij werden overgeladen op de trucks voor het enge spoor, en in één geval was het gevolg, dat de besteller de goederen niet meer wilde. De heer Stucke (Stucke en Co.) bevestigde dit ten volle; al het kwaad kwam van het verzuim bij het laden en overladen, waar geen behoorlijke plek voor was en dat dus niet naar eisch kon geschieden. Het was een uiterst duur stelsel waar men onder werken moest. Na een paar klachten over het plunderen van goederen''' sprak de heer Lombard vooral tegen speciale treinen op Zondag, waar men geen volk voor kon krijgen zonder dubbele betaling, en dan kwam nog dikwijls de trein te laat, zoodat dit loon voor niet werd betaald. Verscheidene andere sprekers waren insgelijks tegen den Zondagschen goederentrein en over het gebrek aan personeel aan het station, en de voorzitter sloot de discussie met te zeggen, dat de heer Paterson nu zelf overtuigd moest zijn dat de schuld van het niet afleveren der goederen niet lag bij de kooplieden.<br>De heer Paterson erkende dat er grieven waren en dat men ze hem in beleefde bewoordingen had voorgelegd, maar wees er op dat het spoorweg departement het zeer zwaar had, want behalve dat men voor den terugkeer der ballingen had moeten zorgen was het gewone vervoer veel grooter dan ooit, en het bezwaar lag dan ook minder aan gebrek aan trucks dan aan dat van locomotieven om ze te vervoeren, iets wat men de geheele lijn ver van Kaapstad tot De Aar zien kon. Dat er voor Malmesbury niet behoorlijk gezorgd was, daar was geen twijfel aan. (Toejuiching). Men moest geld uitgeven om dit kwaad te verbeteren, en wel vooreerst door vergrooting der goederenloods; en al de grieven die men hem had voorgelegd zou hij tevens meedeelen aan den algemeenen bestuurder en directeur van het vervoer. Vooral zou hij dezen ook de zaak der Kalabaskraal lijn onder het oog brengen, maar hij wist niet van verzuim bij het overladen; en wat het plunderen betrof, daar werd ook elders over geklaagd, doch strenge maatregelen werden er tegen genomen. Voor vergrooting van het terrein aan het station was reeds last gegeven; de speciale Zondagstrein was slechts een maatregel van tijdelijken aard, en door den drang der omstandigheden genomen. Tegen werk op Zondag was hij zelf. Hij hoopte Malmesbury van een behoorlijk aantal trucks te zullen voorzien, en het verheugde hem dat de kooplieden minder kwaai waren dan hij zich had voorgesteld. Een dankbetuiging aan den heer Paterson en den voorzitter was het eind der verrichtingen.</ref> Maar sekerlik niemand het meer kritiek oor die spoorlyn nie as die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke, mnr. Douglass. Hy sit die probleme tydens sy parlementsrede op 30 Junie 1903 só uiteen:<ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Parlement. Dinsdag, 30 Juni, 1908. Spoorwegen Verlenging Wetsontwerp. 2 Juli, p. 6: Twee voet lijnen voldeden niet, dan alleen indien geen overlading behoefde plaats te hebben. Spreker refereerde naar Indië waar men het 2 voet lijn systeem had los gelaten en de 2 voet 6 duims wijdte had aangenomen. De Commissaris las hier het rapport daaromtrent van den Secretaris van Publieke Werken in Indië. Het rapport bevatte verder een paragraaf, waarin er op gewezen werd, dat daar steeds bij aanleg van spoorwegen rekening werd gehouden met de wijdte van de hooflijn. Spreker haalde verder het rapport aan van den hoofdingenieur der Queensland spoorwegen, die een onderzoekingsreis voor dat doel had gemaakt door Amerika en Europa, om het smalle systeem te bestudeeren, en dit rapport was uitgebracht tegen verandering der wijdte. Spreker wees er verder op dat, dat smalle spoorwegen voor landbouw distrikten in den oogsttijd niet voldeden, tenzij er voldoende rollende materieel is, om de produkten te vervoeren. En dit rollen materieel zou dan minsten negen van den twaalf maanden ongebruikt liggen. Dan kwam de kwestie van de overlading van smalle op breede spoorwegen. Te Kalabaskraal waren de overladingskosten opgegeven te bedragen 4d. per ton, doch deze waren 1s. 8d. per ton geweest, voor de laatste twee maanden. Verder zoude nog op de smalle spoorwegen bij overlading het aantal handen dienen te worden vermeerderd, wat in dit land een groote zwarigheid opleverde. Men gebruikte aldaar twee lading meesters en achttien kleurlingen. Als er overlading moest plaats hebben, liep men tevens het gevaar van stelen. De overlading te Kalabaskraal berekend per maand kwam tot £70 per maand. De kontrakteur dier lijn had gezegd voor £600 per mijl meer een 3 voet 6 duims lijn te zullen maken, en daar de lijn 47½ mijl lang was, zouden de meerder kosten in ronde cijfers £30,000 beloopen hebben. De interest van dat kapitaal berekend tegen 4 percent zoude £1,050 beloopen, terwijl de overladingskosten thans £840 per jaar bedragen, dus voor ruim £200 per jaar meer zoude men een 3 voet 6 duims breed spoor kunnen gehad hebben. Rekende men daar af nog het bedrag dat gestolen werden de meerdere jaarlijksche kosten zeer gering. [...]</ref><ref name="Parlement30Junie1903">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Debates_in_the_House_of_Assembly/wQ9KAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=Kalabras%20Kraal&pg=PA192&printsec=frontcover Debates in the House of Assembly. 1903. Fifth Session of the Tenth Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, 5th June to 31st August, 1903. Cape Town: Cape Times Limited.]</ref> :'''Ten eerste''' het die Sekretaris van Openbare Werke in Indië, Lord George Hamilton, vir Douglass meegedeel die smalspoorlyne (van 2 vt.) word nie meer in Indië gelê nie; hulle maak nou liewer gebruik van die die Kaapspoor, 3 voet 6 duim. Die hoofingenieur van Queensland het tydens sy reis deur Amerika, Kanada en Europa bevind almal waarsku teen smalspoorlyne. Sodra die oestyd kom, oorskry die spoor sy kapasiteit. Boonop staan hierdie trokke vir 9 maande van die jaar doodstil.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /><ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6" /> :'''Ten tweede''' is die oorlaaikoste buitensporig. By Kalabaskraal sou die oorlaaikoste aanvanklik 4 tot 6 pennies per Britse ton gekos het, maar nou is dit tans 1 sjieling, 8 pennies en 2 fartings per ton.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /><ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6" /> :'''Ten derde''' sit die Kaapkolonie reeds met 'n arbeidstekort, en by die oorlaai van die vrag word twee laaimeesters en 18 arbeiders benodig.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /><ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6" /> :'''Ten vierde.''' Die kontrakteur van daardie lyn voer aan hy sou £600 per myl meer vir die aanbou van die gewone Kaapse spoor gevra het; aangesien die lyn 47½ myl lank was, sou die bykomende koste £30 000 beloop het. Die rente op hierdie kapitaal, bereken teen 4 persent, sou £1 050 per jaar bedra. £600 per myl meer lyk op papier nogal baie, maar in die praktyk is dit minder. Die somme moet mooi bereken word. Die oorlaaikoste van die vrag beloop £70 per maand, dit wil sê £840 per jaar wat die spoordiens in die water gooi. Dit is natuurlik nog voordat mens die onregstreekse ekonomiese skade vir die streek inreken. As mens boonop die onnodige onkoste soos skade, brekerasies en diefstal (by hierdie oorlaai) hierby insluit, dan kon mens liewer teen £200 meer per jaar 'n duursame 3 voet 6 duim spoor aangeskaf het.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /><ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6" /> :'''Ten vyfde.''' Sou daar 'n ernstige ongeluk plaasgevind het, of die lokomotief raak buite werking, of die trokke moet herstel word, moet al daardie rollende materiaal op abbawaens eers na Soutrivier gestuur word, of 'n span moet spesiaal die herstelwerk daarbo gaan doen, want die trein kan nie op die Kaapse spoor loop nie.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /><ref name="Zuidafrikaan2juli1903.6" /> :'''Ten sesde.''' Omdat die lokomotiefenjins baie kleiner is om op die smalspoorlyn te pas, is hulle stadiger. Die spoorwegpersoneel het egter hulle vaste loontarief, dus werk hulle stadiger, maar moet teen langer ure teen dieselfde tarief betaal word as diegene wat op die Kaapse spoor met groter enjins werk. Die loon per treinmyl van die 2 voet-lyn is dus hoër as dié van die 3 voet 6 duim s'n.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /> :'''Ten sewende.''' Die aanname dat die kleiner lokomotief vir 'n nouer spoor minder steenkool sou gebruik, is verkeerd bewys. Dit blyk dat die groter enjins as 't ware minder steenkool in verhouding benodig om dieselfde stoomdruk op te bou.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /> Douglass kom tot die slotsom: 'n smalspoorlyn is slegs lonend indien daar skerp draaie in die gebied voorkom, of indien daar bittermin spoorverkeer is.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /> [[File:Report (IA reportrail00cape).pdf|duimnael|250px|regs|Verslag van die Gekose Komitee aangaande die Kalabaskraal-Hopefieldspoorlyn (1904), in opdrag van die Wetgewende Raad]] Op 19 April 1904 stel Cyril Alexander Owen-Lewis (LWR vir die Noordwestelike Provinsie) in die Wetgewende Raad voor 'n komitee moet saamgestel word ter ondersoek van die smalspoor vanaf Kalabaskraal na Hopefield. Dit moet die boere die geleentheid bied om hul griewe te lug. Jacobus Arnoldus Combrink Graaff (LWR vir die Noordwestelike Provinsie) steun die voorstel. Hy sê daar heers groot ontevredenheid.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1904. Parlement, Wetgevende Raad, Dinsdag, 19 April, Spoorweg Kalabaskraal-Hopefield. 21 April, p. 3: De heer OWEN-LEWIS stelde voor: Dat een comité worde aangesteld om getuigenis in te winnen, om papieren te vragen en rapport te doen over de algemeene werking van de smalle spoorweg lijn van Kalabaskraal naar Hopefield. Het comité te bestaan uit de heeren Pyott, Smith, Graaff, Kol. Bayley, Ross, Barrable, I. J. van Zijl en den voorsteller.<br>De Voorsteller lichtte zijn motie toe en wilde den boeren in dat distrikt gelegenheid geven hun grieven betreffen-de dien spoorweg kenbaar te maken, vooral waar geklaagd werd over groote verliezen; ten gevolge van het overladen der goederen uit spoorwagens van een breeden spoorweg in die, loopende over dezen smallen spoorweg.<br>De ed. heer GRAAFF ondersteunde 't voorstel. Hij zei, dat er groote ontevredenheid in de zaak bestond.</ref> Op 26 Mei 1904 word die '''Verslag van die Gekose Komitee aangaande die Kalabaskraal-Hopefieldspoorlyn (1904)''', wat in opdrag van die Wetgewende Raad opgestel is, bespreek.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> Luidens die verslag is klagtes aangehoor van die verteenwoordigers vir die boere en handelaars van Darling en Hopefield, maar ook die getuienis van spoorwegbeamptes is ingewin. Die komitee doen die volgende voorstelle aan die hand:<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(1) 'n Bevoegde amptenaar moet oor die hele lyn verantwoordelik wees, vir die beheer en bestuur daarvan.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(2) Die tariewe van die smalspoor moet verminder word, op een lyn met die tariewe wat op die hooflyn gevra word. Tans is die goederetarief dubbeld soveel as wat die hooflyn vra.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(3) Gedekte trokke, en plat trokke (tans in gebruik) moet met klappe voorsien word.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(4) Geskikte oorlaai- en bergplek moet verskaf word. Skure moet gebou word vir die berging van goedere en produkte wat op die lyn vervoer word, asook 'n ruim goedereloods vir die oorlaai by Kalabaskraal.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(5) Die stasies moet omhein word; vee verniel die produkte wat daar by die stasie lê.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(6) Alle pogings moet aangewend word om die oorlaai van goedere te bespoedig en te vergemaklik, deur 'n bekwame voorman oor die spoorwegwerkers aan te stel.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(7) Die treindiens moet passasiers akkommodeer wat te Hopefield die vroeë trein vanaf Kalabaskraal na Kaapstad betyds wil haal. Fasiliteite op die eerste-, tweede- en derdeklaskompartemente behoort ook na behore verskaf te word.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> :(8) Elke voorsorgmaatreël moet getref word om bederfbare produkte in 'n ongeskonde toestand te hou by die versending en oorlaai; al hierdie op- en aflaaiwerk moet onder bekwame toesig geskied.<ref name="Owenverslag1904" /> Tydens die debat hoop Graaff (LWR) die regering bou nie gou weer smalspoorlyne nie; dit is duidelik wat 'n mislukking hierdie tipe spoorweë is.<ref name="Owenverslag1904">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1904. Parlement. Wetgevende Raad. 26 Mei. Kalabaskraal-Hopefield Spoorweg. 28 Mei, p. 3:De Ed. heer OWEN-LEWIS leidde het debat in op het rapport van het select comité op den Kalabaskraal-Hopefield Spoorweg. Hij zei, dat het comité in al de klachten tegen de werking van den spoorweg was getreden en lichtte daarop het rapport dat hieronder volgt toe.<br>Uw comité, het getuigenis genomen hebbende van de spoorweg beambten, die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de werking van de lijn, en gehoord hebbende het getuigenis van de vertegenwoordigers van de boeren en handelaars van Darling en Hopefield, wenscht de volgende suggesties te doen, dewelke, het meent, als er op gehandeld wordt, strekken mogen tot een meer bevredigende werking van den spoorweg, dan tot hiertoe is geschied.<br>(1) Dat een bevoegd ambtenaar in vollen last van de geheele lijn moet worden geplaatst en verantwoordelijk moet wezen voor 't beheer en 't bestuur daarvan.<br>(2) Dat de tarieven thans gevraagd op de smalle lijn verminderd moeten worden, opdat ze meer gelijkvormig zullen zijn met de tarieven die op de hoofdlijn gevorderd worden.<br>(3) Dat gedekte trucks moeten worden verschaft, en de platte trucks, welke thans in gebruik zijn met kanten moeten worden voorzien.<br>(4) Dat geschikte accommodatie en "sheds" gebouwd moeten worden voor het bergen van de produkten, die op de lijn vervoerd worden, en dat een ruime loods voor overlading te Kalabaskraal moet worden gebouwd.<br>(5) Dat de staties omheind moeten worden om vee te beletten de produkten die daar liggen, te vernielen.<br>(6) Dat alle pogingen moeten worden aangewend, om de wijze van overlading van goederen te verbeteren, door een zeer geschikt man aan 't hoofd der arbeiders te plaatsen.<br>(7) Dat de treindienst moet worden verbeterd en versneld en alsoo veranderd worden om passagiers van Hopefield in staat te stellen in tijd te zijn voor den vroegen trein van Kalabaskraal naar Kaapstad; en dat er eerste-, tweede- en derde klas compartimenten behooren verschaft te worden.<br>(8) Dat elke voorzorgsmaatregel moet worden genomen om bederfelijke produkten te behouden gedurende hun verzending en overlading, en om te zorgen dat al het op- en afladen dier produkten onder bekwaam toezicht zal geschieden.<br>(9) Ten slotte wenscht uw comité er op te wijzen dat bekwaam bestuur, verbeterde accommodatie voor overlading en berging, en een liberaler behandeling inzake de tarieven hoogst noodzakelijk zijn om de nadeelen te verminderen, die geleden worden door degenen, die gedwongen zijn gebruik te maken van een lijn, die in breedte verschilt van de hoofdlijn, waaraan ze verbonden is.<br>De Ed. heer WILMOT secondeerde de aanneming van het rapport. Spreker vond het met het oog op de Port Elizabeth-Avontuur lijn uitstekend dat men eerst het succes van andere smalspoorwegen zou nagaan. Het Ed. lid wilde weten of de tarieven thans op den smalspoorweg van kracht betalend waren of niet, en in het eerste geval, in hoeverre die konden worden verminderd.<br>De Ed. heer GRAAFF hoopte, dat de regeering niet spoedig weer smalle spoorwegen zou bouwen, nadat het soo duidelijk was gebleken welk een mislukking zoodanige spoorwegen waren.<br>De Ed. heer OWEN-LEWIS wees er op dat de tarieven op de smalspoorweglijnen veel hooger waren dan op den breeden spoorweg. Behalve dat was het nadeel van overlading zoo groot, dat de boeren hun produkten mijlen ver per wagen vervoerden. Als nu de tarieven werden verlaagd zou er zeker meer gebruik van de smalspoor lijnen worden gemaakt voor vervoer van goederen.<br>De Ed. heer MICHAU vroeg wat de tarieven der Kalabas Kraal lijn waren vergeleken met de taklijnen dezer kolonie.<br>De Ed. hr. OWEN-LEWIS antwoordde dat de vrachten op de smalspoor lijnen het dubbele waren van die op breede spoorlijnen van toepassing.<br>Het rapport werd daarop aangenomen.</ref> Op 28 Julie 1908 word residentingenieur, Harry Horne Elliot, ondervra omtrent die aard van die Kalbaskraal-Hopefield, om meer te wete kom of die aanlê van 'n smalspoorlyn by Pankop die kool die sous werd is. Elliot onderhou tans die treinspoor by Kalabaskraal-Hopefield. Hy kan nie uit die vuis uit raad gee omtrent ander spoorlyne nie, omdat al die gegewens nie tot sy beskikking is nie. Nietemin verskaf hy heelwat inligting omtrent die doen en late van sy Hopefield-spoorlyn wat hy die beste ken. Op dié stadium sak die oorlaaikoste na 4½ pennies per Britse ton in Februarie en Maart (oes- en dorstyd), maar deur die loop van die jaar kan dit tot meer as 16 pennies (1 sjieling 4 pennies) per ton draai wanneer dit stil is. Deur die jaar loop drie treine per week. As daar 'n gelaaide trein by die stasie aankom wat vir Hopefield bestem is, sal hy tot 24 uur moet wag. Die rollende materiaal word steeds versien by Soutrivier. Sou daar nog smalspoorlyne aangelê word, sal elkeen ook hul eie afsonderlike lokomotiewe en trokke moet hê - dit is reeds te duur om rollende materiaal tussen Kalabaskraal-Hopefield en Port Elizabeth-Avontuur te wissel. Die bedryfkostes is tans 6½ pennies per treinmyl. In Februarie is daar 600 tot 700 treinmyle bo normaal - want dit is oestyd - dan daal die bedryfkostes onder 2 pennies per treinmyl. Ook Elliot sê die smalspoorlyn is lonend en spaar geld as die spoorlyn skerp draaie moet maak.<ref name="minutes1908">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Minutes_of_the_Legislative_Council_and_V/IRc6AQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1 Minutes of the Legislative Council and Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly. Sessions 1908. Cape Town: Cape Times Limited.]</ref> Op presies dieselfde dag word die Hoofbestuurder van die [[Kaapse Regeringspoorweë]], Thomas Smith McEwen, ondervra. Dit kom eintlik daarop neer: die smalspoorlyn het elke jaar minder bedryfsuitgawes, omdat daar al hoe minder dienste gelewer word. Voorheen het die treine meermaal per week geloop, maar dit het nie meer passasiers gelok nie. Die hoofbestuurder is al aangeraai om een gemengde trein (met vrag en passasiers) net een maal per week te laat loop, maar na sy oordeel sou die treinspoor dan netsowel gesluit moes word. Die publiek hou glad nie van die oorlaaiery nie. Ook die Hoofbestuurder glo die Hopefield-lyn moes van die begin af die Kaapse spoor gebruik het - die terrein is plat, die boukoste vir die brûe/duikers/ballas/grondwerk bly dieselfde. Die enigste prysverskil is die spoorstawe en dwarslêers. Maar die belangrikste punt is die direkte verbinding met die res van die Kaapse spoornetwerk. In die geval Hopefield duur die algehele vertraging by die aansluiting tans twee dae, en wanneer dit regtig druk besig raak en die treine vanaf Malmesbury aankom, kan jy nie vars produkte laai nie.<ref name="minutes1908" /> Natuurlik moes hierdie stukkie 47½ myl ook ''sy eie'' lokomotiewe hê, wat spesiaal moes ''laat maak word'', wat nie op die Kaapse spoor kon pas nie.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Locomotive_Railway_Carriage_and_Wagon_Re/l-bNAAAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=hopefield+2+ft+gauge&pg=PA59&printsec=frontcover ''The Locomotive Magazine''. 1906. Narrow Guage Locomotive, Cape Government Railways. January-December (XII). London: The Locomotive Publishing Company, p. 59]: The accompanying photo-reproduction, for which we are indebted to the builders, Messrs. W. G. Bagnall, Ltd., of Stafford, illustrates one of several locomotives built for service on the 2 -ft. gauge Kalabas Kraal-Hopefield section of the C. G. Rys. , to designs issued by Messrs. Gregory & Eyles, Sir Douglas Fox & Partners, and Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bart.; they were constructed under the supervision of Messrs. Sir Douglas Fox & Partners.</ref> Wat destyds 'n gerieflike stoïsynse verskoning was vir 'n bietjie bene rek, sou vandag net 'n beslommernis oplewer: As mens Kaapstad of Malmesbury toe wil gaan, moes jy by Kalbaskraal fisies van jou sitplek af opstaan, jy moes uitklim, jou bagasie vat, die weer trotseer, en oorklim.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, p. 93: Die trein was ook maar 'n stadige vervoermiddel, maar dit was seker die rede waarom so baie mense daarvan gebruik gemaak het. Dit was maar 'n gemengde trein met 'n paar waens vir passasiers agter die goedere trokke, wat op Kalbaskraal aan die trein tussen Malmesbury en Kaapstad gehaak was, nadat die smalspoor vervang is. Voordat die smalspoor vervang is, moes reisigers op Kalbaskraal oorstap.</ref> === Hopefield word gekniehalter === Die stoomtrein het die eerste paar jaar vanaf Kalabaskraal na Hopefield geloop op Maandae, Woensdae en Vrydae, en vanaf Hopefield teruggekeer op Dinsdae, Donderdae en Saterdae. Vanaf 1906 loop 'n nuwe petrolwa (bykomend vir passasiers) ook op Dinsdae, Donderdae en Saterdae vanaf Kalabaskraal na Hopefield, en loop dieselfde dag weer terug.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> Dit maak nou sin hoekom sekere vragtreine van buite (met goedere bestem vir Hopefield) by Kalabaskraal tot 24 uur moes wag. Tydens die parlementsitting van 1903 het [[F.S. Malan]] (LWV van Malmesbury) herhaaldelik{{voetnota|30 Junie, 14 Julie, 15 Julie, en 16 Julie 1903}} vir syfers van die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke gevra m.b.t. die hoeveelheid vrag wat vervoer word, asook die opbrengs en uitgawes per myl per maand van die Kalabaskraal—Hopefield-smalspoor, vergeleke met dié van die Malmesbury—Eendekuil en Sir Lowry Pas—Caledonlyn.<ref name="Parlement30Junie1903" /> 'n Mens moet in gedagte hou die opening was op 'n Saterdag (28 Februarie 1903), maar die finansiële en operasionele syfers op die boeke het die 2de Maart 1903 begin, die Maandag.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> Onthou egter, die Eendekuilspoor is 15 November 1902 geopen — 3 maande en 13 dae voorsprong. Dit is nog voordat mens die klimaat, oesopbrengs, ens. inreken. Die faktore is legio. Die syfers word vernaamlik toegeskryf aan die oorlaai van die goedere by Kalabaskraal. Meer goedere word in die eerste maand vervoer as in die tweede, en die opbrengs is minder. In hierdie twee eerste maande gesamentlik was die uitgawes meer as die inkomste. Gedurende hierdie eerste twee maande is 1 677 Britse ton vervoer, wat £35 per myl kos. Kortom: die vervoerkoste per 100 Britse ton per maand was £2 1 sjieling 9 pennies.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="8" valign="top" |<center>Kalabaskraal – Hopefieldlyn<center> |- | rowspan="2" valign="top" |1903 | rowspan="2" valign="top" |Britse ton vervoer | colspan="3" valign="top" |Opbrengs per myl | colspan="3" valign="top" |Uitgawes per myl |- | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. |- | valign="top" |Maart | valign="top" |902 | valign="top" |16 | valign="top" |0 | valign="top" |0 | valign="top" |18 | valign="top" |4 | valign="top" |3 |- | valign="top" |April | valign="top" |775 | valign="top" |17 | valign="top" |8 | valign="top" |6 | valign="top" |16 | valign="top" |16 | valign="top" |7 |} Die eerste 4 maande van die jaar van die Malmesbury-Eendekuillyn lyk so:<ref name="1903statistiek" /> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="8" valign="top" |<center>Malmesbury – Eendekuillyn<center> |- | rowspan="2" valign="top" |1903 | rowspan="2" valign="top" |Britse ton vervoer | colspan="3" valign="top" |Opbrengs per myl | colspan="3" valign="top" |Uitgawes per myl |- | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. |- | valign="top" |Januarie | valign="top" |1 655 | valign="top" |23 | valign="top" |2 | valign="top" |3 | valign="top" |21 | valign="top" |19 | valign="top" |3 |- | valign="top" |Februarie | valign="top" |1 709 | valign="top" |28 | valign="top" |5 | valign="top" |0 | valign="top" |21 | valign="top" |19 | valign="top" |0 |- | valign="top" |Maart | valign="top" |2 360 | valign="top" |39 | valign="top" |6 | valign="top" |3 | valign="top" |30 | valign="top" |19 | valign="top" |6 |- | valign="top" |April | valign="top" |1 895 | valign="top" |34 | valign="top" |13 | valign="top" |6 | valign="top" |21 | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |0 |} Hierdie syfers toon 'n merkbare vooruitgang op hierdie lyn. Die hoeveelheid in Maart vervoer is wel hoër as in April, maar April toon steeds 'n vermeerdering vergeleke met Januarie en Februarie. Vergelyk mens nou hierdie syfers met dé van Kalabaskraal, dan het die Eendekuillyn meer as dubbel soveel vervoer as die smalspoorlyn. Die Eendekuillyn se bedryfsuitgawes is minder as sy inkomste. In April was die opbrengs meer as 'n derde hoër as die uitgawe. Duur hierdie verbetering voort, kan die vervoertarief verlaag word.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> Word dieselfde twee maande van Malmesbury-Eendekuil vergelyk met die Kalabaskraal-Hopefieldlyn, naamlik Maart en April, dan is 4 255 Britse ton vervoer, en die vervoerkoste per myl bedra £52. Gereken teen 100 Britse ton per myl was die onkoste slegs £1 4 sjielings vergeleke met die £2 1 sjieling en 9 pennies op de Kalabaskraallyn.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> Die Sir Lowryspas-Caledonlyn lyk selfs beter as die Eendekuillyn. Caledon se spoor is Vrydag, 1 Augustus 1902 geopen. 'n Voorsprong van 3 maande en 2 weke voor Malmesbury-Eendekuillyn, en byna 7 maande voor die Kalabaskraal-Hopefieldlyn. Verder kon die spoorwegdepartement nie daarin slaag om genoeg trokke vir die Moorreesburg en Malmesbury te verskaf om al die hooi en graan te vervoer nie. Die klagtes van Malmesbury was ernstig.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="8" valign="top" |<center>Sir Lowryspas – Caledonlyn<center> |- | rowspan="2" valign="top" |1903 | rowspan="2" valign="top" |Britse ton vervoer | colspan="3" valign="top" |Opbrengs per myl | colspan="3" valign="top" |Uitgawes per myl |- | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. |- | valign="top" |Januarie | valign="top" |2 739 | valign="top" |54 | valign="top" |2 | valign="top" |8 | valign="top" |44 | valign="top" |8 | valign="top" |6 |- | valign="top" |Februarie | valign="top" |4 585 | valign="top" |66 | valign="top" |13 | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |44 | valign="top" |2 | valign="top" |8 |- | valign="top" |Maart | valign="top" |4 322 | valign="top" |58 | valign="top" |0 | valign="top" |5 | valign="top" |39 | valign="top" |18 | valign="top" |1 |- | valign="top" |April | valign="top" |3 852 | valign="top" |58 | valign="top" |10 | valign="top" |5 | valign="top" |48 | valign="top" |19 | valign="top" |7 |} Hoe dan ook, dit val op by Caledon hoe die syfers in Februarie hoog is ten opsigte van die vervoer en opbrengs, maar die tonnemaat val soos 'n baksteen in April. Minder ton as in Februarie en Maart word vervoer, maar sy uitgawes skiet op na die hoogste vlak. Dit word toegeskryf aan twee moontlike redes: uitgawes wat in Januarie en Februarie aangegaan is wat verreken word (suiwer boekhoudkundig van aard) en die feit dat Caledon elke dag 'n trein laat loop het, terwyl Hopefield en die Eendekuil tevrede moet wees met 'n trein slegs drie maal per week.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> Word die bedryfskostes ingereken vir Maart en April 1903, het die Caledonlyn 8 174 Britse ton vervoer, teen 'n uitgawe van £88 17 sjielings en 8 pennies. Gereken teen 100 Britse ton per myl was die onkoste £1 1 sjieling en 9 pennies, dus slegs 2 sjielings en 3 pennies minder as op die Eendekuillyn.<ref name="1903statistiek" /> Nou kan al die syfers vir Maart en April 1903 van die drie spoorlyne vergelyk word:<ref name="1903statistiek" /> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="4" valign="top" |<center>Onkoste per Britse ton per myl<center><center>(Maart & April 1903)<center> |- | rowspan="2" valign="top" | | colspan="3" valign="top" |per 100 Britse ton per myl |- | valign="top" |'''£''' | valign="top" |s. | valign="top" |d. |- | valign="top" |Kalabaskraal (smal) | valign="top" |2 | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |9 |- | valign="top" |Eendekuil | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |4 | valign="top" |0 |- | valign="top" |Caledon | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |1 | valign="top" |9 |} Tot dusver toon die bedryfskostes vanaf Kalabaskraal na Hopefield byna die helfte meer as die genoemde Kaapse spoor (3 voet, 6 duim). Maar weer - die Hopefieldlyn het pas geopen, daar is 'n paar goedjies wat nog nie heeltemal funksioneer soos die moet nie. ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' beskou egter die verskil te groot om weggeredeneer te word. Die verkoopsargument dat die smalspoor se bedryfskoste veel minder sal wees as die Kaapse spoor is nou deur die bovermelde syfers 'n finale nekslag toegedien. Die koerantleser moet ook nie vergeet, aldus die koerant, dat die Kalabaskraallyn oor 'n gelyke terrein loop nie, en dat dit sout van die panne tussen Darling en Hopefield is wat vervoer word nie. {{voetnota|''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' vergeet wel gerieflik Maart en April raak ook koeler op die soutpanne. Die koerant kon ook meer gefokus het op die ligter vrag by Caledon in Aprilmaand, maar hoër opbrengs per myl, wat hoogs waarskynlik Paasnaweekpassasiers kon wees. Skoolkwartale was STRENG volgens die Britse stelsel; dit het selfs die Kaapse seisoene en oestyd regeer.}} Maart en April is volgens die koerant egter geensins die beste maande van die jaar vir 'n graanproduserende distrik nie - hier bedoelende nou die distrikte rondom die Malmesbury-Eendekuillyn. Desember, Januarie en Februarie kan mens in hierdie streke 'n enorme toevloei verwag.<ref name="1903statistiek">''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. De Kalabaskraal - Hopefield spoorweg. 1 Augustus, p. 4:In antwoord op een motie van een der leden voor Malmesbury, heeft de commissaris van publieke werken een opgaaf op de tafel van het huis gelegd aantoonende de hoeveelheid vervoerd, de opbrengst en de uitgaaf per mijl per maand van het Kalabaskraal—Hopefield smalspoor, vergeleken met die van Malmesbury—Eendekuil en Sir Lowry Pas—Caledon. Daar deze opgaaf van belang is geven wij de volgende cijfers daaruit: De Kalabaskraal lijn werd slechts geopend op 2 Maart 1903. De opgaaf is:<br>[tabel]<br>Wij veronderstellen dat de onkosten van overpakken te Kalabaskraal in deze opgaaf begrepen zijn. Men ziet het, in de eerste maand werd meer vervoerd dan in de tweede, doch de opbrengst was minder. Voor deze twee eerste maanden was de uitgaaf grooter dan de inkomsten. Gedurende deze twee maanden werden 1677 ton vervoerd, kostende £35 per mijl. Of met andere woorden de vervoer-kosten per 100 ton per maand waren £2 1s. 9d. Wij zullen dit cijfer later vergelijken met dat van Eendekuil en Caledon.<br>Voor de eerste 4 maanden des jaars is de opgaaf voor de Eendekuillijn:<br>[tabel]<br>Deze cijfers toonen dat er een merkbare vooruitgang is op deze lijn. De hoeveelheid die vervoerd werd was wel in Maart hooger dan in April, maar April toont een goede vermeerdering boven Januari en Februari. Als men deze cijfers vergelijkt met die van Kalabaskraal, dan ziet men dat de Eendekuillijn meer dan tweemaal zooveel heeft vervoerd als de smalspoorlijn. Maar dan is er een ander punt van belang, waarop wij wenschen te wijzen, namelijk dat de uitgaaf op deze lijn minder is dan de opbrengst. Met andere woorden deze lijn betaalt meer dan haar werk-onkosten. Neen, nog meer, voor de maand April was de opbrengst meer dan één derde hooger dan de uitgaaf. Als deze verbetering blijft voortduren, en wij zien hoegenaamd geen reden waarom dit niet zal geschieden, dan is de dag niet meer veraf, dat het vervoertarief op deze lijn verlaagd zal kunnen worden tot het gewone op onze gouvernements spoorwegen. Zooals bekend is het tarief thans gelijk aan dat van de Kaapsche Centrale Spoorweg Maatschappij van Worcester naar Riversdal.<br>Laten wij nu zien wat de uitgaaf op de Eendekuillijn per 100 ton per mijl was voor dezelfde twee maanden, als die welke we voor Kalabaskraal hebben, namelijk Maart en April. Men vervoerde 4255 ton en de vervoerkosten per mijl waren £52. Dus gerekend tegen 100 ton per mijl waren de onkosten slechts £1 4s. vergeleken met £2 1s. 9d. op de Kalabaskraallijn. Een merkwaardig resultaat!<br>Wij komen nu tot de opgaaf van de Caledon lijn van Sir Lowry's Pas:<br>[tabel]<br>Men ziet het, de cijfers voor deze lijn zijn nog beter dan die voor Eendekuil. Maar daarbij moet men niet uit het oog verliezen, dat de Caledonlijn veel langer in werking is dan de Eendekuillijn, en dat het spoorwegdepartement niet in staat was om aan Moorreesburg en Malmesbury genoeg trucks te verschaffen voor het vervoeren van al het hooi en graan. Het is te hopen dat het in dit opzicht in de toekomst beter zal gaan. De klachten van Malmesbury waren gegrond en ernstig.<br>Maar wij keeren terug tot de opgaaf voor de Caledonlijn. Men zal zien dat Februari boven aan staat wat betreft de hoeveelheid vervoerd en de opbrengst, maar dat April de hoogste uitgaaf draagt. Het kan zijn dat dit te wijten is aan het feit dat uitgaven die feitelijk reeds in de vorige maanden aangegaan werden eerst in April uitbetaald werden. Hoe het zij, het is niet gemakkelijk altijd precies te zeggen in welke maand een uitgaaf gerekend moet worden, en daarom behoeft men niet te veel van dit feit te maken. Vergeleken met Kalabaskraal werd op deze lijn (Caledon) vijfmaal zooveel vervoerd als eerstgenoemde. Caledon heeft echter dagelijks een trein, terwijl Hopefield zich tevreden moet stellen met een trein slechts driemaal per week, evenals Eendekuil.<br>Met het doel tot een vergelijking te komen, nemen wij de cijfers voor Maart en April ook hier afzonderlijk. Op de Caledonlijn werd vervoerd voor deze twee maanden 8174 ton, tegen een uitgaaf van £88 17s. 8d. Berekend tegen 100 ton per mijl waren de onkosten £1 1s. 9d.; dus slechts 2s. 3d. minder dan op de Eendekuillijn.<br>Als wij nu de onkosten per 100 ton per mijl voor de maanden Maart en April, op de drie hier genoemde lijnen naast elkaar plaatsen, dan vindt men:<br>[tabel]<br>Wat toonen deze cijfers? Dat de werkonkosten van het smalspoor van Kalabaskraal naar Hopefield bijna de helft meer zijn dan op de genoemde breede sporen. Weliswaar is de vergelijking met de twee eerste maanden na de opening van de Kalabaskraal lijn en kan worden ingebracht, dat deze lijn nog niet geheel in werkende orde was, en dat de uitgaaf daarom naar evenredigheid grooter was dan wat ze later zal zijn. Tot op een zekere hoogte is dit argument gegrond, maar het verschil is toch te groot om op die wijze weggeredeneerd te worden.Het grootste voordeel, waarop de voorstanders van het smalspoor gedurig wijzen, is dat de werkonkosten daarvan veel minder zijn dan die van het breedspoor. Dit argument is den bodem in geslagen door de cijfers die wij aangehaald hebben. En dan moet men niet vergeten, dat de Kalabaskraal lijn over een effen terrein loopt, en dat men het zout van de pannen tusschen Darling en Hopefield te vervoeren had. Wat betreft de Malmesbury—Eendekuil lijn moeten wij er op wijzen, dat Maart en April geenszins de beste maanden van het jaar zijn voor een graan produceerend distrikt. In de maanden December, Januari en Februari kan men verwachten dat het vervoer op deze lijn veel meer zal zijn.In de spoorwegbill, die thans voor het select comité is, wordt voorgesteld om verschillende 2 voet spoorlijnen, die nog moeten worden gebouwd, te veranderen in 3½ voet lijnen. De Aliwal Noord—Barkly Oost lijn blijft volgens deze bill echter onveranderd. Wij vertrouwen dat de leden van het select comité en het parlement zelf hun aandacht zullen wijden aan deze zaak en de les van Kalabaskraal niet uit het oog zullen verliezen.</ref> Al was die vragversending ondergemiddeld, was die passasiersgetalle vir daardie tyd groot, gemiddeld 40 passasiers per trein. Vanaf die (boekhoudings)opening in Maart 1903 tot die einde van 1903 het die passasiers (£2 357) eintlik half die wa deur die drif getrek. Amper net soveel as dié wat uit goedere en grondstowwe (£2 425) ingevorder is. Hierdie twee bedrae is verder aangevul deur die versending van pakkies (£345), die vervoer van perde, honde en voertuie (£118), lewende hawe (soos vee) (£121), en die Poswese vir die vervoer van briewe (£358). Die laaste £163 het niks met vervoer te make nie, maar is verkry uit die verhuring van die spoorweggeboue en die gebruik van die telegraaf. Teenoor hierdie totale inkomste van £5 887 het die bedryfsuitgawes egter £6 465 beloop.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> Teen 1905 het die Hopefield-lyn se finansiële posisie aansienlik verbeter, met ’n totale inkomste van £7 391 vir die jaar. Voorheen was passasiers die groot melkkoei; nou het goedereverkeer £3 259 (44,1% van die totale inkomste) ingebring, terwyl passasiers £2 539 (34,3%) betaal het. Hierdie goeie vertoning het die Kaapse Parlement oortuig om hul vroeëre beplanning te wysig: die aanvanklike bewilliging van £85 000 vir 'n verlenging slegs tot by Vredenburg is gekanselleer; in 1906 is 'n groter bedrag (£87 000) 'geoormerk' om 'n heelwat langer spoorlyn ''via'' Vredenburg na Hoedjiesbaai (Saldanha) te bou.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> 'n Mens moet egter onthou: Kalabaskraal was nooit, soos Port Elizabeth (waar die Avontuur-smalspoorlyn eindig) 'n '''verbruikersentrum''' of eindhawe nie; dit was gewoon 'n oorlaaistasie waar hoë hanteerkoste en die konstante handearbeid om die vrag oor te pak, die lyn se ekonomiese groei en lewensvatbaarheid permanent aan bande gelê het. Die lyn is ook nie tot die 1970's (Yskor) verder verleng nie. 'n Vernietigende verslag van die Kaapse Regeringspoorweë se Hoofingenieur verduidelik: Klein-Namaqualand is deur diep oos-wes-klowe verskeur. Dit, en die £1,5 miljoen sterling wat so 'n spoorlyn sou kos. Te min landbouprodukte en handel kon so 'n onderneming regverdig en die uitbreidingsplanne is laat vaar. Afgeleë dorpe soos Nieuwe Rust (Nuwerus) en Garies moes maar van hawens soos Doringbaai en Hondeklipbaai gebruik maak.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldopening" /> Die beloofde verlenging van die Hopefield-spoorlyn na Saldanhabaai is reeds in 1906 goedgekeur, maar boere moes jare lank wag. Om die oorspronklike infrastruktuur van die Kalabaskraal-Hopefield-lyn in 1910 na 'n breër Kaapse spoor om te skakel (spoorstawe, dwarslêers en brûe inbegrepe) sou £50 000 gekos het. Met daardie klas geld kon liewer met 'n langer 2 vt.-lyn vir eers gewoeker word, is gemeen. Die smalspoorstawe is egter - heel toekomsgerig - by die nuwe verlenging op grondwerke en dwarslêers gelê wat vir die Kaapse spoor bedoel was.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Die kostesamestelling lyk so:<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> :Kalabaskraal tot by Hopefield (48 myl): £115 993 :Verlenging Hopefield tot by Hoedjiesbaai (44 myl): £87 640 :Totaal Kalabaskraal tot by Saldanha (92 myl): £203 633 Die omskakeling van die Hopefield-taklyn na 'n breëspoorlyn is weens hierdie hoë kosteberekening eers uitgestel, wat beteken die streek moes voorlopig met aangepaste smalspoorverlengings klaarkom. Al het die Kaapse Regering die smalspoorlyn as 'n ekonomiese sukses vir die koringstreek beskou, was die kapasiteit daarvan uiteindelik ontoereikend vir langtermynontwikkeling.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> In Augustus 1911 word die verlenging tot by Bergrivier in gebruik geneem. Nog 'n lokomotief word by die oorspronklike drie Moguls gevoeg wat nou al 8 jaar diens doen op die Kalabaskraal-Hopefield-lyn. Ses maande vandat die Bergrivierstasie in gebruik geneem is, het Kalabaskraalstasie 1 800 Britse ton goedere hanteer, asook 120 trokke vol lewende hawe per maand. In Januariemaand 1911 het 852 passasiers hul sitplek ingeneem.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> In Januarie 1912 styg die syfers na 3 324 Britse ton goedere, 142 trokke lewende hawe en 1 273 passasiers.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Februarie 1913 is die spoor tot by Hoedjiesbaai voltooi. Die lyn word op 4 Maart 1913 geopen. Voortaan staan die lyn bekend as die Saldanha-taklyn. Saldanhabaai se waterbronne was egter vir treine ongeskik; water moes by Bergrivier volgetap en in spesiale waterwaens saamgeneem word vir 'n retoerrit. Slegs die stasies by Kalabaskraal, Darling, Hopefield, Bergrivier, Langebaanweg, Vredenburg en Saldanha (Hoedjiesbaai) is beman en met telefone toegerus.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> In '''1915''' is dit 'n rekordoesjaar. By Moorreesburg se treinstasie alleen is 14 041 Britse ton graan en 13 114 Britse ton voer weggestuur, vergeleke met 3 874 Britse ton graan en 14 532 Britse ton voer by Malmesbury se stasie. Dit het ook meegebring dat boere met daardie geld plaasimplemente soos ploeë, binders ens. aangekoop het. Ook het die boere nuwe geboue opgerig en heinings gespan - hierdie voorspoed het natuurlik ook tot die Spoorweë se voordeel gestrek wat al hierdie lewensmiddele, implemente en boumateriaal moes vervoer. Die Hopefield-lyn ('''let wel''': nie meer 48 myl nie, maar '''92 myl''') se syfers word egter in die skadu gestel:<ref name="oes1915">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Report_of_the_General_Manager_of_Railway/02IvAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=moorreesburg&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover Report of the General Manager of Railway, Annual Report 1915. 1916. p. 58]</ref> {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" | | valign="top" |Graan<br>(Britse ton) | valign="top" |Voer<br>(Britse ton) |- | valign="top" |Malmesbury-Moorreesburg | valign="top" |26 638 | valign="top" |33 915 |- | valign="top" |Hopefield | valign="top" |6 870 | valign="top" |987 |- | valign="top" |Caledon | valign="top" |23 518 | valign="top" |130 |} Laat Moorreesburg en Kalabaskraal sommer ook met die Overberg vergelyk word. [[Lêer:Overberg_railway_line_map.svg|duimnael|450px|regs|Die Overberg-spoorlyn waarmee Moorreesburg en Kalabaskraal se koring- en hawervrag vergelyk word<br><small>(Erkenning:Htonl)</small>]] Omtrent so 9 maande ná die opening van die Caledonlyn op 1 Augustus 1902, het Bredasdorp op 7 Mei 1903 reeds sy eerste deputasie na die Kommissaris van Openbare Werke gestuur om die spoorlyn te verleng.<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1903. Gemengd Nieuws. 7 Mei, p. 4: Een correspondent van Bredasdorp telegrafeerde eergisteren het volgende: heeren: H.H. van Breda, J.D. Albertijn en John Taljaard, vertrok heden morgen van hier ten einde bij den Commissaris van Publieke Werken op den 7den dezer hun opwachting te maken in verband met spoorwegverlenging van Caledon naar Bredasdorp.</ref> Daar het absoluut niks van gekom nie. Eers toe die Wet No. 33 van 1911 bekragtig is ('''ná Uniewording'''), begin dinge werklik vorder: Caledon verleng na Rietpoel (wat 5 Januarie 1914 open). Drie maande later verleng Rietpoel tot by Klipdale; laasgenoemde is 6 April 1914 geopen.<ref name="verslag1919">[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_the_General_Manager/CMw1AQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=caledon+rietpoel&pg=PR16&printsec=frontcover Annual Report of the General Manager of the South African Railways and Harbours. 1919. Dates of Opening and Mileages of Lines. Pretoria: Government Printing and Stationary Office, pp. xvi]</ref> Caledon en Bredasdorp het albei ook gretig van die Protemlyn gebruik gemaak,<ref name="oes1915" /> wat op sy beurt weer 30 Junie 1915 geopen het.<ref name="verslag1919" /><ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Papers/oifFtQLvld8C?hl=af&gbpv=1&bsq=klipdale&printsec=frontcover Papers U.G. 1926. Pretoria: Government Printer], p. 159: Union No. 23 1913, 30th June 1915, Klipdale, Protem</ref> Bredasdorp moes maar eers 'n rukkie wag tot Wet No. 30 van 1922 bekragtig is.<ref> [https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Papers/oifFtQLvld8C?hl=af&gbpv=1&bsq=bredasdorp&printsec=frontcover Papers U.G. 1926. Pretoria: Government Printer], p. 159: | Union No. 30 1922 | 19th April 1922 | Klipdale | Bredasdorp</ref> Desember 1922 word begin met die aanbouwerk na Bredasdorp toe.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Report_of_the_South_African_Museum/whRAAAAAYAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=bredasdorp+railway+1924&pg=RA4-PA10&printsec=frontcover Report of the Railways and Harbours Board for the Year ended 31st December 1922. 1923. Cape Town: Cape Times Ltd., Government Printers], p.10: ''Klipdale-Bredasdorp Railway.'' - Construction was begun in December. A temporary stores depot has been established at Klipdale and at the end of the year preparations were being made to start culverts and bridge work.</ref> Uiteindelik is die terminus op 19 April 1924 op Bredasdorp geopen, waar dit vandag nog is.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_the_General_Manager/2EowAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&bsq=bredasdorp+railway+1924+opened&dq=bredasdorp+railway+1924+opened&printsec=frontcover Annual Report of the General Manager of South African Railways and Harbours. 1922. Cape Town: Government Printers], p. 18: Between October, 1923, and 4th [?] November, 1924, the following lines were opened for the conveyance of public traffic on the dates specified: [...] Klipdale to Bredasdorp 24¾ miles, 19th April, 1924.</ref> Hier kan Moorreesburg, Kalabaskraal en die smalspoor vergelyk word met die vernaamste stasies in die Overberg, Piquetberg, Malmesbury, e.a.:<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Grain_Elevators_for_Union_of_South_Afric/5c80AQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&dq=Moorreesburg&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover Philip, WM. 1919. Grain Elevators for Union of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printers, p. 23]</ref> {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | colspan="4" valign="top" |<center>Koring en hawer (Britse ton)<center> |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" | | valign="top" |<center>'''1916'''<center> | valign="top" |<center>'''1917'''<center> | valign="top" |<center>'''1918'''<center> | valign="top" |'''Nege maande;<br>eindig 30 September 1919''' |- | valign="top" |Klipdale<br>(''Overberg'') | valign="top" | | valign="top" |8 885 | valign="top" |11 760 | valign="top" |13 605 | valign="top" |6 838 |- | valign="top" |'''Moorreesburg''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |10 211 | valign="top" |11 352 | valign="top" |10 464 | valign="top" |4 961 |- | valign="top" |'''Kalabaskraal''' | valign="top" | | valign="top" |696 | valign="top" |863 | valign="top" |1 230 | rowspan="2" valign="top" | 606 |- | valign="top" | | valign="top" |'''Uit die smalspoor''' | valign="top" |6 717 | valign="top" |9 028 | valign="top" |8 925 |- | valign="top" |Malmesbury | valign="top" | | valign="top" |6 796 | valign="top" |5 521 | valign="top" |10 585 | valign="top" |4 110 |- | valign="top" |Caledon<br>(''Overberg'') | valign="top" | | valign="top" |7 582 | valign="top" |7 392 | valign="top" |7 030 | valign="top" |5 315 |- | valign="top" |Rietpoel<br>(''Overberg'') | valign="top" | | valign="top" |5 209 | valign="top" |5 832 | valign="top" |6 952 | valign="top" |3 588 |- | valign="top" |Protem<br>(''Overberg'') | valign="top" | | valign="top" |1 941 | valign="top" |4 245 | valign="top" |7 428 | valign="top" |4 480 |- | valign="top" |Piquetberg | valign="top" | | valign="top" |4 857 | valign="top" |5 098 | valign="top" |6 139 | valign="top" |4 232 |- | valign="top" |Maseru | valign="top" | | valign="top" |2 960 | valign="top" |2 686 | valign="top" |4 477 | valign="top" |9 147 |- | valign="top" |Portervilleweg | valign="top" | | valign="top" |5 582 | valign="top" |3 815 | valign="top" |6 575 | valign="top" |3 064 |- | valign="top" |Krige<br>(''Overberg'') | valign="top" | | valign="top" |2 821 | valign="top" |3 769 | valign="top" |4 970 | valign="top" |2 314 |} [[Lêer:Bredasdorpterminus27032026.jpeg|duimnael|regs|Die Bredasdorpterminus (2026) is maar op 19 April 1924 eers geopen.]] Die feit dat Klipdale maar eers in 1914 geopen is, en reeds Moorreesburg in 1917 verbysteek, (maar ook die feit dat [[Bredasdorp]] eers baie laat in 1924 sy spoorlyn gekry het), laat mens die oorhaastigheid van die spoorlegging by Hopefield as ekonomiese stimulus bevraagteken.{{Voetnota|En om sake werklik tot die absurde te dryf - [[Hermanus]] het nooit 'n treinspoor geken nie.}} Verder is bogenoemde opname gemaak tydens en kort ná die afloop van die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]]. Die boere het vertroue in die stelsel gekry, omdat hulle weet daar is 'n mark vir hul goedere; die pryse is hoog en die spekulante kon nie koring vanuit die buiteland invoer nie, want die skepe vanuit oorsee kon nie vaar nie. Hierdie buitengewone tyd van voorspoed het as aansporing gedien. Gedurende die bloeitydperk het die boere grond, vee, ens. teen baie hoë pryse aangekoop, waarna die daling (toe die oorlog verby is) weer tot baie verliese meegebring het.<ref>Smal, J.G.C. Landboukoöperasie in Suid-Afrika tot 1933: Ontstaan, groeie en ekonomiese betekenis. 1958. Ongepubliseerde D. Comm.-proefskrif, Universiteit van Potchefstroom, p. 259: Na 'n tydperk van buitengewone voorspoed gedurende en nog twee jaar na die oorlog, het daar 'n prysdaling gekom wat die boeregemeenskap baie nadelig getref het. Gedurende die bloeitydperk het boere grond, vee, ens. teen baie hoë pryse aangekoop, waarna die daling in pryse baie verliese meegebring het. Die Sekretaris van Landbou sê dan ook: „Wijnboeren, mielieboeren, korenboeren, veeboeren, tabak- en katoenboeren, zij allen voelen de slapte zeer erg." Die uitvoer van landbouprodukte het ook vanaf £32,820,388 in 1919 tot £25,339,475 in 1920 gedaal, en behalwe die daling het die waarde van die landbouprodukte wat in die Unie verbruik is ook gedaal. Die daling in die pryse van landbouprodukte het noodwendig die koöperasies ook ten nouste geraak, maar daar sal later in die Afdeling daarop ingegaan word.