Wikipedia amiwiki https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%80%99ayayaw_pising_no_tyin-naw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Mitiya Kasi’iked Kasasowal Midemakay Kasasowal no midemakay Wikipedia Wikipedia a kasasowal Faylo Masasowal to faylo MediaWiki Masasowal to MediaWiki Masalipa Masalipaay a kasasowal Nipadama’ Mipadama’ a masasowal Kasasiwasiw Masasowal to kasasiwasiw TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 活動 活動討論 0 3272 51071 2026-10-26T07:17:57Z Masaonikar 570 建立內容為「== Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' ==」的新頁面 51071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == imfhj29axd6kdrskcee7x1k8ldtlfmx 51072 51071 2026-10-26T07:18:27Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51072 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. 9hsomjjeyg1offll0x4hbvxo6gqr2zh 51073 51072 2026-10-26T07:18:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51073 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. a5zj552a0xweoqkzag0oqfzuw3khgzg 51074 51073 2026-10-26T07:19:12Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51074 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. e1etosopmatn8ct8hf93gjh56c49ryn 51075 51074 2026-10-26T07:19:30Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51075 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. o11xuda7ya528rqeus521by556iy8ju 51076 51075 2026-10-26T07:19:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. 5bkwcyyyxgp0kouvsphexjld755akrf 51077 51076 2026-10-26T07:20:26Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51077 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. 0uzvfxr7tt1fsqo5uvad634m7t1632a 51078 51077 2026-10-26T07:20:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51078 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. 92hmqq6dv61kr8xlclgz777cr6wxa53 51079 51078 2026-10-26T07:21:31Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地) */ 51079 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === j0x1mzk7sywn6t9pndqzgyaurd051vc 51080 51079 2026-10-26T07:21:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. 0t940504wfk9cwl4ke24anuoi4mvw24 51081 51080 2026-10-26T07:22:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51081 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. 9alh6tq8wp9yxf2cd8dfl8hju9s4o98 51082 51081 2026-10-26T07:22:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51082 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. 1tpa661l114h3coczl00ofx0qxzzg7h 51083 51082 2026-10-26T07:22:59Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51083 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. cxgrixw0cvya71qaeknq6xud9jc4ydf 51084 51083 2026-10-26T07:23:23Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51084 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. 3i94bvz7qq797bae76nntpfmnxplqa7 51085 51084 2026-10-26T07:23:42Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. oorck9nu7706ddirg3lufskzp8owq3w 51086 51085 2026-10-26T07:24:18Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) */ 51086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ftyjlmdc7a6c5d0dyq8dxrajdazze1s 51087 51086 2026-10-26T07:24:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51087 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. 4uv6fnkhp2o0igt6929i1qo4zdom0na 51088 51087 2026-10-26T07:24:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51088 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   67q0gizfcxyb62bj61qe90jrphsed6s 51089 51088 2026-10-26T07:25:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51089 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. j4p2hdrqapu4iu4r6399zwun9u2hld4 51090 51089 2026-10-26T07:25:35Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51090 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. 9v4kwpxqbw3qdccqlg9wwoocumrtgjf 51091 51090 2026-10-26T07:25:53Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51091 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” l4djurnpmfpatcersnag9gz4x0j1mxv 51092 51091 2026-10-26T07:26:13Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51092 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. 10hzag6llho8unf28mpycs7wm9p482r 51093 51092 2026-10-26T07:26:33Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51093 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. pinzl48mxwvft789f5o9p9qm6yft99y 51094 51093 2026-10-26T07:27:08Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) */ 51094 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === 7bu30rz5h1smhdhojzb5shizrmkr1i3 51095 51094 2026-10-26T07:27:28Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51095 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. p24gn7813ptskyuytun47euzkjy39up 51096 51095 2026-10-26T07:27:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51096 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. cp3hdyqpam83am7pbngx9utn8kig8hs 51097 51096 2026-10-26T07:28:09Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51097 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. 