</ref> Teen die jaar 1924-1925: Die grootste vrag koring is vanaf Moorreesburg verspoor: 13 735 Britse ton is hiervandaan weggestuur. Bredasdorp beklee die tweede plek met 5 800 ton; Klipdale derde plek met 4 450 ton, terwyl Piquetberg 4 286 ton en Napier 1 465 ton verspoor het. Voorheen moes Bredasdorp en Napier hul koring spesiaal na Klipdale toe gebring het. Teen 1925-1926 is Moorreesburg weer die voorloper: 13 039 Britse ton. Rietpoel is tweede met 6 659 ton, Piquetberg is derde met 6 516 ton en Bredasdorp is vierde met 5 216 ton.<ref>[https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_the_General_Manager/3vNRAQAAMAAJ?hl=af&gbpv=1&bsq=bredasdorp Annual Report of the General Manager of South African Railways and Harbours. 1925 (1926). Pretoria: Government Printers], p. 45: The heaviest tonnage of wheat was despatched from Moorreesburg, which station railed 13,735 tons. Bredasdorp dealt with 5,800 tons and Klipdale 4,450 tons, while Piquetberg despatched 4,286 tons and Napier 1,465 tons. The traffic at Bredasdorp and Napier was formerly handled at Klipdale." / p. 52: The heaviest tonnage of wheat was despatched from Morreesburg, which station railed 13,039 tons; Rietpoel dealt with 6,659 tons, and Piquetberg 6,516 tons, while Bredasdorp handled 5,216 tons.</ref> Om terug te keer na die Hopefield-lyn:<br> In 1916 is 'n "Lawley"-stoomtrein sowel as 'n Klas B (afkomstig van die Avontuur-smalspoorlyn) toegevoeg. Die Saldanha-taklyn het teen November 1925 sewe lokomotiewe gehad - net voor die omskakeling begin het. Sewe lokomotiewe is nou totaal onversoenbaar met die Kaapse spoorbreedte (3 voet 6 duim).<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Die Saldanha-taklyn was finansieel nie volhoubaar of winsgewend genoeg nie. In Maart 1923 was die verlies £538, wat teen November 1923 versleg het tot 'n verlies van £1 296. Hierdie verliese was wel tipies vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorweë se destydse taklyne; uit 46 nasionale taklyne kon slegs 7 'n wins toon (dit het gewissel tussen £33 en £1 382).<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Begin November 1925 het die eerste spanne werkers opgedaag om die spoorwydte na die Kaapse spoorwydte te verbreed.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Die ou Hopefield-lyn het ingrypende ingenieurswerk ondergaan. Spoorwalle moes verbreed word, deurgrawings moes oopgekap word, dwarslêers en spoorstawe moes vervang word, en sowel brûe as duikers moes versterk of heeltemal vervang word.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Die opgraderingswerk by die Saldanha-verlenging was hier minimaal — die stawe is bloot gelig, verder uit mekaar geskuif en op dieselfde dwarslêers vasgebout.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde" /> Die omskakeling het net 'n rapsie meer as 'n jaar lank geduur. Die smalspoor is amptelik doodverklaar toe die eerste breëspoortrein op '''19 Desember 1926''' om 5 nm. by die Saldanhastasie ingetrek het.<ref name="Moir1963Hopefieldeinde">Moir, S.M. 1963. The Hopefield Line Grows Up. In: ''Twenty-four inches apart : the two-foot gauge railways of the Cape of Good Hope''. Lingfield : The Oakwood Press, pp. 69-76.</ref> Hopefield het eerstehands kennis gemaak met die [[Wet van die remmende voorsprong]]. === Nasleep === [[Lêer:Kalbaskraal_station.jpg|duimnael|350px|regs|Ekonomiese groei het geen plafon nodig nie: Kalbaskraalstasie (2017),waar Moorreesburg en Hopefield by mekaar aansluit.<br><small>(Erkenning: Christopher Murphy)</small>]] Die laaste stuiptrekking van die spoornyd tussen die twee dorpe word verwoord in die volgende sin geskryf in die ''The South African Railways Magazine'' deur Else Louwrens in die Januarie-uitgawe van 1940:<ref>''South African Railways Magazine''. 1940. January, 34(1)</ref> {{cquote| Die later aangelegde spoor na Moorreesburg (en vandaar na Piketberg) het baie afbreuk gedoen aan die moontlike vooruitgang van Hopefield op die gebied van besigheid en vervoer. }} Chronologiese rekords weerspreek egter hierdie aanname. Moorreesburg se spoorlyn is op 9 September 1901 geopen en Hopefield s'n 28 Februarie 1903. Eers vanaf September 1904 is kennisgewings in ''De Zuid-Afrikaan'' geplaas van 'n openbare vergadering op Moorreesburg, om by die inwoners te hoor of 'n kuilvoerfabriek opgerig kon word.<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Kennisgeving. 10 September:3</ref> Soortgelyke kennisgewings is ook geplaas vir Malmesbury,<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Kennisgeving. 1 September:1</ref> die Paarl,<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Kennisgeving. 15 & 17 September:1</ref> Darling,<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Kennisgeving. 22 September:2</ref> Durbanville,<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Kennisgeving. 24 September:3</ref> Caledon,<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Caledon. 29 September:1</ref> Porterville en Piquetberg.<ref>''De Zuid Afrikaan''. 1904. Publieke vergadering. 6 October:1</ref> Belangrik hier is die onderskeid: De Zuid-Afrikaansche Geperst Voeder Maatschappij Beperkt, wat die kennisgewings geplaas het, was gesetel in die Kaap;<ref>''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1904. 13 September:7</ref> dit was egter 'n Johannesburgse onderneming wat Moorreesburg se gebou opgerig het.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250510095641/https://digital.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.2/4191/za-1905-08-26.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y ''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1905. 26 Augustus:7, kolom 1]</ref> Hoe dan ook - niemand kon egter voorsien dat 'n eenvoudige kuilvoerfabriek op Moorreesburg in die [[Tiger Oats-gebou, Moorreesburg|Tiger Oats-gebou]] sou ontpop wat later die hartklop van Moorreesburg se ekonomie sou uitmaak nie. Die impak van die fabriek se totstandkoming, te same met die dorpsgroei, was so enorm dat Moorreesburg teen 1906 gedwing was om vir munisipale status aansoek te doen,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250508102657/https://digital.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.2/4222/za-1906-04-10.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y ''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1906. Petition. 10 April:2]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250508134320/https://digital.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.2/4222/za-1906-04-14.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y ''De Zuid-Afrikaan''. 1906. Moorreesburg een municipaliteit. 14 April:5, kolom 7]</ref> terwyl Hopefield eers in 1903 maar dorpsbestuur gekry het<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, p. 36: Al het die kerkraad die kerkgeregtigheid van tyd tot tyd verlaag - in 1903 tot 50 sent per erf - was die eienaars nog nie daarmee tevrede nie. Die uiteinde was dat die eienaars in 1903 'n dorpsbestuur, bestaande uit drie lede, gekies het.</ref> en op 2 April 1914 munisipale status verkry het.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, p. 41: [...] want op die dorpsbestuur se vergadering van 14 April 1914 rapporteer die sekretaris dat Hopefield op 2 April 1914 munisipale status by 'n Provinsiale Kennisgewing 95/1914 verkry het.</ref> Moorreesburg, die fabriek en mnr. Collier, die belegger, was bloot op die regte tyd op die regte plek. Al is die spoornyd lankal vergete, het die kultuur teen die 1980's nog nie verdwyn nie. Vir 'n boek wat oor die trots van die dorp moet handel, begroet die volgende eerste selfbejammerende woorde die niksvermoedende leser van ''Hopefield deur die eeue'' by die voorwoord: "Hopefield, daardie klein dorpie, wat in die gat lê, waarvoor niemand, behalwe die Hopefielders, omgee nie. Omdat hy op die grens tussen die Swartland en die Baai geleë is, pas hy nêrens in nie. Elke streek gebruik hom vir eie voordeel, terwyl hyself daar geen voordeel uit trek nie." Die voorwoord is gedagteken 16 Junie 1986.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery.</ref> Die tema dwarsdeur die boek is hoofsaaklik gesentreer rondom standhoudendheid van nywerhede wat ontbreek, maar ook grondgebied wat afgestaan moet word (soos aan Yskor), asook faktore soos die hoofpad tussen die Weskus en Malmesbury wat om Hopefield loop, benewens die Weskuspad self wat die dorp benadeel.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, p.79</ref> Kortom: vrees vir funksieverlies. Tog het Hopefield lank voor Moorreesburg 'n belowende nywerheid gehad: 'n bottelmakery van J.G.W. Stigling, genaamd "Stigling & Co. Hopefield". 'n Hollander, mnr. Vink, het in 1939 'n fabriek opgerig, om verpakkingsmateriaal te maak, deur rogstrooi te kweek by Kleinplasie en Marydale. Ongelukkig was die grondgehalte swak, die kweek van rog nie juis suksesvol nie, en die bedryf is in 1943 gestaak. Teen ongeveer 1944 het J.H. Buhr en Wood ook 'n steenmaakmasjien onder die handelsnaam Klein Wonder/Little Wonder bemark; toe Buhr Hopefield in 1952 verlaat, het hy elke veertien dae vanaf Bellville kom kyk hoe dit nog met sy fabriek gaan. Die fabriek word in 1954 gesluit en na Bellville verskuif.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. Industrialisasie. In: ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, pp. 112-115</ref> Rondom ontvolking word gekyk na omliggende dorpe wat meer mense getrek het, veral Langebaan en Langebaanweg; die landbouvoorligtingsdiens wat na Moorreesburg verskuif is; die skoolraad wat na Vredenburg verplaas is en die gespook in 1977 om die landdroskantoor te behou. "Hierdie dinge het die gemeenskap van Hopefield vertroue laat verloor in hulle verteenwoordigers in die regering en die burokrasie", is geskryf. Ook die munisipaliteit se verset in 1943 om 'n gedeelte van Theewatervlei vir die oprigting van die lugmagstasie af te staan, uit vrees vir bomme wat die vyand op Hopefield kon laat val, kom onder skoot - want al sou die personeel enkele kilometer van Hopefield af gewoon het, sou die dorp se skole, kerk, besighede, sport en nog meer daarby gebaat het. Weens die gebrek aan werksgeleenthede word Hopefield in 1986 'n aftreedorp genoem, al het hy nie heeltemal ontvolk nie.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, pp. 118-119.</ref> En is daar politieke tweespalt in die kerk, soos tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]], spat die Nasionaliste Moorreesburg se kerk toe, en die V.P.-ondersteuners Vredenburg toe.<ref>Baard, J.A. 1986. ''Hopefield deur die eeue.'' Goodwood : Nasionale Boekdrukkery, pp. 85-86 : Hierdie tweespalt het ingang in die breë samelewing gevind. Beide die Verenigde Party en Nasionale Party het probeer om beheer in die Kerkraad, skoolraad, skoolkomitee en alle ander komitees te verkry, om sodoende die party se belange te bevorder. [...] Die dorp en distrik het sy knou weg gehad en selfs die N.G. Gemeente was byna gebreek omdat die Nasionale ondersteuners Sondae Moorreesburg se kerk toe gery het en die V.P.-ondersteuners na Vredenburg se kerk toe. Al hierdie dinge is vandag iets van die verlede en almal lag vandag daaroor. Miskien het Hopefield se mense hulle les geleer, want vandag kan Nat, SAP, H.N.P. en K.P. lustig met mekaar se politieke oortuigings die gek skeer.</ref> Kyk mens na Moorreesburg, lyk sake ook nie veel beter nie, wat mens opnuut die universaliteit van sukses, maar ook Else Louwrens se standpunt, in twyfel laat trek. Moorreesburg se [[Tiger Oats-gebou, Moorreesburg|Tiger Oats-gebou]] het weens die oliekrisis al hoe meer van sy funksies aan die tak in Maitland afgestaan, wat nader aan die grootste gros verbruikers is.<ref>Frankel, R. 1988. ''Tiger Tapestry''. Cape Town: Struik, p. 302</ref><ref name="Frankel.1988.293">Frankel, R. 1988. ''Tiger Tapestry''. Cape Town: Struik, p. 293</ref> Vandag is die fabriek op Moorreesburg 'n bouval. Erdvark Ploegfabriek (Edms. Bpk.) word omstreeks Oktober 1990 as lopende onderneming oorgekoop<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160926150957/http://www.erdvark.co.za/company/history/ Erdvark.co.za: The History of Erdvark Engineering (2016)]</ref> en die personeel word hierna opnuut by Trawal naby [[Klawer]] gevestig.<ref name="Erdvark2025">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250616011237/https://www.erdvark.co.za/company/history/ Erdvark.co.za: The History of Erdvark Engineering (2025)]</ref> Die Swartland Groep moes ook maar ogies toeknyp toe die Trump-tariewe in 2025 aangekondig is.<ref>[https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/833927/major-south-african-company-could-shut-down-exports-after-operating-for-35-years/ Libera, M. 2025. Major South African company could shut down exports after operating for 35 years. ''BusinessTech''. 4 August]</ref> Die Moorreesburgse Koringboere Koöperatiewe Beperk word op 28 Junie 1999 'n privaatmaatskappy, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240808094956/https://www.cipc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/DEREGISTRATION-LIST-003F.pdf Companies and Intellectual Property Commission: Co-operatives deregistration/Liquidation list, 1965 – 2023 deregistered files]</ref> nou genaamd Moorreesburgse Koringboere (Edms) Beperk, alombekend as MKB. Lank voordat die maatskappy met Overberg Agri versmelt het in 2011,<ref>[https://archive.is/vMiH1 AAF: "2011. Merger between Overberg Agri & MKB]</ref> was daar reeds kommer watter invloed en vervreemding 'n aandelemaatskappy (van eksterne, gesiglose aandeelhouers) en die blindstaar teen dividende op die dorp sou hê, maar die hoop is uitgespreek dat die boere, al is hulle nie meer aandeelhouers nie, sal baat by die winsgedrewe maatskappy deur beter dienslewering.<ref name="Richter.Transformasie">[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Seq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA125 Richter, G. 2010. Transformasie van koöperasies. In: ''Geskiedenis van die Koringbedryf, vanaf Tafelvallei tot die Rooi-Karoo (1652-2009).'' Stellenbosch: African SUN Media, bl. 125-127]</ref> By 'n koöperasie bly die wins in die dorp self, want die lede is van die kontrei. By 'n aandeelmaatskappy is die wins iewers in 'n wolk. Dikwels word vergeet van die Wet 117 van 1998 (Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Strukture, 1998) wat in die Staatskoerant van 18 Desember 1998 aangekondig is,<ref>[https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/za/1998/za-government-gazette-dated-1998-12-18-no-19614.pdf ''Staatskoerant van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika''. 1998. Wet No. 117 van 1998: Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Strukture, 1998. (No. 19614). Pretoria: Staatsdrukker.]</ref> maar so ook die gevolglike afskaffing van die Munisipaliteit Moorreesburg tot samesmelting van een groot oorkoepelende [[Swartland Plaaslike Munisipaliteit]] (maar wel die behoud van die setel Distriksmunisipaliteit) in die Staatskoerant van 28 Augustus 2000.<ref>[https://gazettes.africa/akn/za-wc/officialGazette/provincial-gazette/2000-08-28/5571/eng@2000-08-28/source.pdf ''Staatskoerant van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika''. 2000. Kennisgewing No. 479 van 2000: Afskaffing van bestaande munisipaliteite en die totstandkoming van nuwe munisipaliteite. (No. 21516). Pretoria: Staatsdrukker, p. 53]</ref> Wat dikwels gebeur: een dorp word tot hoofsetel van die munisipaliteit verkies, met die gevolge dat meer funksies soontoe verskuif. Meer besighede wil rondom hierdie funksies wees, met die gevolg dat groot dorpe (soos Malmesbury) groter word.<br> Dit is ook nie verrassend dat die Areaplan van Mei 2014 stel: "Na 'n periode van ontwikkeling toon die dorp [Moorreesburg] se ekonomie sedert 2000 'n matige groei. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan, onder andere, die feit dat die hoofkantoor van Munisipaliteit Swartland na amalgamasie in Malmesbury gesetel is, die uitlek van koopkrag na Kaapstad, Malmesbury en Piketberg en die stagnering van landbouproduksie weens droogtes en die sterk randgeldeenheid wat invoere van koring goedkoper maak as om dit plaaslik te produseer."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ated_development_plans_2014-15_02_local_municipalities_wc015_swartland_area_plan_1_north_2014-05_pdf/page/n11/mode/2up?q=+Kaapstad%2C+Malmesbury+en+Piketberg Swartland Munisipaliteit / Swartland Noord Areaplan vir 2014/0215 - Hersien op 30 Mei 2014]</ref><br> Die gevolglike diensleweringsbetoging op 1 Julie 2016 was geensins verwonderend nie, maar by een punt moet stilgestaan word. In reaksie op die eis vir 'n winkelsentrum op Moorreesburg, sê Swartland Plaaslike Munisipaliteit hy is nie 'n ontwikkelaar nie, en die winkelsentrum moet die inisiatief van 'n privaat ontwikkelaar wees. Die munisipaliteit het wel by talle geleenthede 'n ontwikkelaar bygestaan om 'n finansier te bekom, en ook 'n Chinese beleggingsgroep het belangstelling getoon, al is geen uitsluitsel verkry nie.<ref>''Netwerk24''. 2016. Moorreesburg protesoptog-eise beantwoord. 12 Julie: "Ontevrede inwoners het Vrydag 1 Julie aan ’n protesoptog op Moorreesburg deelgeneem en ’n memorandum van eise aan die burgemeester van Swartland-munisipaliteit (SM), Tijmen van Essen, en die waarnemende munisipale bestuurder, At Botha, oorhandig" [...] "Die eis vir 'n winkelsentrum: SM sê die munisipaliteit is nie ’n ontwikkelaar nie en dat 'n winkelsentrum die inisiatief van ’n privaat ontwikkelaar is wat in die heersende swak ekonomie nog nie kon realiseer nie. Weens SM se begerigheid om ’n winkelsentrum die lig te laat sien, is die ontwikkelaar by talle geleenthede bygestaan in sy pogings om ’n bereidwillige finansierder te bekom. Onlangs het ’n potensiële Chinese beleggingsgroep belangstelling getoon, maar is daar nog nie uitsluitsel verkry nie."</ref> === Notas === {{notas}} === Verwysings === {{Verwysings}} [[Kategorie:Skryfwedstrydartikels]] [[Kategorie:Moorreesburg]] 7iaqherxnskfi6efarx1uglrlhpykk4 0 461049 2913840 2913341 2026-06-25T21:12:03Z BurgertB 2401 Wedstryd verby 2913840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Suid-Afrikaanse Kernwapenprogram.png|duimnael|450px||KI gegenereerde illustrasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram.]] Die '''Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram''' was ’n geheime [[militêr]]e en [[tegnologie]]se projek wat gedurende die [[Koue Oorlog]] deur die regering van Suid-Afrika ontwikkel is. Die program het in die 1970's momentum gekry en het gelei tot die vervaardiging van ’n klein [[kernwapen]]arsenaal wat [[Suid-Afrika]] die enigste land in [[Afrika]] gemaak het wat kernwapens suksesvol ontwikkel het.<ref name=" IAEA 1993 ">International Atomic Energy Agency, Director General: The Denuclearization of Africa, GC(XXXVII)/1075, Aanhangsel 1, Anneks 1, 9 September 1993.</ref> Die ontwikkeling van die program het oor verskillende fases plaasgevind, met elke fase wat deur spesifieke doelwitte gekenmerk is. ’n Kenmerkende aspek van die Suid-Afrikaanse program was die inkrementele aard daarvan. Gedurende die vroeë 1960’s het die fokus hoofsaaklik op die ontwikkeling van ’n kerninfrastruktuur geval. Teen die laat 1960’s en vroeë 1970’s het aandag verskuif na die ontwikkeling van ’n sogenaamde “vreedsame” kerntoestel vir moontlike mynboudoeleindes. Eers vanaf die middel 1970’s het die program ontwikkel tot die skepping van ’n militêre kernwapenvermoë.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/> (bl.219) Suid-Afrika se kernwapens is ontwikkel met behulp van [[Uraanverryking|hoogs verrykte uraan]], wat by fasiliteite soos die van die [[Atoomenergiekorporasie]] (AEK) van Suid-Afrika verwerk is. Internasionale aandag het in 1979 toegeneem ná die sogenaamde [[Vela-insident]], wat moontlik verband gehou het met ’n geheime kerntoets deur [[Israel]] in die suidelike [[Indiese Oseaan]]. Suid-Afrika se kernwapendoktrine is ontwerp as ‘n strategiese politieke hefboom eerder as vir gebuik op die slagveld, spesifiek om die [[Verenigde State]] te oorreed om in te gryp in enige streekskonflikte tussen Suid-Afrika en die [[Sowjetunie]] of sy bondgenote in Afrika.<ref>{{cite book |isbn= 978-1536845655 |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Institute for Science and International Security |lccn=2018910946 |first1=David |last1=Albright |first2=Andrea |last2=Stricker |title=Revisiting South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program |year=2016 |url=https://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/RevisitingSouthAfricasNuclearWeaponsProgram.pdf }}</ref><ref name="NYT19930325">{{cite news|surname=Keller|given=Bill|title=South Africa Says It Built 6 Atom Bombs|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/25/world/south-africa-says-it-built-6-atom-bombs.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1993-03-25|page=A1|access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> Om 'n minimum geloofwaardige afskrikking te bereik, is altesaam ses kernwapens teen die laat 1980's in die geheim vervaardig.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/rsa/nuke.htm |title=Nuclear Weapons Program – South Africa |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=15 Mei 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525053022/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/rsa/nuke.htm |archive-date=25 Mei 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In die vroeë 1990’s het Suid-Afrika onder president [[F. W. de Klerk]] besluit om sy kernwapenarsenaal vrywillig te ontmantel en by die [[Verdrag oor die Nie-verspreiding van Kernwapens]] (NPT) aan te sluit. Dit het Suid-Afrika die eerste land gemaak wat selfontwikkelde kernwapens volledig afgetakel het.<ref name="deKlerk1993">De Klerk, F.W. (1993). Statement on the Nuclear Programme.</ref> Internasionale ontleders het aangevoer dat Suid-Afrika se ervaring getoon het dat [[nasionale veiligheid]]sdoelwitte deur diplomatieke integrasie en [[Internasionale verhoudinge|internasionale samewerking]] bereik kan word, eerder as deur die besit van kernwapens. Die land se besluit om sy kernwapenvermoë af te skaf, het steun vir kernwapenvrye sones versterk, veral in [[Afrika]] deur die [[Verdrag van Pelindaba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty) |url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/nwfz/africa/ |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> In hierdie verband word die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenproliferasie dikwels as ’n volledige kernwapen-lewensiklus beskryf: vanaf die vestiging van ’n kerninfrastruktuur en die ontwikkeling van ’n toestel vir sogenaamde “vreedsame” doeleindes, tot die skepping van ’n militêre afskrikvermoë, die aftakeling van die kernwapenprogram, en uiteindelik die aanvaarding van ’n aktiewe rol ter ondersteuning van internasionale nie-verspreidingsnorme. Hierdie ontwikkeling weerspieël die uiteindelike doelwit van die internasionale nie-verspreidingsregime ten opsigte van kernwapenstate.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/> (bl.219) == Agtergrond == Die Suid-Afrikaanse besluit om ’n kernwapenvermoë te ontwikkel moet verstaan word teen die agtergrond van die wêreldwye politieke en veiligheidsomgewing van die tyd, veral die oorheersende invloed van die [[Koue Oorlog]] op bedreigingspersepsies. Benewens hierdie internasionale konteks het binnelandse faktore ook ’n beduidende rol gespeel, insluitend tegnologiese vooruitgang en die manier waarop besluitnemers die bedreigings teen die land geïnterpreteer het. Die wetenskaplike gemeenskap het ook ’n belangrike rol gespeel, aangesien vooruitgang in die kernnavorsingsprogram geleidelik 'n tegniese vermoë geskep het wat later vir kernwapenontwikkeling aangewend kon word. Vanaf die middel-1970’s tot die middel-1980’s is Suid-Afrika se beleidsvorming sterk beïnvloed deur ’n [[Realisme (internasionale betrekkinge)|politieke realistiese]] [[wêreldbeskouing]], waarin [[nasionale veiligheid]] en oorlewing sentraal gestaan het. Hierdie perspektief was nou verweef met die regering se interpretasie van die internasionale strategiese omgewing en die land se geïsoleerde posisie daarin. Alhoewel die besluit binne hierdie internasionale raamwerk geneem is, het unieke binnelandse dinamika veiligheidsdenke verder gevorm. Teen die middel-1970's het internasionale norme rakende die nieverspreiding van kernwapens sterker begin ontwikkel, maar dit was nog nie universeel aanvaar nie. In hierdie konteks het ’n kombinasie van Koue Oorlog-gedrewe bedreigingspersepsies en die realiteite van Suid-Afrika se apartheidsbeleid die besluitneming oor kernwapens beïnvloed. Daarbenewens het die kernontwikkelingsprogram geleidelik 'n eie burokratiese momentum opgebou, wat voortgedryf is deur bestaande instellings en kundigheid, en wat binne die breër raamwerk van internasionale en binnelandse veiligheidskwessies gefunksioneer het.<ref name="VanVuuren2003">Van Vuuren, R. 2003. ''Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The South African experience in global context''. Ongepubliseerde MA-verhandeling. Pretoria: Universiteit van Suid-Afrika.</ref>(bl161-162) == Aanvang van die kernbedryf in Suid-Afrika == [[Lêer:Aanvang van die kernbedryf in Suid-Afrika.png|duimnael|KI gegenereerde voorstelling van die aanvang van die kernbedryf in Suid-Afrika.]] Teen die einde van die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] het generaal [[Jan Smuts]], destydse eerste minister van Suid-Afrika, ’n streng geheime telegram van die Britse minister van finansies ontvang. Daarin is hy versoek om die moontlike teenwoordigheid van uraanafsettings in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Uraan was van strategiese belang vir die [[Manhattan-projek]], wat daarop gemik was om kernwapens vir die Geallieerde magte te ontwikkel. Plaaslike ondersoeke, in samewerking met die mynbedryf, het vervolgens bevestig dat [[uraan]] in die meeste goudmyne van die [[Witwatersrand]] voorkom en as ’n neweproduk van goudontginning herwin kon word.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 1999 ">Von Wielligh, N. The Story of Completeness: The Untold Part, ongepubliseerde dokument, Pretoria, Julie 1999, bl. 3.</ref> Dit het die eerste fase van Suid-Afrika se kernbedryf ingelui, wat in die laat 1940’s hoofsaaklik op die ontginning en uitvoer van uraanerts gerig was. Ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog is ’n toename in die wêreldvraag na [[uraan]] verwag, gedryf deur vooruitsigte van internasionale uitbreiding in die kernbedryf. Teen die agtergrond van hierdie verwagte ekonomiese voordele het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering in 1948 die Suid-Afrikaanse Atoomenergieraad (AER) tot stand gebring om kernnavorsing en -ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite te koördineer en te bevorder.<ref name=" Stumpf ">Stumpf, W. “Birth and Death of the South African Nuclear Weapons Programme.” Aanbieding gegee by die konferensie “Fifty Years after Hiroshima”, georganiseer deur USPID (Unione Scienziati per il Disarmo) en gehou in Castiglioncello, Italië, 28 September tot 2 Oktober 1995, http://www.aec.co.za/strategy.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010304004530/http://www.aec.co.za/strategy.htm |date= 4 Maart 2001 }}., (11 Mei 1999).</ref> [[Lêer:Splyting van kernreaksies.png|duimnael|[[Kernsplyting]], die grondslag van ‘n [[kettingreaksie]] wat sentraal is ten opsigte van die werking van ‘n [[kernwapen]].]] Die VSA en die VK het Suid-Afrika as ’n strategiese bron van uraan beskou, aangesien die land na raming oor tot 25% van die nie-kommunistiese wêreld se uraanreserwes beskik het. Hierdie lande het gevolglik ook in plaaslike uraanverwerkingsfasiliteite belê. Die eerste volskaalse aanleg vir uraanonttrekking het in 1952 by die West Rand Consolidated Mine in bedryf gekom. Tussen 1953 en 1971 het die VSA meer as 40 000 ton Suid-Afrikaanse uraanoksied ingevoer, met ’n totale waarde van sowat $450 miljoen.<ref name=" Jaster ">Jaster, R.S. 1985. “South Africa.” In: Snyder, J.C. & Wells, S.F. (reds.), Limiting Nuclear Proliferation. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, bl. 148. </ref> [[Lêer:Oak ridge Opleiding 1961.png|links|duimnael|Personeellede van die AER in opleiding in die VSA. Van links na regs is dr. S.J. du Toit (fisika), dr. J.W.L. de Villiers 9reaktoringenieurswese), W.H. Tabor (Oak Ridge, VSA), dr. L le Roux (chemie) en dr. W.L. Grant (ingenieurswese). Die oorspronklike foto is op 7 April 1961 in Oak Ridge geneem.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 2014 "/> (Fotos 8)]] In ruil vir uraanuitvoere het Suid-Afrika kernverwante ondersteuning van die VSA ontvang. Meer as 90 Suid-Afrikaanse wetenskaplikes en tegnici is by Amerikaanse kernnavorsingsfasiliteite opgelei, wat ’n belangrike grondslag vir die land se eie kernnavorsings- en ontwikkelingsprogram gevorm het.<ref name=" Horton ">Horton, R.E. 1999. ''Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria’s Nuclear Weapon Experience''. Occasional Paper. US Air Force Institute of National Security Studies, Augustus, bl. 4 (elektroniese kopie).</ref> Terselfdertyd is 'n kernnavorsingsprogram aan die [[Universiteit van die Witwatersrand]] gevestig en ’n stigterslid van die [[Internasionale Atoomenergie-agentskap]] (IAEA) geword.<ref>Jaster 1985, bl. 149.</ref> In die raamwerk van die "Atoms for Peace"-program is daar in 1957 'n 50-jaarooreenkoms oor kernsamewerking tussen die VSA en Suid-Afrika gesluit.<ref name="Minty">[[Abdul Minty|Minty, A.S.]] 1987. ''South Africa’s Nuclear Capability: The Apartheid Bomb''. In: Worsley, P. & Hadjor, K.B. (reds.), ''On the Brink: Nuclear Proliferation and the Third World''. Londen: Third World Communications, bl. 159. </ref> Kragtens hierdie ooreenkoms het Suid-Afrika die [[SAFARI-1]] (South African Fundamental Atomic Research Installation)-reaktor ontvang, tesame met verrykte uraanbrandstof wat periodiek voorsien is.<ref name=" Masiza ">Masiza, Z. 1993. “A Chronology of South Africa’s Nuclear Program.” ''The Nonproliferation Review'', 1(1), Herfs, bl. 35. </ref> Die reaktor is deur die Amerikaanse maatskappy Allis-Chalmers vervaardig en het in 1964 krities geraak by die Nasionale Kernnavorsingsentrum in [[Pelindaba]], naby [[Pretoria]].<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.168) ==Ontstaan van die kernplofstofprogram== ===Vroeë kernnavorsing en uraanverryking=== [[Lêer:Uraanverrykingsproses.png|duimnael|Skematiese voorstelling van die uraanverrykingsproses vanaf natuurlike uraan (geel) tot verrykte uraan (rooi) en verarmde uraan (groen) in 'n gassentrifugeaanleg. Bron: World Nuclear Association.]] [[Lêer:Pelinduna terrein.png|links|duimnael|Gourits-gebied geïdentifiseer vir die beplande Pelinduna-reaktor.]] Die AER het reeds in 1959 ’n navorsings- en ontwikkelingsprogram vir die verwerking van natuurlike uraan begin.<ref name=" Newby-Fraser ">Newby-Fraser, A.R, Chain Reaction: Twenty Years of Nuclear Research and Development, The Atomic Energy Board, Pretoria, 1979, bl 5.</ref> In 1961 het die Kabinet die nasionale kernnavorsingsprogram formeel goedgekeur.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 1999 "/>(bl.3) Benewens fundamentele kernnavorsing het die AER hom toegespits op die ontwikkeling van ’n plaaslike konsep vir ’n natuurlike uraankragreaktor (Pelinduna), asook op die ontwikkeling van ’n proses vir uraanverryking wat die potensiaal ingehou het om die waarde van Suid-Afrika se uraanuitvoere aansienlik te verhoog. Weens die vroeë sukses van die verrykingsprogram en beperkte hulpbronne is die werk aan die Pelinduna-reaktorkonsep egter in 1967 gestaak.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 1999 "/>(bl.5) Daarna het die AER se aktiwiteite hoofsaaklik op uraanverryking gekonsentreer. Met die beëindiging van die reaktorprogram kon nie alle wetenskaplikes wat daaraan verbonde was, elders binne die AER geakkommodeer word nie. ’n Interne komitee het gevolglik moontlike alternatiewe kernnavorsingsrigtings ondersoek wat met uraanverryking verband hou. In dié proses is die ontwikkeling van ’n sogenaamde "vreedsame kernplofstof" as ’n uitvoerbare en praktiese program vir die AER beskou. Hierdie aanbeveling is in 1969 deur die AER aanvaar.<ref name=" Buys 2000 ">Onderhoud met Prof Andre Buys op 7 Junie 2000 in Pretoria.</ref> ===Die ontstaan van die “vreedsame kernplofstof”-idee=== In die 1960’s was die idee van burgerlike toepassings vir kernontploffings gewild in die Verenigde State. Die land het sy Projek Ploegskare (Project Plowshare), 'n program vir vreedsame kernontploffings, aktief bevorder en verskeie konferensies oor die onderwerp aangebied.<ref name=" Buys ">Buys, A. “Die Ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika se Kernwapenstrategie”, ongepubliseer en ongedateer.</ref> Die konsep het verwys na die gebruik van kernontploffings vir siviele ingenieurs- en mynboudoeleindes, eerder as vir militêre gebruik. ’n Lid van die AER se personeel het selfs een van hierdie byeenkomste bygewoon en daar ’n referaat gelewer waarin hy streke in Suid-Afrika uitgewys het waar kernploftoestelle moontlik vir [[mynbou]]doeleindes aangewend kon word.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> Die besluit om die ontwikkeling van ’n VP te steun, is geneem sonder dat sekere kwessies wat vir so ’n omvangryke onderneming van belang was, volledig ondersoek is. Geen omvattende koste- of implikasie-ontleding is tydens die ondersoek na die projek uitgevoer nie. Gevolglik was daar onsekerheid—ten minste onder dié wat direk by die program betrokke was—oor presies waar en hoe so ’n toestel in die toekoms aangewend sou kon word. Hierdie situasie word deur sommige navorsers toegeskryf aan die "wetenskaplike kultuur" wat destyds binne die AER geheers het.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> ===Die VP-program en aanvanklike ondersoeke=== Die bou van die loodsverrykingsaanleg (die Y-aanleg) het in 1971 begin.<ref name=" IAEA 1993 "/> In Maart 1971 het die destydse Suid-Afrikaanse Minister van Mynwese, Carl de Wet, die AER se voorstelle goedgekeur om voorlopige ondersoeke na die gebruik van "vreedsame kernontploffings" te onderneem.<ref name=" Masiza "/> (bl. 35) Die AER het vervolgens teoretiese ondersoeke en literatuurstudies onderneem oor die haalbaarheid van beide implosie- en kanontipe kerntoestelle. Die AER het later voorkeur gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die meganiese en pirotegniese aspekte van kanontipe-ontwerpe bo dié van implosietoestelle. Volgens latere ontledings het die voorkeur vir die kanontipe-ontwerp verband gehou met veiligheidsoorwegings, die afwesigheid van [[plutonium]] en die moontlikheid om die toestel in afsonderlike komponente te berg.<ref name=" Horton "/> (bl.3) Op hierdie stadium was Suid-Afrika se tegnologiese en ekonomiese isolasie nog relatief beperk, en 'n mate van internasionale wetenskaplike en tegnologiese samewerking was steeds moontlik. Uit vrees dat die ontwikkeling van 'n kerntoestel as 'n militêre kernwapenprogram geïnterpreteer kon word, is van die begin af besluit om die program geheim te hou. Die program het die kodenaam VP ("vreedsame plofstof") ontvang.<ref name=" Buys "/> (bl. 1) ===Samewerking met Somchem en vroeë tegniese ontwikkeling=== Omdat die AER destyds nie oor geskikte fasiliteite by Pelindaba beskik het nie, het ’n klein, streng beveiligde span AER-personeel gedurende 1972 en 1973 by ’n aandrywingslaboratorium van ’n Somchem-aanleg in [[Somerset-Wes]] gewerk. Somchem was 'n staatsbeheerde vervaardiger van plofstof en dryfmiddels. Daar het hulle gefokus op die ontwikkeling van meganiese en pirotegniese substelsels vir ’n kanontipe kerntoestel. Die span het ook ’n skaalmodel ontwerp wat in Mei 1974 by Somchem getoets is, waarin ’n projektiel van nie-kernmateriaal gebruik is.<ref>Albright, D. “''South Africa and the Affordable Bomb'',” ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', Vol.50, No. 4, Julie/Augustus 1994.</ref> (bl.5) Die sukses van hierdie toetse het die AER in sy oordeel versterk dat ’n kernplofstofprogram tegnies uitvoerbaar was.<ref name=" Pabian ">Pabian, F.V. “South Africa’s Nuclear Weapon Program: Lessons for US Nonproliferation Policy,” ''The Nonproliferation Review'', Vol. 3, No. 1, Herfs 1995, bl. 2. (Elektroniese kopie).</ref> ===Regeringsgoedkeuring en politieke posisionering=== Vroeg in 1974 is ’n verslag voltooi waarin tot die gevolgtrekking gekom is dat die ontwikkeling van ’n kernploftoestel vir vreedsame gebruik tegnies haalbaar was. Dieselfde jaar het Eerste Minister [[B. J. Vorster]] goedkeuring verleen vir die ontwikkeling van ’n beperkte vermoë om kernploftoestelle te vervaardig, asook vir die oprigting van ’n ondergrondse toetsfasiliteit.<ref name=" Van der Westhuizen ">Van der Westhuizen, L.J. and Le Roux, J.H. ''ARMSCOR: The Leading Edge'', Institute for Contemporary History, UOFS, ongepubliseerde boek, [[Bloemfontein]], 1997. (bl. 172 – 173).</ref> In 1974 het die AER se vise-president, dr. L. Alberts, verklaar dat Suid-Afrika se wetenskap en tegnologie reeds voldoende gevorder het om, indien nodig, ’n kerntoestel te vervaardig. Hy het egter beklemtoon dat die AER binne die beleidsraamwerk van die regering opgetree het, en dat kernkennis uitsluitlik vir vreedsame doeleindes aangewend sou word.<ref>''Rand Daily Mail'', 11 Julie 1974.</ref> ===Onsekerheid oor militêre toepassings=== Daar is geen aanduiding dat enige moontlike militêre rol vir die toestel destyds aan personeel binne die program gekommunikeer is nie. Hoewel daar sporadies verwysings in die pers na moontlike militêre gebruike verskyn het, is geen duidelike regeringsstandpunt oor nie-vreedsame toepassings van [[kernenergie]] in hierdie stadium openbaar gemaak nie.<ref>Sien byvoorbeeld Beeld, 26 Julie 1970.</ref> Geen bekende primêre bronne uit hierdie tydperk bevestig ’n uitdruklike militêre doel vir die program nie.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.167) Die aanvanklike toestel het ook nie aan die vereistes van ’n praktiese kernwapen voldoen nie, veral wat betref gewig en aflewerbaarheid. Dit was omvangryk, met ’n massa van byna 168 ton, en is deur kabels aan toets- en snellertoerusting verbind.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> Die fokus van die program gedurende hierdie fase was die ontwikkeling van ’n werkende kernploftoestel eerder as ’n operasionele wapenstelsel. ===Internasionale druk en die Kalahari-toetsterrein=== Intussen het internasionale druk op Suid-Afrika toegeneem. Gedurende die 1970's het internasionale druk op Suid-Afrika toegeneem, met die kernprogram as een van die eerste teikens van beperkende maatreëls en uitvoerbeheer. In 1975 het die Verenigde State byvoorbeeld verdere verskepings van hoogsverrykte uraan (HEU) vir die SAFARI-reaktor opgeskort.<ref name=" Albright 1994 ">Albright, D. ''South Africa’s Secret Nuclear Weapons'', ''ISIS Report'', Vol. 1, No. 4, Mei 1994.</ref> (bl. 4) In dieselfde jaar het die ontwikkeling van die Kalahari-kernploftoetsterrein begin.<ref name="Stumpf"/> Die terrein was ontwerp om ondergrondse kerntoetse moontlik te maak, soortgelyk aan die toetsmetodes wat destyds deur verskeie ander kernmoondhede gebruik is. ===Tegniese vooruitgang en hoogsverrykte uraan=== [[Lêer:Sirkel Gebou 5000.png|duimnael|Gebou 5000 op ’n afgeskermde deel van die Pelindaba-terrein het gedurende die vroeë jare van die program ’n kritieke fasiliteit vir vinnige-neutron-eksperimente gehuisves.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014" /> (Fotos 5)]] Tussen 1975 en 1978 het die AER beduidende tegniese vordering gemaak deur ballistiese en neutroniese rekenaarmodelle te ontwikkel, sowel as eksperimente uit te voer om die eienskappe van materiale vir kernverwante toestelle te bepaal. In dieselfde tydperk is ’n kritieke fasiliteit in Gebou 5000 by Pelindaba ontwerp en opgerig, terwyl daar ook met dryfmiddels vir ’n kanonloop-tipe toestel geëksperimenteer is.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl.6) Parallel hiermee het die eerste fases van die loodsverrykingsaanleg, bekend as die Y-aanleg, reeds teen die einde van 1974 in werking getree. Die aanleg het egter eers in Maart 1977 volle kaskade-werking bereik. Weens die lang ewewigstyd, dit wil sê die tyd wat nodig was om 'n stabiele verrykingsgradiënt te vestig, is die eerste hoogverrykte uraan (HEU) eers in Januarie 1978 uit die aanleg onttrek.<ref name="Stumpf"/> Daar is egter reeds teen die einde van 1977, 'n kleiner hoeveelheid, ongeveer 3 kilogram [[Uraan(VI)fluoried|uraanheksafluoried]] (UF6) met ’n verrykingsvlak van 34,6%, onttrek en aan die AER beskikbaar gestel.<ref>Onderhoud met amptenaar, wat betrokke was by die program maar anonimiteit versoek het op 17 Maart 2000.</ref> ===Van vreedsame plofstof na strategiese afskrikking=== Die sukses van die uraanverrykingsprogram en die gepaardgaande tegnologiese deurbrake het nuwe momentum aan die kernnavorsingsprogram verleen en dit vir die AER moontlik gemaak om betekenisvolle vordering te maak met die ontwikkeling van ’n konsep-kernploftoestel. Aanvanklik is sulke toestelle beskou as potensieel nuttig vir [[mynbou]] en ander industriële toepassings. Soos die ontwikkelingswerk gevorder het, het internasionale teenkanting teen sogenaamde vreedsame kerntoestelle toegeneem. Hierdie teenkanting het egter nie tot die beëindiging van die program gelei nie. Die internasionale reaksie het aansienlik toegeneem nadat voorbereidings vir 'n moontlike Suid-Afrikaanse kerntoets in die Kalahari in 1977 bekend geword het. Hoewel daar reeds voor 1977 belangstelling bestaan het in die moontlike strategiese waarde van die program, dui die meeste beskikbare bronne daarop dat die besluit om 'n formele kernafskrikvermoë te ontwikkel waarskynlik eers ná die Kalahari-voorval van 1977 geneem is.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.168) ==Van ploftoestel tot kernwapen== ===Samewerking tussen die AER en die SAW=== Die AER se besluit om ’n geskikte terrein vir kernploftoetsing te identifiseer en te ontwikkel, het aanleiding gegee tot die eerste formele kontak tussen die programbestuur en die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag]] (SAW). Die AER het ondersteuning benodig, nie alleen vir die ontwikkeling van die fasiliteit nie, maar ook vir sekuriteitsreëlings en die verskaffing van ’n sekuriteits- en administratiewe dekmantel. Met hierdie doel voor oë het samewerking tussen die AER en die SAW reeds in 1973/74 begin. Die SAW het vervolgens ’n gebied in die [[Noord-Kaap]] verkry en dit as ’n militêre oefenterrein verklaar. As deel van die voorbereidings is twee skagte ook gesink met die oog op moontlike toekomstige kerntoetse. Hoewel sekere SAW-personeel reeds op daardie stadium bewus was van die kernploftoestelprogram, is geen formele inisiatiewe deur die Weermag geneem om die moontlike militêre aanwending van sodanige toestelle te ondersoek of te bespreek nie.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> ===Eerste militêre belangstelling in kernwapens=== Die eerste aanduidings van militêre belangstelling in die kernwapenprogram het in 1976 na vore gekom, toe dit aan die lig gekom het dat die SAW, en in besonder militêre intelligensie, besig was met sogenaamde [[operasionele navorsing]], naamlik die toepassing van wiskundige analise op praktiese militêre vraagstukke, met betrekking tot moontlike wapenstelsels wat met kernplofkoppe toegerus kon word. Hierdie ondersoek was aanvanklik beperk in omvang, teoreties van aard en deur slegs twee persone uitgevoer. In die loop van die studie is daar met die AER se kernploftoestelspan in verbinding getree met die doel om die massa van 'n potensiële kernwapen vas te stel. Aangesien die AER-wetenskaplikes op daardie stadium gewerk het met die konsep van 'n “sogenaamde vreedsame kernploftoestel”, waarvoor massa nie ’n kritieke ontwerpparameter was nie, kon geen presiese data verskaf word nie en is slegs ’n benaderde skatting aan die navorsers oorgedra.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> ===Internasionale druk en die Kalahari-insident=== [[Lêer:Kalahari-insident 1977.png|duimnael|Die Kalahari-insident]] Internasionale druk met betrekking tot die sogenaamde vreedsame aard van die kernprogram het teen die middel-1970's geleidelik toegeneem. Teen 1977 het die internasionale klimaat merkbaar verskuif, met toenemende skeptisisme oor die konsep van vreedsame kernplofstof. Die beëindiging van die Amerikaanse Project Plowshare-program, tesame met die groeiende internasionale teenkanting ná [[Indië]] se kernwapentoets van 1974, het hierdie negatiewe persepsie verder versterk. In dieselfde jaar het die [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]]-administrasie besluit om die Verenigde State se langtermynkontrak vir die verskaffing van laagverrykte uraan (LEU) op te skort, tensy Suid-Afrika die Verdrag oor die Nie-verspreiding van Kernwapens (NPT) onderteken. Hierdie kontrak het voorsiening gemaak vir die lewering van LEU aan twee kernkragreaktors by [[Koeberg]]-kernkragsentrale, wat destyds in aanbou was.<ref name=" Jaster "/> (bl. 150) Aanvanklik het die relatief beperkte internasionale reaksie op die Indiese toets egter die vasberadenheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse kerntoestelprogram versterk. Daar is geargumenteer dat die reaksie minder ernstig was as verwag, en dat Suid-Afrika se program internasionaal as nie-militêr van aard beskou kon word.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> [[Lêer:Vastrap.png|duimnael|Die skuur bo-oor die toetsskag op die Vastrap-terrein in die Kalahari waar Suid-Afrika se "koue" kerntoets in Augustus 1977 beplan is. Die toets het nooit plaasgevind nie, as gevolg van diplomatieke druk na satellietwaarnemings van die voorbereidings deur die USSR.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014" /> (Foto 5)]] Teen die middel-1977 is die eerste toetstoestel voltooi, maar onvoldoende hoogverrykte uraan (HEU) was beskikbaar om ’n ondergrondse kerntoets uit te voer. Nietemin is daar besluit om voort te gaan met ’n sogenaamde “koue toets” — dit wil sê sonder [[uraan-235]] — by die Vastrap-ondergrondse toetsterrein in die [[Kalahari]], met die doel om logistieke prosedures, diagnostiese stelsels en data-insamelingsvermoë te toets.<ref >Onderhoud met Dr Nic von Wielligh op 25 Augustus 1999 te Pelindaba.</ref> Op 30 Julie 1977 het ’n [[Sowjetunie|Sowjet]]-[[satelliet]] wat oor Suid-Afrika beweeg het, die kenmerkende uitleg van die toetsterrein waargeneem. Die Sowjetunie het vervolgens die Verenigde State van Amerika ingelig dat Suid-Afrika moontlik voorbereidings tref vir ’n kernwapentoets. Ná bevestiging van die inligting het die Verenigde State, saam met ander geïndustrialiseerde lande, diplomatieke druk op Suid-Afrika uitgeoefen om nie met die toets voort te gaan nie.<ref name=" Reiss ">Reiss, M. ''Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities'', Woodrow Wilson Center Press, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], 1995.</ref> (bl. 10) In reaksie op hierdie internasionale druk het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering besluit om die terrein in Augustus 1977 te ontruim en die beplande toetsaktiwiteite te staak.<ref name="Stumpf"/> ===Die militarisering van die program=== In die nasleep van die ontdekking van Suid-Afrika se voorneme om ’n kerntoets in Augustus 1977 uit te voer, en die daaropvolgende verseëling van die toetsskagte en ontruiming van die toetsterrein, is die toekoms van die kernploftoestelprogram op beleidsvlak heroorweeg. Standpunte onder persone betrokke by die program het die siening ingeslui dat die betrokke tegnologie waardevol was en verder ontwikkel behoort te word. Daar is verder geargumenteer dat strategiese opsies met betrekking tot ’n kernvermoë oopgehou moes word.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> Die 1977-voorval het gevolglik as ’n keerpunt gedien en uiteindelik bygedra tot die formele militarisering van die program.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/> (bl.170) Na die gebeure van Augustus 1977 het Eerste Minister B.J. Vorster die AER opdrag gegee om die sogenaamde vreedsame kernprogram te beëindig, die toetsterrein te sluit en voort te gaan met die ontwikkeling van ’n kernafskrikvermoë.<ref name=" Liberman ">Liberman, P. ''The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb,'' ''International Security'', Vol. 26, No. 2, Herfs 2001.</ref> (bl.53). Aan lede van die program is oorgedra dat sodanige vermoë as [[Strategie|strategies]] nuttig beskou word in die lig van ’n toenemende militêre bedreiging teen Suid-Afrika. Hierdie beknopte en gedeeltelik vae opdrag het tot uiteenlopende interpretasies binne die program gelei. ’n Beduidende aantal AER-werknemers was van mening dat die blote besit van ’n kernploftoestel voldoende kon wees vir afskrikdoeleindes. Volgens hierdie standpunt sou die ontwikkeling van ’n werkbare toets-toestel voldoende wees, sonder verdere tegnologiese verfyning. Daarteenoor het ander rolspelers, insluitend die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag (SAW) se stafhoof vir beplanning, John Huyser, wat onlangs by die program betrokke geraak het, geargumenteer dat ’n afskrikvermoë slegs geloofwaardig sou wees indien dit operasioneel bruikbaar was. Volgens hierdie siening sou ’n kernploftoestel nie as ’n effektiewe afskrikmiddel dien indien dit nie bewapen en afgelewer kon word nie.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> ===Kernafskrikking en Huyser se strategie=== Brigadier John Huyser het op eie inisiatief ’n beleidsdokument saamgestel waarin die moontlike kernopsies vir Suid-Afrika uiteengesit is. In hierdie dokument is drie strategieë geïdentifiseer. Die eerste het behels dat die kernprogram streng geheim gehou word, met die regering wat die bestaan daarvan en enige kernwapens ontken en die vermoë sou slegs in uiterste omstandighede, in die geval van ’n ernstige bedreiging, gedemonstreer word. Die tweede opsie het voorsien dat die kernvermoë op ’n vertroulike wyse aan geselekteerde state gekommunikeer sou word, met die doel om hul optrede te beïnvloed. Die derde opsie het openlike erkenning van ’n kernvermoë behels, wat Suid-Afrika effektief kernwapenstatus sou verleen. Huyser het laasgenoemde benadering aanbeveel.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/> Die dokument is in April 1978 deur die destydse minister van verdediging, [[P.W. Botha]], goedgekeur, met die bykomende voorbehoud: “gemagtig, maar slegs wanneer ons gereed is.” Nadat die dokument aan lede van die program beskikbaar gestel is, het dit duidelik geword dat die inisiatief ’n militêre karakter aangeneem het, met die ontwikkeling van bewapende toestelle as doelwit. Hierdie verskuiwing het saamgeval met breër politieke veranderinge binne die regering. In September 1978 het Eerste Minister B.J. Vorster bedank na die sogenaamde [[Inligtingskandaal]], waarna P.W. Botha hom opgevolg het. Botha het sedert 1966 as minister van verdediging gedien en dié portefeulje nog twee jaar behou nadat hy regeringshoof geword het.<ref name=" Albright 1995 ">Albright, D. “How South Africa Abandoned Nuclear Weapons,” ongepubliseerde konsepartikel gedateer 3 November 1995.</ref> ===Internasionale isolasie en die IAEA=== In hierdie tydperk het Suid-Afrika se internasionale kernisolasie toegeneem. Die land is toenemend verhinder om ten volle aan aktiwiteite van die Internasionale Atoomenergie-agentskap (IAEA) deel te neem. As een van die mees tegnologies gevorderde lande op die Afrika-kontinent het Suid-Afrika aanvanklik ’n belangrike rol binne die organisasie vervul en tot Junie 1977 as lid van die Raad van Goewerneurs gedien. Die ontwikkeling van ’n kernwapenvermoë, tesame met toenemende internasionale isolasie, het egter gelei tot groeiende druk van ander Afrika-lande en lede van die [[Beweging van Onverbonde Lande]] (BOL) om Suid-Afrika van IAEA-aktiwiteite uit te sluit. Tydens die IAEA se Algemene Konferensie in [[Nieu-Delhi]] in 1979 is Suid-Afrika se geloofsbriewe gevolglik verwerp. Die Wêreldveldtog teen Militêre en Kernkrag-samewerking met Suid-Afrika het ’n beduidende rol gespeel in die mobilisering van lidlande teen Suid-Afrika se voortgesette deelname. Hoewel die land nie toegelaat is om die 1979-konferensie by te woon nie en daarna uitgesluit is van daaropvolgende jaarlikse konferensie, het Suid-Afrika formeel steeds lidmaatskap en sekere voordele daarvan behou tot die einde van die apartheidstelsel.<ref name=" Minty "/> ===PW Botha en die Witvlei-komitee=== In Oktober 1978 is 'n aksiekomitee aangestel om die regering te adviseer oor die moontlike vervaardiging van kernwapens, gebaseer op die AER se program vir "vreedsame kernontploffings".<ref name=" Viljoen ">Viljoen, J. ''Chronology of Events During the South African Nuclear Weapon Program'', ongepubliseerde en ongedateerde dokument.</ref> (bl. 2) Die liggaam, algemeen bekend as die Witvlei-komitee, is deur Eerste Minister P.W. Botha aangestel en voorgesit. Die komitee het onder meer die Minister van Mynbou (aanvanklik S.P. Botha en vanaf Junie 1979 [[F.W. de Klerk]]), die Minister van Buitelandse Sake ([[Pik Botha|RF Botha]]), asook die ministers van Finansies en Verdediging ingesluit. Ander lede was die voorsitter van Krygkor (Kmdt Marais), die voorsitter van die AER (aanvanklik dr. Wally Grant en later dr. Wynand de Villiers), terwyl die direkteur-generaal van Buitelandse Sake, dr. [[Brand Fourie]], as sekretaris opgetree het. Die komitee was verantwoordelik vir beleidsbesluite oor kernverwante aangeleenthede, insluitend Suid-Afrika se kernvermoë en vraagstukke rakende die nie-verspreiding van kernwapens. Reeds in 1978 het dit die vordering en toekomstige rigting van die land se kernprogram begin evalueer.<ref name=" Van der Westhuizen "/> (bl.174-175) Die eerste formele voorstelle vir die ontwikkeling van 'n kerntoestel en die nodige infrastruktuur is in Julie 1979 voorgelê.<ref name=" Viljoen "/> (bl. 2) Daarna het die komitee goedkeuring verleen vir die voortsetting van die kernwapenontwikkelingsprogram met die doel om 'n strategiese afskrikvermoë te vestig.<ref name=" Van der Westhuizen "/> (bl.174-175) ===Krygkor en die ontwikkeling van aflewerbare kernwapens=== Na aanleiding van hierdie besluit is [[Krygkor]] amptelik opdrag gegee om kernwapens te ontwikkel.<ref name=" Albright 1995 "/> (bl.13) Die verskuiwing na ’n militêre program het daartoe gelei dat die AER sy eie rol in die projek beëindig het. Nietemin het Krygkor steeds beduidende tegniese ondersteuning van die AER, en later die Atoomenergiekorporasie (AEK), ontvang, veral op die gebiede van neutroniese ontwerp, kernveiligheid, gesondheidsaspekte en die voorsiening van hoogverrykte uraan (HEU).<ref name=" Van der Westhuizen "/> (bl. 178) Die doelwitte van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram is daarna duidelik omskryf as: * die ontwikkeling en produksie van 'n aantal aflewerbare kanonlooptipe-gemonteerde toestelle; * [[litium-6]]-skeiding vir die produksie van tritium vir moontlike toekomstige gebruik in versterkte toestelle; * studies van inploffings- en termonukleêre tegnologie; en * die navorsing en ontwikkeling vir die produksie en herwinning van [[plutonium]] en [[tritium]].<ref name=" IAEA 1993 "/> (bl.6) Die eerste toestel (wat tydens die burgerlike program gebou en teen die middel van 1977 voltooi is) was 'n "nie-aflewerbare demonstrasietoestel." Die doel daarvan het dwarsdeur die program dié van 'n demonstrasietoestel gebly en dit is nooit in 'n aflewerbare toestel omgeskakel nie.<ref name=" Von Baeckmann etal ">Von Baeckmann, A., Dillon, G. and Perricos, D. ''Nuclear Verification in South Africa'', IAEA, http://.iaea.or.at/worldatom/inforesource/bulletin/bull371/baeckmann.html{{Dooie skakel|date=Mei 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (11 Mei 1999)</ref> In 1978 het die AER ’n kleiner toetstoestel ontwikkel wat ontwerp is om, indien nodig, vinnig vir ’n ondergrondse toets ontplooi te kon word ten einde Suid-Afrika se kernwapenvermoë te demonstreer. Hierdie tweede voorproduksietoestel is egter aanvanklik nie met splytbare materiaal gelaai nie. Die Y-aanleg het in dieselfde tydperk sy eerste hoogsverrykte uraan (HEU) vervaardig, hoewel voldoende materiaal vir ’n enkele toestel — ongeveer 55 kilogram — eers teen die tweede helfte van 1979 beskikbaar sou wees.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl.10) In Augustus 1979 is bedrywighede by die Y-aanleg tydelik opgeskort nadat ’n ernstige chemiese reaksie die fasiliteit besoedel het. Hoewel beperkte bedrywighede agt maande later hervat is, het die aanleg eers teen Julie 1981 weer daarin geslaag om addisionele HEU te produseer.<ref name=" Reiss "/> (bl. 11) Krygkor se kernwapenprogram is bedryf vanuit fasiliteite bekend as die Sirkel, ongeveer 15 kilometer vanaf die AER se Pelindaba-kompleks geleë. Die Sirkel-fasiliteite is gedurende 1980 opgerig volgens ontwerpe wat deur die AEK verskaf is en is in Mei 1981 amptelik in gebruik geneem.<ref name=" IAEA 1993 "/> (bl.6) Die fasiliteit is bestuur deur Kentron, ’n filiaal van Krygkor.<ref name=" Viljoen & Smith ">Viljoen, J. and Smith, D. “The Birth, Life and Death of South Africa’s Nuclear Weapon Program.” artikel voorberei vir die Institute for Science and International Security, Washington D.C., 1999.</ref> (bl. 6) Die tweede toestel (en eerste volwaardige kernwapen wat deur die Krygkor-span bebou is), met die kodenaam Hobo, is uiteindelik in Desember 1982 voltooi.<ref name=" Von Baeckmann etal "/> In dieselfde jaar is UKOR by die AEB ingelyf, waarna die organisasie as die Atoomenergiekorporasie (AEK) herstruktureer is.<ref name="Stumpf"/> Hierna sou daar sowat een kernwapen per jaar voltooi word, tot met die uiteindelike besluit sewe jaar later om die program at te takel.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 2014 "/> (bl.173) ===Die Vela-insident=== [[Lêer:Vela-insident.png|duimnael]] Die [[Vela-insident]] verwys na ’n vermoedelike atmosferiese kernontploffing wat op 22 September 1979 in die suidelike [[Indiese Oseaan]] plaasgevind het, in die omgewing van die Suid-Afrikaanse [[Prins Eduard-eilande]]. Die gebeurtenis is aanvanklik opgespoor deur ’n Amerikaanse Vela Hotel-satelliet, wat ’n kenmerkende "dubbele flits" geregistreer het: ’n seinpatroon wat voorheen herhaaldelik met atmosferiese kernontploffings geassosieer is. Verdere hidroakoestiese, meteorologiese<ref name=":2" >Kashkin, V. B.; Odintsov, R. D.; Rubleva, T.V. (15 August 2022). "On the Effects of a Nuclear Explosion on Stratospheric Ozone". Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 35 (4): 402–406. Bibcode:2022AtOO...35..402K. doi:10.1134/S1024856022040066. S2CID 251606268. Besoek 10 Augustus 2023.</ref> en radionukliedwaarnemings is later as aanduidings aangevoer dat ’n kernontploffing moontlik plaasgevind het. Daar is wyd bespiegel dat die voorval verband kon hou met ’n geheime kerntoets deur [[Israel]], moontlik met logistieke of tegniese ondersteuning van Suid-Afrika. Geen direkte betrokkenheid van Suid-Afrika is egter ooit amptelik bevestig nie. Ten tyde van die voorval het Suid-Afrika reeds oor ’n aktiewe kernwapenprogram beskik, maar volgens sommige bronne was die land se voorraad hoogverrykte uraan nog onvoldoende vir ’n eie volskaalse kerntoets.<ref name="The Bomb">{{cite book |last1=Von Wielligh |first1=Nic |title=The Bomb – South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme |last2=Von Wielligh-Steyn |first2=Lydia |publisher=Litera |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-920188-48-1 |location=Pretoria, ZA |oclc=930598649}}</ref><ref name="NSArchive" >Burr, William; Cohen, Avner, eds. (8 Desember 2016). Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570 (Report).</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Israel's Nuclear Weapons |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/israel/nuke/farr.htm |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=nuke.fas.org}}</ref> ===Suid-Afrika se kernwapenstrategie=== [[Lêer:Suid-Afrika se Kernstrategie.png|duimnael]] Die aanvanklike memorandum wat deur brigadier Huyser opgestel is, het beperkte riglyne verskaf rakende moontlike kernbekendmakings, dreigemente of die operasionele aanwending van Suid-Afrika se kernvermoë. In 1983 het André Buys, bestuurder van die kernwapenprogram, ’n werkgroep saamgestel om ’n meer omvattende kernstrategie te ontwikkel.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/><ref name=" Liberman "/> (bl.56) Die strategie wat uiteindelik aanvaar is, het uit drie progressief eskalerende fases bestaan en is gebaseer op die oorspronklike memorandum van Huyser. Fase 1 is gekenmerk deur ’n strategie van doelbewuste onsekerheid. Hierdie benadering is in praktyk reeds sedert die aanvang van die program gevolg en het behels dat die regering nie sou bevestig of ontken dat Suid-Afrika oor ’n kernwapenvermoë beskik nie. Streng geheimhouding is gehandhaaf, terwyl gebeure soos die Kalahari-insident die element van onsekerheid verder versterk en die strategie indirek ondersteun het. Fase 2 het uit ’n geheime drukstrategie bestaan. Hierdie benadering sou slegs toegepas word indien Suid-Afrika deur ’n oorweldigende militêre bedreiging gekonfronteer word en Westerse moondhede terselfdertyd onwillig sou wees om direk betrokke te raak. In so ’n scenario sou Suid-Afrika sy kernvermoë vertroulik aan invloedryke Westerse regerings, veral die Verenigde State, bekend maak. Die onderliggende aanname was dat Westerse state, uit vrees vir die moontlike gebruik van kernwapens in die streek en die gevolge daarvan vir die internasionale nie-verspreidingsorde, sou ingryp voordat Suid-Afrika militêr oorweldig word. Indien hierdie benadering onsuksesvol sou wees, sou fase 3 (’n openlike afskrikstrategie) in werking gestel word. As uiterste maatreël sou Suid-Afrika sy kernarsenaal openbaar maak, hetsy deur ’n amptelike verklaring of deur die uitvoering van ’n ondergrondse kerntoets. Om die afleweringsvermoë van die wapens te demonstreer, is daar ook voorsiening gemaak vir ’n moontlike atmosferiese toets in die “suidelike oseane”, ver van bevolkte gebiede, as finale afskrikmiddel. Die strategie het egter nie die werklike gebruik van kernwapens teen ’n teenstander voorsien nie, maar was uitsluitlik op afskrikking gerig. Die gebruik van ’n kernwapen teen die USSR sou byvoorbeeld as strategies selfvernietigend beskou word, weens die Sowjetunie se oorweldigende kernoorwig.<ref name=" Buys 2000 "/><ref name=" Reiss "/> (bl. 15). ===Beperking van die kernwapenprogram=== In September 1985 het president P.W. Botha besluit om die omvang van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram te beperk. Hierdie besluit is hoofsaaklik aan begrotingsbeperkings toegeskryf, aangesien die president erken het dat die koste van die program aansienlik kon toeneem. Omdat die kernstrategie hoofsaaklik op afskrikking gerig was, is ’n uitgebreide aanvallende kernvermoë as onnodig beskou. Die regering het gevolglik die program beperk tot die vervaardiging van sewe kanonlooptipe kernwapens. Alle ontwikkelingwerk met betrekking tot plutoniumtoestelle is beëindig, terwyl pogings om plutonium en tritium vir militêre gebruik te vervaardig, gestaak is. Die produksie van litium-6 is eweneens beperk. Nietemin is studies oor implosietegnologie en teoretiese navorsing oor meer gevorderde kernwapenontwerpe voortgesit.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl. 10) ===Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram: kodename en wapenstelsels (1987)=== Oorsig van kodename soos vervat in ’n skrywe van die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag aan die Witvlei-kommissie, September 1987.<ref name=" Von Wielligh 2014 ">Von Wielligh, N. & Von Wielligh-Steyn, L. ''Die Bom: Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram''. Pretoria: Litera, 2014.</ref> (bl.190) {| class="wikitable" |+ Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram: kodename en wapenstelsels (1987) ! Kodenaam ! Tipe wapen / stelsel ! Plofkrag ! Status en beskrywing |- | '''Gardenia / Melba''' | Ondergrondse toetstoestel | ± 6 kiloton TNT | Die ou ''Melba''-toestel (voorheen ''Video'') is deur die AEK ontwikkel. Die plasing- en beheerstelsels is gesamentlik ''Gardenia'' genoem. Die ontwerp was bedoel vir ’n ondergrondse toets sonder terugvulling van die toetsskag, wat die risiko van radioaktiewe vrystelling verhoog het. Daarom is dit as ’n “vuil” toets beskou. |- | '''Cabot''' | Ballistiese of gravitasiebom (“dom bom”) | ± 6 kiloton TNT | Een bestaande ontwerp, voorheen bekend as ''Hobo'', die eerste toestel wat deur Sirkel ontwikkel is. Die tegnologie is as verouderd beskou en sou uiteindelik deur die ''Hamerkop''-stelsel vervang word. Die bom sou vanuit ’n vliegtuig vrygelaat word en onder gravitasie val. |- | '''Hamerkop''' | Geleide sweefbom (“slim bom”) | ± 20 kiloton TNT | Voorheen bekend as ''Bakker''. Vyf wapens is voorsien, met die eerste toestel wat teen Oktober 1987 gereed sou wees. Ontwerp vir ontplooiing vanaf ''Blackburn Buccaneer'', en later ook ''Mirage F1''- en ''Atlas Cheetah''-vliegtuie. |- | '''Husky''' | Mediumafstand-ballistiese missiel | Onbekend | Nog in ontwikkeling gedurende 1987. Produksie sou eers in die 1990’s begin. Die kernplofkopontwikkeling, bekend as ''Projek Ostra'', was reeds aan die gang maar sou waarskynlik eers teen 1996 voltooi word. |} ===Voltooiing van die kernwapenarsenaal=== Die eerste volledig gekwalifiseerde produksietoestel is eers in Augustus 1987 voltooi. Die aansienlike vertraging tussen die voltooiing van die eerste twee voorproduksietoestelle en die finale produksiemodel was hoofsaaklik die gevolg van die implementering van ’n omvattende ingenieurskwalifikasieprogram wat op veiligheid en sekuriteit gefokus het. Hierdie program het die wapens onder ’n verskeidenheid hipotetiese bergings-, aflewerings- en ongelukscenario’s geëvalueer.<ref name=" Von Baeckmann etal "/> Die kernwapens moes aan streng veiligheids- en betroubaarheidsvereistes voldoen, en ’n beduidende deel van die program se hulpbronne is aan hierdie aspekte bestee.<ref name=" Sublette ">Sublette, C. “''Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions'',” http://www.fas.org/nukehew/Nwfaq/Nfaq7.html{{Dooie skakel|date=Mei 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (25 Januarie 1999)</ref> Gedurende die middel-1980’s is Suid-Afrika se kernstrategie van doelbewuste onsekerheid herbevestig, en die regering het ondersoek ingestel na die tydsduur wat benodig sou word om ’n ondergrondse kerntoets uit te voer.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl. 13) In 1987 het Krygkor die toetsskagte by Vastrap, asook ’n gegalvaniseerde sinkplaatstruktuur wat oor een van die twee skagte opgerig is, geïnspekteer.<ref name="Stumpf"/> In 1988 is die Sirkel-fasiliteit met nuwe installasies saamgevoeg om die Advena Sentrale Laboratoriums te vorm.<ref name=" Viljoen & Smith "/> (bl. 6) Toe die Suid-Afrikaanse regering in November 1989 die formele besluit geneem het om die kernwapenprogram te beëindig, was een toetstoestel en vyf volledig gekwalifiseerde, aflewerbare kanonlooptipe kernwapens reeds voltooi. Daarbenewens was die hoogsverrykte uraankern (HEU) en verskeie nie-kernkomponente vir ’n sewende toestel reeds vervaardig. <ref name=" Von Baeckmann etal "/> ===Aflewering van die kernwapens=== [[Lêer:Canberra no. 458 b.jpg|links|duimnael|‘n SALM Canberra T.4   ]] [[Lêer:RSA-3-002 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|Die konsep RSA-3 ruimte lanseerder.]] Die kernwapens was oorspronklik gekonfigureer om afgelewer te word vanaf een van verskeie vliegtuigtipes wat toe in diens van die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag]] (SALM) was, insluitend die [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra B12]] en die [[Blackburn Buccaneer|Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer]]. Kommer oor die kwesbaarheid van die verouderende vliegtuie vir die Kubaanse lugafweernetwerk in [[Angola]] het die SAW daarna gelei om missielgebaseerde afleweringstelsels te ondersoek.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7wIryQK6UkC&pg=PA10|title=Out of (South) Africa: Pretorias Nuclear Weapons Experience|first=Roy E.|last=Horton|date=6 Mei 2018|publisher=DIANE Publishing|access-date=6 Mei 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9781428994843}}</ref> [[Lêer:H-2 Raptor Sweefbom.png|duimnael|H-2 Raptor Sweefbom]] Die missiele sou gebaseer wees op die RSA-3 en RSA-4 lanseerders wat reeds vir die Suid-Afrikaanse ruimteprogram gebou en getoets is. Volgens Al J Venter, outeur van ''How South Africa Built Six Atom Bombs'', was hierdie missiele onversoenbaar met die beskikbare groot Suid-Afrikaanse kernplofkoppe. Venter beweer dat die RSA-reeks, wat ontwerp is vir 'n vrag van 340 kg, 'n plofkop van sowat 200 kg sou voorstel, "ver bo SA se beste pogings van die laat 1980's." Venter se analise is dat die RSA-reeks bedoel was om 'n geloofwaardige afleweringstelsel te vertoon, gekombineer met 'n aparte kerntoets in 'n finale diplomatieke beroep op die wêreldmoondhede in 'n noodgeval, al was hulle nooit bedoel om saam in 'n bewapende stelsel gebruik te word nie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5942:book-review-how-sa-built-six-atom-bombs-&catid=57:Book+Reviews&Itemid=141|title=''Book Review: How SA built six atom bombs'' - defenceWeb|first=Leon|last=Engelbrecht|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|access-date=6 Mei 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826194106/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5942:book-review-how-sa-built-six-atom-bombs-&catid=57:Book+Reviews&Itemid=141|archive-date=26 Augustus 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Terwyl werk op ballistiese missiele voortgeduur het, het verskeie ontleders en voormalige programdeelnemers aangedui dat die [[H-2-sweefbom]] uiteindelik as ’n moontlike afleweringsplatform vir Suid-Afrika se kernwapens bedoel was. Ten tyde van Suid-Afrika se besluit om sy kernwapenprogram te laat vaar, was die Suid-Afrikaanse bom reeds klein genoeg om beide die H2 en Suid-Afrika se ballistiese missiel onder ontwikkeling te bewapen.<ref>Lewis, Jeffrey. 3 Desember 2015. Revisiting South Africa’s Bomb. https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1200544/revisiting-south-africas-bomb/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref> ===Veiligheidsmaatreëls en bevelstrukture=== [[Lêer:Bevelskanale vir ontkluising.png|duimnael|Bevelstrukture vir ontkluising.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014"/> (bl.173)]] Elke kerntoestel is in twee afsonderlike dele vervaardig: ’n voorste gedeelte, bekend as die voorplofkop wat die uraankomponent bevat het, en ’n agterste gedeelte, die sogenaamde agterplofkop, waarin die kanonmeganisme met die uraanprojektiel gehuisves is. Die hoogsverrykte uraan is dus tussen die twee dele verdeel, wat elk apart in afsonderlike kluise bewaar is. Hierdie samestelling het verseker dat geen toevallige of onbedoelde ontploffing kon plaasvind nie.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014"/> (bl.173) Daarbenewens is daar nooit gelyktydig aan beide die voor- en agterplofkop van dieselfde toestel gewerk nie. Die kluise waarin die komponente gestoor is, kon ook nie deur slegs een persoon geopen word nie. Die voorplofkop kon verder slegs ontkluis word op spesifieke gesag van die Staatspresident, wat deur twee afsonderlike bevelskanale — ’n militêre en ’n siviele kanaal — bevestig moes word. Sien diagram vir die bevelskanale.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014"/> (bl.173) ===Finale kernwapenarsenaal=== [[Lêer:W9 kernprojektiel diagram.png|duimnael|Diagram van 'n kanonlooptipe kernwapen.]] Aan die einde van die program, tot en met die aftakeling later, was daar ses toestelle wat as kernwapens beskou kon word: Melba (demonstrasiemodel), 306 en die produksiemodelle 501, 502, 503 en 504. Genoeg hoogverrykte uraan was beskikbaar vir 'n sewende kernwapen, maar dié is nooit gebou nie.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014"/> (bl.173) Hierdie relatief eenvoudige kanonlooptipe toestelle is ontwerp om sonder neutroninisieerders te funksioneer.<ref name=" Viljoen & Smith "/> (bl. 7) Die beraamde plofkrag van die wapens het tussen 10 en 18 kiloton TNT gewissel. Omdat geen kernwapentoets ooit uitgevoer is nie, is die werklike plofkrag egter nooit eksperimenteel bevestig nie.<ref name=" Buys 1993 "> Buys, A. “''South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Capability'',” ''Salvo'', 2/93, 1993. )</ref> (bl. 18) {| class="wikitable" |+ Produksie van Suid-Afrikaanse kerntoestelle ! Wapen-identifikasie ! Voor- of agterplofkop ! Produksiedatum ! Opmerkings |- | Video/Melba | — | November 1979 (deur AEK gebou) | Herplateer in 1982 |- | Hobo/Cabot | — | Desember 1982 (eerste toestel deur Krygkor gebou) | Plofkop later in ’n ander toestel (502) ingebou |- | rowspan="2" | 306 | Voor | September 1986 | rowspan="2" | Opgegradeerde voorproduksiemodel |- | Agter | November 1986 |- | rowspan="2" | 501 | Voor | Augustus 1987 | rowspan="2" | Eerste produksiemodel |- | Agter | Junie 1988 |- | rowspan="2" | 502 | Voor | November 1988 | rowspan="2" | Produksiemodel |- | Agter | Oktober 1988 |- | rowspan="2" | 503 | Voor | November 1988 | rowspan="2" | Produksiemodel |- | Agter | Maart 1989 |- | rowspan="2" | 504 | Voor | Maart 1989 | rowspan="2" | Produksiemodel |- | Agter | Maart 1989 |} Bron: Von Wielligh, N. & Von Wielligh-Steyn, L. ''Die Bom: Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram''. Pretoria: Litera, 2014, bl. 173.<ref name="Von2014"> Von Wielligh, N. & Von Wielligh-Steyn, L. ''Die Bom: Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram''. Pretoria: Litera, 2014. </ref> ===Koste en omvang van die program=== [[Lêer:Kernwapen kluise by Advena.png|duimnael|Kluise in 1993. Hierdie beeld is geskep nadat die gebou aan die IAEA verklaar en toeganklik gemaak is. Die voorste en agterste gedeeltes van die kernwapens is afsonderlik in hierdie kluise by Advena gestoor.<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014" /> (Fotos 8)]] Daar bestaan beduidende verskille in ramings van die werklike koste van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram. Waldo Stumpf het die totale uitgawe oor die volle duur van die program op ongeveer R680 miljoen beraam.<ref name="Stumpf"/> David Fig voer egter aan dat die breër kernprogram Suid-Afrika tussen 1970 en 1995 sowat R20 miljard gekos het.<ref>SABC, Special Assignment, Programme on the South African Nuclear Industry, SABC- 3, 16 Maart 1999.</ref> Suid-Afrika het moontlik tot 400 kg hoogsverrykte uraan (HEU) geproduseer,<ref name=" Lockwood & Wolfsthal ">Lockwood, D. and Wolfsthal, J.B. “Nuclear Weapon Development and Proliferation,” in Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI Yearbook 1993: World Armaments and Disarmament, Oxford University Press, 1993.</ref> (bl. 253) hoewel die vervaardiging daarvan in November 1989 beëindig is.<ref name=" Albright, Berkhout & Walker "> Albright, D., Berkhout, F. and Walker, W. Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities and Policies, SIPRI, Oxford University Press, 1997.</ref> (bl. 380) Die Y-aanleg is kort daarna, op 1 Februarie 1990, gesluit. Teen dié tyd het Suid-Afrika, buiten die erkende kernwapenstate, oor die grootste uraanverrykingsprogram beskik wat nie onder toesig van die Internasionale Atoomenergieagentskap (IAEA) gestaan het nie.<ref name=" Albright, Berkhout & Walker "/> (bl. 369) ===Van siviele program na militêre vermoë=== Die militêre kernprogram is grootliks moontlik gemaak deur die voorafgaande ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika se kernbedryf en die vroeë werk aan siviele kernploftoestelle. Die mees komplekse fases van ’n kernwapenprogram — naamlik die verkryging van voldoende splytbare materiaal en die ontwerp van ’n basiese kernploftoestel — was reeds afgehandel.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.175) Ná die internasionale reaksie op die beplande kerntoets het dit feitlik onmoontlik geword om die program openlik as ’n siviele of “vreedsame” kernontploffingsprojek voort te sit. Tog het die bestaande tegnologiese vordering Suid-Afrika se besluitnemers in ’n besondere posisie geplaas. Op grond van die werk wat reeds voltooi is, het dit tegnies hoogs waarskynlik gelyk dat ’n funksionele strategiese kernwapen ontwikkel kon word.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.175) Die faktore en aansporings wat hierdie besluit beïnvloed het, word later in meer besonderhede bespreek. ==Beëindiging van die kernwapenvermoë== ===Politieke besluit en hersiening van die program=== Die nuwe Staatspresident, F. W. de Klerk, is ná sy bewindsoorname op instruksie van die Witvlei-komitee oor die status van die kernwapenprogram ingelig. Hoewel hy reeds as Minister van Mynbou en later Minerale- en Energiesake tot 1982 by die ontwikkeling betrokke was, het hy ’n volledige hersiening van Suid-Afrika se kernprogram en kernvermoë gelas..<ref name="Stumpf"/> ’n Interdepartementele komitee het die toekoms van die program ondersoek en die beëindiging daarvan aanbeveel.<ref>Onderhoud met Deon Smith op 13 Augustus 2001 in Pretoria.</ref> Hierdie aanbeveling is deur ’n ad hoc-kabinetskomitee aanvaar. Die komitee het besluit dat: *Suid-Afrika bereid sou wees om die [[Verdrag oor die Nie-verspreiding van Kernwapens]] (NPT) te onderteken; *alle kernplofkoppe so gou moontlik ontmantel moes word; *die kernmateriaal uit die wapens hersmelt en by die AEK gestoor moes word; *die ongeveer 250 werknemers van Advena hertoegewys moes word; *’n bedrag van R52,2 miljoen vir die ontmantelingsproses bewillig moes word. <ref> AS:Minutes Archives Group, file 1/7/1/142, ''Memorandum No. 18 re Project Mantel'', gedateer 2 Oktober 1990, soos aangehaal in Van der Westhuizen, L.J. and Le Roux, J.H. ARMSCOR: ''The Leading Edge'', Institute for Contemporary History, UOFS, ongepubliseerde boek, Bloemfontein, 1997. bl, 181.</ref> ===Ontmanteling van die arsenaal=== Op 26 Februarie 1990 het President De Klerk skriftelike instruksies uitgereik om die kernwapenprogram te beëindig en alle bestaande wapens te ontmantel. Die bestaan van die program is nie op daardie stadium erken nie. Die kernmateriaal is gesmelt en aan die AEK terugbesorg ter voorbereiding van Suid-Afrika se toetreding tot die NPT.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl.16) Suid-Afrika se toetreding tot die NPT op 10 Julie 1991 is onmiddellik gevolg deur die ondertekening van 'n omvattende veiligheidsooreenkoms (INFCIRC/394) met die IAEA op 16 September 1991. Vier dae later het die IAEA se Algemene Konferensie 'n resolusie aangeneem wat daarop gemik was om die vroeë implementering van die veiligheidsooreenkoms en die verifikasie van die volledigheid van die inventaris van Suid-Afrika se kerninstallasies en -materiaal te verseker.<ref name=" Von Baeckmann etal "/> 'n Aanvanklike inventaris van kernmateriaal is op 30 Oktober 1991 aan die IAEA voorgelê.<ref name=" Lockwood & Wolfsthal "/> (bl. 253) ===Toetreding tot die NPT en IAEA-verifikasie=== Na Suid-Afrika se toetreding tot die NPT in September 1991 het inspekteurs van die IAEA begin om die land se verklaarde voorraad splytbare materiaal te verifieer en dit onder die organisasie se veiligheidsmaatreëls te plaas. Hierdie proses was die mees ingewikkelde taak wat die IAEA se Veiligheidsinspektoraat tot op daardie stadium aangepak het, aangesien Suid-Afrika vir langer as ’n dekade uraan van wapengraad vervaardig het. Teen die einde van 1992 het die IAEA meer as 75 terreine in Suid-Afrika geïnspekteer.<ref name=" Lockwood & Wolfsthal "/> (bl. 253) ===Probleme met die verifikasieproses=== Ondanks die mate van deursigtigheid was dit uiters moeilik om die volledigheid van Suid-Afrika se inventaris te bevestig. Die IAEA moes produksie- en materiaalrekords oor ’n tydperk van meer as twintig jaar ontleed. Volgens Waldo Stumpf het die “... verifikasie van die HEU-uitset van die loodsverrykingsaanleg — deur middel van ’n materiaalbalansberekening gebaseer op die aanleg se bedryfsrekords, asook op die natuurlike uraaninsette, uitgeputte uraanuitsette en gasverliese tydens die proses — ’n besonder ingewikkelde uitdaging gebied.” <ref name=" Stumpf 1996 "> Stumpf, W. “''South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program: From Deterrence to Dismantlement'',” ''Arms Control Today'', Desember 1995/Januarie 1996.</ref> (bl. 7) ===Afskaling van Advena=== Verskeie moontlike kommersiële gebruike vir die Advena-fasiliteite is ondersoek, maar geen daarvan was suksesvol nie. Teen die einde van 1991 is ongeveer die helfte van Advena se personeelkorps van sowat 230 werknemers afgelê. Minder as twee jaar later is al die maatskappy se bedrywighede beëindig, waarna die oorblywende personeel na die aangrensende ammunisievervaardigingsfiliaal, Pretoria Metal Pressings, oorgeplaas is.<ref name=" Viljoen & Smith "/> (bl. 10). ===Openbare bekendmaking van die program=== Dit was eers op 24 Maart 1993 — vier jaar nadat hy die vernietiging van die arsenaal gelas het — dat President F. W. de Klerk Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram amptelik in die openbaar erken het. Die regering was bekommerd dat ’n vroeëre bekendmaking van die kernarsenaal tot konfronterende IAEA-inspeksies kon lei, soortgelyk aan dié wat destyds in [[Irak]] plaasgevind het.<ref name=" Albright 1994 "/> (bl. 2) De Klerk se aankondiging in die Parlement het gevolg op toenemende internasionale en binnelandse druk om die program openbaar te maak — iets wat reeds wyd vermoed is. In sy toespraak het hy self na hierdie druk verwys en melding gemaak van bewerings in die media, sowel as deur sekere lande, dat Suid-Afrika nie sy volle voorraad hoogsverrykte uraan (HEU) verklaar het nie. Volgens hom was sulke bewerings nadelig vir Suid-Afrika se pogings om sy kerninfrastruktuur te kommersialiseer en meer samewerkende betrekkinge met ander lande te ontwikkel.<ref name=" Albright, Berkhout & Walker "/> (bl. 381) ===Finale IAEA-verifikasie=== Na aanleiding van die aankondiging deur die regering het die IAEA 'n span vir die verifikasie van veiligheidsmaatreëls na Suid-Afrika gestuur om te verseker dat alle kernmateriaal se bestaan verantwoordbaar is. Teen die tyd van die IAEA-span se besoek in April 1993 was die aftakeling en vernietiging van wapens en komponente en die vernietiging van die tegniese dokumentasie byna voltooi. Die ontmanteling van rekords rakende die HEU-komponente van die wapens was beskikbaar en het voldoende besonderhede verskaf om die Krygkor-data te korreleer met die ooreenstemmende data in die kernmateriaalrekeningkundige rekords wat deur die AEK gehou word.<ref name=" IAEA 1993 "/> (bl. 8) Met behulp van gedetailleerde daaglikse bedryfsrekords van die aanleg, tesame met ondersteunende tegniese data, het die IAEA die daaglikse produksie van hoogsverrykte uraan (HEU) by die Y-aanleg gerekonstrueer. Die agentskap het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die “...hoeveelhede HEU wat deur die aanleg geproduseer kon word, ooreenstem met die hoeveelhede wat in die aanvanklike verslag verklaar is”.<ref name=" IAEA 1993 "/> (bl. 10-11) Prakties beteken dit dat die verskil tussen die IAEA se beraamde HEU-produksie en Suid-Afrika se verklaarde produksie minder was as ’n sogenaamde “beduidende hoeveelheid”, naamlik 25 kg wapengraad-uraan.<ref name=" Albright, Berkhout & Walker "/> (bl. 378) Ná die beëindiging van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram het die regering hom formeel tot kern-nie-verspreiding verbind en vervolgens ’n beleid van nie-verspreiding geïmplementeer. ===Vestiging van ’n beleid van nie-verspreiding=== Die besluit om die kernwapenprogram te beëindig, was een van die eerste belangrike besluite wat tydens President F. W. de Klerk se ampstermyn geneem is. Om te verseker dat die beëindiging van die program volledig en geloofwaardig deur die IAEA geverifieer kon word, is omvangryke werk onderneem. Hierdie proses is verder versterk deur die latere openbare erkenning van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenvermoë en die addisionele verifikasie deur die IAEA. Gedurende hierdie fase is die vermoë doelbewus vernietig en nasionale sowel as internasionale maatreëls ingestel om dit vir Suid-Afrika prakties onmoontlik te maak om die program weer te hervat.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.178) ===Beëindiging van die missielprogram=== In 1994 het Suid-Afrika, onder druk van die Verenigde State, ook ingestem om nie langafstandmissiele te ontwikkel nie en om die fasiliteite en toerusting wat vir die bou van groot ruimtelanseervoertuie gebruik is, af te breek. Nadat die belangrikste lanseerterreine en verwante infrastruktuur in 1995 gesloop is, is Suid-Afrika toegelaat om by die Missieltegnologiebeheerregime (MTCR) aan te sluit — ’n internasionale groep lande wat die verspreiding van langafstandmissieltegnologie probeer beperk. As deel van hierdie proses het Suid-Afrika groter toegang tot die hoëtegnologie- en militêre markte van geïndustrialiseerde lande verkry.<ref>Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, “South Africa Gives Up Nukes and Missiles: Now Gets High-Tech Imports,” ''Risk Report'' Vol. 2, No.1, Januarie/Februarie 1996, bl. 1, CD ROM gedateer Mei/Junie 1998.</ref> Hierdie stappe het uiteindelik die grondslag gevorm vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se latere sterk ondersteuning van internasionale norme oor kernwapen-nie-verspreiding.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.178) ==Suid-Afrika as aktiewe ondersteuner van die nie-verspreidingsnorm== [[Lêer:SmeeWapensinWerktuie.png|duimnael|As [[simbool]] van vrede het oudminister [[Pik Botha]] in April 1994 tydens 'n funksie in [[Wene]] 'n miniatuur-ploeg aan Hans Blix van die IAEA geskenk. Die materiaal vir dié beeldjie is direk uit afgetakelde kernwapens herwin. Dit bevat ook 'n tweetalige inskripsie (Afrikaans en Engels) van [[Jesaja]] 2:4 op die voetstuk: “Hulle sal van hul swaarde ploegskare snee en van hul spiese snoeiskêre. Die een nasie sal nie meer die swaard teen die ander opneem nie, en hulle sal nie meer leer om oorlog te maak nie.”<ref name="Von Wielligh 2014 " /> (Fotos 16)]] Na die beëindiging van sy kernwapenprogram het Suid-Afrika hom toenemend as ’n voorstander van internasionale nie-verspreiding van wapens van massavernietiging en ontwapening begin posisioneer. Die land het wetgewende en institusionele maatreëls ingestel om die verspreiding van massavernietigingswapens te voorkom. ===Wetgewende en institusionele raamwerk vir nie-verspreiding en uitvoerbeheer=== Die Wet op die Nie-verspreiding van Wapens van Massavernietiging is op 16 Augustus 1993 in werking gestel. Hierdie wetgewing het die staat die nodige bevoegdheid gegee om die handel in Suid-Afrikaanse toerusting, materiale en tegnologie wat moontlik vir die ontwikkeling van massavernietigingswapens aangewend kan word, streng te beheer.<ref name=" DFA1 1995 ">Department of Foreign Affairs, South Africa’s Policy on the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction , South African Communications Service, Cape Town, 1995.</ref> (bl. 8). Die beheermaatreëls het ook sogenaamde “dubbele gebruik”-toerusting en -tegnologie ingesluit. Hierdie term verwys na produkte en kennis wat vir vreedsame siviele doeleindes gebruik kan word, maar ook aangewend kan word in die vervaardiging van massavernietigingswapens. Suid-Afrika se benadering tot nie-verspreidingsbeheer het berus op die registrasie van individue en ondernemings, sowel as die uitreiking van permitte wat aan spesifieke eindgebruikvoorwaardes gekoppel is. Aansoeke vir permitte word deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Raad vir Nie-verspreiding van Wapens van Massavernietiging beoordeel en goedgekeur nadat interdepartementele ondersoeke, oorwegings en aanbevelings afgehandel is.<ref name=" DFA2 1995 ">Department of Foreign Affairs, South Africa’s Position on Matters Nuclear , Ongepubliseerde dokument, Julie 1995.</ref> (bl. 28). ===Suid-Afrika se internasionale nie-verspreidingsverpligtinge en beleid ná 1994=== Die Wet op Nie-verspreiding het verder die nodige regsraamwerk geskep vir die uitvoering van Suid-Afrika se internasionale verpligtinge rakende nie-verspreiding en ontwapening. Hierdie verpligtinge het voortgespruit uit die land se deelname aan verskeie internasionale konvensies en uitvoerbeheerregimes. Die nuwe demokratiese regering wat in 1994 aan bewind gekom het, het hierdie beleid bevestig en daarna verder uitgebrei.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.178-179) Om 'n duidelike beleid oor die nie-verspreiding van massavernietigingswapens te implementeer, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Kabinet op 31 Augustus 1994 'n voorstel van die [[Minister van Buitelandse Sake]] aanvaar dat Suid-Afrika: *“'n aktiewe deelnemer aan die verskeie nie-verspreidingsregimes en verskaffersgroepe moet wees, *in die openbaar standpunte moet inneem wat die nie-verspreiding van massavernietigingswapens ondersteun met die doel om internasionale vrede en veiligheid te bevorder, en *sy posisie as 'n lid van die verskaffersregimes, die Afrikagroep en die [[Beweging van Onverbonde Lande]] (BOL) moet gebruik om die belangrikheid van nie-verspreiding te bevorder en te verseker dat hierdie beheermaatreëls nie ontwikkelende lande toegang tot gevorderde tegnologieë wat vir vreedsame doeleindes en hul ontwikkelingsbehoeftes benodig word, ontken nie.”<ref name=" DFA1 1995 "/>, (bl. 7 – 8) ===Suid-Afrika as brug tussen ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende state=== Suid-Afrika as die eerste land in [[Afrika]], asook binne die BOL wat lid is van — of daarna streef om deel te wees van — al die belangrikste nie-verspreidingsregimes en verskaffersgroepe. As ’n staat met erkende gevorderde tegnologiese vermoëns word Suid-Afrika in verskeie sektore as ’n relatief ontwikkelde land beskou. Hierdie posisie stel die land in staat om as brug tussen die ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende wêreld op te tree: aan die een kant bevorder dit samewerking met gevorderde nywerheidslande, terwyl dit terselfdertyd die bekommernisse van ontwikkelende state aanspreek oor toegang tot tegnologie wat noodsaaklik is vir ekonomiese en wetenskaplike ontwikkeling.<ref name=" DFA 1997 ">Department of Foreign Affairs, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament of Weapons of Mass Destruction: A South African Perspective , Ongepubliseerde dokument, Junie 1997.</ref> (bl. 3) Volgens die voormalige minister van buitelandse sake, [[Alfred Nzo]], het Suid-Afrika hom daartoe verbind om “beide die kernwapenstate en die drumpelstate te betrek om op ’n konstruktiewe en vasberade wyse met kernontwapening voort te gaan”.<ref>[[Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo|Nzo, A]]. “Weapons that do not Respect Borders: South Africa has a Proud Record of Opposition to Nuclear Proliferation,” [[Pretoria News]] , 21 Mei 1998.</ref> ===Deelname aan internasionale massavernietigingswapens nie-verspreidingsregimes=== Deur die voortsetting van die vorige regering se nie-verspreidingsbeleid, tesame met die beleid wat ná 1994 deur die demokratiese regering aanvaar is, het Suid-Afrika die eerste ontwikkelende land geword wat aan die meeste van die belangrikste kernverwante nie-verspreidingsregimes en beheermaatreëls deelgeneem het. Dit sluit onder meer die Zangger-kommitee (1993), die Kernvoorsienersgroep (NSG) in 1995, die Missieltegnologiebeheerregime (MTCR) in 1995, en die omvattende Kerntoetsverbodverdrag (CTBT) in 1999. Suid-Afrika het verder ’n aktiewe rol gespeel in die onderhandelinge oor die Afrika-kernwapenvrye sone-verdrag, beter bekend as die Pelindaba-verdrag, saam met ander Afrikastate. Die verdrag is daarop gemik om ’n kernwapenwedloop op die Afrika-vasteland te voorkom en die ontplooiing of invoering van kernploftoestelle deur enige staat in Afrika te verbied.<ref>SAPA Report, “Background on Role and Activities of the IAEA,” 9 April 2001.</ref> ==Kernwapenbesluitneming== === Aansporings vir die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenvermoë === 'n Kombinasie van politieke, strategiese en tegnologiese faktore het die ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram beïnvloed. Die program het oor verskeie fases ontwikkel, elk met eie doelwitte en prioriteite. 'n Kenmerkende eienskap van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernprogram was die inkrementele aard daarvan. Gedurende die vroeë 1960's was die fokus hoofsaaklik op die vestiging van 'n kerninfrastruktuur. Teen die laat 1960's en vroeë 1970's het die aandag verskuif na die ontwikkeling van 'n "vreedsame" kerntoestel vir moontlike mynboutoepassings. Vanaf die middel van die 1970's het die program geleidelik ontwikkel tot die vestiging van 'n militêre kernwapenvermoë. Selfs nadat besluit is om die bestaande burgerlike kerntoestelprogram vir militêre afskrikking aan te wend, was daar aanvanklik geen duidelik geformuleerde ontplooiingsdoelwit of kernstrategie nie. 'n Samehangende strategie het eers later ontwikkel, grootliks op aandrang van persone wat direk by die program betrokke was. Volgens verskeie ontledings van die program was daar gedurende die vroeë fases min aanduiding van omvattende strategiese beplanning oor die langtermyngevolge van 'n kernwapenvermoë. Die Suid-Afrikaanse ervaring illustreer gevolglik verskeie van die aansporings en beperkings wat ook in ander gevalle van kernwapenontwikkeling waargeneem is.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/>(bl.219) === Aansporings vir die beëindiging van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram === Die eerste belangrike stap in die beëindiging van Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram het in 1985 plaasgevind toe president P.W. Botha besluit het om die kernarsenaal tot sewe toestelle te beperk. Hiermee is verdere uitbreiding van die program effektief gestuit, insluitend planne vir meer gevorderde implosiewapens. Teen die laat 1980’s het veranderende internasionale en streekstoestande die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se bedreigingspersepsie beïnvloed. Die afname in Koue Oorlog-spanning, die onafhanklikheid van [[Namibië]] en die onttrekking van Kubaanse magte uit [[Angola]] het die behoefte aan ’n kernafskrikmiddel verminder. Terselfdertyd het die regering begin met politieke hervormings en pogings om internasionale isolasie te beëindig. Ekonomiese en diplomatieke oorwegings het ook ’n belangrike rol gespeel. Beide die Atoomenergiekorporasie (AEK) en Krygkor het besef dat Suid-Afrika se herintegrasie in die internasionale kern- en wapenmark afhanklik sou wees van toetrede tot die [[Verdrag oor die Nie-verspreiding van Kernwapens|Nie-verspreidingsverdrag]] (NPT) en die beëindiging van die kernwapenprogram. Die program is toenemend as duur en strategies minder noodsaaklik beskou. Met F.W. de Klerk se bewindsoorname in 1989 het die proses versnel. De Klerk het aangevoer dat die kernwapenvermoë ’n hindernis vir Suid-Afrika se [[internasionale betrekkinge]] geword het en nie meer by die land se veiligheidsbehoeftes gepas het nie.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/> (bl. 198-201) == Nalatenskap en betekenis == Die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenverspreidingsgeskiedenis het uit vyf periodes bestaan, van die vestiging van 'n kerninfrastruktuur, die ontwikkeling van 'n toestel vir "vreedsame" doeleindes, 'n militêre afskrikmiddel, die beëindiging van die wapenprogram, tot 'n aktiewe ondersteuner van die nie-verspreidingsnorm. Dit verteenwoordig 'n volledige lewensiklus vir 'n kernwapenvermoë en die uiteindelike doel van die nie-verspreidingsnorm vir kernwapenstate.<ref name="VanVuuren2003"/> (bl.219) Die beëindiging van die Suid-Afrikaanse kernwapenprogram het ’n unieke plek in die internasionale geskiedenis van kernontwapening ingeneem. Suid-Afrika was die eerste en tot dusver enigste staat wat selfstandig ontwikkelde kernwapens vervaardig en daarna vrywillig afgebreek het voordat dit tot die Verdrag oor die Nie-verspreiding van Kernwapens (NPT) toegetree het as ’n nie-kernwapenstaat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Liberman |first=Peter |title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb |publisher=International Security |year=2001}}</ref> Die program se afbreek en die daaropvolgende samewerking met die Internasionale Atoomenergie-agentskap (IAEA) is internasionaal beskou as ’n belangrike voorbeeld van verifieerbare ontwapening. Dit het bygedra tot Suid-Afrika se herintegrasie in die [[internasionale gemeenskap]] ná [[apartheid]] en het die land se beeld as ’n voorstander van [[multilateralisme]] en nie-verspreiding versterk.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Wielligh |first=N. |title=Die Bom: Suid-Afrika se Kernwapenprogram |publisher=Litera |location=Pretoria |year=2014}}</ref> == Simboliese waarde in globale ontwapening == Die Suid-Afrikaanse kernontwapening word dikwels as ’n [[Simbool|simboliese]] keerpunt in die geskiedenis van kernwapens beskou. Anders as state wat kernwapens ontwikkel het as deel van ’n voortgesette afskrikstrategie, het Suid-Afrika doelbewus afstand gedoen van sy kernvermoë tydens ’n periode van politieke oorgang en hervorming.<ref>{{cite book |last=Albright |first=David |title=South Africa and the Affordable Bomb |publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |year=1994}}</ref> Internasionale ontleders het aangevoer dat die Suid-Afrikaanse voorbeeld bewys het dat sekuriteitsdoelwitte deur diplomatieke integrasie en internasionale samewerking bereik kan word eerder as deur kernwapenbesit. Die land se optrede het later ook bygedra tot steun vir kernwapenvrye sones, veral in Afrika deur die [[Verdrag van Pelindaba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty) |url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/nwfz/africa/ |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ==Sien ook== * [[Kernwapen]] * [[Suid-Afrika se wapens van massavernietiging]] ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings|4}} ==Bibliografie== *Stott, N., von Wielligh-Steyn, L. & Larkin, J. (Reds). 2025. ''From Swords to Ploughshares: The Dismantlement of the South African Nuclear Weapons Programme''. VERTIC. * Van Vuuren, R. 2003. ''Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The South African experience in global context''. Ongepubliseerde MA-verhandeling. Pretoria: Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. * Von Wielligh, N. & Von Wielligh-Steyn, L. 2014. ''Die Bom: Suid-Afrika se kernwapenprogram''. Pretoria: Litera. {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Kerntegnologie in Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag]] [[Kategorie:Skryfwedstrydartikels]] [[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse militêre geskiedenis]] jjonaxiloqhu1vnbpsm1lwyrsvevovb 0 462107 2913842 2910351 2026-06-25T21:24:10Z BurgertB 2401 BurgertB het bladsy [[Versterkingsleër]] na [[Versterkingsleermetode]] geskuif 2910351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Spot by Boston Dynamics.jpg|thumb|Versterkingsleër was gebruik om BostonDynamics se Spot robot te help om beter te leer loop <ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting on the Right Foot with Reinforcement Learning |url=https://bostondynamics.com/blog/starting-on-the-right-foot-with-reinforcement-learning/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Boston Dynamics |language=en-US}}</ref>|alt=BostonDynamics se Spot robot wat loop]] '''Versterkingsleër''' (VL) is 'n kunsmatige intelligensie metode wat gebruik word om 'n rekenaar op te lei om besluite te neem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Winder |first=Phil |title=Reinforcement learning: industrial applications of intelligent agents |date=2020 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc |isbn=978-1-0981-1483-1 |edition=First edition |location=Sebastopol, CA}}</ref> Die gerekenariseerde besluitnemer word 'n agent genoem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Richard S. |title=Reinforcement learning: an introduction |last2=Barto |first2=Andrew |date=2018 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-35270-3 |edition=Second edition |series=Adaptive computation and machine learning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England}}</ref> Die agent word opgelei deur belonings of strawwe te ontvang vanaf die omgewing namate die gewenstheid van die besluit wat die agent geneem het.<ref name=":3" /> Gewenste besluite word positief beloon en ongewensde besluite laat 'n straf toegedien word.<ref name=":3" /> Die agent voer sy besluite deur middel van 'n aksie uit wat dan die toestand van die omgewing verander waarin die agent homself bevind.<ref name=":3" /> Die agent se besluit oor die aksie wat gepleeg moet word is onderhewig aan die toestand van die omgewing.<ref name=":3" /> Die primêre doel van die agent is om die aksie te pleeg wat die grootste maksimum verwagte beloning vir sy huidige toestand sal lewer.<ref name=":3" /> Dit beteken dat die agent se besluite gemik is op lang termyn belonings pleks van kortsigtige korttermyn belonings.<ref name=":2" /> Klem word dus daarop geplaas dat besluite geneem word gebaseer om die omgewing se toestand wat die agent waarneem. Die agent se inagname van die toestand onderskei VL van ander masjien leer tegnieke soos evolusionêre metodes.<ref name=":3" /> == Geskiedenis == Een van die begin stadiums van VL kan terug getrek word na die navorsing wat die Amerikaanse sielkundige, Edward Thorndike, op diere in die 1800's gedoen het <ref name=":3" />. Thorndike het navorsing gedoen op die probeer-en-tref metode van diere gebruik om te leer en dit sodoende met die “Wet van Effek” beskryf <ref name=":3" />. Thorndike het die gedrag van katte waargeneem deur hulle in 'n “raaiselboks” te geplaas, waarvan hulle dan moes ontsnap deur toepaslike aksies te doen.