75hoyhrp8u10e854lg89s3gqm51w6qv 51098 51097 2026-10-26T07:28:28Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51098 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. ohsx8j4j3cpye2gic8mivy6mqsuth3y 51099 51098 2026-10-26T07:28:47Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51099 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. ed0af1eoyzizjp473lo0xlt2o2x942c 51100 51099 2026-10-26T07:29:05Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51100 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. gyzb8qvbgsf7djs3rsr92vaq92kzhjv 51101 51100 2026-10-26T07:29:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) */ 51101 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === k41zkjkukiwdqaj4ke0n72gb70f7hwm 51102 51101 2026-10-26T07:29:56Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51102 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. 2kyzz4zha11fmllgsly70g0q09mkig9 51103 51102 2026-10-26T07:30:14Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51103 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. soj95ju0i3ks41zy1c2qyic8t3yhiui 51104 51103 2026-10-26T07:30:32Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51104 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. Tonini a hekal ira to ko pala’ed to finacadan, kasasiwtoc no pakayraan, pacomahaday to siiked sakowan, kalalood ato kalaledat no syakay. Misi’ayaw to matiniay lalifet, oya ko miterek ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to sapitarowid to katadamaanan: 2rekrikt0k64gkgvbc8o8f0e9k4o674 51105 51104 2026-10-26T07:30:52Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51105 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. Tonini a hekal ira to ko pala’ed to finacadan, kasasiwtoc no pakayraan, pacomahaday to siiked sakowan, kalalood ato kalaledat no syakay. Misi’ayaw to matiniay lalifet, oya ko miterek ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to sapitarowid to katadamaanan: So’elinay ’icel, caay ko niparocekan no tao, oya pineper to so’elin; so’elinay kacipatelaw, caay ko nisanga’an a katalawan, oya pina’ay to kasasiingtel; so’elinay kacipakonira, caay ko sapiliyas to mipenecay, oya mipatirengay to kasasingodo no kahacecay sakacitari’ang no syakay. 5wd95aeqkzlb5w2wjpefu2hq67pdww3 51106 51105 2026-10-26T07:31:11Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51106 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. Tonini a hekal ira to ko pala’ed to finacadan, kasasiwtoc no pakayraan, pacomahaday to siiked sakowan, kalalood ato kalaledat no syakay. Misi’ayaw to matiniay lalifet, oya ko miterek ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to sapitarowid to katadamaanan: So’elinay ’icel, caay ko niparocekan no tao, oya pineper to so’elin; so’elinay kacipatelaw, caay ko nisanga’an a katalawan, oya pina’ay to kasasiingtel; so’elinay kacipakonira, caay ko sapiliyas to mipenecay, oya mipatirengay to kasasingodo no kahacecay sakacitari’ang no syakay. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, oya cecay kapah a fingkosi malaplap nai cilamalay. Awaay ko pakaharatengay, oya caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen a dadaya, mala o sakafalic no likisi i 20 sician a lalowadan. 56f1474o8wcbi3v12wlqiq0452cb22x 51107 51106 2026-10-26T07:31:31Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51107 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. Tonini a hekal ira to ko pala’ed to finacadan, kasasiwtoc no pakayraan, pacomahaday to siiked sakowan, kalalood ato kalaledat no syakay. Misi’ayaw to matiniay lalifet, oya ko miterek ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to sapitarowid to katadamaanan: So’elinay ’icel, caay ko niparocekan no tao, oya pineper to so’elin; so’elinay kacipatelaw, caay ko nisanga’an a katalawan, oya pina’ay to kasasiingtel; so’elinay kacipakonira, caay ko sapiliyas to mipenecay, oya mipatirengay to kasasingodo no kahacecay sakacitari’ang no syakay. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, oya cecay kapah a fingkosi malaplap nai cilamalay. Awaay ko pakaharatengay, oya caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen a dadaya, mala o sakafalic no likisi i 20 sician a lalowadan. Pawacay ko likisi, o cecay nineperay to so’elin a kacipatelaw, malo sakapacekil no kitakit; o pilongoc no cecay finacadan to mo’ecelay faloco’, tahaikor o mifalicay to hekal. b4p7gftu3ckhl8ax2lhggqm1mdbkfq0 51108 51107 2026-10-26T07:37:35Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) */ 51108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ('''莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地)''' == 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, o lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang, ona kalaplap nai kisya toya dadaya. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati sowal