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Thorndike |first=Edward L. |date=1898 |title=Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0092987 |journal=The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=i–109 |doi=10.1037/h0092987 |issn=0096-9753}}</ref> Byvoorbeeld, ’n kat kon die deur van die raaiselboks oopmaak deur ’n reeks van drie afsonderlike aksies uit te voer: ’n platform agter in die sakkie te deur te druk, ’n tou te trek deur daarop te krap, en ’n arm op of af te druk <ref name=":3" />. Met die aanvanklike eksperiment, waar kos buite die raaiselboks in sig was, het meeste van Thorndike se katte “duidelike tekens van ongemak” en buitengewone energieke aktiwiteite “om intuïtief te probeer ontsnap” getoon <ref name=":4" />. Daaropvolgende eksperimente met verskillende katte in verskillende raaiselbokse met verskillende ontsnappingsmeganismes, het Thorndike die hoeveelheid tyd opgeteken wat elke kat neem om te ontsnap <ref name=":4" />. Hy het waargeneem dat die tyd byna altyd afgeneem het met opeenvolgende ervarings, byvoorbeeld van 300 sekondes tot 6 of 7 sekondes <ref name=":3" />. Dit het Thorndike gelei tot die formulering van ’n aantal “wette” van leer, waarvan die mees invloedryke die wet van effek was <ref name=":3" />. Die naam is as gevolg van die effek wat beloonde gebeurtenisse op die aksies van diere het <ref name=":3" />. [[File:Dog training.jpg|thumb|Versterkingsleer kan gebruik word om diere op te lei deur 'n beloning (kos) toe te dien wanneer 'n bevel gehoorsaam word.]] Die wet van effek word deur sielkundiges as instrumentele kondisionering geklassifiseer omdat die leer van die dier afhang van dit wat die dier doen: die lewering van ’n beloning/versterking is afhanklik van wat die dier doen (soos om te ontsnap) <ref name=":3" />. In kontras bestaan daar ook klassieke kondisionering eksperimente, waar die beloning/ versterkende stimulus onafhanklik van die dier se gedrag toegeken word <ref name=":3" />. Die term “versterking”, in die konteks van dierleer, het eers later in gebruik gekom met die eerste verskynsel in Pavlov se 1927 monografie oor gekondisioneerde reflekses <ref name=":3" />. Pavlov het versterking beskryf as die versterking van ’n gedragspatroon wanneer ’n dier ’n stimulus (versterker) ontvang in kombinasie met ’n ander stimulus of ’n reaksie wat die gedragspatroon vorm <ref name=":3" />. Om as ’n versterker te dien, moet die versterkte gedragspatroon aanhou ná die stimulus wegneem is <ref name=":3" />. ’n stimulus wat slegs die dier se aandag trek of gedrag aanwakker sonder blywende verandering word nie as ’n versterker beskou word nie.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Pavlov |first=P. Ivan |date=2010-07 |title=Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205891 |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=136–141 |doi=10.5214/ans.0972-7531.1017309 |issn=0972-7531 |pmc=4116985 |pmid=25205891}}</ref> Pavlov se eksperimente het behels om die speekselreflekse van honde te meet ná aanbieding van kos <ref name=":5" />. Kort voor die aanbieding van kos, was daar altyd 'n geluid gespeel sodat die honde die metronoom stimulus assosieer met etens tyd <ref name=":5" />. Pavlov het die honde later só gekondisioneer dat hulle speekselkliere geaktiveer word deur net die geluid van die klank, al was daar geen kos betrokke nie <ref name=":5" />. Die idee om probeer-en-tref leer toe te pas in ’n rekenaar wetenskap het al vroeg in die bestaan kunsmatige intelligensie ontstaan <ref name=":3" />. In ’n 1948 verslag het Alan Turing ’n ontwerp beskryf vir ’n “genot-pyn-stelsel” wat volgens die wet van effek werk <ref name=":3" />. Baie kreatiewe elektro-meganiese masjiene is gebou wat die probeer-en-tref leer metode gedemonstreer het. Die vroegste is waarskynlik ’n masjien deur Thomas Ross (1933) wat daarin geslaag het om ’n roete deur 'n eenvoudige doolhof te vind en te onthou. Een van die eerste mylpale multi-agent VL is TD-Gammon agent, wat opgelei was om Backgammon te speel <ref name=":3" />. TD-Gammon is in die 1990’s ontwikkel en moes unieke VL probleme oorkom soos teenstanders wat aktief die toestand van die bord verander (toestand van die bord word nie deur net een agent bepaal nie), asook gevorderde strategieë soos die blokkeer van die teenstander met die agent se eie stukke <ref name=":3" />. Die agent word opgelei deur teen homself te speel en kon omtrent so goed soos die beste backgammon-rekenaarsprogram na ongeveer 300 000 wedstryde word <ref name=":3" />. 'n Latere weergawe, TD-Gammon 3.0, kon ’n professionele backgammon-speler (Kazaros) klop ná opleiding van ongeveer 1 500 000 speletjies. TD-Gammon het die vaardigheids vlakke van menslike toernooispel verhoog deur nuwe strategieë bekend te stel wat voorheen verborge vir professionele spelers was. [[File:Atari 2600 console.jpg|thumb|VL kan gebruik word om 'n agent te leer Atari 2600 speletjies speel deur net die beeld van die speletjie en die telling van die speletjie as insette te voorsien.]] ’n Artikel wat deur Google DeepMind in 2015 uitgereik is, bespreek die gebruik van Diep Q-leer om Atari 2006-speletjies te speel deur slegs die beeld van die skerm en die speletjie se telling as insette te gebruik.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Mnih |first=Volodymyr |last2=Kavukcuoglu |first2=Koray |last3=Silver |first3=David |last4=Rusu |first4=Andrei A. |last5=Veness |first5=Joel |last6=Bellemare |first6=Marc G. |last7=Graves |first7=Alex |last8=Riedmiller |first8=Martin |last9=Fidjeland |first9=Andreas K. |last10=Ostrovski |first10=Georg |last11=Petersen |first11=Stig |last12=Beattie |first12=Charles |last13=Sadik |first13=Amir |last14=Antonoglou |first14=Ioannis |last15=King |first15=Helen |date=2015-02 |title=Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14236 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=518 |issue=7540 |pages=529–533 |doi=10.1038/nature14236 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Geen addisionele insette was benodig om die agent te leer nie <ref name=":6" />. Die Diep Q-netwerk argitektuur was selfs suksesvol oordraagbaar na ander Atari 2006 speletjies weens die VL agente se vermoë om op baie van die Atari 2006 speletjies te oefen met dieselfde algoritme, netwerkargitektuur en hiperparameters <ref name=":6" />. 'n Moderne mylpaal vir VL is in Maart 2016 deur Google DeepMind se AlphaGo agent behaal deur die beste mens speler (Lee Sedo) 4-1in ’n tradisionele Chinese bordspel (Go) geklop het.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Silver |first=David |last2=Schrittwieser |first2=Julian |last3=Simonyan |first3=Karen |last4=Antonoglou |first4=Ioannis |last5=Huang |first5=Aja |last6=Guez |first6=Arthur |last7=Hubert |first7=Thomas |last8=Baker |first8=Lucas |last9=Lai |first9=Matthew |last10=Bolton |first10=Adrian |last11=Chen |first11=Yutian |last12=Lillicrap |first12=Timothy |last13=Hui |first13=Fan |last14=Sifre |first14=Laurent |last15=van den Driessche |first15=George |date=2017-10 |title=Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24270 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=550 |issue=7676 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1038/nature24270 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> 'n Verbeterde weergawe, AlphaGo Zero, het baie tradisionele Go kennis self herontdek en ook nuwe strategieë verskaf wat professionele spelers met nuwe taktieke geïnspireer het <ref name=":7" />. Ongelukkig het AlphaGo ook die negatiewe effekte van VL uitgewys deurdat Lee Sedol heeltemal van Go afgetree het nadat AlphaGo Zero onoorwinbaar was.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranam |first=Aswin |title=Why The Retirement Of Lee Se-Dol, Former ‘Go’ Champion, Is A Sign Of Things To Come |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/aswinpranam/2019/11/29/why-the-retirement-of-lee-se-dol-former-go-champion-is-a-sign-of-things-to-come/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Aktuele teenwoordigheid van VL kan verder gevind word in die gebruik by groot taalmodelle soos ChatGPT, Grok en Gemini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Grok 4 |url=https://x.ai/news/grok-4 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model |url=https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Google |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Introducing ChatGPT |url=https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> VL word veral gebruik om die groot taalmodelle die vermoë te gee om te "dink" en om 'n menslike terugvoer element te verskaf sodat die groot taalmodelle response gee wat meer aanneemlik is vir mense <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. Die bydraes van VL tot intelligente sisteme en as ewige belang tot rekenaar wetenskap was veral erken toe A. Barto en R. Sutton die ACM A.M. Turing Toekenning van 2024 verower het.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Barto and Richard Sutton are the recipients of the 2024 ACM A.M. Turing Award for developing the conceptual and algorithmic foundations of reinforcement learning. |url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2025/march/turing-award-2024 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> == Raamwerk == Die besluitnemingsproses van VL kan wiskundig geformaliseer word met die Markov-besluitnemingsproses (MBP) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. VL bestaan ​​normaalweg uit 'n beleid, beloning sein, waardefunksies en opsioneel 'n model van die omgewing <ref name=":3" />. Die MBP kan met die onderstaande diagram uitgebeeld word <ref name=":3" />. [[File:Markov diagram Afrikaans.png|center|530x530px]] Die bostaande diagram illustreer die MBP deur 'n agent en omgewing voor te stel wat met mekaar interaksie het deur middel van aksies, toestande en belonings. Hierdie interaksies word die trajek van die proses genoem <ref name=":3" />. Die trajek hou tred met die aksie wat deur die agent op elke tydstip uitgevoer word en die gevolglike toestand-beloningpaar wat van die omgewing ontvang word <math>(S_0, A_0, R_1,S_1,A_1,S_2,A_2,R_3,...)</math> <ref name=":3" />. Die tydstip van die trajek hoef nie vas te wees nie en die oorgange van 'n toestand-aksiepaar na 'n toestand-beloningpaar kan stogasties wees <ref name=":3" />. Die voorwaardelike waarskynlikhede om 'n spesifieke volgende toestand (<math>s'</math>) en beloning (<math>r</math>) paar te ontvang, gegewe die huidige toestand (<math>s</math>) en aksie (<math>a</math>) paar, word die dinamika van die MBP genoem en word wiskundig voorgestel as <math>p(s', r|s, a)</math> <ref name=":3" />. Dit is daarom duidelik dat die agent die besluitnemer is en die omgewing alles buite die agent is waarmee die agent interaksie het <ref name=":3" />. Die toestand is moontlik een van die belangrikste aspekte om in die MBP te definieer, aangesien die dimensionaliteit van die probleem afhanklik is van die toestand <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die toestand moet ideaal gesproke al die inligting bevat wat vir 'n agent benodig word om 'n besluit te neem, sonder om staat te maak om te weet wat in die vorige tydstippe gebeur het (voldoen aan die Markov-eienskap) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Probleme waarin die hele toestand van die omgewing beskikbaar is vir die agent, staan ​​bekend as volledig waarneembare MBP, terwyl probleme waarin sommige aspekte van die toestand vir die agent verborge is, staan bekend ​​as gedeeltelik waarneembare MBP <ref name=":3" />. Die toestand van 'n MBP word voorgestel as 'n vektor van getalle <ref name=":3" />. Aksies is die besluite wat 'n agent maak, en word ook voorgestel deur 'n vektor van getalle <ref name=":3" />. Die gebruik van 'n vektor beteken dat aksies diskreet of kontinu kan wees, en dat 'n agent verskeie aksies op dieselfde tydstip kan uitvoer <ref name=":2" />. Byvoorbeeld, 'n agent vir 'n selfbesturende motor kan kies om sy motor links te stuur en in dieselfde tydstip te versnel deur 'n vektor met twee numeriese waardes te gebruik. Aksies beïnvloed die onmiddellike belonings wat ontvang word sowel as die toekomstige toestande en belonings wat deur die agent ervaar sal word <ref name=":3" />. Belonings is altyd 'n enkele getal wat gebruik word om die doelwit aan die agent oor te dra <ref name=":3" />. Dit is belangrik dat belonings en strawwe slegs gebruik moet word om aan te dui of wenslike uitkomste bereik word en dat die belonings en strawwe nie gebruik moet word om aan te dui oor hoe om die uitkomste te bereik nie <ref name=":3" />. Byvoorbeeld, wanneer die kortste pad tussen twee bestemmings verlang word, sal 'n goeie beloningstelsel die lengte van elke pad wat deur die agent geneem word, penaliseer (kortste lengte sal die minste hoeveelheid strawwe hê), terwyl 'n swakker beloningstelsel belonings sal bied vir individuele keuses wat geneem word. Die individuele keuse beloningstelsel word as swak beskou aangesien die doel van die agent is om die indiduele beurt keuses te besluit, pleks daarvan om beveel te word oor watse keuses om te maak. Die proses om 'n goeie beloningstelsel te ontwerp, word belonings ingenieurswese genoem <ref name=":2" />. Gewenste beloningskeuses vertoon eienskappe soos om vinnig te wees om te bereken, gekorreleer te wees met die "ware" beloning, nie baie raserig te wees nie, nie-funksionele vereistes te kodeer (soos vinniger, veiliger of meer doeltreffende oplossings), groot genoeg te wees om van geraas onderskei te word, gereeld plaas te vind, nie te laat na die aksie plaasvind waaraan dit toegeskryf word nie, 'n gladde beloningverspreiding te hê om hakkerige (robotiese) gedrag te voorkom, en eenvoudige verspreidingsvoorwaardes hê <ref name=":2" />. Die aksie wat onmiddellik na 'n beloning plaasvind, is nie noodwendig die enigste aksie wat bygedra het tot die beloning wat gegee word nie <ref name=":3" />. 'n Reeks vorige aksies het waarskynlik gehelp om die omgewing te skep vir die spesifieke toestand wat die groot beloning uitgedeel het <ref name=":3" />. Daarom kan dit voordelig wees om ook die invloed van toekomstige belonings in ag te neem wanneer 'n sekere aksie by tydstip beloon word deur gebruik te maak van die diskonteerde opbrengs (<math>G_t</math>). Die diskonteerde opbrengs word uitgedruk as: <math>G_t \doteq{} R_{t+1} + \gamma R_{t+2} + \gamma^2 R_{t+3} + ... + \gamma^{T-t-1} R_{T} \doteq \sum_{k=t+1}^{T}\gamma{}^{k-t-1}R_{k}</math> waar <math>\gamma</math> die diskonteringskoers is wat gewig gee aan hoeveel van die toekomstige belonings aan die huidige tydstip toegeskryf moet word <ref name=":3" />. <math>\gamma = 0</math> bepaal dat slegs die beloning van die huidige tydstip in ag geneem moet word, terwyl <math>\gamma = 0</math> bepaal dat alle toekomstige belonings vanaf die huidige tydstip af gelyke gewigte moet dra. Die simbool <math>T</math> in die vergelyking dui die tydstip aan wanneer 'n episode eindig en is bekend as die terminale toestand <ref name=":3" />. 'n Episode word gedefinieer as die natuurlike subreekse wat geïdentifiseer kan word uit die agent-omgewing-interaksies <ref name=":3" />. Die geval waar T = ∞ word verwys as 'n deurlopende taak, wat beteken dat daar slegs een lange episode van onbepaalde lengte is <ref name=":3" />. Die verwagte opbrengs van die terminale toestand word gedefinieer as null (<math>G_t = 0</math>) aangesien die episode in die terminale toestand geëindig het en geen verdere beloning verwag word nie <ref name=":3" />. == Oplossing Metode == Dit is belangrik dat die MBP-voorstelling van die probleem eenvoudig genoeg moet wees om op te los en te redeneer, terwyl dit steeds verteenwoordigend van die werklike probleem bly <ref name=":2" />. Om die verlangde modeleenvoud te bereik, is dikwels nie 'n maklike taak nie en verg talle iterasies (dit word 'n kuns eerder as 'n wetenskap) <ref name=":3" />. Die ontwikkeling van 'n eenvoudige MBP voorstelling van 'n VL taak is egter die moeite werd, aangesien die MBP model dikwels 'n veel groter effek op die VL se prestasie het as die keuse van die VL-algoritme wat gebruik word <ref name=":3" />. Die keuse van aksie gegewe die omgewingstoestand van die agent staan bekend as die beleid (<math>\pi</math>) van die agent <ref name=":3" />. Die beleid kan deterministies wees wanner <math>a = \pi(s)</math>, of stogasties wanner <math>\pi(a|s)</math> (die waarskynlikheid om 'n aksie te neem in 'n gegewe toestand <math>s</math>) <ref name=":3" />. Die agent het die taak om die beloning te maksimeer deur die verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs (<math>G_t</math>) te maksimeer. Dit is van belang om te weet watter toestande en aksies die maksimum verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs het, aangesien die die aksies met die maksimum verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs heel waarskynlik tot die verkryging van die maksimum moontlike beloning sal lei <ref name=":3" />. Die keuse om gulsig die verwagte opbrengs in plaas van die verwagte beloning te gebruik, is te danke aan die feit dat die verwagte opbrengs die langtermyn-beloningsvoordele van 'n toestand/aksie in ag neem en nie net die onmiddellike korttermyn-beloningsvoordele nie <ref name=":3" />. Die waarde vir 'n agent om in 'n sekere toestand, bekend as die toestandwaarde, <math>v(s)</math> te wees kan voorgestel word met: <math>v_\pi(s) \doteq \mathbb{E}_{\pi}[G_t | S_t = s ] = \mathbb{E}_{\pi}\left[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\gamma^{k}R_{t+k+1} | S_t = s \right] \quad \forall s \in S</math> waar <math>\mathbb{E}</math> die verwagte waarde aandui soos tipies in statistieke gebruik word <ref name=":3" />. Die belangrikste aspek van 'n VL algoritme is om 'n metode te vind wat die waardefunksie doeltreffend skat <ref name=":2" />. Die verwagte waarde is dus afhanklik van die statistiese verspreiding van die diskonteerde opbrengs. Die verwagte waarde skat die benaderde waarde wat 'n stogastiese veranderlike waarskynlik sal aanneem.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Douglas C. |title=Applied statistics and probability for engineers |last2=Runger |first2=George C. |date=2018 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-58559-6 |edition=Seventh edition |series=EMEA edition |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> Die wiskundige formule vir die verwagte waarde word gedefinieer deur: <math>\mathbb{E}[X] = \sum_xp(x) \times x</math> waar die verwantskap tussen die statistiese verspreiding van die data en die werklike waarde van die data duidelik getoon word in die berekening van die verwagte waarde <ref name=":8" />. 'n Soortgelyke funksie bestaan ​​vir die aksiewaarde as volg <ref name=":3" />: <math>q_\pi(s,a) \doteq \mathbb{E}_{\pi}[G_t | S_t = s, A_t = a ] = \mathbb{E}_{\pi}\left[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\gamma^{k}R_{t+k+1} | S_t = s, A_t = a \right]</math> wat toon dat die aksiewaarde afhanklik is van die aksie sowel as die toestand <ref name=":3" />. Die aksiewaarde is veral nuttig wanneer daar besluit moet word watter aksie in 'n gegewe toestand geneem moet word, aangesien die aksie met die grootste aksiewaarde heel waarskynlik die grootste beloning sal verskaf <ref name=":3" />. Die bostaande waarde vergelykings wys verder dat die waardefunksies vir die beleid (<math>\pi</math>) as 'n onderskrif bevat. Die onderskrif beklemtoon dat die waardefunksies afhanklik is van die huidige beleid wat die agent volg. Die afhanklikheid van die waardefunksie aan die huidige beleid maak sin, aangesien die beleid die daaropvolgende aksies bepaal wat deur die agent geneem sal word. Die waardefunksies kan egter weer gebruik word om die beleid van die agent te verbeter, aangesien toestande/aksies met die grootse waardefunksies beter keuses aandui <ref name=":3" />. Die Teoretiese uitdrukking vir die bepaling van die toestandwaardefunksie (die Bellman-vergelyking vir <math>v_\pi</math>) is <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_{\pi}(s) = \sum_{a} \pi(a|s) \sum_{s',r}p(s',r|s,a)[r+\gamma v_\pi(s')] \quad \forall s \in S = \sum_{a}\pi(a|s)q_\pi(s,a)</math> terwyl die Bellman vergelyking vir die aksiewaardefunskie (<math>q_\pi</math>) gegee is as <ref name=":3" />: <math>q_{\pi}(s,a) = \sum_{s',r}p(r,s'|s,a)(r+\gamma\sum_{a'}\pi(a',s')q_{\pi}(s',a')) = \sum_{r,s'}p(r,s'|s,a)(r+\gamma v_\pi(s'))</math> Dit is miskien 'n bietjie vreemd om te obserweer (uit die bostaande vergelykings) dat die berekening van die waardefunksies vereis om reeds die waarde van die toekomstige toestand te weet. Die dilemma kan opgelos word deur 'n geskatte waarde vir die waardefunksie te gebruik en die waardefunksies dan iteratief op te dateer totdat dit konvergeer <ref name=":3" />. Die opdatering van Bellman se vergelykings deur 'n beleid te volg wat gulsig die maksimum toestandwaarde kies staan bekend as die dinamiese programmeringsalgoritme vir VL <ref name=":3" />. Daar is egter 'n paar aannames wat die toepaslikheid van dinamiese programmering in die praktyk belemmer, naamlik toegang tot 'n akkurate model van die omgewing, <math>p(r, s'|s, a)</math>, voldoende berekeningshulpbronne (berekeningspoed en RAM geheue), en die behoefte vir die toestande om die Markov-eienskap te gehoorsaam <ref name=":2" />. Dit skep dus die behoefte om ander praktiese VL benaderinge te ondersoek. === Hoof benaderinge === Daar is drie hoof kategoriee waarin VL algoritmes verdeel kan word, naamlik tabulere metodes, funksie benadering en beleidgradient metodes <ref name=":3" />. ==== Tabulere metodes ==== Tabelmetodes is bekend daarvoor dat hulle diskrete aksie- en toestandsruimtes het <ref name=":3" />. Dit beteken dat daar 'n tabel gekonstrueer kan word waar die rye van die tabel die toestande van die agent verteenwoordig, terwyl die aksies deur die kolomme van die tabel beskryf word <ref name=":2" />. Die algemene vorm van VL algoritmes word tipies beskryf as <ref name=":3" />: <math>\text{NuweBenadering} \gets \text{OuBenadering} + \text{StapGrootte}[ \underbrace{\text{Teiken} - \text{OuBenadering}}_{\text{fout}} ]</math>[[File:AksieWaardeDiskreet.png|thumb|350x350px|Tabulere metodes kan voorgestel word deur 'n tabel met rye en kolomme wat die waarde van aksies in 'n gegewe toestande verteenwoordig.]]waar die stapgrootte 'n hiperparameter is wat deur die <math>\alpha</math> simbool voorgestel word. Groot stapgrootte waardes dui aan dat die foutaanpassing 'n groot effek op die nuwe skatting het, terwyl 'n klein stapgrootte wys dat slegs geringe aanpassings aan die nuwe skatting gemaak moet word <ref name=":2" />. Nie-nul stapgroottes kan help met nie-stasionêre omgewings, aangesien onlangse opdateringsfoute 'n groter gewig dra met aanpassings <ref name=":3" />. 'n Bekende tabulere VL metode (SARSA) vereis 'n eenstapvertraging sodat die volgende beloning, toestand en aksie beskikbaar is vir die opdateringsalgoritme <ref name=":3" />. Die SARSA-algoritme word beskou as 'n in-beleid algoritme aangesien die volgende aksie die beleid gebruik wat opgedateer word <ref name=":3" />. SARSA se opdaterings algoritme word gegee as <ref name=":3" />: <math>Q(S_t,A_t) \gets Q(S_t,A_t) + \alpha \left[R_{t+1}+\gamma Q(S_{t+1},A_{t+1}) - Q(S_t,A_t) \right]</math> 'n Klein wysiging aan die SARSA algoritme lewer 'n heeltemal anders VL uit-beleid algoritme, bekend as Q-leer <ref name=":3" />. Q-leer verower die aksiewaardefunksie (<math>Q</math>) deur die beleid heeltyd op te dateer met die maksimum beskikbare volgende toestand-aksiewaarde, in plaas daarvan om aan te neem dat die gedragsbeleid die maksimum volgende toestand-aksiewaarde sal kies<ref name=":3" />. Q-leer se opdateerings algoritme word gegee as <ref name=":3" />: <math>Q(S_t,A_t) \gets Q(S_t,A_t) + \alpha \left[R_{t+1}+\gamma \max_{a} Q(S_{t+1},a) - Q(S_t,A_t) \right]~.</math> ==== Funksiebenadering metodes ==== [[File:AksieWaardeKurwe.png|thumb|350x350px|Funksiebenadering metodes kan gesien word as 'n kurwe wat gepas word oor tabulere metodes.]] Funksiebenadering metodes word gebruik vir VL probleme met kontinue toestandsruimtes en diskrete aksieruimtes <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die primêre doelwit van funksiebenaderingsmetodes is om 'n stel gewigte te vind <math>(\boldsymbol{w} \doteq (w_1, w_2,...,w_d)^\top ;\boldsymbol{w} \in \mathbb{R}^d)</math>wat gebruik kan word om 'n waardefunksie (<math>\hat{v}(s,\boldsymbol{w}) \approx v_\pi(s)</math>of <math>\hat{q}(s,a,\boldsymbol{w}) \approx q_\pi(s,a)</math>) te benader. Die benadering metodes wat gebruik word, kan enigiets wees van lineêre funksies tot multi-laag kunsmatige neurale netwerke (KNN) en besluitbome <ref name=":3" />. Die twee hoof funksiebenaderings metodes is lineêre benadering en nie-lineêre KNN'e. Lineêre benaderings is aanloklik weens hul eenvoudigheid en robuustheid, terwyl KNN's 'n meer veralgemene oplossing is en in staat is om meer komplekse funksies te benader <ref name=":3" />. Die kwaliteit van 'n funksiebenadering word gegee deur die verliesfunksie <ref name=":2" />. Die benadering met die kleinste verlieswaarde word as die optimale benadering beskou. Lineêre funksies benadering beskik eienskappe soos maklike gradiëntberekeninge, verliesfunksies wat 'n enkele globale minimum het (geen plaaslike minima nie), en gewaarborgde konvergensie (nie-lineêre metodes het dit nie) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Nie-lineêre funksies word gebruik wanneer komplekse waardefunksies benader moet word <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Oor die algemeen word eenvoudiger modelle bo komplekse modelle in die industrie verkies, aangesien hulle eenvoudiger is om te implementeer, beter verstaan word ​​en meer robuust is <ref name=":2" />. 'n Kern beperking van funksiebenadering metodes is die feit dat die dimensionaliteit van die gewigte tipies minder is as die aantal toestande <ref name=":2" />. Wanneer daar minder gewigte as toestande/kenmerke is, beteken dit dat die verandering van 'n enkele gewig om die benadering van een toestand te verbeter, die benadering van ander toestande negatief kan beïnvloed <ref name=":3" />. Die beperking beskik ook oor voordele, soos om meer veralgemeenbaar te wees vir verskeie toestande, en om 'n agent se prestasie op gedeeltelik waarneembare probleme te verbeter <ref name=":3" />. ==== Beleidgradiënt metodes ==== [[File:BeleidGradiente.png|thumb|350x350px|Beleidsgradiente verskaf nie 'n waarde vir aksies nie, maar liewer die waarskeinlikheid om 'n spesifieke aksie te neem.]] Waardegebaseerde metodes kan nie groot/deurlopende aksieruimtes met bestaande tegnologie hanteer nie, aangesien die berekenings kompleksiteite te groot is vir die soek na 'n maksimum aksiewaarde wanneer al die moontlike aksiewaardes nagegaan word <ref name=":2" />. 'n Alternatief is om eerder te fokus op die konstruksie/verbetering van die beleid in plaas van die waardefunksies <ref name=":3" />. Metodes wat daarop gemik is om die beleid direk te verbeter, staan ​​bekend as beleidsgradiëntmetodes. Die metodes kan abstrak raak aangesien die gradiënt van die beleid bereken word om te bepaal hoe die beleid verbeter moet word <ref name=":3" />. Voordele van beleidsgradiënt metodes is hul vermoë om op deurlopende aksieruimtes toegepas te word, sterker konvergensiewaarborge in vergelyking met waardegebaseerde metodes, en die vermoë om stogastiese beleide direk te leer om natuurlik eksplorasie aan te moedig <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die optimaliteit van beleidsgradiëntmetodes teenoor waardegebaseerde metodes is probleemafhanklik, met sommige probleme wat eenvoudiger beleidsvoorstelle het terwyl ander probleme eenvoudiger waardefunksievoorstelle het <ref name=":3" />. Met beleidsgradiënt metodes word die beleid self geparametriseer met die gewigte <math>\boldsymbol{\theta} \in \mathbb{R}^{d'}</math>sodat <math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta}) = \text{Pr}\{A_{t} = a | S_{t} = s, \boldsymbol{\theta}_{t} = \boldsymbol{\theta}\}</math> <ref name=":3" />. Die geparametriseerde beleid se gewigte kan met 'n lineêre funksie of 'n ANN benader word, op 'n soortgelyke wyse as wat funksiebenaderings gedoen is. Die beleid kan op enige manier geparametriseer word, solank as wat <math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta})</math>differensieerbaar is met betrekking tot <math>\theta</math> <ref name=":3" />. Daar word verder aanbeveel dat die beleid nie heeltemal deterministies (<math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta}) \in (0,1)</math>) moet wees nie, om te verseker dat agente steeds op 'n natuurlike wyse kan verken <ref name=":3" />. === Karakteristieke van VL === 'n Paar karakteristieke van VL word in die afdeling bespreek. ==== Optimale beleid ==== 'n Optimale beleid het 'n verwagte waarde groter as of gelyk aan die verwagte waarde van enige ander beleid vir alle moontlike toestande <ref name=":3" />. Die verhouding tussen die verwagte waarde van 'n optimale beleid in vergelyking met ander beleide kan wiskundig voorgestel word as: <math>\pi^* \ge \pi' \iff v_{\pi^*}(s) \ge v_{\pi'}(s) \quad \forall s \in S</math> waar <math>\pi_*</math> op die optimale beleid aandui <ref name=":3" />. Daar is altyd ten minste een optimale beleid in 'n VL probleem <ref name=":3" />. Die nie unieke eienskap van 'n optimale beleid kan in die praktyk gesien word wanneer verskillende VL algoritmes verskillende speelstyle aanneem <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=le Roux |first=J. a. I. |title=Development of a new serious game utilising reinforcement learning to enrich high school mathematics |date=2025 |publisher=North-West University |url=https://orcid.org/%200009-0004-2566-8928 |language=en}}</ref> . Wiskundig gestel, kan die optimale beleid gebruik word om die optimale toestandwaarde funksie en die optimale aksiewaarde funksie voor te stel <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_{*}(s) \doteq \max_{\pi} v_\pi(s) \quad \forall s \in S</math> <math>q_{*}(s,a) \doteq \max_{\pi} q_\pi(s,a) \quad \forall s \in S, a\in A(s)</math> Die optimale beleid kan deterministies wees (altyd die aksie met die hoogste verwagte opbrengs kies) of stogasties (die waarskynlikheid om 'n aksie te kies word beïnvloed deur die verwagte opbrengs daarvan) <ref name=":3" />. Die gepastheid van 'n stogastiese of deterministies optimale beleid is probleem afhanklik <ref name=":3" />. Laastens beïnvloed alle komponente van die MBP die optimale beleid, soos verteenwoordiging van toestande, beskikbare aksies en beloning verspreiding <ref name=":2" />. Die verandering van selfs net een van hierdie komponente kan die optimale beleid drasties verander <ref name=":2" />. ==== Verken en uitbuit probleem ==== Die strategie om altyd die maksimum aksiewaarde te kies, staan ​​bekend as uitbuiting aangesien die bekende aksiewaardes voortdurend uitgebuit word vir maksimum belonings <ref name=":3" />. Wanneer die dinamika van die omgewing stogasties is, kan dieselfde aksie in dieselfde toestand lei tot verskillende toekomstige toestande of aksies moontlikheide soos beskryf deur die omgewing se dinamika waarskynlikhede <ref name=":3" />. Dit beteken dat die VL agent die waarde van 'n aksie kan oorskat of onderskat as dit 'n onvoldoende steekproef van die toestand het <ref name=":3" />. Dit is daarom nodig om toestande te verken wat aanvanklik suboptimaal lyk omdat hulle nie noodwendig voldoende gemonster is nie <ref name=":3" />. 'n Balans moet egter tussen eksplorasie en uitbuiting getref word, aangesien te veel verkenning veroorsaak dat die agent onnodige suboptimale keuses maak, terwyl te min verkenning veroorsaak dat die agent onbewus is van die werklike optimale oplossing <ref name=":3" />. 'n Benadering tot die eksplorasie/uitbuitingsdilemma is om <math>\epsilon</math>-gierige aksie seleksie te gebruik <ref name=":3" />. Dit behels om (<math>\epsilon</math> × 100)% van die tyd verkenning aksies te neem en die ander kere die uitbuit aksie te pleeg <ref name=":3" />. Oor tyd kan <math>\epsilon</math> tot nul genader word namate die beleide en waardefunksieverbetering stabiliseer en die uitbuiting strategie meer seker word <ref name=":2" />. '''In-beleid en uit-beleid algoritmes''' In-beleid algoritmes het slegs een beleid wat ervarings genereer en terselfdertyd verbeter word deur die resultate van die ervarings <ref name=":3" />. Aan die ander kant, het uit-beleid algoritmes twee afsonderlike beleide, een vir die genereer van ervarings en 'n ander beleid wat verbeter word deur die gegenereerde ervarings <ref name=":3" />. Dit mag dalk met die eerste oogopslag onbeduidend voorkom, maar buite-beleid laat toe om 'n skeiding te maak tussen verkenningsstrategieë en die aanleer van 'n beleid <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Bykomende opleidings moontlikhede ontstaan ​​met uit-beleid leer, soos opleiding uit aflyn data, die aanleer van optimale beleide terwyl verkenningsbeleide uitgevoer word, leer uit demonstrasie (nabootsingsleer), en die aanleer van verskeie take parallel vanuit 'n enkele omgewing (verminder tyd om agent op te lei) <ref name=":2" />. Beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes is dikwels sagte (stogastiese) beleide om die beleid te help met verkenning <math>( \pi(a|s) > 0 \quad \forall s \in S; a \in A(s))</math> <ref name=":3" />. Beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes het die hoofvoordele dat hulle vinniger kan leer (vroeër kan uitbuit) en meer stabiel is om op te lei as uit-beleid algoritmes <ref name=":2" />. Nadele van beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes sluit in swak steekproef doeltreffendheid en 'n ooroptimistiese verwagte waarde terugvoerlus.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Haarnoja |first=Tuomas |title=Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actor |date=2018-08-08 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01290 |access-date=2026-06-01 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.1801.01290 |id=arXiv:1801.01290 |last2=Zhou |first2=Aurick |last3=Abbeel |first3=Pieter |last4=Levine |first4=Sergey}}</ref> Buitebeleidmetodes is gevolglik gewild onder moderne algoritmes, aangesien hulle daarop gemik is om die steekproef doeltreffendheid van VL algoritmes te verbeter deur verbeterde verkenningsmeganismes in te sluit <ref name=":2" />. Uit-beleidalgoritmes bestaan ​​uit 'n teikenbeleid (<math>pi</math>) en 'n gedragsbeleid (<math>b</math>) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Teikenbeleid is die optimale beleid wat die VL agent probeer leer, terwyl die gedragsbeleid gebruik word om die ervarings te genereer wat gebruik word om die teikenbeleid op te lei <ref name=":3" />. Die gedragsbeleid inkorporeer die verkenningsmeganisme van die opleidingsproses <ref name=":2" />. Uit-beleid algoritmes is bekend daarvoor dat hulle meer variansie in hul opdaterings bevat, wat veroorsaak dat hulle stadiger konvergeer as in-beleid algoritmes <ref name=":3" />. Gedragsbeleid moet beskik oor dekking oor die teikenbeleid deur te vereis dat elke aksie wat deur die teikenbeleid geneem word, ook deur die gedragsbeleid geneem word <ref name=":3" />. Die dekkingseienskap bepaal dus dat die teikenbeleid deterministies kan wees, maar die gedragbeleid moet stogasties wees in teostande waar die gedragbeleid nie identies is aan die teikenbeleid nie <ref name=":3" />. Dit word ook gestel as: <math>\pi(a|s) > 0 \implies b(a|s) > 0</math> Metodes wat op beleid gebaseer is, kan as 'n spesiale geval van metodes buite beleid beskou word, waar die gedrag- en teikenbeleid dieselfde beleid is <ref name=":3" />. Byna alle uit- beleid metodes gebruik belangrikheids monsterneming om die gedragbeleid met die teikenbeleid te koppel <ref name=":3" />. Die belangrikheids monsternemings verhouding word wiskundig gegee as: <math>\rho_{t:T-1} = \prod_{k = t}^{T-1} \frac{\pi(A_k|S_k)}{b(A_k|S_k)}</math> met die gedragsbeleid wat omgeskakel word na die teikenbeleid deur 'n eenvoudige vermenigvuldiging van die belangrikheidsteekproefverhouding te gebruik <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_\pi(s) = \mathbb{E}[ \rho_{t:T-1} G_t | S_t = s]</math> Dit word aanbeveel dat die gedragsbeleid meer stabiel moet wees (meer dikwels en kleiner opdaterings) as die teikenbeleid om te verseker dat opleiding van die agent stabiel bly <ref name=":2" />. === Algemene Tegnieke === Praktiese algoritmes gebruik oor die algemeen benaderingsstrategieë vir die teoretiese modelle (soos die Bellman vergelyking) om teoretiese beperkings wat die praktiese implimentering belemmer, te oorkom. Die onderstaande tabel toon 'n paar algemene praktiese algoritmes wat in VL gebruik word. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Algoritme !! Beskrywing !!Beleid !! Aksieruimte !! Toestandruimte !! Operator |- | Monte Carlo || Elke besoek aan Monte Carlo || Enige || Diskreet || Diskreet || Steekproefgemiddeldes van toestandwaardes of aksiewaardes |- | TD-leer || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Toestandwaarde |- | Q-leer || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Aksiewaarde |- | SARSA || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand–aksie || In-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Aksiewaarde |- | DQN || Diep Q-netwerk || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Kontinu || Aksiewaarde |- | DDPG || Diep Deterministiese Beleidsgradiënt || Uit-beleid || Kontinu || Kontinu || Aksiewaarde |- | A3C || Asinchrone Voordeel Akteur-Kritiek Algoritme || In-beleid || Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel (=aksie-waarde - toestand-waarde) |- | TRPO || Vertrouensgebied Beleidsoptimalisering || In-beleid || Kontinu of Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel |- | PPO || Proksimale Beleidsoptimalisering || In-beleid || Kontinu of Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel |- |TD3 |Tweeling Vertraagde Diep Deterministiese Beleidsgradiënt |Uit-beleid |Kontinu |Kontinu |Aksiewaarde |- |SAC |Sagte Akteur-Kritiek |Uit- beleid |Kontinu |Kontinu |Voordeel |- |DSAC||Verspreidende Sagte Akteur-Kritiek ||Uit- beleid ||Kontinu ||Kontinu ||Aksiewaarde-verspreiding |} == Verwysings == <references /> [[Kategorie:Masjienleer]] oklhynmvtk3g7q9mxwlkbhj5jvdf08v 2913846 2913842 2026-06-25T21:41:47Z BurgertB 2401 Inleiding verbeter 2913846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Spot by Boston Dynamics.jpg|thumb|Versterkingsleër was gebruik om BostonDynamics se Spot robot te help om beter te leer loop <ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting on the Right Foot with Reinforcement Learning |url=https://bostondynamics.com/blog/starting-on-the-right-foot-with-reinforcement-learning/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Boston Dynamics |language=en-US}}</ref>|alt=BostonDynamics se Spot robot wat loop]] 'n '''Versterkingsleermetode''' is 'n manier in [[kunsmatige intelligensie]] wat gebruik word om 'n rekenaar op te lei om besluite te neem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Winder |first=Phil |title=Reinforcement learning: industrial applications of intelligent agents |date=2020 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc |isbn=978-1-0981-1483-1 |edition=First edition |location=Sebastopol, CA}}</ref> Die gerekenariseerde besluitnemer word 'n agent genoem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Richard S. |title=Reinforcement learning: an introduction |last2=Barto |first2=Andrew |date=2018 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-35270-3 |edition=Second edition |series=Adaptive computation and machine learning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; Londen, Engeland}}</ref> Die agent word opgelei deur belonings of strawwe van die omgewing te ontvang na gelang van die gewenstheid van die besluit wat hy geneem het.<ref name=":3" /> Gewenste besluite word positief beloon en ongewenste besluite word gestraf.<ref name=":3" /> Die agent voer sy besluite deur middel van 'n aksie uit wat dan die toestand van die omgewing verander waarin die agent hom bevind.<ref name=":3" /> Die agent se besluit oor die aksie wat gepleeg moet word is onderhewig aan die toestand van die omgewing.<ref name=":3" /> Die primêre doel van die agent is om die aksie te pleeg wat die grootste verwagte beloning vir sy huidige toestand sal lewer.<ref name=":3" /> Dit beteken die agent se besluite is gemik op langtermyn- pleks van korttermynbelonings.<ref name=":2" /> Klem word dus daarop geplaas dat besluite geneem word gebaseer op die omgewing se toestand wat die agent waarneem. Die agent se inagneming van die omgewing se toestand onderskei die versterkingsleermetode van ander masjienleertegnieke soos evolusionêre metodes.<ref name=":3" /> == Geskiedenis == Een van die beginstadiums van die versterkingsleermetode kan teruggevoer word na die navorsing wat die Amerikaanse sielkundige Edward Thorndike in die 1800's op diere gedoen het <ref name=":3" />. Thorndike het navorsing gedoen op die probeer-en-tref metode van diere gebruik om te leer en dit sodoende met die “Wet van Effek” beskryf <ref name=":3" />. Thorndike het die gedrag van katte waargeneem deur hulle in 'n “raaiselboks” te geplaas, waarvan hulle dan moes ontsnap deur toepaslike aksies te doen.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Thorndike |first=Edward L. |date=1898 |title=Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0092987 |journal=The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=i–109 |doi=10.1037/h0092987 |issn=0096-9753}}</ref> Byvoorbeeld, ’n kat kon die deur van die raaiselboks oopmaak deur ’n reeks van drie afsonderlike aksies uit te voer: ’n platform agter in die sakkie te deur te druk, ’n tou te trek deur daarop te krap, en ’n arm op of af te druk <ref name=":3" />. Met die aanvanklike eksperiment, waar kos buite die raaiselboks in sig was, het meeste van Thorndike se katte “duidelike tekens van ongemak” en buitengewone energieke aktiwiteite “om intuïtief te probeer ontsnap” getoon <ref name=":4" />. Daaropvolgende eksperimente met verskillende katte in verskillende raaiselbokse met verskillende ontsnappingsmeganismes, het Thorndike die hoeveelheid tyd opgeteken wat elke kat neem om te ontsnap <ref name=":4" />. Hy het waargeneem dat die tyd byna altyd afgeneem het met opeenvolgende ervarings, byvoorbeeld van 300 sekondes tot 6 of 7 sekondes <ref name=":3" />. Dit het Thorndike gelei tot die formulering van ’n aantal “wette” van leer, waarvan die mees invloedryke die wet van effek was <ref name=":3" />. Die naam is as gevolg van die effek wat beloonde gebeurtenisse op die aksies van diere het <ref name=":3" />. [[File:Dog training.jpg|thumb|Versterkingsleer kan gebruik word om diere op te lei deur 'n beloning (kos) toe te dien wanneer 'n bevel gehoorsaam word.]] Die wet van effek word deur sielkundiges as instrumentele kondisionering geklassifiseer omdat die leer van die dier afhang van dit wat die dier doen: die lewering van ’n beloning/versterking is afhanklik van wat die dier doen (soos om te ontsnap) <ref name=":3" />. In kontras bestaan daar ook klassieke kondisionering eksperimente, waar die beloning/ versterkende stimulus onafhanklik van die dier se gedrag toegeken word <ref name=":3" />. Die term “versterking”, in die konteks van dierleer, het eers later in gebruik gekom met die eerste verskynsel in Pavlov se 1927 monografie oor gekondisioneerde reflekses <ref name=":3" />. Pavlov het versterking beskryf as die versterking van ’n gedragspatroon wanneer ’n dier ’n stimulus (versterker) ontvang in kombinasie met ’n ander stimulus of ’n reaksie wat die gedragspatroon vorm <ref name=":3" />. Om as ’n versterker te dien, moet die versterkte gedragspatroon aanhou ná die stimulus wegneem is <ref name=":3" />. ’n stimulus wat slegs die dier se aandag trek of gedrag aanwakker sonder blywende verandering word nie as ’n versterker beskou word nie.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Pavlov |first=P. Ivan |date=2010-07 |title=Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205891 |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=136–141 |doi=10.5214/ans.0972-7531.1017309 |issn=0972-7531 |pmc=4116985 |pmid=25205891}}</ref> Pavlov se eksperimente het behels om die speekselreflekse van honde te meet ná aanbieding van kos <ref name=":5" />. Kort voor die aanbieding van kos, was daar altyd 'n geluid gespeel sodat die honde die metronoom stimulus assosieer met etens tyd <ref name=":5" />. Pavlov het die honde later só gekondisioneer dat hulle speekselkliere geaktiveer word deur net die geluid van die klank, al was daar geen kos betrokke nie <ref name=":5" />. Die idee om probeer-en-tref leer toe te pas in ’n rekenaar wetenskap het al vroeg in die bestaan kunsmatige intelligensie ontstaan <ref name=":3" />. In ’n 1948 verslag het Alan Turing ’n ontwerp beskryf vir ’n “genot-pyn-stelsel” wat volgens die wet van effek werk <ref name=":3" />. Baie kreatiewe elektro-meganiese masjiene is gebou wat die probeer-en-tref leer metode gedemonstreer het. Die vroegste is waarskynlik ’n masjien deur Thomas Ross (1933) wat daarin geslaag het om ’n roete deur 'n eenvoudige doolhof te vind en te onthou. Een van die eerste mylpale multi-agent VL is TD-Gammon agent, wat opgelei was om Backgammon te speel <ref name=":3" />. TD-Gammon is in die 1990’s ontwikkel en moes unieke VL probleme oorkom soos teenstanders wat aktief die toestand van die bord verander (toestand van die bord word nie deur net een agent bepaal nie), asook gevorderde strategieë soos die blokkeer van die teenstander met die agent se eie stukke <ref name=":3" />. Die agent word opgelei deur teen homself te speel en kon omtrent so goed soos die beste backgammon-rekenaarsprogram na ongeveer 300 000 wedstryde word <ref name=":3" />. 'n Latere weergawe, TD-Gammon 3.0, kon ’n professionele backgammon-speler (Kazaros) klop ná opleiding van ongeveer 1 500 000 speletjies. TD-Gammon het die vaardigheids vlakke van menslike toernooispel verhoog deur nuwe strategieë bekend te stel wat voorheen verborge vir professionele spelers was. [[File:Atari 2600 console.jpg|thumb|VL kan gebruik word om 'n agent te leer Atari 2600 speletjies speel deur net die beeld van die speletjie en die telling van die speletjie as insette te voorsien.]] ’n Artikel wat deur Google DeepMind in 2015 uitgereik is, bespreek die gebruik van Diep Q-leer om Atari 2006-speletjies te speel deur slegs die beeld van die skerm en die speletjie se telling as insette te gebruik.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Mnih |first=Volodymyr |last2=Kavukcuoglu |first2=Koray |last3=Silver |first3=David |last4=Rusu |first4=Andrei A. |last5=Veness |first5=Joel |last6=Bellemare |first6=Marc G. |last7=Graves |first7=Alex |last8=Riedmiller |first8=Martin |last9=Fidjeland |first9=Andreas K. |last10=Ostrovski |first10=Georg |last11=Petersen |first11=Stig |last12=Beattie |first12=Charles |last13=Sadik |first13=Amir |last14=Antonoglou |first14=Ioannis |last15=King |first15=Helen |date=2015-02 |title=Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14236 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=518 |issue=7540 |pages=529–533 |doi=10.1038/nature14236 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Geen addisionele insette was benodig om die agent te leer nie <ref name=":6" />. Die Diep Q-netwerk argitektuur was selfs suksesvol oordraagbaar na ander Atari 2006 speletjies weens die VL agente se vermoë om op baie van die Atari 2006 speletjies te oefen met dieselfde algoritme, netwerkargitektuur en hiperparameters <ref name=":6" />. 'n Moderne mylpaal vir VL is in Maart 2016 deur Google DeepMind se AlphaGo agent behaal deur die beste mens speler (Lee Sedo) 4-1in ’n tradisionele Chinese bordspel (Go) geklop het.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Silver |first=David |last2=Schrittwieser |first2=Julian |last3=Simonyan |first3=Karen |last4=Antonoglou |first4=Ioannis |last5=Huang |first5=Aja |last6=Guez |first6=Arthur |last7=Hubert |first7=Thomas |last8=Baker |first8=Lucas |last9=Lai |first9=Matthew |last10=Bolton |first10=Adrian |last11=Chen |first11=Yutian |last12=Lillicrap |first12=Timothy |last13=Hui |first13=Fan |last14=Sifre |first14=Laurent |last15=van den Driessche |first15=George |date=2017-10 |title=Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24270 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=550 |issue=7676 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1038/nature24270 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> 'n Verbeterde weergawe, AlphaGo Zero, het baie tradisionele Go kennis self herontdek en ook nuwe strategieë verskaf wat professionele spelers met nuwe taktieke geïnspireer het <ref name=":7" />. Ongelukkig het AlphaGo ook die negatiewe effekte van VL uitgewys deurdat Lee Sedol heeltemal van Go afgetree het nadat AlphaGo Zero onoorwinbaar was.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranam |first=Aswin |title=Why The Retirement Of Lee Se-Dol, Former ‘Go’ Champion, Is A Sign Of Things To Come |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/aswinpranam/2019/11/29/why-the-retirement-of-lee-se-dol-former-go-champion-is-a-sign-of-things-to-come/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Aktuele teenwoordigheid van VL kan verder gevind word in die gebruik by groot taalmodelle soos ChatGPT, Grok en Gemini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Grok 4 |url=https://x.ai/news/grok-4 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model |url=https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Google |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Introducing ChatGPT |url=https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> VL word veral gebruik om die groot taalmodelle die vermoë te gee om te "dink" en om 'n menslike terugvoer element te verskaf sodat die groot taalmodelle response gee wat meer aanneemlik is vir mense <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. Die bydraes van VL tot intelligente sisteme en as ewige belang tot rekenaar wetenskap was veral erken toe A. Barto en R. Sutton die ACM A.M. Turing Toekenning van 2024 verower het.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Barto and Richard Sutton are the recipients of the 2024 ACM A.M. Turing Award for developing the conceptual and algorithmic foundations of reinforcement learning. |url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2025/march/turing-award-2024 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> == Raamwerk == Die besluitnemingsproses van VL kan wiskundig geformaliseer word met die Markov-besluitnemingsproses (MBP) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. VL bestaan ​​normaalweg uit 'n beleid, beloning sein, waardefunksies en opsioneel 'n model van die omgewing <ref name=":3" />. Die MBP kan met die onderstaande diagram uitgebeeld word <ref name=":3" />. [[File:Markov diagram Afrikaans.png|center|530x530px]] Die bostaande diagram illustreer die MBP deur 'n agent en omgewing voor te stel wat met mekaar interaksie het deur middel van aksies, toestande en belonings. Hierdie interaksies word die trajek van die proses genoem <ref name=":3" />. Die trajek hou tred met die aksie wat deur die agent op elke tydstip uitgevoer word en die gevolglike toestand-beloningpaar wat van die omgewing ontvang word <math>(S_0, A_0, R_1,S_1,A_1,S_2,A_2,R_3,...)</math> <ref name=":3" />. Die tydstip van die trajek hoef nie vas te wees nie en die oorgange van 'n toestand-aksiepaar na 'n toestand-beloningpaar kan stogasties wees <ref name=":3" />. Die voorwaardelike waarskynlikhede om 'n spesifieke volgende toestand (<math>s'</math>) en beloning (<math>r</math>) paar te ontvang, gegewe die huidige toestand (<math>s</math>) en aksie (<math>a</math>) paar, word die dinamika van die MBP genoem en word wiskundig voorgestel as <math>p(s', r|s, a)</math> <ref name=":3" />. Dit is daarom duidelik dat die agent die besluitnemer is en die omgewing alles buite die agent is waarmee die agent interaksie het <ref name=":3" />. Die toestand is moontlik een van die belangrikste aspekte om in die MBP te definieer, aangesien die dimensionaliteit van die probleem afhanklik is van die toestand <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die toestand moet ideaal gesproke al die inligting bevat wat vir 'n agent benodig word om 'n besluit te neem, sonder om staat te maak om te weet wat in die vorige tydstippe gebeur het (voldoen aan die Markov-eienskap) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Probleme waarin die hele toestand van die omgewing beskikbaar is vir die agent, staan ​​bekend as volledig waarneembare MBP, terwyl probleme waarin sommige aspekte van die toestand vir die agent verborge is, staan bekend ​​as gedeeltelik waarneembare MBP <ref name=":3" />. Die toestand van 'n MBP word voorgestel as 'n vektor van getalle <ref name=":3" />. Aksies is die besluite wat 'n agent maak, en word ook voorgestel deur 'n vektor van getalle <ref name=":3" />. Die gebruik van 'n vektor beteken dat aksies diskreet of kontinu kan wees, en dat 'n agent verskeie aksies op dieselfde tydstip kan uitvoer <ref name=":2" />. Byvoorbeeld, 'n agent vir 'n selfbesturende motor kan kies om sy motor links te stuur en in dieselfde tydstip te versnel deur 'n vektor met twee numeriese waardes te gebruik. Aksies beïnvloed die onmiddellike belonings wat ontvang word sowel as die toekomstige toestande en belonings wat deur die agent ervaar sal word <ref name=":3" />. Belonings is altyd 'n enkele getal wat gebruik word om die doelwit aan die agent oor te dra <ref name=":3" />. Dit is belangrik dat belonings en strawwe slegs gebruik moet word om aan te dui of wenslike uitkomste bereik word en dat die belonings en strawwe nie gebruik moet word om aan te dui oor hoe om die uitkomste te bereik nie <ref name=":3" />. Byvoorbeeld, wanneer die kortste pad tussen twee bestemmings verlang word, sal 'n goeie beloningstelsel die lengte van elke pad wat deur die agent geneem word, penaliseer (kortste lengte sal die minste hoeveelheid strawwe hê), terwyl 'n swakker beloningstelsel belonings sal bied vir individuele keuses wat geneem word. Die individuele keuse beloningstelsel word as swak beskou aangesien die doel van die agent is om die indiduele beurt keuses te besluit, pleks daarvan om beveel te word oor watse keuses om te maak. Die proses om 'n goeie beloningstelsel te ontwerp, word belonings ingenieurswese genoem <ref name=":2" />. Gewenste beloningskeuses vertoon eienskappe soos om vinnig te wees om te bereken, gekorreleer te wees met die "ware" beloning, nie baie raserig te wees nie, nie-funksionele vereistes te kodeer (soos vinniger, veiliger of meer doeltreffende oplossings), groot genoeg te wees om van geraas onderskei te word, gereeld plaas te vind, nie te laat na die aksie plaasvind waaraan dit toegeskryf word nie, 'n gladde beloningverspreiding te hê om hakkerige (robotiese) gedrag te voorkom, en eenvoudige verspreidingsvoorwaardes hê <ref name=":2" />. Die aksie wat onmiddellik na 'n beloning plaasvind, is nie noodwendig die enigste aksie wat bygedra het tot die beloning wat gegee word nie <ref name=":3" />. 'n Reeks vorige aksies het waarskynlik gehelp om die omgewing te skep vir die spesifieke toestand wat die groot beloning uitgedeel het <ref name=":3" />. Daarom kan dit voordelig wees om ook die invloed van toekomstige belonings in ag te neem wanneer 'n sekere aksie by tydstip beloon word deur gebruik te maak van die diskonteerde opbrengs (<math>G_t</math>). Die diskonteerde opbrengs word uitgedruk as: <math>G_t \doteq{} R_{t+1} + \gamma R_{t+2} + \gamma^2 R_{t+3} + ... + \gamma^{T-t-1} R_{T} \doteq \sum_{k=t+1}^{T}\gamma{}^{k-t-1}R_{k}</math> waar <math>\gamma</math> die diskonteringskoers is wat gewig gee aan hoeveel van die toekomstige belonings aan die huidige tydstip toegeskryf moet word <ref name=":3" />. <math>\gamma = 0</math> bepaal dat slegs die beloning van die huidige tydstip in ag geneem moet word, terwyl <math>\gamma = 0</math> bepaal dat alle toekomstige belonings vanaf die huidige tydstip af gelyke gewigte moet dra. Die simbool <math>T</math> in die vergelyking dui die tydstip aan wanneer 'n episode eindig en is bekend as die terminale toestand <ref name=":3" />. 'n Episode word gedefinieer as die natuurlike subreekse wat geïdentifiseer kan word uit die agent-omgewing-interaksies <ref name=":3" />. Die geval waar T = ∞ word verwys as 'n deurlopende taak, wat beteken dat daar slegs een lange episode van onbepaalde lengte is <ref name=":3" />. Die verwagte opbrengs van die terminale toestand word gedefinieer as null (<math>G_t = 0</math>) aangesien die episode in die terminale toestand geëindig het en geen verdere beloning verwag word nie <ref name=":3" />. == Oplossing Metode == Dit is belangrik dat die MBP-voorstelling van die probleem eenvoudig genoeg moet wees om op te los en te redeneer, terwyl dit steeds verteenwoordigend van die werklike probleem bly <ref name=":2" />. Om die verlangde modeleenvoud te bereik, is dikwels nie 'n maklike taak nie en verg talle iterasies (dit word 'n kuns eerder as 'n wetenskap) <ref name=":3" />. Die ontwikkeling van 'n eenvoudige MBP voorstelling van 'n VL taak is egter die moeite werd, aangesien die MBP model dikwels 'n veel groter effek op die VL se prestasie het as die keuse van die VL-algoritme wat gebruik word <ref name=":3" />. Die keuse van aksie gegewe die omgewingstoestand van die agent staan bekend as die beleid (<math>\pi</math>) van die agent <ref name=":3" />. Die beleid kan deterministies wees wanner <math>a = \pi(s)</math>, of stogasties wanner <math>\pi(a|s)</math> (die waarskynlikheid om 'n aksie te neem in 'n gegewe toestand <math>s</math>) <ref name=":3" />. Die agent het die taak om die beloning te maksimeer deur die verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs (<math>G_t</math>) te maksimeer. Dit is van belang om te weet watter toestande en aksies die maksimum verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs het, aangesien die die aksies met die maksimum verwagte diskonteerde opbrengs heel waarskynlik tot die verkryging van die maksimum moontlike beloning sal lei <ref name=":3" />. Die keuse om gulsig die verwagte opbrengs in plaas van die verwagte beloning te gebruik, is te danke aan die feit dat die verwagte opbrengs die langtermyn-beloningsvoordele van 'n toestand/aksie in ag neem en nie net die onmiddellike korttermyn-beloningsvoordele nie <ref name=":3" />. Die waarde vir 'n agent om in 'n sekere toestand, bekend as die toestandwaarde, <math>v(s)</math> te wees kan voorgestel word met: <math>v_\pi(s) \doteq \mathbb{E}_{\pi}[G_t | S_t = s ] = \mathbb{E}_{\pi}\left[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\gamma^{k}R_{t+k+1} | S_t = s \right] \quad \forall s \in S</math> waar <math>\mathbb{E}</math> die verwagte waarde aandui soos tipies in statistieke gebruik word <ref name=":3" />. Die belangrikste aspek van 'n VL algoritme is om 'n metode te vind wat die waardefunksie doeltreffend skat <ref name=":2" />. Die verwagte waarde is dus afhanklik van die statistiese verspreiding van die diskonteerde opbrengs. Die verwagte waarde skat die benaderde waarde wat 'n stogastiese veranderlike waarskynlik sal aanneem.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Douglas C. |title=Applied statistics and probability for engineers |last2=Runger |first2=George C. |date=2018 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-58559-6 |edition=Seventh edition |series=EMEA edition |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> Die wiskundige formule vir die verwagte waarde word gedefinieer deur: <math>\mathbb{E}[X] = \sum_xp(x) \times x</math> waar die verwantskap tussen die statistiese verspreiding van die data en die werklike waarde van die data duidelik getoon word in die berekening van die verwagte waarde <ref name=":8" />. 'n Soortgelyke funksie bestaan ​​vir die aksiewaarde as volg <ref name=":3" />: <math>q_\pi(s,a) \doteq \mathbb{E}_{\pi}[G_t | S_t = s, A_t = a ] = \mathbb{E}_{\pi}\left[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\gamma^{k}R_{t+k+1} | S_t = s, A_t = a \right]</math> wat toon dat die aksiewaarde afhanklik is van die aksie sowel as die toestand <ref name=":3" />. Die aksiewaarde is veral nuttig wanneer daar besluit moet word watter aksie in 'n gegewe toestand geneem moet word, aangesien die aksie met die grootste aksiewaarde heel waarskynlik die grootste beloning sal verskaf <ref name=":3" />. Die bostaande waarde vergelykings wys verder dat die waardefunksies vir die beleid (<math>\pi</math>) as 'n onderskrif bevat. Die onderskrif beklemtoon dat die waardefunksies afhanklik is van die huidige beleid wat die agent volg. Die afhanklikheid van die waardefunksie aan die huidige beleid maak sin, aangesien die beleid die daaropvolgende aksies bepaal wat deur die agent geneem sal word. Die waardefunksies kan egter weer gebruik word om die beleid van die agent te verbeter, aangesien toestande/aksies met die grootse waardefunksies beter keuses aandui <ref name=":3" />. Die Teoretiese uitdrukking vir die bepaling van die toestandwaardefunksie (die Bellman-vergelyking vir <math>v_\pi</math>) is <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_{\pi}(s) = \sum_{a} \pi(a|s) \sum_{s',r}p(s',r|s,a)[r+\gamma v_\pi(s')] \quad \forall s \in S = \sum_{a}\pi(a|s)q_\pi(s,a)</math> terwyl die Bellman vergelyking vir die aksiewaardefunskie (<math>q_\pi</math>) gegee is as <ref name=":3" />: <math>q_{\pi}(s,a) = \sum_{s',r}p(r,s'|s,a)(r+\gamma\sum_{a'}\pi(a',s')q_{\pi}(s',a')) = \sum_{r,s'}p(r,s'|s,a)(r+\gamma v_\pi(s'))</math> Dit is miskien 'n bietjie vreemd om te obserweer (uit die bostaande vergelykings) dat die berekening van die waardefunksies vereis om reeds die waarde van die toekomstige toestand te weet. Die dilemma kan opgelos word deur 'n geskatte waarde vir die waardefunksie te gebruik en die waardefunksies dan iteratief op te dateer totdat dit konvergeer <ref name=":3" />. Die opdatering van Bellman se vergelykings deur 'n beleid te volg wat gulsig die maksimum toestandwaarde kies staan bekend as die dinamiese programmeringsalgoritme vir VL <ref name=":3" />. Daar is egter 'n paar aannames wat die toepaslikheid van dinamiese programmering in die praktyk belemmer, naamlik toegang tot 'n akkurate model van die omgewing, <math>p(r, s'|s, a)</math>, voldoende berekeningshulpbronne (berekeningspoed en RAM geheue), en die behoefte vir die toestande om die Markov-eienskap te gehoorsaam <ref name=":2" />. Dit skep dus die behoefte om ander praktiese VL benaderinge te ondersoek. === Hoof benaderinge === Daar is drie hoof kategoriee waarin VL algoritmes verdeel kan word, naamlik tabulere metodes, funksie benadering en beleidgradient metodes <ref name=":3" />. ==== Tabulere metodes ==== Tabelmetodes is bekend daarvoor dat hulle diskrete aksie- en toestandsruimtes het <ref name=":3" />. Dit beteken dat daar 'n tabel gekonstrueer kan word waar die rye van die tabel die toestande van die agent verteenwoordig, terwyl die aksies deur die kolomme van die tabel beskryf word <ref name=":2" />. Die algemene vorm van VL algoritmes word tipies beskryf as <ref name=":3" />: <math>\text{NuweBenadering} \gets \text{OuBenadering} + \text{StapGrootte}[ \underbrace{\text{Teiken} - \text{OuBenadering}}_{\text{fout}} ]</math>[[File:AksieWaardeDiskreet.png|thumb|350x350px|Tabulere metodes kan voorgestel word deur 'n tabel met rye en kolomme wat die waarde van aksies in 'n gegewe toestande verteenwoordig.]]waar die stapgrootte 'n hiperparameter is wat deur die <math>\alpha</math> simbool voorgestel word. Groot stapgrootte waardes dui aan dat die foutaanpassing 'n groot effek op die nuwe skatting het, terwyl 'n klein stapgrootte wys dat slegs geringe aanpassings aan die nuwe skatting gemaak moet word <ref name=":2" />. Nie-nul stapgroottes kan help met nie-stasionêre omgewings, aangesien onlangse opdateringsfoute 'n groter gewig dra met aanpassings <ref name=":3" />. 'n Bekende tabulere VL metode (SARSA) vereis 'n eenstapvertraging sodat die volgende beloning, toestand en aksie beskikbaar is vir die opdateringsalgoritme <ref name=":3" />. Die SARSA-algoritme word beskou as 'n in-beleid algoritme aangesien die volgende aksie die beleid gebruik wat opgedateer word <ref name=":3" />. SARSA se opdaterings algoritme word gegee as <ref name=":3" />: <math>Q(S_t,A_t) \gets Q(S_t,A_t) + \alpha \left[R_{t+1}+\gamma Q(S_{t+1},A_{t+1}) - Q(S_t,A_t) \right]</math> 'n Klein wysiging aan die SARSA algoritme lewer 'n heeltemal anders VL uit-beleid algoritme, bekend as Q-leer <ref name=":3" />. Q-leer verower die aksiewaardefunksie (<math>Q</math>) deur die beleid heeltyd op te dateer met die maksimum beskikbare volgende toestand-aksiewaarde, in plaas daarvan om aan te neem dat die gedragsbeleid die maksimum volgende toestand-aksiewaarde sal kies<ref name=":3" />. Q-leer se opdateerings algoritme word gegee as <ref name=":3" />: <math>Q(S_t,A_t) \gets Q(S_t,A_t) + \alpha \left[R_{t+1}+\gamma \max_{a} Q(S_{t+1},a) - Q(S_t,A_t) \right]~.</math> ==== Funksiebenadering metodes ==== [[File:AksieWaardeKurwe.png|thumb|350x350px|Funksiebenadering metodes kan gesien word as 'n kurwe wat gepas word oor tabulere metodes.]] Funksiebenadering metodes word gebruik vir VL probleme met kontinue toestandsruimtes en diskrete aksieruimtes <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die primêre doelwit van funksiebenaderingsmetodes is om 'n stel gewigte te vind <math>(\boldsymbol{w} \doteq (w_1, w_2,...,w_d)^\top ;\boldsymbol{w} \in \mathbb{R}^d)</math>wat gebruik kan word om 'n waardefunksie (<math>\hat{v}(s,\boldsymbol{w}) \approx v_\pi(s)</math>of <math>\hat{q}(s,a,\boldsymbol{w}) \approx q_\pi(s,a)</math>) te benader. Die benadering metodes wat gebruik word, kan enigiets wees van lineêre funksies tot multi-laag kunsmatige neurale netwerke (KNN) en besluitbome <ref name=":3" />. Die twee hoof funksiebenaderings metodes is lineêre benadering en nie-lineêre KNN'e. Lineêre benaderings is aanloklik weens hul eenvoudigheid en robuustheid, terwyl KNN's 'n meer veralgemene oplossing is en in staat is om meer komplekse funksies te benader <ref name=":3" />. Die kwaliteit van 'n funksiebenadering word gegee deur die verliesfunksie <ref name=":2" />. Die benadering met die kleinste verlieswaarde word as die optimale benadering beskou. Lineêre funksies benadering beskik eienskappe soos maklike gradiëntberekeninge, verliesfunksies wat 'n enkele globale minimum het (geen plaaslike minima nie), en gewaarborgde konvergensie (nie-lineêre metodes het dit nie) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Nie-lineêre funksies word gebruik wanneer komplekse waardefunksies benader moet word <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Oor die algemeen word eenvoudiger modelle bo komplekse modelle in die industrie verkies, aangesien hulle eenvoudiger is om te implementeer, beter verstaan word ​​en meer robuust is <ref name=":2" />. 'n Kern beperking van funksiebenadering metodes is die feit dat die dimensionaliteit van die gewigte tipies minder is as die aantal toestande <ref name=":2" />. Wanneer daar minder gewigte as toestande/kenmerke is, beteken dit dat die verandering van 'n enkele gewig om die benadering van een toestand te verbeter, die benadering van ander toestande negatief kan beïnvloed <ref name=":3" />. Die beperking beskik ook oor voordele, soos om meer veralgemeenbaar te wees vir verskeie toestande, en om 'n agent se prestasie op gedeeltelik waarneembare probleme te verbeter <ref name=":3" />. ==== Beleidgradiënt metodes ==== [[File:BeleidGradiente.png|thumb|350x350px|Beleidsgradiente verskaf nie 'n waarde vir aksies nie, maar liewer die waarskeinlikheid om 'n spesifieke aksie te neem.]] Waardegebaseerde metodes kan nie groot/deurlopende aksieruimtes met bestaande tegnologie hanteer nie, aangesien die berekenings kompleksiteite te groot is vir die soek na 'n maksimum aksiewaarde wanneer al die moontlike aksiewaardes nagegaan word <ref name=":2" />. 'n Alternatief is om eerder te fokus op die konstruksie/verbetering van die beleid in plaas van die waardefunksies <ref name=":3" />. Metodes wat daarop gemik is om die beleid direk te verbeter, staan ​​bekend as beleidsgradiëntmetodes. Die metodes kan abstrak raak aangesien die gradiënt van die beleid bereken word om te bepaal hoe die beleid verbeter moet word <ref name=":3" />. Voordele van beleidsgradiënt metodes is hul vermoë om op deurlopende aksieruimtes toegepas te word, sterker konvergensiewaarborge in vergelyking met waardegebaseerde metodes, en die vermoë om stogastiese beleide direk te leer om natuurlik eksplorasie aan te moedig <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Die optimaliteit van beleidsgradiëntmetodes teenoor waardegebaseerde metodes is probleemafhanklik, met sommige probleme wat eenvoudiger beleidsvoorstelle het terwyl ander probleme eenvoudiger waardefunksievoorstelle het <ref name=":3" />. Met beleidsgradiënt metodes word die beleid self geparametriseer met die gewigte <math>\boldsymbol{\theta} \in \mathbb{R}^{d'}</math>sodat <math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta}) = \text{Pr}\{A_{t} = a | S_{t} = s, \boldsymbol{\theta}_{t} = \boldsymbol{\theta}\}</math> <ref name=":3" />. Die geparametriseerde beleid se gewigte kan met 'n lineêre funksie of 'n ANN benader word, op 'n soortgelyke wyse as wat funksiebenaderings gedoen is. Die beleid kan op enige manier geparametriseer word, solank as wat <math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta})</math>differensieerbaar is met betrekking tot <math>\theta</math> <ref name=":3" />. Daar word verder aanbeveel dat die beleid nie heeltemal deterministies (<math>\pi(a|s,\boldsymbol{\theta}) \in (0,1)</math>) moet wees nie, om te verseker dat agente steeds op 'n natuurlike wyse kan verken <ref name=":3" />. === Karakteristieke van VL === 'n Paar karakteristieke van VL word in die afdeling bespreek. ==== Optimale beleid ==== 'n Optimale beleid het 'n verwagte waarde groter as of gelyk aan die verwagte waarde van enige ander beleid vir alle moontlike toestande <ref name=":3" />. Die verhouding tussen die verwagte waarde van 'n optimale beleid in vergelyking met ander beleide kan wiskundig voorgestel word as: <math>\pi^* \ge \pi' \iff v_{\pi^*}(s) \ge v_{\pi'}(s) \quad \forall s \in S</math> waar <math>\pi_*</math> op die optimale beleid aandui <ref name=":3" />. Daar is altyd ten minste een optimale beleid in 'n VL probleem <ref name=":3" />. Die nie unieke eienskap van 'n optimale beleid kan in die praktyk gesien word wanneer verskillende VL algoritmes verskillende speelstyle aanneem <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=le Roux |first=J. a. I. |title=Development of a new serious game utilising reinforcement learning to enrich high school mathematics |date=2025 |publisher=North-West University |url=https://orcid.org/%200009-0004-2566-8928 |language=en}}</ref> . Wiskundig gestel, kan die optimale beleid gebruik word om die optimale toestandwaarde funksie en die optimale aksiewaarde funksie voor te stel <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_{*}(s) \doteq \max_{\pi} v_\pi(s) \quad \forall s \in S</math> <math>q_{*}(s,a) \doteq \max_{\pi} q_\pi(s,a) \quad \forall s \in S, a\in A(s)</math> Die optimale beleid kan deterministies wees (altyd die aksie met die hoogste verwagte opbrengs kies) of stogasties (die waarskynlikheid om 'n aksie te kies word beïnvloed deur die verwagte opbrengs daarvan) <ref name=":3" />. Die gepastheid van 'n stogastiese of deterministies optimale beleid is probleem afhanklik <ref name=":3" />. Laastens beïnvloed alle komponente van die MBP die optimale beleid, soos verteenwoordiging van toestande, beskikbare aksies en beloning verspreiding <ref name=":2" />. Die verandering van selfs net een van hierdie komponente kan die optimale beleid drasties verander <ref name=":2" />. ==== Verken en uitbuit probleem ==== Die strategie om altyd die maksimum aksiewaarde te kies, staan ​​bekend as uitbuiting aangesien die bekende aksiewaardes voortdurend uitgebuit word vir maksimum belonings <ref name=":3" />. Wanneer die dinamika van die omgewing stogasties is, kan dieselfde aksie in dieselfde toestand lei tot verskillende toekomstige toestande of aksies moontlikheide soos beskryf deur die omgewing se dinamika waarskynlikhede <ref name=":3" />. Dit beteken dat die VL agent die waarde van 'n aksie kan oorskat of onderskat as dit 'n onvoldoende steekproef van die toestand het <ref name=":3" />. Dit is daarom nodig om toestande te verken wat aanvanklik suboptimaal lyk omdat hulle nie noodwendig voldoende gemonster is nie <ref name=":3" />. 'n Balans moet egter tussen eksplorasie en uitbuiting getref word, aangesien te veel verkenning veroorsaak dat die agent onnodige suboptimale keuses maak, terwyl te min verkenning veroorsaak dat die agent onbewus is van die werklike optimale oplossing <ref name=":3" />. 'n Benadering tot die eksplorasie/uitbuitingsdilemma is om <math>\epsilon</math>-gierige aksie seleksie te gebruik <ref name=":3" />. Dit behels om (<math>\epsilon</math> × 100)% van die tyd verkenning aksies te neem en die ander kere die uitbuit aksie te pleeg <ref name=":3" />. Oor tyd kan <math>\epsilon</math> tot nul genader word namate die beleide en waardefunksieverbetering stabiliseer en die uitbuiting strategie meer seker word <ref name=":2" />. '''In-beleid en uit-beleid algoritmes''' In-beleid algoritmes het slegs een beleid wat ervarings genereer en terselfdertyd verbeter word deur die resultate van die ervarings <ref name=":3" />. Aan die ander kant, het uit-beleid algoritmes twee afsonderlike beleide, een vir die genereer van ervarings en 'n ander beleid wat verbeter word deur die gegenereerde ervarings <ref name=":3" />. Dit mag dalk met die eerste oogopslag onbeduidend voorkom, maar buite-beleid laat toe om 'n skeiding te maak tussen verkenningsstrategieë en die aanleer van 'n beleid <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Bykomende opleidings moontlikhede ontstaan ​​met uit-beleid leer, soos opleiding uit aflyn data, die aanleer van optimale beleide terwyl verkenningsbeleide uitgevoer word, leer uit demonstrasie (nabootsingsleer), en die aanleer van verskeie take parallel vanuit 'n enkele omgewing (verminder tyd om agent op te lei) <ref name=":2" />. Beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes is dikwels sagte (stogastiese) beleide om die beleid te help met verkenning <math>( \pi(a|s) > 0 \quad \forall s \in S; a \in A(s))</math> <ref name=":3" />. Beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes het die hoofvoordele dat hulle vinniger kan leer (vroeër kan uitbuit) en meer stabiel is om op te lei as uit-beleid algoritmes <ref name=":2" />. Nadele van beleidsgebaseerde algoritmes sluit in swak steekproef doeltreffendheid en 'n ooroptimistiese verwagte waarde terugvoerlus.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Haarnoja |first=Tuomas |title=Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actor |date=2018-08-08 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01290 |access-date=2026-06-01 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.1801.01290 |id=arXiv:1801.01290 |last2=Zhou |first2=Aurick |last3=Abbeel |first3=Pieter |last4=Levine |first4=Sergey}}</ref> Buitebeleidmetodes is gevolglik gewild onder moderne algoritmes, aangesien hulle daarop gemik is om die steekproef doeltreffendheid van VL algoritmes te verbeter deur verbeterde verkenningsmeganismes in te sluit <ref name=":2" />. Uit-beleidalgoritmes bestaan ​​uit 'n teikenbeleid (<math>pi</math>) en 'n gedragsbeleid (<math>b</math>) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Teikenbeleid is die optimale beleid wat die VL agent probeer leer, terwyl die gedragsbeleid gebruik word om die ervarings te genereer wat gebruik word om die teikenbeleid op te lei <ref name=":3" />. Die gedragsbeleid inkorporeer die verkenningsmeganisme van die opleidingsproses <ref name=":2" />. Uit-beleid algoritmes is bekend daarvoor dat hulle meer variansie in hul opdaterings bevat, wat veroorsaak dat hulle stadiger konvergeer as in-beleid algoritmes <ref name=":3" />. Gedragsbeleid moet beskik oor dekking oor die teikenbeleid deur te vereis dat elke aksie wat deur die teikenbeleid geneem word, ook deur die gedragsbeleid geneem word <ref name=":3" />. Die dekkingseienskap bepaal dus dat die teikenbeleid deterministies kan wees, maar die gedragbeleid moet stogasties wees in teostande waar die gedragbeleid nie identies is aan die teikenbeleid nie <ref name=":3" />. Dit word ook gestel as: <math>\pi(a|s) > 0 \implies b(a|s) > 0</math> Metodes wat op beleid gebaseer is, kan as 'n spesiale geval van metodes buite beleid beskou word, waar die gedrag- en teikenbeleid dieselfde beleid is <ref name=":3" />. Byna alle uit- beleid metodes gebruik belangrikheids monsterneming om die gedragbeleid met die teikenbeleid te koppel <ref name=":3" />. Die belangrikheids monsternemings verhouding word wiskundig gegee as: <math>\rho_{t:T-1} = \prod_{k = t}^{T-1} \frac{\pi(A_k|S_k)}{b(A_k|S_k)}</math> met die gedragsbeleid wat omgeskakel word na die teikenbeleid deur 'n eenvoudige vermenigvuldiging van die belangrikheidsteekproefverhouding te gebruik <ref name=":3" />: <math>v_\pi(s) = \mathbb{E}[ \rho_{t:T-1} G_t | S_t = s]</math> Dit word aanbeveel dat die gedragsbeleid meer stabiel moet wees (meer dikwels en kleiner opdaterings) as die teikenbeleid om te verseker dat opleiding van die agent stabiel bly <ref name=":2" />. === Algemene Tegnieke === Praktiese algoritmes gebruik oor die algemeen benaderingsstrategieë vir die teoretiese modelle (soos die Bellman vergelyking) om teoretiese beperkings wat die praktiese implimentering belemmer, te oorkom. Die onderstaande tabel toon 'n paar algemene praktiese algoritmes wat in VL gebruik word. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Algoritme !! Beskrywing !!Beleid !! Aksieruimte !! Toestandruimte !! Operator |- | Monte Carlo || Elke besoek aan Monte Carlo || Enige || Diskreet || Diskreet || Steekproefgemiddeldes van toestandwaardes of aksiewaardes |- | TD-leer || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Toestandwaarde |- | Q-leer || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Aksiewaarde |- | SARSA || Toestand–aksie–beloning–toestand–aksie || In-beleid || Diskreet || Diskreet || Aksiewaarde |- | DQN || Diep Q-netwerk || Uit-beleid || Diskreet || Kontinu || Aksiewaarde |- | DDPG || Diep Deterministiese Beleidsgradiënt || Uit-beleid || Kontinu || Kontinu || Aksiewaarde |- | A3C || Asinchrone Voordeel Akteur-Kritiek Algoritme || In-beleid || Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel (=aksie-waarde - toestand-waarde) |- | TRPO || Vertrouensgebied Beleidsoptimalisering || In-beleid || Kontinu of Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel |- | PPO || Proksimale Beleidsoptimalisering || In-beleid || Kontinu of Diskreet || Kontinu || Voordeel |- |TD3 |Tweeling Vertraagde Diep Deterministiese Beleidsgradiënt |Uit-beleid |Kontinu |Kontinu |Aksiewaarde |- |SAC |Sagte Akteur-Kritiek |Uit- beleid |Kontinu |Kontinu |Voordeel |- |DSAC||Verspreidende Sagte Akteur-Kritiek ||Uit- beleid ||Kontinu ||Kontinu ||Aksiewaarde-verspreiding |} == Verwysings == <references /> [[Kategorie:Masjienleer]] jfowsnzl1ddknny72qkwnlgggkp8q1e 1 462112 2913844 2908858 2026-06-25T21:24:11Z BurgertB 2401 BurgertB het bladsy [[Bespreking:Versterkingsleër]] na [[Bespreking:Versterkingsleermetode]] geskuif 2908858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} == Spelling == leër moet leer wees. @[[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]], @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]], @[[Gebruiker:BurgertB|BurgertB]] help asb. - [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&#126;2026-22503-02|&#126;2026-22503-02]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&#126;2026-22503-02|talk]]) 14:44, 2 Junie 2026 (UTC) jbrcu1yxfxoqr1iipq6k5k2dt1wpo93 14 462635 2913859 2911412 2026-06-26T03:10:13Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Broodkrummels}} {{CommonsKategorie|Association football in Curaçao|Sokker in Curaçao}} [[Kategorie:Sport in Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Noord-Amerika|Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Suid-Amerika|Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker volgens land|Curaçao]] k8sujix1i7ni78mucckn1jyfxjinz8q 2913860 2913859 2026-06-26T03:12:40Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Broodkrummels}} {{CommonsKategorie|Association football in Curaçao|Sokker in Curaçao}} [[Kategorie:Sport in Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Amerika|Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker volgens land|Curaçao]] q5rzzkjgxerjjzhz4kssl6j2wwobs40 2913861 2913860 2026-06-26T03:13:31Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Rol weergawe [[Special:Diff/2913860|2913860]] deur [[Special:Contributions/Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika]] ([[User talk:Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika|bespreek]]) terug. 2913861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Broodkrummels}} {{CommonsKategorie|Association football in Curaçao|Sokker in Curaçao}} [[Kategorie:Sport in Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Noord-Amerika|Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Suid-Amerika|Curaçao]] [[Kategorie:Sokker volgens land|Curaçao]] k8sujix1i7ni78mucckn1jyfxjinz8q 0 462869 2913797 2913697 2026-06-25T19:22:44Z Sobaka 328 Bronne opdateer 2913797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Logo of the Bhumjaithai Party.svg|duimnael]] '''Bhumjaithai-party''' ('''BJT'''; Thai: พรรคภูมิใจไทย; ''Phak Phumchaithai'', letterlik ''"Thaise Trotse-party"'') is 'n [[Konserwatisme|konserwatiewe]], populistiese politieke party in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bhumjaithai-Party |title=Bhumjaithai Party |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die party is op 5 November 2008 gestig in afwagting van die uitspraak van die Konstitusionele Hof van Thailand op 2 Desember 2008, waarin die People's Power Party (PPP), die Thai Nation Party en die Neutrale Demokratiese Party (PMT) ontbind is.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Constitutional-framework |title=Thailand – Constitutional framework |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuller |first=Thomas |title=Thai Court Dissolves Ruling Party |work=The New York Times |date=2 Desember 2008}}</ref> Na hierdie ontbindings het voormalige lede van die PMT en die ''Friends of Newin''-faksie van die PPP by Bhumjaithai aangesluit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCargo |first=Duncan |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1138087426}}</ref> Sedertdien het die party 'n belangrike rol in Thaise koalisieregerings gespeel en was dit vanaf 2023 die leidende party in die regeringskoalisie onder eerste minister [[Srettha Thavisin]], voordat regeringsveranderinge in 2024 plaasgevind het.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand |title=Thailand |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Bhumjaithai volg 'n [[Populisme|Populistiese beleidsagenda|populistiese beleidsagenda]], waarvan sommige elemente ontleen is aan [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] se [[Thai Rak Thai Party]] en sy opvolger, die People's Power Party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phongpaichit |first=Pasuk |last2=Baker |first2=Chris |title=Thaksin |edition=2 |publisher=Silkworm Books |year=2009 |isbn=9789749511248}}</ref> Die party het sy sterkste steunbasis in die Buriram-provinsie, waar die invloedryke Chidchob-politieke familie 'n belangrike rol speel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCargo |first=Duncan |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1138087426}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} [[Normdata}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Politieke partye in Thailand]] 3v9cxyjl4pn3ih5eidd1mvo5vc8nzfm 2913799 2913797 2026-06-25T19:25:08Z Sobaka 328 opruim 2913799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Logo of the Bhumjaithai Party.svg|duimnael]] '''Bhumjaithai-party''' ('''BJT'''; Thai: พรรคภูมิใจไทย; ''Phak Phumchaithai'', letterlik ''"Thaise Trotse-party"'') is 'n [[Konserwatisme|konserwatiewe]], populistiese politieke party in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bhumjaithai-Party |title=Bhumjaithai Party |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Die party is op 5 November 2008 gestig in afwagting van die uitspraak van die Konstitusionele Hof van Thailand op 2 Desember 2008, waarin die People's Power Party (PPP), die Thai Nation Party en die Neutrale Demokratiese Party (PMT) ontbind is.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Constitutional-framework |title=Thailand – Constitutional framework |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuller |first=Thomas |title=Thai Court Dissolves Ruling Party |work=The New York Times |date=2 Desember 2008}}</ref> Na hierdie ontbindings het voormalige lede van die PMT en die ''Friends of Newin''-faksie van die PPP by Bhumjaithai aangesluit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCargo |first=Duncan |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1138087426}}</ref> Sedertdien het die party 'n belangrike rol in Thaise koalisieregerings gespeel en was dit vanaf 2023 die leidende party in die regeringskoalisie onder eerste minister [[Srettha Thavisin]], voordat regeringsveranderinge in 2024 plaasgevind het.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand |title=Thailand |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 Junie 2026}}</ref> Bhumjaithai volg 'n [[Populisme|populistiese beleidsagenda]], waarvan sommige elemente ontleen is aan [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] se [[Thai Rak Thai Party]] en sy opvolger, die People's Power Party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phongpaichit |first=Pasuk |last2=Baker |first2=Chris |title=Thaksin |edition=2 |publisher=Silkworm Books |year=2009 |isbn=9789749511248}}</ref> Die party het sy sterkste steunbasis in die Buriram-provinsie, waar die invloedryke Chidchob-politieke familie 'n belangrike rol speel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCargo |first=Duncan |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1138087426}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} [[Normdata}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} {{Saadjie}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Politieke partye in Thailand]] 4hwksz0m5rlj2w6xunirjhmn3txgud1 0 462884 2913746 2912820 2026-06-25T13:21:02Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913746 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1980 Formule Een-seisoen|1980]] [[Formule 1]] [[Monaco Grand Prix]]''' is op [[18 Mei]] [[1980]] in [[Monaco]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 28 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | 1:55:34.365 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | +1:13.629 | 5 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | +1:17.726 | 4 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 30 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Jochen Mass]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 75 | +1 Ronde | 15 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 2 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 75 | +1 Ronde | 6 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 20 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Emerson Fittipaldi]]''' | '''Fittipaldi-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 74 | +2 Rondes | 18 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 11 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 73 | +3 Rondes | 19 | |- ! 8 | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 73 | +3 Rondes | 11 | |- ! 9 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} Elio de Angelis | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | Ongeluk | 14 | |- ! NC | 9 | {{NL-VLAG}} Jan Lammers | ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 64 | Nie geklassifiseer | 13 |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Monaco Grand Prix]] op0aukfcgc2y8sbyv5m53kgbc2x5kdn 2913749 2913746 2026-06-25T13:48:19Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infoboks Grand Prix wedren verslag |Type = F1 |Country = Monaco |Grand Prix = Monaco |Image = Circuit de Monaco 1976.png |Official name = |Previous_round= 1980 Belgiese Grand Prix |Date = 18 Mei |Year = 1980 |Race_No = 6 |Season_No = 14 |Location = [[Circuit de Monaco]] |Course = Straatrenbaan |Course_mi = 2.057 |Course_km = 3.312 |Distance_laps = 76 |Distance_mi = 156.406 |Distance_km = 251.712 |Weather = Droog |Pole_Driver = Didier Pironi |Pole_Team = [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |Pole_Time = 1:24.813 |Pole_Country = Frankryk |Fast_Driver = [[Carlos Reutemann]] |Fast_Team = [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |Fast_Time = 1:27.418 |Fast_Lap = 40 |Fast_Country = Argentinië |First_Driver = [[Carlos Reutemann]] |First_Team = [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |First_Country = Argentinië |Second_Driver = [[Jacques Laffite]] |Second_Team = [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |Second_Country = Frankryk |Third_Driver = [[Nelson Piquet]] |Third_Team = [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] |Third_Country = Brasilië |third_flag_suffix = 1968 |Lapchart = {{F1Laps1980|MON}} }} Die '''[[1980 Formule Een-seisoen|1980]] [[Formule 1]] [[Monaco Grand Prix]]''' is op [[18 Mei]] [[1980]] in [[Monaco]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 28 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | 1:55:34.365 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | +1:13.629 | 5 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 76 | +1:17.726 | 4 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 30 | {{DE-VLAG}} '''[[Jochen Mass]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 75 | +1 Ronde | 15 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 2 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 75 | +1 Ronde | 6 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 20 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Emerson Fittipaldi]]''' | '''Fittipaldi-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 74 | +2 Rondes | 18 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 11 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 73 | +3 Rondes | 19 | |- ! 8 | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 73 | +3 Rondes | 11 | |- ! 9 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} Elio de Angelis | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | Ongeluk | 14 | |- ! NC | 9 | {{NL-VLAG}} Jan Lammers | ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 64 | Nie geklassifiseer | 13 |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Monaco Grand Prix]] 8yb9bsglhwwpgww2xnbmmr1ht3mskou 0 463122 2913725 2913560 2026-06-25T12:00:35Z Rooiratel 90342 Interne skakel 2913725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TITELAANSIG|''Scarface''}} {{Inligtingskas rolprent | naam = Scarface | beeld = | regisseur = Brian De Palma | produksieleier = Martin Bregman | draaiboekskrywer = Oliver Stone | met = {{Plainlist| * [[Al Pacino]] * [[Steven Bauer]] * [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] * [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]] * [[Robert Loggia]] }} | kinematografie = John A. Alonzo | musiek = Giorgio Moroder | redigeerder = Jerry Greenberg<br>David Ray | verspreider = [[Universal Pictures]] | ateljee = Universal Pictures<br>Martin Bregman Productions | vrystelling = [[1 Desember]] [[1983]] | speeltyd = 170 min | land = {{USA}} | taal = | begroting = | bruto = | voorafgegaan_deur = | opgevolg_deur = | webtuiste = | imdb_id = 0086250 }} '''''Scarface''''' is 'n [[VSA|Amerikaanse]] rolprent uit [[1983]]. Die film is geregisseer deur Brian De Palma.<ref>[https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/al-pacino-scarface-1203425588/ Looking Back at ‘Scarface’ and How It Became a Cinematic Classic]</ref><ref>[https://letterboxd.com/film/scarface-1983/ Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma]</ref> == Hoofrolspelers == * [[Al Pacino]] as Tony Montana * [[Steven Bauer]] as Manolo Ribera * [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] as Elvira Hancock * [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]] as Gina Montana * [[Robert Loggia]] as Frank Lopez == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn}} {{Wikiquote-inlyn}} * {{IMDb title|0086250}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse rolprente]] 37sqlxpc120wgn27nyk7f1wsazfa3qc 0 463138 2913750 2026-06-25T13:50:06Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek het 'n nuwe artikel geskep. Hierdie atikel is ’n gedeeltelike vertaling van die Engelse artikel met die titel “Wing configuration”. 2913750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer. h5j3lk48ha2tp471szr1aj03uqt1qjt 2913751 2913750 2026-06-25T13:52:22Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek 'n opskrif bygevoeg. LET WEL: Die artikel is nog nie klaar nie - daar moet nog teks en foto's bygevoeg word. 2913751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer. == Verwysings == g1s94kw5pqlmunpvulyeh73jl33k3jv 2913755 2913751 2026-06-25T14:49:47Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek het galeryfoto's bygevoeg. 2913755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> == Verwysings == c4enouzjaommllwnye6aolkdq846m3u 2913768 2913755 2026-06-25T15:34:16Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek het teks en foto's by die artikel bygevoeg. LET WEL: Die artikel is nog nie klaar nie - nog teks en foto's moet bygevoeg word. 2913768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. == Verwysings == 8fwnzwby7w7rlgtt0axccn29di3ks8w 2913876 2913768 2026-06-26T05:14:03Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek het teks en foto's bygevoeg. LET WEL: Dit is nog nie klaar nie. 2913876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke. == Verwysings == cgyoz6zfu054ggq91qbbirwovt3ovzl 2913877 2913876 2026-06-26T06:06:44Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Ek het teks en foto's bygevoeg. LET WEL: Dit is nog nie klaar nie. 2913877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Verwysings == fmaqwj6997spk3v0l0a1xwhiayqx3mo 2913900 2913877 2026-06-26T08:14:13Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Teks en foto's is bygevoeg. 2913900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]] Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Steun == Vlerke kan selfondersteunend wees of bykomende, eksterne steun hê. === Selfondersteunde (vrydraende) vlerke === [[Lêer:DH-60 Gipsy Moth Wing Structure.JPG|duimnael|Hoofspar van DH.60 Moth]] ’n “Vrydraende vlerk” (sinonieme vrydraervlerk en kantelbalkvlerk) is ’n vlerk sonder uitwendige stutte of style. Die ondersteunende struktuur is binne-in die vlerk ingebou en die vlerk is direk aan die romp geheg. Daarom is die gevestigde Afrikaanse terme: * vrydraervlerk * vrydraende vlerk * kantelbalkvlerk ERKENNING [[Lêer:Wing with one spar.JPG|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. [[Lêer:Wing structure - spar.svg|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Die term “vrydraende vlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat op die beginsel van ’n '''vrydraende balk''' gebou is. ’n “Vrydraende balk” word omskryf as ’n uitstekende deel waarvan die een end styf geheg is, en met die ander end wat by die steunpunt uitsteek en vry is om vertikaal te beweeg onder die invloed van vertikale laste wat tussen die vry end en die gehegte end aangewend word. ’n Vol vrydraende vliegtuigbalk ('''spar''') is styf vas aan die romp en elke vlerkpunt is ’n vry end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Vrydraende vlerke ==== Let  daarop dat vrydraende vlerke direk op die romp van die vliegtuig en in die middel, hoog of laag gemonteer is. Die Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerkvliegtuig van 1915 was een van die eerste vliegtuie wat met vrydraende vlerke gevlieg het<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>. <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Junkers J 1 at Döberitz 1915.jpg|Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Zsoam 2010-03-13 FAJS 0030 LR 600x400.jpg|Boeing 737, lae vrydraende vlerke </gallery> === Vlerke met eksterne steun === Verspanning is die ondersteunende stutte en drade wat gebruik word om ’n struktuur te versterk. Vlerke met verspanning word verspande vlerke genoem en hulle kan stutverspan of draadverspan wees. ’n Stut is ’n struktuurdeel wat ontwerp is om kompressielaste te hanteer en stroombelyn is as dit aan die lugstroom blootgestel word. Daar is verspanstutte (eksterne stutte wat gebruik word om die struktuur te versterk) en tussenvlerkstutte (stutte tussen die vlerke van ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=46, 264 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsjgv 1985-05-19 FAMG 118 800x486.jpg|De Havilland Dragon Rapide, tussenvlerkstutte Lêer:Boeing P-26A AC 33-125 94th Pursuit Squadron (8558637360).jpg|Boeing P-26 Peashooter, vlerke is draadverspan </gallery>’n Verspande meervlerkvliegtuig kan een of meer “vakke” hê. Dit is kompartemente wat deur die byvoeging van tussenvlerkstutte geskep word. Die getal vakke verwys net na een kant van die vliegtuig se vlerkpanele. Sodanige vak word omskryf as die struktuur tussen twee hegpunte van die tussenvlerkverspandele van ’n dubbelvlerk- of drievlerkvliegtuig. So word daar tussen ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met een vak en ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met twee vakke onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsbgn 2010-08-14 FASK 0086 crop shd25 600x400.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met een vak Lêer:Bristol F2B D8096 flying.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met twee vakke </gallery> == Geslote vlerk == In die geval van die geslote vlerk word twee stroomblaaie (vlerke) by of naby die vlerkpunte saamgevoeg. ’n Vliegtuig soos die SibNIA TVS-2DTS het ’n geslote vlerk. ’n Geslote vlerk kan uit ’n kokervlerk (wat ook uit ’n ringvormige kokervlerk kan bestaan) en ’n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk bestaan. Die Santos-Dumont 14-bis is ’n voorbeeld van die tipe met ’n kokervlerk. Hierdie vliegtuig word beskryf as ’n sterteerste-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig wat rofweg ’n boksvlieërstruktuur het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Die Blériot III-boot is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige kokervlerk.Die SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk gebruik.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Антонов Ан-2МС (ТВС-2МС).jpg|Geslote vlerk Lêer:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|Kokervlerk (“box wing”) Lêer:Bleriot III boat.jpg|Ringvormige kokervlerk Lêer:SNECMA Coléoptère on ramp 1959.jpg|Ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk </gallery> == Verwysings == 73j6duudy7vblxtjfr8x3fee1jtjbmc 2913908 2913900 2026-06-26T08:37:54Z Gaius le Roux 203341 2913908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]]{{Nog besig}} Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Steun == Vlerke kan selfondersteunend wees of bykomende, eksterne steun hê. === Selfondersteunde (vrydraende) vlerke === [[Lêer:DH-60 Gipsy Moth Wing Structure.JPG|duimnael|Hoofspar van DH.60 Moth]] ’n “Vrydraende vlerk” (sinonieme vrydraervlerk en kantelbalkvlerk) is ’n vlerk sonder uitwendige stutte of style. Die ondersteunende struktuur is binne-in die vlerk ingebou en die vlerk is direk aan die romp geheg. Daarom is die gevestigde Afrikaanse terme: * vrydraervlerk * vrydraende vlerk * kantelbalkvlerk ERKENNING [[Lêer:Wing with one spar.JPG|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. [[Lêer:Wing structure - spar.svg|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Die term “vrydraende vlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat op die beginsel van ’n '''vrydraende balk''' gebou is. ’n “Vrydraende balk” word omskryf as ’n uitstekende deel waarvan die een end styf geheg is, en met die ander end wat by die steunpunt uitsteek en vry is om vertikaal te beweeg onder die invloed van vertikale laste wat tussen die vry end en die gehegte end aangewend word. ’n Vol vrydraende vliegtuigbalk ('''spar''') is styf vas aan die romp en elke vlerkpunt is ’n vry end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Vrydraende vlerke ==== Let  daarop dat vrydraende vlerke direk op die romp van die vliegtuig en in die middel, hoog of laag gemonteer is. Die Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerkvliegtuig van 1915 was een van die eerste vliegtuie wat met vrydraende vlerke gevlieg het<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>. <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Junkers J 1 at Döberitz 1915.jpg|Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Zsoam 2010-03-13 FAJS 0030 LR 600x400.jpg|Boeing 737, lae vrydraende vlerke </gallery> === Vlerke met eksterne steun === Verspanning is die ondersteunende stutte en drade wat gebruik word om ’n struktuur te versterk. Vlerke met verspanning word verspande vlerke genoem en hulle kan stutverspan of draadverspan wees. ’n Stut is ’n struktuurdeel wat ontwerp is om kompressielaste te hanteer en stroombelyn is as dit aan die lugstroom blootgestel word. Daar is verspanstutte (eksterne stutte wat gebruik word om die struktuur te versterk) en tussenvlerkstutte (stutte tussen die vlerke van ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=46, 264 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsjgv 1985-05-19 FAMG 118 800x486.jpg|De Havilland Dragon Rapide, tussenvlerkstutte Lêer:Boeing P-26A AC 33-125 94th Pursuit Squadron (8558637360).jpg|Boeing P-26 Peashooter, vlerke is draadverspan </gallery>’n Verspande meervlerkvliegtuig kan een of meer “vakke” hê. Dit is kompartemente wat deur die byvoeging van tussenvlerkstutte geskep word. Die getal vakke verwys net na een kant van die vliegtuig se vlerkpanele. Sodanige vak word omskryf as die struktuur tussen twee hegpunte van die tussenvlerkverspandele van ’n dubbelvlerk- of drievlerkvliegtuig. So word daar tussen ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met een vak en ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met twee vakke onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsbgn 2010-08-14 FASK 0086 crop shd25 600x400.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met een vak Lêer:Bristol F2B D8096 flying.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met twee vakke </gallery> == Geslote vlerk == In die geval van die geslote vlerk word twee stroomblaaie (vlerke) by of naby die vlerkpunte saamgevoeg. ’n Vliegtuig soos die SibNIA TVS-2DTS het ’n geslote vlerk. ’n Geslote vlerk kan uit ’n kokervlerk (wat ook uit ’n ringvormige kokervlerk kan bestaan) en ’n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk bestaan. Die Santos-Dumont 14-bis is ’n voorbeeld van die tipe met ’n kokervlerk. Hierdie vliegtuig word beskryf as ’n sterteerste-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig wat rofweg ’n boksvlieërstruktuur het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Die Blériot III-boot is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige kokervlerk.Die SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk gebruik.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Антонов Ан-2МС (ТВС-2МС).jpg|Geslote vlerk Lêer:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|Kokervlerk (“box wing”) Lêer:Bleriot III boat.jpg|Ringvormige kokervlerk Lêer:SNECMA Coléoptère on ramp 1959.jpg|Ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk </gallery> == Verwysings == 56cxgc1qnt62zj0iv08eejil0else5a 2913920 2913908 2026-06-26T09:31:08Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Teks en foto's is bygevoeg. 2913920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]]{{Nog besig}} Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Steun == Vlerke kan selfondersteunend wees of bykomende, eksterne steun hê. === Selfondersteunde (vrydraende) vlerke === [[Lêer:DH-60 Gipsy Moth Wing Structure.JPG|duimnael|Hoofspar van DH.60 Moth]] ’n “Vrydraende vlerk” (sinonieme vrydraervlerk en kantelbalkvlerk) is ’n vlerk sonder uitwendige stutte of style. Die ondersteunende struktuur is binne-in die vlerk ingebou en die vlerk is direk aan die romp geheg. Daarom is die gevestigde Afrikaanse terme: * vrydraervlerk * vrydraende vlerk * kantelbalkvlerk ERKENNING [[Lêer:Wing with one spar.JPG|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. [[Lêer:Wing structure - spar.svg|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Die term “vrydraende vlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat op die beginsel van ’n '''vrydraende balk''' gebou is. ’n “Vrydraende balk” word omskryf as ’n uitstekende deel waarvan die een end styf geheg is, en met die ander end wat by die steunpunt uitsteek en vry is om vertikaal te beweeg onder die invloed van vertikale laste wat tussen die vry end en die gehegte end aangewend word. ’n Vol vrydraende vliegtuigbalk ('''spar''') is styf vas aan die romp en elke vlerkpunt is ’n vry end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Vrydraende vlerke ==== Let  daarop dat vrydraende vlerke direk op die romp van die vliegtuig en in die middel, hoog of laag gemonteer is. Die Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerkvliegtuig van 1915 was een van die eerste vliegtuie wat met vrydraende vlerke gevlieg het<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>. <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Junkers J 1 at Döberitz 1915.jpg|Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Zsoam 2010-03-13 FAJS 0030 LR 600x400.jpg|Boeing 737, lae vrydraende vlerke </gallery> === Vlerke met eksterne steun === Verspanning is die ondersteunende stutte en drade wat gebruik word om ’n struktuur te versterk. Vlerke met verspanning word verspande vlerke genoem en hulle kan stutverspan of draadverspan wees. ’n Stut is ’n struktuurdeel wat ontwerp is om kompressielaste te hanteer en stroombelyn is as dit aan die lugstroom blootgestel word. Daar is verspanstutte (eksterne stutte wat gebruik word om die struktuur te versterk) en tussenvlerkstutte (stutte tussen die vlerke van ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=46, 264 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsjgv 1985-05-19 FAMG 118 800x486.jpg|De Havilland Dragon Rapide, tussenvlerkstutte Lêer:Boeing P-26A AC 33-125 94th Pursuit Squadron (8558637360).jpg|Boeing P-26 Peashooter, vlerke is draadverspan </gallery>’n Verspande meervlerkvliegtuig kan een of meer “vakke” hê. Dit is kompartemente wat deur die byvoeging van tussenvlerkstutte geskep word. Die getal vakke verwys net na een kant van die vliegtuig se vlerkpanele. Sodanige vak word omskryf as die struktuur tussen twee hegpunte van die tussenvlerkverspandele van ’n dubbelvlerk- of drievlerkvliegtuig. So word daar tussen ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met een vak en ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met twee vakke onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsbgn 2010-08-14 FASK 0086 crop shd25 600x400.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met een vak Lêer:Bristol F2B D8096 flying.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met twee vakke </gallery> == Geslote vlerk == In die geval van die geslote vlerk word twee stroomblaaie (vlerke) by of naby die vlerkpunte saamgevoeg. ’n Vliegtuig soos die SibNIA TVS-2DTS het ’n geslote vlerk. ’n Geslote vlerk kan uit ’n kokervlerk (wat ook uit ’n ringvormige kokervlerk kan bestaan) en ’n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk bestaan. Die Santos-Dumont 14-bis is ’n voorbeeld van die tipe met ’n kokervlerk. Hierdie vliegtuig word beskryf as ’n sterteerste-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig wat rofweg ’n boksvlieërstruktuur het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Die Blériot III-boot is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige kokervlerk. Die SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk gebruik.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Антонов Ан-2МС (ТВС-2МС).jpg|Geslote vlerk Lêer:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|Kokervlerk (“box wing”) Lêer:Bleriot III boat.jpg|Ringvormige kokervlerk Lêer:SNECMA Coléoptère on ramp 1959.jpg|Ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk </gallery> == Planvorm == === Aspekverhouding === Die aspekverhouding is die verhouding van die span tot die gemiddelde koord van ’n stroomblad. Dit is die verhouding van die vierkant van die maksimum span tot die totale oppervlakte van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=43, 45 |language=en}}</ref> Die aspekverhouding word soos volg onderskei: <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:North American X-15.jpg|Vlerk met lae aspekverhouding Lêer:Douglas DC3-227B ‘HB-IRJ’ (22627585316).jpg|Vlerk met matige aspekverhouding Lêer:809 2000-09-09 FAWK 154 stof 600x364.jpg|Vlerk met ’n hoë aspekverhouding </gallery> === Spankoordvariasie === ==== Konstante koord ==== Die koord is die langsdimensie van ’n stroombladprofiel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> of die lengte van daardie deel van die koordlyn wat deur die stroombladprofielgrenslyn "onderskep" word (soms word dit die koordlengte genoem). Die koordlyn is die reguit lyn deur die krommingsmiddelpunt van die voorrand en die agterrand van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> == Verwysings == 2knjul1hmkr8r1pyopmx8uzyanw9vqh 2913970 2913920 2026-06-26T10:55:03Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Teks en foto's is bygevoeg. 2913970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]]{{Nog besig}} Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Steun == Vlerke kan selfondersteunend wees of bykomende, eksterne steun hê. === Selfondersteunde (vrydraende) vlerke === [[Lêer:DH-60 Gipsy Moth Wing Structure.JPG|duimnael|Hoofspar van DH.60 Moth]] ’n “Vrydraende vlerk” (sinonieme vrydraervlerk en kantelbalkvlerk) is ’n vlerk sonder uitwendige stutte of style. Die ondersteunende struktuur is binne-in die vlerk ingebou en die vlerk is direk aan die romp geheg. Daarom is die gevestigde Afrikaanse terme: * vrydraervlerk * vrydraende vlerk * kantelbalkvlerk ERKENNING [[Lêer:Wing with one spar.JPG|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. [[Lêer:Wing structure - spar.svg|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Die term “vrydraende vlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat op die beginsel van ’n '''vrydraende balk''' gebou is. ’n “Vrydraende balk” word omskryf as ’n uitstekende deel waarvan die een end styf geheg is, en met die ander end wat by die steunpunt uitsteek en vry is om vertikaal te beweeg onder die invloed van vertikale laste wat tussen die vry end en die gehegte end aangewend word. ’n Vol vrydraende vliegtuigbalk ('''spar''') is styf vas aan die romp en elke vlerkpunt is ’n vry end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Vrydraende vlerke ==== Let  daarop dat vrydraende vlerke direk op die romp van die vliegtuig en in die middel, hoog of laag gemonteer is. Die Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerkvliegtuig van 1915 was een van die eerste vliegtuie wat met vrydraende vlerke gevlieg het<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>. <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Junkers J 1 at Döberitz 1915.jpg|Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Zsoam 2010-03-13 FAJS 0030 LR 600x400.jpg|Boeing 737, lae vrydraende vlerke </gallery> === Vlerke met eksterne steun === Verspanning is die ondersteunende stutte en drade wat gebruik word om ’n struktuur te versterk. Vlerke met verspanning word verspande vlerke genoem en hulle kan stutverspan of draadverspan wees. ’n Stut is ’n struktuurdeel wat ontwerp is om kompressielaste te hanteer en stroombelyn is as dit aan die lugstroom blootgestel word. Daar is verspanstutte (eksterne stutte wat gebruik word om die struktuur te versterk) en tussenvlerkstutte (stutte tussen die vlerke van ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=46, 264 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsjgv 1985-05-19 FAMG 118 800x486.jpg|De Havilland Dragon Rapide, tussenvlerkstutte Lêer:Boeing P-26A AC 33-125 94th Pursuit Squadron (8558637360).jpg|Boeing P-26 Peashooter, vlerke is draadverspan </gallery>’n Verspande meervlerkvliegtuig kan een of meer “vakke” hê. Dit is kompartemente wat deur die byvoeging van tussenvlerkstutte geskep word. Die getal vakke verwys net na een kant van die vliegtuig se vlerkpanele. Sodanige vak word omskryf as die struktuur tussen twee hegpunte van die tussenvlerkverspandele van ’n dubbelvlerk- of drievlerkvliegtuig. So word daar tussen ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met een vak en ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met twee vakke onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsbgn 2010-08-14 FASK 0086 crop shd25 600x400.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met een vak Lêer:Bristol F2B D8096 flying.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met twee vakke </gallery> == Geslote vlerk == In die geval van die geslote vlerk word twee stroomblaaie (vlerke) by of naby die vlerkpunte saamgevoeg. ’n Vliegtuig soos die SibNIA TVS-2DTS het ’n geslote vlerk. ’n Geslote vlerk kan uit ’n kokervlerk (wat ook uit ’n ringvormige kokervlerk kan bestaan) en ’n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk bestaan. Die Santos-Dumont 14-bis is ’n voorbeeld van die tipe met ’n kokervlerk. Hierdie vliegtuig word beskryf as ’n sterteerste-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig wat rofweg ’n boksvlieërstruktuur het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Die Blériot III-boot is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige kokervlerk. Die SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk gebruik.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Антонов Ан-2МС (ТВС-2МС).jpg|Geslote vlerk Lêer:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|Kokervlerk (“box wing”) Lêer:Bleriot III boat.jpg|Ringvormige kokervlerk Lêer:SNECMA Coléoptère on ramp 1959.jpg|Ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk </gallery> == Planvorm == === Aspekverhouding === Die aspekverhouding is die verhouding van die span tot die gemiddelde koord van ’n stroomblad. Dit is die verhouding van die vierkant van die maksimum span tot die totale oppervlakte van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=43, 45 |language=en}}</ref> Die aspekverhouding word soos volg onderskei: <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:North American X-15.jpg|Vlerk met lae aspekverhouding Lêer:Douglas DC3-227B ‘HB-IRJ’ (22627585316).jpg|Vlerk met matige aspekverhouding Lêer:809 2000-09-09 FAWK 154 stof 600x364.jpg|Vlerk met ’n hoë aspekverhouding </gallery> === Spankoordvariasie === ==== Konstante koord ==== [[Lêer:Zsawe 1984-09-01 FAdonald 991 dust shd50 800x485.jpg|duimnael|Die vlerk van die Piper J-3 Cub het ’n konstante koord (die voorrand en agterrand is parallel).]] Die koord is die langsdimensie van ’n stroombladprofiel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> of die lengte van daardie deel van die koordlyn wat deur die stroombladprofielgrenslyn "onderskep" word (soms word dit die koordlengte genoem). Die koordlyn is die reguit lyn deur die krommingsmiddelpunt van die voorrand en die agterrand van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Tapsheid ==== ’n Tapse vlerk vernou na die punt. ’n Tapse vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk waarvan die koord of dikte progressief van die wortel na die punt verminder. ’n Tapse vlerk is trapesoïdaal. “Trapesoïdaal” beteken dat dit die vorm van ’n driehoek het waarvan die een hoek afgesny is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=274, 286 |language=en}}</ref> Die XF-91 Thunderceptor het ’n vlerk met omgekeerde tapsheid. Die Westland Lysander het omgekeerde tapsheid na die wortel van die vlerk.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Buchon - Flying Legends 2013 Duxford (9733278492).jpg|Messerschmitt Bf 109, reguit tapse vlerk Lêer:XF91-21republic.jpg|Thunderceptor, omgekeerde tapsheid Lêer:Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1939-1945- Westland Lysander. CH4865.jpg|Lysander, saamgestelde tapsheid Lêer:Wing constant tapered outer.svg|Konstante koord met tapse buitedeel </gallery> == Die vorm van ’n vlerk == Daar word tussen ’n deltavlerk, reguit vlerk, pylvlerk (teruggevoude vlerk), mikvlerk (vorentoe gevou) en vlerk met ’n veranderlike vorm onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=134, 36, 110, 142 and 161 |language=en}}</ref> === Deltavlerk === Die deltavlerk word omskryf as ’n driehoekvormige stroomblad met ’n lae aspekverhouding en wat ’n tapse voorrand en reguit agterrand het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> As die vorm van die vlerk soortgelyk is aan twee driehoeke wat saamgeplaas is, word dit ’n dubbeldelta genoem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:811 1977-10-00 FALA 953b.jpg|Mirage III, stertlose delta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-21 (14443611751).jpg|MiG-21, delta-vlerkvliegtuig met ’n stert Lêer:Fairey Delta FD1.jpg|Fairey Delta 1, stomppuntdelta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Saab Draken (36976673244).jpg|Saab Draken, dubbeldelta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Aerospatiale BAC Concorde by bagera3005.png|Concorde, ogivaalvormige deltavlerkvliegtuig </gallery> === Verskillende vlerkvorme === <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cessna Citation (17431536038).jpg|Cessna Citation, reguit vlerk Lêer:Canadair CL-13B Sabre Mk.6 ‘01675 FU-675’ (F-AYSB) (49818099873).jpg|Canadair Sabre, pylvlerk (teruggevoude vlerk) Lêer:01 00095338 SDASM Aircraft Image - Hansa Jet Hamburger, GMEH, 2103 Hamburg 95, Finkenweder, Germany (53957737422).jpg|Hansa Jet, mikvlerk (vorentoe gevou) Lêer:An F-14A Tomcat aircraft lands aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS ENTERPRISE (CVN 65) - DPLA - f906323b705e66adabc13fe1c4446b24.jpeg|Grumman Tomcat, reëlbare pylhoek, vlerk reguit Lêer:An air-to-air right side view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft - DPLA - 8cf53bf5641b604fcae920ac22c6d463.jpeg|Grumman Tomcat, reëlbare pylhoek, vlerk teruggevou Lêer:NASA AD-1 in flight.jpg|NASA AD-1, vlerk met veranderlike vorm </gallery> == Spanterugvouvariasie == <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:100 years of the RAF MOD 45163621.jpg|Handley Page Victor (naaste aan kamera), sekelvlerk Lêer:General Dynamics F-16XL (SN 75-0749) in flight 060905-F-1234S-049.jpg|General Dynamics F-16XL, geknikte dubbeldeltavlerk </gallery> == Assimetriese vliegtuie == <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1980-117-01, Aufklärungsflugzeug Blohm - Voß BV 141.jpg|Blohm & Voss BV 141, assim-metriese uitleg; afsonderlike romp, afsonder-like nasel vir bemanning (regs in foto) Lêer:Asymmetric torque.svg|Die Ansaldo SVA het ’n assimmetriese span gehad </gallery> == Verwysings == qlkb8tszfot7e9i0rajj1oqa0pjr80s 2913978 2913970 2026-06-26T11:29:06Z Gaius le Roux 203341 Teks en foto's is bygevoeg. 2913978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Fhpjf 2013-06-23 FAJS 001 crop shd25 lev 600x400.jpg|duimnael|Die Airbus A380 is ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig.]]{{Nog besig}} Die '''vlerkkonfigurasie''' of planvorm van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig verwys na die rangskikking van hef- of verwante oppervlakke. ’n Vastevlerkvliegtuig is ’n konvensionele vliegtuig, teenoor ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke gedurende vlug draai of beweeg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” in die lugvaart verwys na die vorm van ’n voorwerp, soos ’n stroomblad, soos van bo gesien .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=1225 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Stroomblad word omskryf as enige oppervlak, soos ’n vliegtuig se vlerk, rolroer, rigtingsroer, ensovoorts, wat ontwerp is om ’n bruikbare reaksie te verkry van die lug waardeur dit beweeg .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> Die term “planvorm” word gewoonlik op vlerke toegepas, naamlik of hulle reguit of teruggevou is (’n pylvlerk) of in die vorm van ’n delta is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:308 1977-10-05 FALA 738 spot LR lias 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die Aerospatiale Super Frelon is ’n draaivlerkvliegtuig.]] “Vlerk” is die gebruiklike term vir die primêre hefstroomblad of vlerk van enige vliegtuig. Die term “vlerk” is van toepassing op die volledige struktuur: dit is onakkuraat om van ’n vliegtuig se “vlerke” te praat as dit ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig is, aangesien die aërodinamiese oppervlakke weerskante van die romp as ’n enkele vlerk beskou word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref> “Vlerk” is ’n algemene term wat op die stroomblad, of een van die stroomblaaie, toegepas word. Die vlerk is ontwerp om ’n groot deel van die hefkrag van ’n vaartuig swaarder as lug te ontwikkel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsfrm 1986-04-19 lug 211 shd25 her1 800x486.jpg|duimnael|Die stroomblaaie van die Douglas DC-3 bestaan uit die vlerk en die klappe (op die agterrand, links in die foto).]] Vliegtuigontwerpe kan volgens hulle vlerkkonfigurasie geklassifiseer word. Die Cessna Centurion word byvoorbeeld as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig met ’n vrydraende hoë vlerk beskryf. Die stertvlerk van die tipe het ’n vaste invalshoek.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John |title=Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft 1979-79 |date=1978 |publisher=Jane’s Yearbooks |year=1978 |isbn=0 354 00572 3 |edition=Sixty-ninth year of issue |location=London, UK |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref> Vir ’n foto van die Centurion, sien hieronder. == Getal en posisie van vlerke == Die getal vlerke van ’n vastevlerkvliegtuig kan verskil. Daar is naamlik eenvlerkvliegtuie, dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie en meervlerkvliegtuie. Hierdie onderskeid in die getal vlerke word in verskillende bronne weergegee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61, 196, 197, 264 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=39, 174, 175, 287 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=60, 243, 244, 295, 395 |language=en}}</ref> === Eenvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Eenvlerkvliegtuig kan ’n lae, middel-, skouer-, hoë of sambreelvlerk hê. ''Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook'' onderskei bvoorbeeld tussen vliegtuie met lae vlerke, middelvlerke, hoë vlerke en skouervlerke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=305, 196, 384 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Hoë vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die bopunt van die romp is. ’n Lae vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat gelyk met die onderkant van die romp is. ’n Middelvlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat by of naby die middel van die romp geleë is.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> Die posisie van die skouervlerk word deur middel van die Mushshak geïlllustreer.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsnxl 2004-04-28 FANS 0850 LR 800x533.jpg|Lae vlerk Lêer:Vhort 2005-11-26 FAOB 001 LR 600x400.jpg|Middelvlerk Lêer:97-5400 2002-09-18 FAWK 238 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|Skouervlerk Lêer:Zsffl 2004-05-15 FAFF 030 LR 800x533.jpg|Hoë vlerk </gallery> ==== Sambreelvlerk ==== [[Lêer:Cfmir 1982-00-00 FAGM 797 dust LR her 600x364.jpg|alt=Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.|duimnael|Die Catalina het ’n sambreelvlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur twee klein I-profielstutte aan elke kant gesteun word.]] ’n “Sambreelvlerk” (sinoniem '''parasolvlerk''')  is ’n vlerk wat bo die romp gemonteer is en deur style of stutte ondersteun word. ERKENNING Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. ’n “Sambreelvlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat met stutte bo die romp gesteun word.<ref name=":0" /> Daar is ook die term '''parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig''' .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoof, Spoorwegtaalburo |title=Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme |date=6 Februarie 1974 |publisher=Spoorwegtaalburo |year=1974 |location=Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika |pages=176 |language=af |trans-title=Draft List of Aircraft Construction Terms}}</ref> ’n “Parasoleenvlerkvliegtuig” word omskryf as ’n eenvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die vlerk bo die romp is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref> === Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig === ’n Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n lugvaartuig met twee vlerke, dit wil sê ’n boonste en ’n laer vlerk, gewoonlik onder en bo die romp. Daar is egter vliegtuie met ander konfigurasies. In die geval van byvoorbeeld die Supermarine Walrus was altwee vlerke bo die romp. Die Antonov An-2 word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n moderne dubbelvlerkvliegtuig beskou.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> (Wragg 61) Die SibNIA TVS-2DTS is ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig van die 21ste eeu (sien “Geslote vlerk”). Dit is vir die eerste keer in 2017 by ’n Russiese lugskou gedemonstreer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-biplane/|title=21st Century biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=Royal Aeronautical Society|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:01997 Fly på Jarlsberg.JPG|Altwee vlerke bo die romp Lêer:Zsdhr 2004-03-21 FAGM 104 0464 600x400.jpg|Vlerke onder en bo die romp Lêer:Zufoo 2013-09-29 FAGM -085 600x400.jpg|Moderne voorbeeld van ’n dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> Wat dubbelvlerkvliegtuie betref, kry mens ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte, ’n anderhalfdekker, ’n omgekeerde anderhalfdekker en ’n Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig. ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte ==== [[Lêer:"Fearless Freddie", a Hollywood stunt man, clinging to a rope ladder slung from a plane flown by A.M. Maltrup, about to drop into automobile below- automobile shown LCCN2003655445.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Curtiss JN-4 Jenny is ’n voorbeeld van’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met ongelyke spanwydte.]] ==== Anderhalfdekker ==== ’n Anderhalfdekker word omskryf as ’n soort dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die oppervlakte van een vlerk minder as die helfte as dié van die ander vlerk is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> of as ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig waarvan die een vlerk, gewoonlik die laer vlerk, opvallend kleiner as die ander een is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> . Daar is ook omgekeerde anderhalfdekkers. [[Lêer:Early Nieuport 17 climbing (cropped).jpg|geen|duimnael|Die laer vlerk van die Nieuport 17 het ’n kleiner koord, maar dieselfde spanwydte, as die boonste vlerk.]] ==== Omgekeerde anderhalfdekker ==== [[Lêer:Sesquiplane inverted.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig ==== Die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig is ’n teoretiese supersoniese vlerkkonfigurasie. Die beginsels waarvolgens die Busemann-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig werk, word in ’n webartikel bespreek:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|title=Busemann's Biplane|date=23 June 2026|website=INTERNET ARCHIVE Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620233751/http://www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/yamazaki/RESEARCH/busemann/index.html|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> [[Lêer:Busemann biplane.svg|geen|duimnael]] ==== Dubbelvlerkvliegtuie met ’n verspringde ontwerp ==== Daar word na verspringing in ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig gepraat wanneer die een vlerk effens voor die ander vlerk geplaas is .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Die verspringing is positief wanneer die boonste vlerk voor die laer vlerk is en negatief wanneer die laer vlerk voor die boonste vlerk is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=357 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lêer:Zsajt 1980-10-10 FAGM 935 dust scr file el 800x486.jpg|geen|duimnael|Die Beech Staggerwing is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig waarvan die vlerke negatiewe verspringing het (agtertoe verspring is).]] == Meervlerkvliegtuie met verskillende vlerkkonfigurasies en ander tipes stroomblaaie == Verder is daar drievlerkvliegtuie, viervlerkvliegtuie, meervlerkvliegtuie en kruisvormige vlakke.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Dr I 01 00079865.jpg|Fokker Dr.1-drievlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 side view.jpg|Armstrong Whitworth F.K. 10-viervlerk-vliegtuig </gallery> === Meervlerkvliegtuig === [[Lêer:Multiplane.svg|duimnael]] ’n Meervlerklugvaartuig word omskryf as ’n vliegtuig of sweefvliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke, die een bo die ander, insluitende dubbelvlerkvliegtuie, drievlerkvliegtuie, ensovoorts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> of dit beteken ’n vliegtuig met verskeie stelle vlerke, dit wil sê meer as drie (waarvoor die term “drievlerkvliegtuig” gebruik word)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref>. === Tandemvlerkvliegtuie === [[Lêer:Caproni Ca.60 Transaereo on Lake Maggiore 1921 (NASM-SI-72-7669) (tight crop, contrast stretch, grayscale).jpg|duimnael]] ’n Tandemvlerkvliegtuig word omskryf as ’n  vliegtuig met twee of meer stelle vlerke van in wese dieselfde oppervlakte (nie die sterteenheid ingesluit nie) wat die een voor die ander geplaas is en op ongeveer dieselfde vlak is<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>. ’n Voorbeeld van hierdie tipe is die negevlerk-Caproni Ca.60-vliegboot, waarvan die vlerke uit drie stelle in tandem bestaan het. === Kruisvormige vlakke === ’n Kruisvormige vlak is ’n vlerk- of beheerbladkonfigurasie in die vorm van ’n reghoekige kruis met gelyke spanwydtes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> ’n Kruisvormige vlerk is ’n vliegtuigvlerk in die vorm van ’n kruis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=387 |language=en}}</ref> Daar is byvoorbeeld missiele met kruisvormige vlakke en die X-vlerkvliegtuig.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cruciform wing weapon.svg|Wapen met kruisvormige vlakke Lêer:Wing X rotor.svg|X-vlerkvliegtuig </gallery> == Steun == Vlerke kan selfondersteunend wees of bykomende, eksterne steun hê. === Selfondersteunde (vrydraende) vlerke === [[Lêer:DH-60 Gipsy Moth Wing Structure.JPG|duimnael|Hoofspar van DH.60 Moth]] ’n “Vrydraende vlerk” (sinonieme vrydraervlerk en kantelbalkvlerk) is ’n vlerk sonder uitwendige stutte of style. Die ondersteunende struktuur is binne-in die vlerk ingebou en die vlerk is direk aan die romp geheg. Daarom is die gevestigde Afrikaanse terme: * vrydraervlerk * vrydraende vlerk * kantelbalkvlerk ERKENNING [[Lêer:Wing with one spar.JPG|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Erkenning word aan die Taaladviseur van VivA en Die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns verleen. “VivA” staan vir die Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans. [[Lêer:Wing structure - spar.svg|duimnael|Enkelvliegtuigspar]] Die term “vrydraende vlerk” word omskryf as ’n vlerk wat op die beginsel van ’n '''vrydraende balk''' gebou is. ’n “Vrydraende balk” word omskryf as ’n uitstekende deel waarvan die een end styf geheg is, en met die ander end wat by die steunpunt uitsteek en vry is om vertikaal te beweeg onder die invloed van vertikale laste wat tussen die vry end en die gehegte end aangewend word. ’n Vol vrydraende vliegtuigbalk ('''spar''') is styf vas aan die romp en elke vlerkpunt is ’n vry end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Vrydraende vlerke ==== Let  daarop dat vrydraende vlerke direk op die romp van die vliegtuig en in die middel, hoog of laag gemonteer is. Die Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerkvliegtuig van 1915 was een van die eerste vliegtuie wat met vrydraende vlerke gevlieg het<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>. <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Junkers J 1 at Döberitz 1915.jpg|Junkers J.1-metaaleenvlerk-vliegtuig Lêer:Zsoam 2010-03-13 FAJS 0030 LR 600x400.jpg|Boeing 737, lae vrydraende vlerke </gallery> === Vlerke met eksterne steun === Verspanning is die ondersteunende stutte en drade wat gebruik word om ’n struktuur te versterk. Vlerke met verspanning word verspande vlerke genoem en hulle kan stutverspan of draadverspan wees. ’n Stut is ’n struktuurdeel wat ontwerp is om kompressielaste te hanteer en stroombelyn is as dit aan die lugstroom blootgestel word. Daar is verspanstutte (eksterne stutte wat gebruik word om die struktuur te versterk) en tussenvlerkstutte (stutte tussen die vlerke van ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=46, 264 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsjgv 1985-05-19 FAMG 118 800x486.jpg|De Havilland Dragon Rapide, tussenvlerkstutte Lêer:Boeing P-26A AC 33-125 94th Pursuit Squadron (8558637360).jpg|Boeing P-26 Peashooter, vlerke is draadverspan </gallery>’n Verspande meervlerkvliegtuig kan een of meer “vakke” hê. Dit is kompartemente wat deur die byvoeging van tussenvlerkstutte geskep word. Die getal vakke verwys net na een kant van die vliegtuig se vlerkpanele. Sodanige vak word omskryf as die struktuur tussen twee hegpunte van die tussenvlerkverspandele van ’n dubbelvlerk- of drievlerkvliegtuig. So word daar tussen ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met een vak en ’n dubbelvlerkvliegtuig met twee vakke onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Zsbgn 2010-08-14 FASK 0086 crop shd25 600x400.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met een vak Lêer:Bristol F2B D8096 flying.jpg|Dubbelvlerk-vliegtuig met twee vakke </gallery> == Geslote vlerk == In die geval van die geslote vlerk word twee stroomblaaie (vlerke) by of naby die vlerkpunte saamgevoeg. ’n Vliegtuig soos die SibNIA TVS-2DTS het ’n geslote vlerk. ’n Geslote vlerk kan uit ’n kokervlerk (wat ook uit ’n ringvormige kokervlerk kan bestaan) en ’n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk bestaan. Die Santos-Dumont 14-bis is ’n voorbeeld van die tipe met ’n kokervlerk. Hierdie vliegtuig word beskryf as ’n sterteerste-dubbelvlerkvliegtuig wat rofweg ’n boksvlieërstruktuur het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |date=1973 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=1973 |isbn=0 85045 163 9 |location=Reading, Berkshire, Great Britain |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> Die Blériot III-boot is ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige kokervlerk. Die SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère word as ’n voorbeeld van ’n vliegtuig met 'n ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk gebruik.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Антонов Ан-2МС (ТВС-2МС).jpg|Geslote vlerk Lêer:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|Kokervlerk (“box wing”) Lêer:Bleriot III boat.jpg|Ringvormige kokervlerk Lêer:SNECMA Coléoptère on ramp 1959.jpg|Ringvormige (silindriese) vlerk </gallery> == Planvorm == === Aspekverhouding === Die aspekverhouding is die verhouding van die span tot die gemiddelde koord van ’n stroomblad. Dit is die verhouding van die vierkant van die maksimum span tot die totale oppervlakte van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=43, 45 |language=en}}</ref> Die aspekverhouding word soos volg onderskei: <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:North American X-15.jpg|Vlerk met lae aspekverhouding Lêer:Douglas DC3-227B ‘HB-IRJ’ (22627585316).jpg|Vlerk met matige aspekverhouding Lêer:809 2000-09-09 FAWK 154 stof 600x364.jpg|Vlerk met ’n hoë aspekverhouding </gallery> === Spankoordvariasie === ==== Konstante koord ==== [[Lêer:Zsawe 1984-09-01 FAdonald 991 dust shd50 800x485.jpg|duimnael|Die vlerk van die Piper J-3 Cub het ’n konstante koord (die voorrand en agterrand is parallel).]] Die koord is die langsdimensie van ’n stroombladprofiel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> of die lengte van daardie deel van die koordlyn wat deur die stroombladprofielgrenslyn "onderskep" word (soms word dit die koordlengte genoem). Die koordlyn is die reguit lyn deur die krommingsmiddelpunt van die voorrand en die agterrand van ’n stroomblad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Tapsheid ==== ’n Tapse vlerk vernou na die punt. ’n Tapse vlerk word omskryf as ’n vlerk waarvan die koord of dikte progressief van die wortel na die punt verminder. ’n Tapse vlerk is trapesoïdaal. “Trapesoïdaal” beteken dat dit die vorm van ’n driehoek het waarvan die een hoek afgesny is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=274, 286 |language=en}}</ref> Die XF-91 Thunderceptor het ’n vlerk met omgekeerde tapsheid. Die Westland Lysander het omgekeerde tapsheid na die wortel van die vlerk.<gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Buchon - Flying Legends 2013 Duxford (9733278492).jpg|Messerschmitt Bf 109, reguit tapse vlerk Lêer:XF91-21republic.jpg|Thunderceptor, omgekeerde tapsheid Lêer:Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1939-1945- Westland Lysander. CH4865.jpg|Lysander, saamgestelde tapsheid Lêer:Wing constant tapered outer.svg|Konstante koord met tapse buitedeel </gallery> == Die vorm van ’n vlerk == Daar word tussen ’n deltavlerk, reguit vlerk, pylvlerk (teruggevoude vlerk), mikvlerk (vorentoe gevou) en vlerk met ’n veranderlike vorm onderskei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title=Jane’s World Aircraft Recognition Handbook |date=1979 |publisher=Jane’s Publishing Company |year=1979 |isbn=0 354 01261 4 |location=London, UK |pages=134, 36, 110, 142 and 161 |language=en}}</ref> === Deltavlerk === Die deltavlerk word omskryf as ’n driehoekvormige stroomblad met ’n lae aspekverhouding en wat ’n tapse voorrand en reguit agterrand het.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> As die vorm van die vlerk soortgelyk is aan twee driehoeke wat saamgeplaas is, word dit ’n dubbeldelta genoem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:811 1977-10-00 FALA 953b.jpg|Mirage III, stertlose delta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-21 (14443611751).jpg|MiG-21, delta-vlerkvliegtuig met ’n stert Lêer:Fairey Delta FD1.jpg|Fairey Delta 1, stomppuntdelta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Saab Draken (36976673244).jpg|Saab Draken, dubbeldelta-vlerkvliegtuig Lêer:Aerospatiale BAC Concorde by bagera3005.png|Concorde, ogivaalvormige deltavlerkvliegtuig </gallery> === Verskillende vlerkvorme === <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Cessna Citation (17431536038).jpg|Cessna Citation, reguit vlerk Lêer:Canadair CL-13B Sabre Mk.6 ‘01675 FU-675’ (F-AYSB) (49818099873).jpg|Canadair Sabre, pylvlerk (teruggevoude vlerk) Lêer:01 00095338 SDASM Aircraft Image - Hansa Jet Hamburger, GMEH, 2103 Hamburg 95, Finkenweder, Germany (53957737422).jpg|Hansa Jet, mikvlerk (vorentoe gevou) Lêer:An F-14A Tomcat aircraft lands aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS ENTERPRISE (CVN 65) - DPLA - f906323b705e66adabc13fe1c4446b24.jpeg|Grumman Tomcat, reëlbare pylhoek, vlerk reguit Lêer:An air-to-air right side view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft - DPLA - 8cf53bf5641b604fcae920ac22c6d463.jpeg|Grumman Tomcat, reëlbare pylhoek, vlerk teruggevou Lêer:NASA AD-1 in flight.jpg|NASA AD-1, vlerk met veranderlike vorm </gallery> == Spanterugvouvariasie == <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:100 years of the RAF MOD 45163621.jpg|Handley Page Victor (naaste aan kamera), sekelvlerk Lêer:General Dynamics F-16XL (SN 75-0749) in flight 060905-F-1234S-049.jpg|General Dynamics F-16XL, geknikte dubbeldeltavlerk </gallery> == Assimetriese vliegtuie == <gallery mode="packed"> Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1980-117-01, Aufklärungsflugzeug Blohm - Voß BV 141.jpg|Blohm & Voss BV 141, assimmetriese uitleg; afsonderlike romp, afsonderlike nasel vir bemanning (regs in foto) Lêer:Asymmetric torque.svg|Die Ansaldo SVA het ’n assimmetriese span gehad </gallery> == Stertvlerke, tandemvlerke en voorvlerke == Hier word daar van stertvlerke, voorvlerke, tandemvlerke, drie oppervlakke, buitesterte en stertlose vliegtuie gepraat. === Stertvlerk === [[Lêer:Höhenruder Ka 6 CR und K6 E.jpg|duimnael|Hier word die stertvlerke op twee verskillende vliegtuie gesien.]] Die stertvlerk is die vaste of effens verstelbare horisontale oppervlak van die sterteenheid waaraan die hoogteroere geheg word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> Dit verskaf langsstabiliteit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayler |first=J |title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Engineering |date=1959 |publisher=George Newnes Limited |year=1959 |location=Strand, London, UK |pages=272 |language=en}}</ref> Die stertvlerke op twee verskillende vliegtuie word in die foto geïllustreer. === Voorvlerke === Die voorvlerke kan uit neusvlerke bestaan. Die neusvlerke is horisontale trimoppervlakke en beheerblaaie.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms |date=1984 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-045269-5 |edition=3de |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> === Stertlose vliegtuig === ’n Stertlose vliegtuig is ’n vliegtuig waarvan die toestelle wat gebruik word om stabiliteit en beheer te verkry in die vlerk geïnkorporeer is.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentle and Chapel |first=Ernest and Charles |title=Aviation & Space Dictionary |date=15 September 1961 |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc. |year=1961 |edition=4de |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=372 |language=en}}</ref> == Verwysings == kkcthyi2p7z0u8dzrj3o6h4nxtv9krd 0 463139 2913752 2026-06-25T14:32:03Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel, nog besig! 2913752 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1980 Formule Een-seisoen|1980]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[4 Mei]] [[1980]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Didier Pironi]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | 1:38:47.4 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{AU-VLAG}} '''[[Alan Jones]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | +47.37 | 1 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | +84.12 | 4 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 6 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 3 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jean-Pierre Jarier]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 2 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 21 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 71 | +1 Ronde | 21 | |- ! 8 | 1 | [[Beeld:Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg|20px]] [[Jody Scheckter]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 70 | +2 Rondes | 14 | |- ! 9 | 4 | {{IE-VLAG}} [[Derek Daly]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 70 | +2 Rondes | 11 | |- ! 10 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio de Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 69 | Spin | 8 | |- ! 11 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | +4 Rondes | 3 | |- ! 12 | 9 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Jan Lammers]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 64 | Motor | 15 | |- ! NC | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Marshall Watson|John Watson]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 61 | Niet geklasseerd | 20 | |- ! DNF | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 58 | Spin | 16 | |- ! DNF | 11 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 41 | Versnellingsbak | 17 | |- ! DNF | 22 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Depailler]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 38 | Uitlaat | 10 | |- ! DNF | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet sr.|Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 32 | Spin | 7 | |- ! DNF | 8 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 29 | Transmissie | 19 | |- ! DNF | 20 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 16 | Elektrisch probleem | 24 | |- ! DNF | 14 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Tiff Needell]] | [[Ensign (Formule 1)|Ensign]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 12 | Motor | 23 | |- ! DNF | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 11 | Ophanging | 18 | |- ! DNF | 6 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Ricardo Zunino]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 5 | Versnellingsbak | 22 | |- ! DNF | 30 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Jochen Mass]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 1 | Spin | 13 | |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jabouille]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 1 | Koppeling | 5 | |- ! DNQ | 17 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Geoff Lees (autocoureur)|Geoff Lees]] | [[Shadow (Formule 1)|Shadow]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |- ! DNQ | 18 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Dave Kennedy]] | [[Shadow (Formule 1)|Shadow]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |- ! DNQ | 31 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |} 814wcnb8yqeobllwumaz7hk4b6tv66x 2913753 2913752 2026-06-25T14:39:14Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913753 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1980 Formule Een-seisoen|1980]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[4 Mei]] [[1980]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Didier Pironi]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | 1:38:47.4 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{AU-VLAG}} '''[[Alan Jones]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | +47.37 | 1 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 72 | +84.12 | 4 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 6 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 3 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jean-Pierre Jarier]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 2 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 71 | +1 Ronde | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 21 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 71 | +1 Ronde | 21 | |- ! 8 | 1 | [[Beeld:Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg|20px]] [[Jody Scheckter]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 70 | +2 Rondes | 14 | |- ! 9 | 4 | {{IE-VLAG}} [[Derek Daly]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 70 | +2 Rondes | 11 | |- ! 10 | 12 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio de Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 69 | Tol | 8 | |- ! 11 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | +4 Rondes | 3 | |- ! 12 | 9 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Jan Lammers]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 64 | Motor | 15 | |- ! NC | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Marshall Watson|John Watson]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 61 | Nie geklassifiseer | 20 | |- ! DNF | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 58 | Tol | 16 | |- ! DNF | 11 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 41 | Ratkas | 17 | |- ! DNF | 22 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Depailler]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 38 | Uitlaat | 10 | |- ! DNF | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet sr.|Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 32 | Tol | 7 | |- ! DNF | 8 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 29 | Transmissie | 19 | |- ! DNF | 20 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 16 | Elektriese probleem | 24 | |- ! DNF | 14 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Tiff Needell]] | [[Ensign (Formule 1)|Ensign]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 12 | Motor | 23 | |- ! DNF | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 11 | Suspensie | 18 | |- ! DNF | 6 | {{AR-VLAG}} [[Ricardo Zunino]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 5 | Ratkas | 22 | |- ! DNF | 30 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Jochen Mass]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 1 | Tol | 13 | |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jabouille]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 1 | Koppeling | 5 | |- ! DNQ | 17 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Geoff Lees]] | [[Shadow (Formule 1)|Shadow]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |- ! DNQ | 18 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Dave Kennedy]] | [[Shadow (Formule 1)|Shadow]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |- ! DNQ | 31 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | | | | |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] hlbx5d9nxeen9rzatnwc3j9evsopmcg 0 463140 2913757 2026-06-25T15:03:02Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel, nog besig! 2913757 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1981 Formule Een-seisoen|1981]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[17 Mei]] [[1981]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 2 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | 1:16:31.61 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Matra]]''' | 54 | + 36.06 s | 9 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 43.69 s | 10 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 27 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 54 | + 47.64 s | 7 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 49.20 s | 14 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 3 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 52.51 s | 8 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Watson]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 54 | + 1:01.66 | 5 | |- ! 8 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Didier Pironi]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 54 | + 1:32.04 | 3 | |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 54 | + 1:35.58 | 17 | |- ! 10 | 22 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 53 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | |- ! 11 | 14 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Ensign (Formule 1)|Ensign]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 2 Rondes | 15 | |- ! 12 | 4 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 2 Rondes | 19 | |- ! 13 | 31 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Piercarlo Ghinzani]] | [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 50 | + 4 Rondes | 24 | |- ! DNF | 6 | {{MX-VLAG}} [[Héctor Rebaque]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | Ongeluk | 21 | |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jabouille]] | [[Ligier]]-Matra | 35 | Transmissie | 16 | |- ! DNF | 21 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Chico Serra]] | Fittipaldi-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 29 | Motor | 20 | |- ! DNF | 32 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Beppe Gabbiani]] | [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 22 | Motor | 22 | |- ! DNF | 1 | {{AU-VLAG}}[[Alan Jones]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 19 | Ongeluk | 6 | |- ! DNF | 8 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 11 | Ratkas | 23 | |- ! DNF | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet sr.|Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 10 | Ongeluk | 2 | |- ! DNF | 20 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 10 | Versnellingsbak | 11 | |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 2 | Koppeling | 12 | |- ! DNF | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Botsing | 4 | |- ! DNF | 30 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Siegfried Stohr]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Botsing | 13 |} 7mhpe4awshvqtkglmvajc9l2b9fpvhi 2913761 2913757 2026-06-25T15:09:10Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913761 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1981 Formule Een-seisoen|1981]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[17 Mei]] [[1981]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 2 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | 1:16:31.61 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Matra]]''' | 54 | + 36.06 s | 9 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 43.69 s | 10 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 27 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 54 | + 47.64 s | 7 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 49.20 s | 14 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 3 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 54 | + 52.51 s | 8 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Watson]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 54 | + 1:01.66 | 5 | |- ! 8 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Didier Pironi]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 54 | + 1:32.04 | 3 | |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 54 | + 1:35.58 | 17 | |- ! 10 | 22 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 53 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | |- ! 11 | 14 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | Ensign-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 2 Rondes | 15 | |- ! 12 | 4 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 2 Rondes | 19 | |- ! 13 | 31 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Piercarlo Ghinzani]] | Osella-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 50 | + 4 Rondes | 24 | |- ! DNF | 6 | {{MX-VLAG}} [[Héctor Rebaque]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | Ongeluk | 21 | |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jabouille]] | [[Ligier]]-Matra | 35 | Transmissie | 16 | |- ! DNF | 21 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Chico Serra]] | Fittipaldi-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 29 | Motor | 20 | |- ! DNF | 32 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Beppe Gabbiani]] | Osella-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 22 | Motor | 22 | |- ! DNF | 1 | {{AU-VLAG}} [[Alan Jones]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 19 | Ongeluk | 6 | |- ! DNF | 8 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 11 | Ratkas | 23 | |- ! DNF | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 10 | Ongeluk | 2 | |- ! DNF | 20 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 10 | Versnellingsbak | 11 | |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 2 | Koppeling | 12 | |- ! DNF | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Botsing | 4 | |- ! DNF | 30 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Siegfried Stohr]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Botsing | 13 |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1981|België]] m5bn84e9r4gieu1r9ochnzpwktkj6u7 0 463141 2913762 2026-06-25T15:14:40Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel, nog besig! 2913762 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1982 Formule Een-seisoen|1982]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[9 Mei]] [[1982]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[John Watson]]''' | '''[[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 70 | 1:35:41.995 | 10 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 6 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 70 | + 7.268 | 3 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 25 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Matra (automerk)|Matra]]''' | 69 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 11 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 67 | + 3 Rondes | 8 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 20 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Chico Serra]]''' | '''[[Fittipaldi Automotive|Fittpaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 67 | + 3 Rondes | 23 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 29 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 66 | + 4 Rondes | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 18 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Raul Boesel]] | [[March Engineering|March]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 66 | + 4 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Matra (automerk)|Matra]] | 66 | + 4 Rondes | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 70 | Gediskwalificeerd | 4 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{IE-VLAG}} [[Derek Daly]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 60 | Spin | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 17 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Jochen Mass]] | [[March Engineering|March]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 60 | Motor | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 59 | Spin | 1 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 52 | Spin | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 30 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Mauro Baldi]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | Gaspedaal | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 31 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jarier]] | [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 37 | Broken Wing | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 34 | Versnellingsbak | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 4 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Brian Henton]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 33 | Motor | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 29 | Motor | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 35 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 29 | Transmissie | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 13 | Remmen | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 9 | Koppeling | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[René Arnoux]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 7 | Turbo | 2 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 9 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Koppeling | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 0 | Botsing | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 10 | {{CL-VLAG}} [[Eliseo Salazar]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Botsing | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Didier Pironi]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | &nbsp; | Teruggetrokken | | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 27 | {{CA-VLAG}} [[Gilles Villeneuve]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | &nbsp; | Fatale botsing | |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1982|België]] 73ue5gfbmhp83dfxzg0ekepu0lk436i 0 463142 2913763 2026-06-25T15:20:20Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel, nog besig! 2913763 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1983 Formule Een-seisoen|1983]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[22 Mei]] [[1983]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | 1:27:11.502 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Patrick Tambay]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 40 | + 23.182 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 16 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | + 39.869 | 8 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 40 | + 42.295 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 1 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 50.480 | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 1:33.107 | 11 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 35 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 1:58.539 | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 2:38.273 | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio de Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 34 | {{VE-VLAG}} [[Johnny Cecotto]] | [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 29 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 4 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Danny Sullivan]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Raul Boesel]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 28 | + 2 Rondes | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 33 | Ratkas | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 30 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 25 | Enjin | 3 | &nbsp; |- {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1981|België]] 945pdzpg36782udwql2g79y9ezquzbc 2913764 2913763 2026-06-25T15:20:44Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Sport in 1981]] verwyder; [[:Kategorie:Sport in 1983]] bygevoeg ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) 2913764 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1983 Formule Een-seisoen|1983]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[22 Mei]] [[1983]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | 1:27:11.502 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Patrick Tambay]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 40 | + 23.182 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 16 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | + 39.869 | 8 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 40 | + 42.295 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 1 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 50.480 | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 1:33.107 | 11 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 35 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 1:58.539 | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 2:38.273 | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio de Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 34 | {{VE-VLAG}} [[Johnny Cecotto]] | [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 29 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 4 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Danny Sullivan]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Raul Boesel]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 28 | + 2 Rondes | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 33 | Ratkas | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 30 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 25 | Enjin | 3 | &nbsp; |- {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1983|België]] eitqjjtu5u89lt1lr3p4edsg2eu57cx 2913771 2913764 2026-06-25T15:50:49Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913771 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1983 Formule Een-seisoen|1983]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[22 Mei]] [[1983]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | 1:27:11.502 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Patrick Tambay]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 40 | + 23.182 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 16 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 40 | + 39.869 | 8 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 40 | + 42.295 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 1 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 50.480 | 9 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 40 | + 1:33.107 | 11 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 35 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 1:58.539 | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 40 | + 2:38.273 | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio de Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 34 | {{VE-VLAG}} [[Johnny Cecotto]] | [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 29 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 4 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Danny Sullivan]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Raul Boesel]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 28 | + 2 Rondes | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 33 | Ratkas | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 30 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 25 | Enjin | 3 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1983|België]] lc0o8pxa5wummcp6uvhxg83ugq8y3ex 0 463143 2913765 2026-06-25T15:24:40Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913765 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[29 April]] [[1984]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | 1:36:32.048 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 70 | + 42.386 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | + 1:09.803 | 2 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 6 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 69 | Geen benzine | 3 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 69 | + 1 Ronde | 5 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 19 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[Toleman]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]]''' | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 19 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Tambay]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 17 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 66 | Motor | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[RAM Racing|RAM]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 64 | + 2 Rondes | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Stefan Bellof]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 69 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Mauro Baldi]] | [[Spirit (Formule 1)|Spirit]]-[[Hart (autosport)|Hart]] | 53 | Suspensie | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 42 | Ongeluk | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | Spin | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 14 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[BMW]] | 39 | Uitlaat | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG]] | 35 | Waterpomp | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 28 | Motor | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 15 | Elektriese probleem | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Francois Hesnault]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 15 | Radiator | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 15 | Motor | 17 | &nbsp; |- {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|België]] p0l4ti9kiayamulb1m38hti6zwq9tz0 2913766 2913765 2026-06-25T15:26:59Z Aliwal2012 39067 opruim na vertaling 2913766 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[29 April]] [[1984]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | 1:36:32.048 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 70 | + 42.386 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | + 1:09.803 | 2 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 6 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 69 | Geen benzine | 3 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 69 | + 1 Ronde | 5 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 19 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''Toleman-Hart''' | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 19 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Tambay]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 17 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 66 | Motor | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 64 | + 2 Rondes | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Stefan Bellof]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 69 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Mauro Baldi]] | Spirit-Hart | 53 | Suspensie | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 42 | Ongeluk | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | Spin | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 14 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[BMW]] | 39 | Uitlaat | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG]] | 35 | Waterpomp | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 28 | Motor | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 15 | Elektriese probleem | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Francois Hesnault]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 15 | Radiator | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 15 | Motor | 17 | &nbsp; |- {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|België]] eqcyfradv243ar9cljvmmzzjk8y0dgw 2913767 2913766 2026-06-25T15:31:24Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913767 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[29 April]] [[1984]] op [[Zolder-renbaan|Zolder]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | 1:36:32.048 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 70 | + 42.386 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 70 | + 1:09.803 | 2 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 6 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 69 | Geen brandstof | 3 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 69 | + 1 Ronde | 5 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 19 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''Toleman-Hart''' | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 19 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Tambay]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 17 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 68 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 66 | Enjin | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 64 | + 2 Rondes | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Stefan Bellof]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 69 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Mauro Baldi]] | Spirit-Hart | 53 | Suspensie | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 42 | Ongeluk | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | Tol | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 14 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | [[ATS F1|ATS]]-[[BMW]] | 39 | Uitlaat | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG]] | 35 | Waterpomp | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 28 | Enjin | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 15 | Elektriese probleem | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Francois Hesnault]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 15 | Verkoeler | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 15 | Enjin | 17 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|België]] c9ir9j6bc9bhvn6kcrq3tf3iuq8qfl2 0 463144 2913769 2026-06-25T15:40:19Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913769 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1981 Formule Een-seisoen|1981]] [[Argentynse Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[12 April]] [[1981]] in [[Argentinië]] se hoofstad [[Buenos Aires]] plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 53 | 1:34:32.74 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{AR-VLAG}} '''[[Carlos Reutemann]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 53 | + 26.61 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 53 | + 49.98 | 2 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 1 | {{AU-VLAG}} '''[[Alan Jones]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 53 | + 1:07.88 | 3 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 16 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 53 | + 1:31.85 | 5 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 52 | + 1 Ronde | 10 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 22 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Mario Andretti]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 52 | + 1 Ronde | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 30 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Siegfried Stohr]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 52 | + 1 Ronde | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 51 | Geen brandstof | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 8 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | + 2 Rondes | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 9 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Jan Lammers]] | ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 51 | + 2 Rondes | 23 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Argentynse Grand Prix]] 7o5rv6echi4hyv5agg3dqa8qqu134r8 0 463145 2913772 2026-06-25T16:20:36Z ~2026-19905-25 205527 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '[[Lêer:Jack Daniel (brewer).jpg|duimnael]] '''Jack Daniel's''' is 'n handelsmerk van [[Tennessee]]-[[Whisky|whiskey]] wat by die Jack Daniel-distilleerdery in Lynchburg, Tennessee, vervaardig word en sedert 1956 deur Brown-Forman besit word. Verpak in vierkantige bottels, het Jack Daniel's "Black Label" Tennessee-whiskey 12,9 miljoen nege-liter-kiste in 2017 verkoop. Ander handelsmerkvariasies, soos Tennessee Honey, Tennessee Apple, Gentleman Jack, Tennessee Fire,...' 2913772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lêer:Jack Daniel (brewer).jpg|duimnael]] '''Jack Daniel's''' is 'n handelsmerk van [[Tennessee]]-[[Whisky|whiskey]] wat by die Jack Daniel-distilleerdery in Lynchburg, Tennessee, vervaardig word en sedert 1956 deur Brown-Forman besit word. Verpak in vierkantige bottels, het Jack Daniel's "Black Label" Tennessee-whiskey 12,9 miljoen nege-liter-kiste in 2017 verkoop. Ander handelsmerkvariasies, soos Tennessee Honey, Tennessee Apple, Gentleman Jack, Tennessee Fire, en gereed-om-te-drink (RTD) produkte, het die totaal op meer as 16,1 miljoen ekwivalente aangepaste kiste vir die hele Jack Daniel's-familie van handelsmerke te staan ​​gebring. == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie inlyn}} * {{Official website|https://www.jackdaniels.com/}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Tennessee]] [[Kategorie:Amerikaanse maatskappye]] [[Kategorie:Whisky]] 3vxcfa0uzvai4yxatavie2474uyhtgm 0 463146 2913774 2026-06-25T17:03:52Z BurgertB 2401 Nuwe artkel, besig 2913774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas pryse |naam = {{nowrap|{{Kleurstreep|#FAF0BE|[[Lêer:Nuvola apps kdict.png|60px]]Hugoprys vir Letterkunde}}}} |beeld = Hugo Award Logo.svg |breedte = 130 |onderskrif = |toegeken = Uitnemendheid in [[wetenskapsfiksie]] |borg = World Science Fiction Society |land = |vorigenaam = |eerste = 1953 |ander = |webtuiste = {{URL|thehugoawards.org}} }} Die '''Hugoprys vir Letterkunde''' is 'n jaarlikse [[letterkunde]]prys vir die beste werk en prestasies in [[wetenskapsfiksie]] en [[fantasie]] in die vorige jaar. Dit word by die World Science Fiction Convention ("Worldcon") toegeken en deur sy lede gekies. Die prys is genoem na Hugo Gernsback, stigter van die baanbrekerstydskrif vir wetenskapsfiksie ''Amazing Stories''. Hugo's is in 1953 die eerste keer toegeken, en sedert 1955 elke jaar. In 2010 het die tydskrif ''Wired'' die Hugo "die belangrikste prys in die genre wetenskapsfiksie" genoem,<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |last=Donahoo |first=Daniel |title=Hugo Award Winners Announced at AussieCon 4 |url=https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2010/09/hugo-award-winners-announced-at-aussiecon-4/ |magazine=Wired]] |publisher=Condé Nast Publications |access-date=2011-06-13 |date=2010-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709043404/http://www.wired.com//geekdad/2010/09/hugo-award-winners-announced-at-aussiecon-4/ |archive-date=2011-07-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> terwyl ''[[The Guardian]]'' dit "saam met die [[Nebulaprys]] die belangrikste prys in wetenskapsfiksie" genoem het.<ref name="Guardianquote">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Allison |date=2009-04-28 |title=Ursula K Le Guin wins sixth Nebula award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/28/ursula-k-le-guin-nebula |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/28/ursula-k-le-guin-nebula |archive-date=2009-08-01 |access-date=2011-12-12 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Die prys is aanvanklik in sewe kategorieë toegeken, maar is deur die jare uitgebrei tot 18 kategorieë van geskrewe en dramatiese werk. Die wenners ontvang 'n trofee met 'n gestileerde vuurpyl op 'n basis. Die ontwerp van die trofee veskil elke jaar, maar die vorm van die vuurpyl is sedert 1984 dieselfde. Die pryse vir 2025 is op die 83ste Worldcon op 16 Augustus 2025 in [[Seattle]] toegeken. 2026 se pryse sal op 30 Augustus 2026 op die 84ste Worldcon, "LAcon V", in [[Anaheim]], [[Kalifornië]], uitgedeel word. ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings}} ==Skakels== {{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Hugo Award}} {{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Hugo Award}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Letterkundige toekennings]] t3eklce844ho4z92fgfryzx54attegg 1 463147 2913775 2026-06-25T17:04:54Z BurgertB 2401 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463148 2913776 2026-06-25T17:26:24Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe spesie met foto's. 2913776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | name = | image = | taxon = Indigofera articulata | authority = Gouan, (1773) | synonyms =* ''Anil articulata'' <small>(Gouan) Kuntze</small> * ''Indigofera articulata var. brachycarpa'' <small>Vatke</small> * ''Indigofera glauca'' <small>Lam.</small> * ''Indigofera tinctoria'' <small>Forssk.</small> }} '''''Indigofera articulata''''' is 'n klein tot medium [[struik]] wat deel van die Fabaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Algerië]], [[Djiboeti]], [[Egipte]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopië]], Golf State, [[Iran]], [[Jemen]], [[Oman]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saoedi-Arabië]], [[Sokotra]], [[Somalië]], [[Soedan]] en [[Suid-Soedan]]. == Galery == <gallery> Indigofera articulata kz01.jpg Indigofera articulata kz03.jpg Indigofera articulata kz05.jpg Indigofera articulata kz09.jpg Indigofera articulata kz10.jpg </gallery> == Bronnelys == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:498998-1 Plants of the World] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Indigofera|articulata]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Algerië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Djiboeti]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Egipte]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Eritrea]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Ethiopië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Iran]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Jemen]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Oman]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Pakistan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Saoedi-Arabië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sokotra]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Somalië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Soedan]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Soedan]] om52w5q8f9he99efvj62wukedmtoxdo 1 463149 2913777 2026-06-25T17:27:49Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463150 2913779 2026-06-25T17:44:19Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe spesie met foto's. 2913779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | name = | image = | taxon = Indigofera aspalathoides | authority = Vahl ex DC., (1825) | synonyms =* ''Anil aspalathoides'' <small>(Vahl ex DC.) Kuntze</small> * ''Anil indica'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Kuntze</small> * ''Aspalathus indica'' <small>L.</small> * ''Indigofera aspalathifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Indigofera indica'' <small>(L.) Druce</small> * ''Lespedeza juncea'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Lotononis aspalathoides'' <small>(Vahl ex DC.) D.Dietr.</small> }} '''''Indigofera aspalathoides''''' is 'n klein [[struik]] wat deel van die Fabaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Indië]] en [[Sri Lanka]]. == Galery == <gallery> Indigofera aspalathoides. (31423663712).jpg </gallery> == Bronnelys == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:499001-1 Plants of the World] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Indigofera|aspalathoides]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Indië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sri Lanka]] lvlrv3plr6xxueujx1dwesxf3lr4pfb 2913781 2913779 2026-06-25T17:45:56Z Oesjaar 7467 Ons weet nie... 2913781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | status = | status_system = iucn3.1 | name = | image = | taxon = Indigofera aspalathoides | authority = Vahl ex DC., (1825) | synonyms =* ''Anil aspalathoides'' <small>(Vahl ex DC.) Kuntze</small> * ''Anil indica'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Kuntze</small> * ''Aspalathus indica'' <small>L.</small> * ''Indigofera aspalathifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Indigofera indica'' <small>(L.) Druce</small> * ''Lespedeza juncea'' <small>Wall.</small> * ''Lotononis aspalathoides'' <small>(Vahl ex DC.) D.Dietr.</small> }} '''''Indigofera aspalathoides''''' is 'n klein [[struik]] wat deel van die Fabaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Indië]] en [[Sri Lanka]]. == Galery == <gallery> Indigofera aspalathoides. (31423663712).jpg </gallery> == Bronnelys == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:499001-1 Plants of the World] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Indigofera|aspalathoides]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Indië]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Sri Lanka]] r7tvgz4dfdaj1s67ogull8azop7yf0y 1 463151 2913780 2026-06-25T17:45:39Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463152 2913782 2026-06-25T17:58:35Z BurgertB 2401 Nuwe artkel, besig 2913782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inligtingskas pryse |naam = {{nowrap|{{Kleurstreep|#FAF0BE|[[Lêer:Nuvola apps kdict.png|60px]] Nebulaprys vir Letterkunde}}}} |beeld = |breedte = |onderskrif = |toegeken = Uitnemendheid in [[wetenskapsfiksie]] in die [[VSA]] |borg = Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America |land = {{VSA|vlagland}} |vorigenaam = |eerste = 1966 |ander = |webtuiste = {{URL|nebulas.sfwa.org}} }} Die '''Nebulaprys''' is 'n jaarlikse [[letterkunde]]prys vir die beste werk in [[wetenskapsfiksie]] en [[fantasie]] wat die vorige jaar in die [[VSA]] gepubliseer is. Dit word georganiseer en toegeken deur die Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association en word deur die skrywersgemeenskap gekies. Die prys is in 1966 die eerste keer in vier kategorieë toegeken vir letterkundige werk van verskeie lengtes. Nog 'n prys vir [[rolprent]]e en [[televisie]] is van 1974-'78 en van 2000-'09 toegeken, en sedert 2018 is daar ook 'n kategorie vir die skryf van speletjies. In 2019 is aangekondig twee pryse wat voorheen onder dieselfde reëls geval het, maar nie as Nebulapryse beskou is nie, die Andre Norton-prys vir jongvolwassefiksie en die Ray Bradbury-prys vir uitnemende dramatiese voorstelling, sou voortaan as amptelike Nebulapryse beskou word.<ref name=<ref name="NamedCategories">{{cite web |title=I am now officially a Nebula Award winner! |url=https://daviddlevine.com/2019/04/i-am-now-officially-a-nebula-award-winner/ |last=Levine |first=David D. |date=2019-04-10 |website=daviddlevine.com |access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> <ref name="NEBrules">{{cite web |title=Nebula Rules |url=http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/rules/ |publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America |access-date=2011-12-12 |date=October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701111708/http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/rules/ |archive-date=2011-07-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Die pryse vir strokiesboeke en poësie is in 2026 bygevoeg. Die Nebulapryse word elke jaar in die [[lente]] in Amerika gehou. Die venues verskil van jaar tot jaar. Dit is een van die bekendste en pretigerykste pryse vir wetenskapsfiksie en fantasie.<ref name="BOTSSF">''The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction'', p. 255</ref> Volgens ''The Guardian'' is hulle "saam met die [[Hugoprys]]e van die belangrikste pryse vir wetenskapsfiksie".<ref name="Guardianquote">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Allison |title=Ursula K Le Guin wins sixth Nebula award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/28/ursula-k-le-guin-nebula |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2011-12-12 |date=2009-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/28/ursula-k-le-guin-nebula |archive-date=2009-08-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="TechRepquote">{{cite web|last=Garmon |first=Jay |title=Geek Trivia: Science-fiction double feature |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-science-fiction-double-feature/6122314 |publisher=TechRepublic |access-date=2011-12-12 |date=2006-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214164526/http://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-science-fiction-double-feature/6122314 |archive-date=2012-02-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings}} ==Skakels== {{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Nebula Award}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Letterkundige toekennings]] 8q2tjioiibh3kgf4vjgmyzyxy7i0w9u 1 463153 2913783 2026-06-25T17:59:19Z BurgertB 2401 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 1 463154 2913798 2026-06-25T19:24:07Z Sobaka 328 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463155 2913800 2026-06-25T19:29:49Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe spesie 2913800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Maputalandbruidsbos | image = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Pavetta vanwykiana | authority = Bridson, (2001) | synonyms = }} Die '''maputalandbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die ''Rubiaceae'' [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Mosambiek]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie vanaf die [Mkhuze-wildreservaat]] en [[Tembe-olifantpark]] noordwaarts tot in Mosambiek voor. Die spesie blom van September tot November. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 721.3.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse [[botanikus]] [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] vernoem. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-65 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20001157-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/24ef453b-d2c6-4a3e-985c-51fdd59e1987 Biodiversityadvisor]] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 1cgo1euqqbic0x8dyj5qxyy8do7u65a 2913801 2913800 2026-06-25T19:30:08Z Oesjaar 7467 Ai! 2913801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Maputalandbruidsbos | image = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Pavetta vanwykiana | authority = Bridson, (2001) | synonyms = }} Die '''maputalandbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die ''Rubiaceae'' [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Mosambiek]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie vanaf die [[Mkhuze-wildreservaat]] en [[Tembe-olifantpark]] noordwaarts tot in Mosambiek voor. Die spesie blom van September tot November. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 721.3.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse [[botanikus]] [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] vernoem. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-65 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20001157-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/24ef453b-d2c6-4a3e-985c-51fdd59e1987 Biodiversityadvisor]] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] b4zr60k7ldylapumd3papiie6gq629v 2913802 2913801 2026-06-25T19:30:25Z Oesjaar 7467 /* Bronnelys */ Ai! 2913802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Maputalandbruidsbos | image = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Pavetta vanwykiana | authority = Bridson, (2001) | synonyms = }} Die '''maputalandbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die ''Rubiaceae'' [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Mosambiek]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie vanaf die [[Mkhuze-wildreservaat]] en [[Tembe-olifantpark]] noordwaarts tot in Mosambiek voor. Die spesie blom van September tot November. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 721.3.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> Die spesie is na die Suid-Afrikaanse [[botanikus]] [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] vernoem. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-65 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20001157-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/24ef453b-d2c6-4a3e-985c-51fdd59e1987 Biodiversityadvisor] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 2gng88gouuzrr7e4vzuvkuurwczv4ca 2913803 2913802 2026-06-25T19:30:55Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Maputalandbruidsbos | image = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Pavetta vanwykiana | authority = Bridson, (2001) | synonyms = }} Die '''maputalandbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta vanwykiana'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die ''Rubiaceae'' [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Mosambiek]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie vanaf die [[Mkhuze-wildreservaat]] en [[Tembe-olifantpark]] noordwaarts tot in Mosambiek voor. Die spesie blom van September tot November. Die struik se FSA-nommer is 721.3.<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> en is na die Suid-Afrikaanse [[botanikus]] [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] vernoem. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-65 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20001157-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/24ef453b-d2c6-4a3e-985c-51fdd59e1987 Biodiversityadvisor] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Mosambiek]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] 5zuthjtaxhe8o95gj9cs313c7uzdkhj 0 463156 2913804 2026-06-25T19:33:03Z Oesjaar 7467 Aanstuur 2913804 wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Pavetta vanwykiana]] 31m6c4n3ufvfe54mx2xrrji54yk6ego 1 463157 2913805 2026-06-25T19:34:05Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463158 2913817 2026-06-25T19:57:55Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe spesie 2913817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = |image = |image_caption = |status = |status_system = IUCN2.3 |status_ref = |taxon = Eugenia vanwykiana |binomial_authority = N.Snow, (2012) |synonyms = |}} '''''Eugenia vanwykiana''''' is 'n [[boom]] wat deel van die Myrtaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Madagaskar]]. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronnelys == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77118199-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Eugenia|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Madagaskar]] rudd8zp3j5xkp9hn98l0ivp5y9oxfjn 2913836 2913817 2026-06-25T21:02:43Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = |image = |image_caption = |status = |status_system = IUCN2.3 |status_ref = |taxon = Eugenia vanwykiana |binomial_authority = N.Snow, (2012) |synonyms = |}} '''''Eugenia vanwykiana''''' is 'n [[boom]] wat deel van die Myrtaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Madagaskar]] en is na die Suid-Afrikaanse [[botanikus]] [[Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] vernoem. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronnelys == * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77118199-1 Plants of the World Online] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Eugenia|vanwykiana]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Madagaskar]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Madagaskar]] 3ofuwfajt6l6upri4z68jzeyp4we0lk 1 463159 2913818 2026-06-25T19:58:19Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 15 463160 2913819 2026-06-25T20:00:47Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463161 2913824 2026-06-25T20:16:53Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuwe spesie, uitgestorwe 2913824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = |image = |image_caption = |status = EX |status_system = IUCN2.3 |status_ref = |taxon = Eugenia pusilla |binomial_authority = N.E.Br., (1912) |synonyms = |}} '''''Eugenia pusilla''''' is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Myrtaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[Mpumalanga]] by [[Ermelo]] voor. Die boom word as uitgestorwe beskou. Die gebied waar dit voorkom in beplant met ''[[Acacia]]''-spesies. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2953-8 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:595684-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/da850d8a-3c97-4077-93e7-ee75d34c6824 Biodiversityadvisor] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Eugenia|pusilla]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] nyinfjzfu4ktbbg9e2uyu2kar6khnbm 2913825 2913824 2026-06-25T20:17:26Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks |name = |image = |image_caption = |status = EX |status_system = IUCN2.3 |status_ref = |taxon = Eugenia pusilla |binomial_authority = N.E.Br., (1912) |synonyms = |}} '''''Eugenia pusilla''''' is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Myrtaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[Mpumalanga]] by [[Ermelo]] voor. Die boom word as uitgestorwe beskou. Die gebied waar dit voorkom is beplant met ''[[Acacia]]''-spesies. == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2953-8 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:595684-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/da850d8a-3c97-4077-93e7-ee75d34c6824 Biodiversityadvisor] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Eugenia|pusilla]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] 6vw9avfn5zzj0s1bb7s705unoniozq9 1 463162 2913826 2026-06-25T20:18:42Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 15 463163 2913827 2026-06-25T20:19:13Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463164 2913843 2026-06-25T21:24:11Z BurgertB 2401 BurgertB het bladsy [[Versterkingsleër]] na [[Versterkingsleermetode]] geskuif 2913843 wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Versterkingsleermetode]] jqwczzofs7hbv3pb0tvjd3fgvibjusj 1 463165 2913845 2026-06-25T21:24:11Z BurgertB 2401 BurgertB het bladsy [[Bespreking:Versterkingsleër]] na [[Bespreking:Versterkingsleermetode]] geskuif 2913845 wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Bespreking:Versterkingsleermetode]] dxa5iztw2zfilh46ctp5qqttvob0ked 0 463166 2913855 2026-06-26T02:58:46Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met ''''Orkun Kökçü''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [oɾˈkun ˈcœctʃy]; gebore 29 Desember 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as middelveldspeler vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] speel, waarvan hy ook die kaptein is. Hoewel hy in [[Nederland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kökç...' 2913855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orkun Kökçü''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [oɾˈkun ˈcœctʃy]; gebore 29 Desember 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as middelveldspeler vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] speel, waarvan hy ook die kaptein is. Hoewel hy in [[Nederland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kökçü, Orkun}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] 9lqtn4yvpz92xx65qgrdyue9hspztux 2913856 2913855 2026-06-26T03:03:12Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Orkun Kökçü | image = [[Lêer:Orkun Kökçü 20260121 (2) - cropped version.jpg|280px]] | caption = Kökçü in 2026 | full_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2000|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Haarlem]], [[Nederland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/nederlands-voetbal/scorende-feyenoord-debutanten-alleen-tebbenhoff-jonger-dan-kokcu~a21263a5/|title=Cookies op gelderlander.nl - gelderlander.nl|website=www.gelderlander.nl}}</ref> | height = 1,75 m | position = Middelveldspeler | currentclub = [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 2007–2009 | youthclubs1 = Olympia Haarlem | youthyears2 = 2009–2010 | youthclubs2 = [[HFC EDO|EDO]] | youthyears3 = 2010–2011 | youthclubs3 = Stormvogels | youthyears4 = 2011–2014 | youthclubs4 = [[FC Groningen|Groningen]] | youthyears5 = 2014–2018 | youthclubs5 = [[Feyenoord]] | years1 = 2018–2023 | clubs1 = [[Feyenoord]] | caps1 = 119 | goals1 = 23 | years2 = 2023– | clubs2 = [[SL Benfica|Benfica]] | caps2 = 60 | goals2 = 14 | years3 = 2025–2026 | clubs3 = → [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] (leen) | caps3 = 30 | goals3 = 8 | years4 = 2026– | clubs4 = [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] | caps4 = 0 | goals4 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2017–2018 | nationalteam1 = Nederland o/18 | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2018–2019 | nationalteam2 = Nederland o/19 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2019 | nationalteam3 = Turkye o/21 | nationalcaps3 = 2 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2020– | nationalteam4 = [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkye]] | nationalcaps4 = 51 | nationalgoals4 = 4 | club-update = 15 Mei 2026 | nationalteam-update = 14 Junie 2026 }} '''Orkun Kökçü''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [oɾˈkun ˈcœctʃy]; gebore 29 Desember 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as middelveldspeler vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] speel, waarvan hy ook die kaptein is. Hoewel hy in [[Nederland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kökçü, Orkun}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] 5kno6wxyj07q7j31mj1kbnnqbxxwm0s 2913857 2913856 2026-06-26T03:04:21Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Orkun Kökçü | image = [[Lêer:Orkun Kökçü 20260121 (2) - cropped version.jpg|280px]] | caption = Kökçü in 2026 | full_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2000|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Haarlem]], [[Nederland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/nederlands-voetbal/scorende-feyenoord-debutanten-alleen-tebbenhoff-jonger-dan-kokcu~a21263a5/|title=Scorende Feyenoord-debutanten: Alleen Tebbenhoff jonger dan Kökcü|website=www.gelderlander.nl|language=nl}}</ref> | height = 1,75 m | position = Middelveldspeler | currentclub = [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 2007–2009 | youthclubs1 = Olympia Haarlem | youthyears2 = 2009–2010 | youthclubs2 = [[HFC EDO|EDO]] | youthyears3 = 2010–2011 | youthclubs3 = Stormvogels | youthyears4 = 2011–2014 | youthclubs4 = [[FC Groningen|Groningen]] | youthyears5 = 2014–2018 | youthclubs5 = [[Feyenoord]] | years1 = 2018–2023 | clubs1 = [[Feyenoord]] | caps1 = 119 | goals1 = 23 | years2 = 2023– | clubs2 = [[SL Benfica|Benfica]] | caps2 = 60 | goals2 = 14 | years3 = 2025–2026 | clubs3 = → [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] (leen) | caps3 = 30 | goals3 = 8 | years4 = 2026– | clubs4 = [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] | caps4 = 0 | goals4 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2017–2018 | nationalteam1 = Nederland o/18 | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | nationalyears2 = 2018–2019 | nationalteam2 = Nederland o/19 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2019 | nationalteam3 = Turkye o/21 | nationalcaps3 = 2 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2020– | nationalteam4 = [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkye]] | nationalcaps4 = 51 | nationalgoals4 = 4 | club-update = 15 Mei 2026 | nationalteam-update = 14 Junie 2026 }} '''Orkun Kökçü''' ([[Turks|Turkse]] uitspraak: [oɾˈkun ˈcœctʃy]; gebore 29 Desember 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as middelveldspeler vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Beşiktaş JK (sokker)|Beşiktaş]] speel, waarvan hy ook die kaptein is. Hoewel hy in [[Nederland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kökçü, Orkun}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] 3bscu4716o21u6bo2686dm6h956vxlw 1 463167 2913858 2026-06-26T03:05:14Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463168 2913862 2026-06-26T04:06:39Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met ''''Kaan Ayhan''' (gebore 10 November 1994) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as verdediger vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Duitsland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayhan, Kaan}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1994]] Kategorie:Lew...' 2913862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaan Ayhan''' (gebore 10 November 1994) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as verdediger vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Duitsland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayhan, Kaan}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1994]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] qfmr00wky1gh6pz2c7abj05dxqbjmrx 2913863 2913862 2026-06-26T04:11:56Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Kaan Ayhan | image = [[Lêer:Kaan-Ayhan-08-2019.jpg|240px]] | caption = Ayhan in 2019 | fullname = Kaan Ayhan | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|11|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Duitsland]] | height = 1,85 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sassuolocalcio.it/en/player/kaan-ayhan/ |title=Kaan Ayhan |publisher=U.S. Sassuolo Calcio |accessdate=2 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902164453/https://www.sassuolocalcio.it/en/player/kaan-ayhan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = Verdediger | currentclub = [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] | clubnumber = 23 | youthyears1 = 1999–2013 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]] | years1 = 2013 | clubs1 = [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04 II]] | caps1 = 3 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2013–2016 | clubs2 = [[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]] | caps2 = 30 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2016 | clubs3 = → [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] (leen) | caps3 = 2 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2016–2020 | clubs4 = [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] | caps4 = 113 | goals4 = 8 | years5 = 2020–2023 | clubs5 = [[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]] | caps5 = 52 | goals5 = 1 | years6 = 2023 | clubs6 = → [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] (leen) | caps6 = 5 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2023– | clubs7 = [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] | caps7 = 84 | goals7 = 3 | nationalyears1 = 2009 | nationalteam1 = Duitsland o/17 | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2009–2010 | nationalteam2 = Duitsland o/16 | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2010–2011 | nationalteam3 = Duitsland o/17 | nationalcaps3 = 20 | nationalgoals3 = 3 | nationalyears4 = 2012 | nationalteam4 = Duitsland o/18 | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 Turkye o/21 | nationalcaps5 = 8 | nationalgoals5 = 1 | nationalyears6 = 2016– | nationalteam6 = [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkye]] | nationalcaps6 = 71 | nationalgoals6 = 5 | club-update = 10 Junie 2026 | nationalteam-update = 11 Junie 2025 }} '''Kaan Ayhan''' (gebore 10 November 1994) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as verdediger vir die [[Süper Lig]]-klub [[Galatasaray SK (sokker)|Galatasaray]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Duitsland]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Turkse nasionale sokkerspan|Turkse nasionale span]]. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayhan, Kaan}} [[Kategorie:Turkse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1994]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] 9oordu5huodrz8w24csb2intx1brm7t 1 463169 2913864 2026-06-26T04:12:15Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 14 463170 2913867 2026-06-26T04:22:58Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Broodkrummels}} {{CommonsKategorie|Association football in Haiti|Sokker in Haïti}} [[Kategorie:Sport in Haïti]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Noord-Amerika|Haïti]] [[Kategorie:Sokker volgens land|Haïti]]' 2913867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Broodkrummels}} {{CommonsKategorie|Association football in Haiti|Sokker in Haïti}} [[Kategorie:Sport in Haïti]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Noord-Amerika|Haïti]] [[Kategorie:Sokker volgens land|Haïti]] jcuglsrw77ay7pmbxq86x0yte30c2n4 14 463171 2913870 2026-06-26T04:36:06Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{broodkrummels}} {{commonsKategorie|Association football players from Haiti|Haïtiaanse sokkerspelers}} [[Kategorie:Haïtiaanse sportlui|Sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Haïti|Spelers]]' 2913870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{broodkrummels}} {{commonsKategorie|Association football players from Haiti|Haïtiaanse sokkerspelers}} [[Kategorie:Haïtiaanse sportlui|Sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Sokker in Haïti|Spelers]] 0lxs1yahlk79upgovutgvtdqvui4a56 0 463172 2913871 2026-06-26T04:40:54Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met ''''Wilson Isidor''' (gebore 27 Augustus 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as voorspeler vir die [[Premier League|Premierliga]]-klub [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Frankryk]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïtiaanse nasionale span]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|website=www.flashscore.mobi|language=en|access-date=...' 2913871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilson Isidor''' (gebore 27 Augustus 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as voorspeler vir die [[Premier League|Premierliga]]-klub [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Frankryk]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïtiaanse nasionale span]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|website=www.flashscore.mobi|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Isidor, Wilson}} [[Kategorie:Haïtiaanse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] nb33v3wg64lwyzbmzdzvorsfzxvng4r 2913873 2913871 2026-06-26T04:46:13Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Wilson Isidor | image = [[Lêer:Wilson Isidor 2022.jpg|240px]] | upright = | caption = Isidor in 2022 | full_name = Wilson Isidor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/024e-0f842e8d5e09-14d60c4af973-1000/uyl_booking_list_before_play-offs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711225851/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/024e-0f842e8d5e09-14d60c4af973-1000/uyl_booking_list_before_play-offs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2021 |title=UEFA Youth League 2018/2019: Booking List before Knockout Round Play-offs |publisher=UEFA |page=4 |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|8|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Rennes]], [[Frankryk]]<ref name=wf>{{WorldFootball.net|wilson-isidor}}</ref> | height = 1,86 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fclm.ru/en/players/1098/|title=Wilson Isidor|access-date=20 September 2022|publisher=FC Lokomotiv Moscow}}</ref> | position = Voorspeler | currentclub = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | clubnumber = <!-- 10 --> 18 | youthyears1 = 2007–2009 | youthclubs1 = Le Rheu | youthyears2 = 2009–2018 | youthclubs2 = [[Stade Rennais FC|Rennes]] | years1 = 2017–2018 | clubs1 = [[Stade Rennais FC|Rennes II]] | caps1 = 4 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2018–2022 | clubs2 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco II]] | caps2 = 21 | goals2 = 5 | years3 = 2018–2022 | clubs3 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | caps3 = 5 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2019–2020 | clubs4 = → [[Stade Lavallois|Laval]] (leen) | caps4 = 14 | goals4 = 1 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = → [[Stade Lavallois|Laval II]] (leen) | caps5 = 4 | goals5 = 3 | years6 = 2020–2021 | clubs6 = → [[FC Bastia-Borgo|Bastia-Borgo]] (leen) | caps6 = 29 | goals6 = 15 | years7 = 2022–2024 | clubs7 = [[Lokomotiv Moskou]] | caps7 = 35 | goals7 = 16 | years8 = 2023–2024 | clubs8 = → [[Zenit Sint Petersburg]] (leen) | caps8 = 14 | goals8 = 2 | years9 = 2024–2025 | clubs9 = [[Zenit Sint Petersburg]] | caps9 = 3 | goals9 = 1 | years10 = 2024–2025 | clubs10 = → [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] (leen) | caps10 = 26 | goals10 = 9 | years11 = 2025– | clubs11 = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | caps11 = 50 | goals11 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2017 | nationalteam1 = Frankryk o/17 | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2017–2018 | nationalteam2 = Frankryk o/18 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2018–2019 | nationalteam3 = Frankryk o/19 | nationalcaps3 = 8 | nationalgoals3 = 8 | nationalyears4 = 2019 | nationalteam4 = Frankryk o/20 | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2026– | nationalteam5 = [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïti]] | nationalcaps5 = 7 | nationalgoals5 = 3 | pcupdate = 24 Mei 2026 | ntupdate = 25 Junie 2026 }} '''Wilson Isidor''' (gebore 27 Augustus 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as voorspeler vir die [[Premier League|Premierliga]]-klub [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Frankryk]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïtiaanse nasionale span]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|website=www.flashscore.mobi|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Isidor, Wilson}} [[Kategorie:Haïtiaanse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] rg8p1yd5wo2y0vcp0310d8oqevmey4r 2913874 2913873 2026-06-26T04:47:05Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 2913874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Wilson Isidor | image = [[Lêer:Wilson Isidor 2022.jpg|240px]] | upright = | caption = Isidor in 2022 | full_name = Wilson Isidor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/024e-0f842e8d5e09-14d60c4af973-1000/uyl_booking_list_before_play-offs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711225851/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/024e-0f842e8d5e09-14d60c4af973-1000/uyl_booking_list_before_play-offs.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2021 |title=UEFA Youth League 2018/2019: Booking List before Knockout Round Play-offs |publisher=UEFA |page=4 |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|8|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Rennes]], [[Frankryk]] | height = 1,86 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fclm.ru/en/players/1098/|title=Wilson Isidor|access-date=20 September 2022|publisher=FC Lokomotiv Moscow}}</ref> | position = Voorspeler | currentclub = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | clubnumber = <!-- 10 --> 18 | youthyears1 = 2007–2009 | youthclubs1 = Le Rheu | youthyears2 = 2009–2018 | youthclubs2 = [[Stade Rennais FC|Rennes]] | years1 = 2017–2018 | clubs1 = [[Stade Rennais FC|Rennes II]] | caps1 = 4 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2018–2022 | clubs2 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco II]] | caps2 = 21 | goals2 = 5 | years3 = 2018–2022 | clubs3 = [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | caps3 = 5 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2019–2020 | clubs4 = → [[Stade Lavallois|Laval]] (leen) | caps4 = 14 | goals4 = 1 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = → [[Stade Lavallois|Laval II]] (leen) | caps5 = 4 | goals5 = 3 | years6 = 2020–2021 | clubs6 = → [[FC Bastia-Borgo|Bastia-Borgo]] (leen) | caps6 = 29 | goals6 = 15 | years7 = 2022–2024 | clubs7 = [[Lokomotiv Moskou]] | caps7 = 35 | goals7 = 16 | years8 = 2023–2024 | clubs8 = → [[Zenit Sint Petersburg]] (leen) | caps8 = 14 | goals8 = 2 | years9 = 2024–2025 | clubs9 = [[Zenit Sint Petersburg]] | caps9 = 3 | goals9 = 1 | years10 = 2024–2025 | clubs10 = → [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] (leen) | caps10 = 26 | goals10 = 9 | years11 = 2025– | clubs11 = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | caps11 = 50 | goals11 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2017 | nationalteam1 = Frankryk o/17 | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2017–2018 | nationalteam2 = Frankryk o/18 | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2018–2019 | nationalteam3 = Frankryk o/19 | nationalcaps3 = 8 | nationalgoals3 = 8 | nationalyears4 = 2019 | nationalteam4 = Frankryk o/20 | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2026– | nationalteam5 = [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïti]] | nationalcaps5 = 7 | nationalgoals5 = 3 | pcupdate = 24 Mei 2026 | ntupdate = 25 Junie 2026 }} '''Wilson Isidor''' (gebore 27 Augustus 2000) is 'n professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as voorspeler vir die [[Premier League|Premierliga]]-klub [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] speel. Hoewel hy in [[Frankryk]] gebore is, verteenwoordig hy die [[Haïtiaanse nasionale sokkerspan|Haïtiaanse nasionale span]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|website=www.flashscore.mobi|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26}}</ref> == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Sokkersaadjie}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Isidor, Wilson}} [[Kategorie:Haïtiaanse sokkerspelers]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 2000]] [[Kategorie:Lewende mense]] szql9532v40rj8zich3hpzx3nfhozqv 1 463173 2913872 2026-06-26T04:42:40Z Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika 184704 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463174 2913885 2026-06-26T07:07:01Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913885 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1985 Formule Een-seisoen|1985]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[15 September]] [[1985]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 12 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 43 | 1:34:19.893 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 5 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | + 28.422 | 7 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 43 | + 55.109 | 1 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 6 | {{FI-VLAG}} '''[[Keke Rosberg]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | + 1:15.290 | 10 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 7 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 3 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 17 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Gerhard Berger]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 8 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Philippe Streiff]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 40 | + 3 Rondes | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 38 | Ongeluk | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Pierluigi Martini]] | [[Minardi]]-Motori Moderni | 38 | + 5 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Renault]] | 38 | + 5 Rondes | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! NC | 24 | {{NL-VLAG}} [[Huub Rothengatter]] | Osella-[[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 37 | Nie geklassifiseer | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 31 | Enjin | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 26 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Patrick Tambay]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 24 | Ratkas | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | Toleman-Hart | 23 | Petrolpedaal | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Elio De Angelis]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 17 | Turbo | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 30 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Christian Danner]] | Zakspeed | 16 | Ratkas | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 9 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Philippe Alliot]] | RAM-Hart | 10 | Ongeluk | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 28 | {{SE-VLAG}} [[Stefan Johansson]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 7 | Tol | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 20 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Piercarlo Ghinzani]] | Toleman-Hart | 7 | Ongeluk | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 3 | Koppeling | 4 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1985|België]] 5ovaa4d2sitmuuqfzu9vyky5d09coi8 0 463175 2913887 2026-06-26T07:14:03Z Oesjaar 7467 Nuer spesie 2913887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spesieboks | name = Blinkbruidsbos | image = | image2 = | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | taxon = Pavetta kotzei | authority = Bremek., (1929) | synonyms = }} Die '''blinkbruidsbos''' (''Pavetta kotzei'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Rubiaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]], [[Mpumalanga]] en die [[Oos-Kaap]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 717.3<ref>https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/</ref> == Sien ook == * [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]] == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Bronnelys == * [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1446-38 REDLIST Sanbi] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:759783-1 Plants of the World Online] * [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/c238620c-c03e-4600-a8d3-6cef0d8b7d0f Biodiversityadvisor] {{Taksonbalk}} [[Kategorie:Pavetta|kotzei]] [[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]] [[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]] cfecujvpzqud4q5ioxzp5l5d9xokhvt 1 463176 2913888 2026-06-26T07:16:09Z Oesjaar 7467 Verbeter 2913888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv 0 463177 2913889 2026-06-26T07:16:42Z Oesjaar 7467 Aanstuur 2913889 wikitext text/x-wiki #AANSTUUR [[Pavetta kotzei]] 6aobleogdx6al1axl29nw2xagkc8xti 0 463178 2913890 2026-06-26T07:17:22Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913890 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1986 Formule Een-seisoen|1986]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[25 Mei]] [[1986]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 5 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | 1:27:57.925 | 5 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 12 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 43 | + 19.827 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{SE-VLAG}} '''[[Stefan Johansson]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 43 | + 23.592 | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 43 | + 29.634 | 9 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Jacques Laffite]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 43 | + 1:10.690 | 17 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 1 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 43 | + 2:17.772 | 3 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 7 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 17 | {{CH-VLAG}} [[Marc Surer]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 41 | + 2 Rondes | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 20 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Gerhard Berger]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[BMW]] | 41 | + 2 Rondes | 2 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 15 | {{AU-VLAG}} [[Alan Jones]] | Lola-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 40 | Geen brandstof | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 4 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Streiff | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Renault]] | 40 | + 3 Rondes | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 14 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | Zakspeed | 37 | + 6 Rondes | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Minardi]]-Motori Moderni | 35 | Geen brandstof | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 29 | {{NL-VLAG}} Huub Rothengatter | Zakspeed | 25 | Elektriese probleem | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Renault]] | 25 | Ratkas | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 24 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alessandro Nannini | [[Minardi]]-Motori Moderni | 24 | Ratkas | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[René Arnoux]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Renault]] | 23 | Motor | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 6 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 16 | Turbo | 1 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Arrows]]-[[BMW]] | 7 | Elektriese probleem | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 11 | {{GB-VLAG}} Johnny Dumfries | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 7 | Spin | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[McLaren]]-TAG | 6 | Motor | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Piercarlo Ghinzani | Osella-[[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 3 | Motor | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{DE-VLAG}} Christian Danner | Osella-[[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 2 | Motor | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{FR-VLAG}} Patrick Tambay | Lola-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Ongeluk | 10 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1986|België]] blg3wmvfsoxfip9yheek39k1h37rqcj 0 463179 2913892 2026-06-26T07:23:19Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913892 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1989 Formule Een-seisoen|1989]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[27 Augustus]] [[1989]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | 1:40:54.196 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | + 1.304 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 27 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 44 | + 1.824 | 6 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]''' | 44 | + 54.408 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Alessandro Nannini''' | '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:08.805 | 7 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:18.316 | 10 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{BR-VLAG}} Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{SE-VLAG}} Stefan Johansson | Onyx-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} Pierluigi Martini | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 20 | {{IT-VLAG}} Emanuele Pirro | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} Ivan Capelli | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} Olivier Grouillard | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 2 Rondes | 21 | |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1989|België]] tb5zliplkb9a9fn5ka99p3dkpyohedm 2913893 2913892 2026-06-26T07:23:30Z Aliwal2012 39067 [[:Kategorie:Sport in 1989]] verwyder ([[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat.js]]) 2913893 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1989 Formule Een-seisoen|1989]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[27 Augustus]] [[1989]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | 1:40:54.196 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | + 1.304 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 27 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 44 | + 1.824 | 6 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]''' | 44 | + 54.408 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Alessandro Nannini''' | '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:08.805 | 7 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:18.316 | 10 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{BR-VLAG}} Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{SE-VLAG}} Stefan Johansson | Onyx-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} Pierluigi Martini | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 20 | {{IT-VLAG}} Emanuele Pirro | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} Ivan Capelli | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} Olivier Grouillard | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 2 Rondes | 21 | |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] t7e2juljm1j7n0p4c7l45zlayap5g7n 2913898 2913893 2026-06-26T07:57:26Z Aliwal2012 39067 +foto vanaf en:wp geneem 2913898 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1989 Formule Een-seisoen|1989]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[27 Augustus]] [[1989]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. [[Lêer:1989 Belgian GP race start 02.jpg|regs|duimnael|[[Ayrton Senna]] lei [[Alain Prost]] by die wegsprong. Agter hulle jaag [[Gerhard Berger]], [[Thierry Boutsen]] en [[Nigel Mansell]] ver regs.]] ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | 1:40:54.196 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | + 1.304 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 27 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 44 | + 1.824 | 6 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]''' | 44 | + 54.408 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Alessandro Nannini''' | '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:08.805 | 7 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:18.316 | 10 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{BR-VLAG}} Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{SE-VLAG}} Stefan Johansson | Onyx-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} Pierluigi Martini | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 20 | {{IT-VLAG}} Emanuele Pirro | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} Ivan Capelli | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} Olivier Grouillard | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 2 Rondes | 21 | |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] dsm0zm48xh0v51gc02fkgrj2yb7xfom 2913899 2913898 2026-06-26T08:02:50Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Uitslag */ uitgebrei 2913899 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1989 Formule Een-seisoen|1989]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[27 Augustus]] [[1989]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. [[Lêer:1989 Belgian GP race start 02.jpg|regs|duimnael|[[Ayrton Senna]] lei [[Alain Prost]] by die wegsprong. Agter hulle jaag [[Gerhard Berger]], [[Thierry Boutsen]] en [[Nigel Mansell]] ver regs.]] ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | 1:40:54.196 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 44 | + 1.304 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 27 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 44 | + 1.824 | 6 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 5 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]''' | 44 | + 54.408 | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Alessandro Nannini''' | '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:08.805 | 7 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 44 | + 1:18.316 | 10 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 15 | {{BR-VLAG}} Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{SE-VLAG}} Stefan Johansson | Onyx-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} Pierluigi Martini | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 20 | {{IT-VLAG}} Emanuele Pirro | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} Ivan Capelli | March-Judd | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 26 | {{FR-VLAG}} Olivier Grouillard | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | + 1 Ronde | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! 14 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 2 Rondes | 21 | |- ! 15 | 24 | {{ES-VLAG}} Luis Perez-Sala | [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 41 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! 16 | 30 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Alliot | Larrousse-[[Lamborghini]] | 39 | Motor | 11 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 10 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 38 | Wiel | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 37 | {{BE-VLAG}} Bertrand Gachot | Onyx-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 21 | Tol | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 6 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Renault]] | 20 | Botsing | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 29 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | Larrousse-[[Lamborghini]] | 19 | Botsing | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alex Caffi | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 13 | Tol | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Brabham]]-Judd | 12 | Remme | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 28 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Gerhard Berger]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 9 | Tol | 3 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{IT-VLAG}} Stefano Modena | [[Brabham]]-Judd | 9 | Hantering | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[René Arnoux]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 4 | Botsing | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 4 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Johnny Herbert]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 3 | Tol | 16 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] 8e714rk44urlq426itctosjojy7a4un 0 463180 2913901 2026-06-26T08:16:27Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913901 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1988 Formule Een-seisoen|1988]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[28 Augustus]] [[1988]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 12 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Ayrton Senna]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | 1:28:00.549 | 1 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 11 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | + 30.470 | 2 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Ivan Capelli''' | '''March-Judd''' | 43 | + 1:15.768 | 14 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 1 | {{BR-VLAG}} '''[[Nelson Piquet]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Honda]]''' | 43 | + 1:23.628 | 9 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 17 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-Megatron''' | 43 | + 1:25.355 | 10 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 18 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-Megatron''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 11 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 5 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-Judd | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alex Caffi | [[Dallara]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 30 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Alliot | Larrousse-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 14 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Streiff | AGS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 26 | {{SE-VLAG}} Stefan Johansson | [[Ligier]]-Judd | 39 | Motor | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | Petrolpedaal | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! 13 | 10 | {{DE-VLAG}} Bernd Schneider | Zakspeed | 38 | Ratkas | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 20 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | Foutiewe brandstof | 6 | &nbsp; |- ! DSQ | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alessandro Nannini | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 43 | Foutiewe brandstof | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 31 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Gabriele Tarquini]] | Coloni-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 36 | Stuurfout | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 35 | Motor | 4 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 6 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Judd]] | 30 | Motor | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 15 | {{BR-VLAG}} Mauricio Gugelmin | March-Judd | 29 | Tol | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 9 | {{IT-VLAG}} Piercarlo Ghinzani | Zakspeed | 25 | Olielek | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 2 | {{JP-VLAG}} Satoru Nakajima | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Honda]] | 22 | Motor | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Nicola Larini | Osella | 14 | Brandstofstelsel | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 28 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Gerhard Berger]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 11 | Injectie | 3 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 29 | {{FR-VLAG}} Yannick Dalmas | Larrousse-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 9 | Motor | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | Rial-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 2 | Ongeluk | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[René Arnoux]] | [[Ligier]]-Judd | 2 | Ongeluk | 17 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1988|België]] ri2wacmze54x3jpigonkv5sp6du3gdx 0 463181 2913907 2026-06-26T08:32:15Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913907 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1987 Formule Een-seisoen|1987]] [[Formule 1]] [[Belgiese Grand Prix]]''' is op [[17 Mei]] [[1987]] op [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gehou. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr. !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondes !! Tyd/Rede vir uitval !! Rooster !! Punte |- ! 1 | 1 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 43 | 1:27:03.217 | 6 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 2 | {{SE-VLAG}} '''Stefan Johansson''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 43 | + 24.764 | 10 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 8 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Brabham]]-[[BMW]]''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 13 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 18 | {{US-VLAG}} '''[[Eddie Cheever]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-Megatron''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 11 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 11 | {{JP-VLAG}} '''Satoru Nakajima''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Honda]]''' | 42 | + 1 Ronde | 15 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-Megatron''' | 41 | + 2 Rondes | 16 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} Piercarlo Ghinzani | [[Ligier]]-Megatron | 40 | + 3 Rondes | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 30 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Alliot | Larrousse-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 40 | + 3 Rondes | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 4 | {{FR-VLAG}} Philippe Streiff | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | + 4 Rondes | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 14 | {{FR-VLAG}} Pascal Fabre | AGS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 38 | + 5 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 19 | {{IT-VLAG}} Teo Fabi | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 34 | Enjin | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 9 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | Zakspeed | 19 | Oorverhitting | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 20 | {{BE-VLAG}} [[Thierry Boutsen]] | [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 18 | Wiellaer | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 17 | Ongeluk | 1 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{IT-VLAG}} Ivan Capelli | March-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 14 | Enjin | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 6 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Honda]] | 11 | Uitlaat | 2 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alex Caffi | Osella-[[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 11 | Brandstoflek | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 27 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 9 | Transmissie | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 10 | {{DE-VLAG}} Christian Danner | Zakspeed | 9 | Remme | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 17 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | [[Arrows]]-Megatron | 8 | Verkoeler | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 7 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 5 | Koppeling | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 28 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Gerhard Berger]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 2 | Enjin | 4 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 24 | {{IT-VLAG}} Alessandro Nannini | [[Minardi]]-Motori Moderni | 1 | Turbo | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 12 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Ayrton Senna]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Honda]] | 0 | Ongeluk | 3 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 23 | {{ES-VLAG}} Adrián Campos | [[Minardi]]-Motori Moderni | 0 | Ratkas | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 0 | Ongeluk | 24 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:Belgiese Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1987|België]] ie1b7qi713htyd9t0ne0xhlj8zv42g3 0 463182 2913925 2026-06-26T09:36:05Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913925 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1982 Formule Een-seisoen|1982]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[25 April]] [[1982]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Didier Pironi]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | 1:36:38.887 | 4 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 0.366 | 3 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 60 | + 1:07.684 | 5 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 31 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''Jean-Pierre Jarier''' | '''Osella-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 10 | {{CL-VLAG}} '''Eliseo Salazar''' | '''ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 14 | '''2''' |- ! DQ | 9 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 54 | Gediskwalifiseer | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! NC | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | Toleman-Hart | 52 | Nie geklassifiseer | 10 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|San Marino ]] 5jcrosqnn90inkzq0wj68r0dwis1ipp 2913956 2913925 2026-06-26T10:35:42Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913956 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1982 Formule Een-seisoen|1982]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[25 April]] [[1982]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Didier Pironi]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | 1:36:38.887 | 4 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 27 | {{CA-VLAG}} '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 0.366 | 3 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Michele Alboreto]]''' | '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 60 | + 1:07.684 | 5 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 31 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''Jean-Pierre Jarier''' | '''Osella-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 9 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 10 | {{CL-VLAG}} '''Eliseo Salazar''' | '''ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 14 | '''2''' |- ! DQ | 9 | {{DE-VLAG}} [[Manfred Winkelhock]] | ATS-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 54 | Gediskwalifiseer | 12 | &nbsp; |- ! NC | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Teo Fabi]] | Toleman-Hart | 52 | Nie geklassifiseer | 10 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1982|San Marino ]] jf32ndtzht0i9fxzwy08sox07qeodiz 0 463183 2913948 2026-06-26T10:10:45Z Aliwal2012 39067 nuwe artikel! 2913948 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1983 Formule Een-seisoen|1983]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[1 Mei]] [[1983]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 27 | {{FR-VLAG}} Patrick Tambay | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 60 | 1:37:52.460 | 3 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 15 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Alain Prost]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 60 | + 48.781 | 4 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[René Arnoux]] | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 1 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 1 | {{FI-VLAG}} [[Keke Rosberg]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 11 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 7 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[John Watson]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 24 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 29 | {{CH-VLAG}} Marc Surer | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 2 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jacques Laffite]] | [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 16 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 30 | {{BR-VLAG}} Chico Serra | [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 20 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 26 | {{BR-VLAG}} Raul Boesel | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! 10 | 23 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 57 | Enjin | 10 | &nbsp; |- ! 11 | 9 | {{DE-VLAG}} Manfred Winkelhock | ATS-[[BMW]] | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 7 | &nbsp; |- ! 12 | 12 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Nigel Mansell]] | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 56 | Tol | 15 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 6 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Riccardo Patrese]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 54 | Tol | 5 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 22 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 45 | Ontsteking | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} Elio de Angelis | [[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]] | 43 | Hantering | 9 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 5 | {{BR-VLAG}} [[Nelson Piquet]] | [[Brabham]]-[[BMW]] | 41 | Enjin | 2 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 25 | {{FR-VLAG}} [[Jean-Pierre Jarier]] | [[Ligier]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 39 | Verkoeler | 19 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 4 | {{US-VLAG}} Danny Sullivan | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 37 | Botsing | 22 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 35 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Derek Warwick]] | Toleman-Hart | 27 | Tol | 14 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 31 | {{IT-VLAG}} Corrado Fabi | Osella-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 20 | Tol | 26 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 36 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Bruno Giacomelli]] | Toleman-Hart | 20 | Suspensie | 17 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 8 | {{AT-VLAG}} [[Niki Lauda]] | [[McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 11 | Tol | 18 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 34 | {{VE-VLAG}} [[Johnny Cecotto]] | Theodore-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 11 | Tol | 23 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 3 | {{IT-VLAG}} [[Michele Alboreto]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 10 | Botsing | 13 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 33 | {{CO-VLAG}} Roberto Guerrero | Theodore-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 3 | Tol | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DNF | 16 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Renault F1|Renault]] | 1 | Turbo | 6 | &nbsp; |- |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1983|San Marino ]] o3u4v8hehvn2honaub89r1dqed9ntl1 0 463184 2913950 2026-06-26T10:16:36Z Dumbassman 62009 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '[[Beeld:Opinel-bread-01.jpg|duimnael|No. 10 Opinel mes]] '''Opinel''' is 'n Franse vervaardiger van sakmesse. Die maatskappy vervaardig sedert 1890 'n mesreeks met houthandvatsels vanuit sy hoofkwartier in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, [[Savoie]]. Die onderneming verkoop jaarliks ongeveer 15 miljoen messe. Opinel-messe word vervaardig van sowel hoëkoolstofstaal as vlekvrye staal, waarvan laasgenoemde Sandvik-staal uit Swede is. Opinel-messe is oorspronklik as werkersme...' 2913950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beeld:Opinel-bread-01.jpg|duimnael|No. 10 Opinel mes]] '''Opinel''' is 'n Franse vervaardiger van sakmesse. Die maatskappy vervaardig sedert 1890 'n mesreeks met houthandvatsels vanuit sy hoofkwartier in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, [[Savoie]]. Die onderneming verkoop jaarliks ongeveer 15 miljoen messe. Opinel-messe word vervaardig van sowel hoëkoolstofstaal as vlekvrye staal, waarvan laasgenoemde Sandvik-staal uit Swede is. Opinel-messe is oorspronklik as werkersmesse verkoop, maar het mettertyd 'n simbool van die Franse kultuur geword.<ref name=CNEW>C NEWS, ''[https://www.cnews.fr//culture/2013-07-07/le-couteau-opinel-la-lame-universelle-501272 Le Couteau Opinel, La Lame Universelle]'', Directsoir, no 233, 30 october 2007, republished 7 July 2013, retrieved 15 May 2022</ref> Die kunstenaar [[Pablo Picasso]] het na bewering een van die maatskappy se messe gebruik met sy beeldhouwerk. In 1989 het die Larousse-woordeboek Opinel as 'n geregistreerde handelsmerk opgeneem. ==Verwysings== {{Verwysings}} ==Eksterne skakels== {{commons}} * [http://www.opinel.com/ Amptelike webtuiste] [[Kategorie:Kultuur in Frankryk]] 46s0yu2xbuyyrnujh5ifjbtqukj94en 0 463185 2913954 2026-06-26T10:33:14Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met 'Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''Scuderi...' 2913954 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 13.416 | 6 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Elio de Angelis]]''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 59 | Geen benzine | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 20 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 58 | Geen brandstof | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 58 | Geen brandstof | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | Spirit-Hart | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} Stefan Bellof | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 55 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |} 63mws2rrgk1mq8fxha4u04q5o01cu2v 2913957 2913954 2026-06-26T10:36:02Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913957 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 13.416 | 6 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Elio de Angelis''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 59 | Geen brandstof | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 20 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 58 | Geen brandstof | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 58 | Geen brandstof | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | Spirit-Hart | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} Stefan Bellof | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 55 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|San Marino ]] cra2ug118e8d1juxt7o0028nmzie7n0 2913959 2913957 2026-06-26T10:36:35Z Aliwal2012 39067 2913959 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd/Rede !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 13.416 | 6 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Elio de Angelis''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 59 | Geen brandstof | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 20 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 58 | Geen brandstof | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 58 | Geen brandstof | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | Spirit-Hart | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} Stefan Bellof | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 55 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |} {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|San Marino ]] 4p2uxnmt86img1l3xalbclyld5xlhfq 2913962 2913959 2026-06-26T10:40:42Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Uitslag */ 2913962 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd/Rede !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 13.416 | 6 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Elio de Angelis''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 59 | Geen brandstof | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 20 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 58 | Geen brandstof | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 58 | Geen brandstof | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | Spirit-Hart | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} Stefan Bellof | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 55 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |} 'n Verdere 10 renjaers se motors het onklaar geraak tydens die wedren, en 5 was in botsings betrokke. {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|San Marino ]] 8grzxz2ujzv6gece2jdk66gltq4ckwc 2913964 2913962 2026-06-26T10:41:47Z Aliwal2012 39067 /* Uitslag */ 2913964 wikitext text/x-wiki Die '''[[1984 Formule Een-seisoen|1984]] [[San Marino Grand Prix]]''' was 'n [[Formule Een]]wedren wat op [[6 Mei]] [[1984]] in Imola, Italië plaasgevind het. ==Uitslag== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- ! Plek !! Nr !! Renjaer !! Span !! Rondtes !! Tyd/Rede !! Roosterplek !! Punte |- ! 1 | 7 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[Alain Prost]]''' | '''[[McLaren]]-TAG''' | 60 | 1:36:53.679 | 2 | '''9''' |- ! 2 | 28 | {{FR-VLAG}} '''[[René Arnoux]]''' | '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]''' | 60 | + 13.416 | 6 | '''6''' |- ! 3 | 11 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''Elio de Angelis''' | '''[[Team Lotus (1958-1994)|Lotus]]-[[Renault]]''' | 59 | Geen brandstof | 11 | '''4''' |- ! 4 | 16 | {{GB-VLAG}} '''[[Derek Warwick]]''' | '''[[Renault F1|Renault]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 4 | '''3''' |- ! 5 | 18 | {{BE-VLAG}} '''[[Thierry Boutsen]]''' | '''[[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]''' | 59 | + 1 Ronde | 20 | '''2''' |- ! 6 | 26 | {{IT-VLAG}} '''[[Andrea de Cesaris]]''' | '''[[Ligier]]-[[Renault]]''' | 58 | Geen brandstof | 12 | '''1''' |- ! 7 | 23 | {{US-VLAG}} [[Eddie Cheever]] | [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] | 58 | Geen brandstof | 8 | &nbsp; |- ! 8 | 21 | {{IT-VLAG}} Mauro Baldi | Spirit-Hart | 58 | + 2 Rondes | 24 | &nbsp; |- ! 9 | 10 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Jonathan Palmer]] | RAM-Hart | 57 | + 3 Rondes | 25 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 4 | {{DE-VLAG}} Stefan Bellof | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 59 | Gediskwalifiseer | 21 | &nbsp; |- ! DQ | 3 | {{GB-VLAG}} [[Martin Brundle]] | [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] | 55 | Gediskwalifiseer | 22 | &nbsp; |} 'n Verdere 10 renjaers se motors het onklaar geraak tydens die wedren, en 3 was in botsings betrokke. {{F1GP 1980–1989}} [[Kategorie:San Marino Grand Prix]] [[Kategorie:Sport in 1984|San Marino ]] n2kpwsc7zrz127kkink4arik5vwblqz 1 463186 2913982 2026-06-26T11:56:27Z Aliwal2012 39067 Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}}' 2913982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}} {{Bladtrekke}} 2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv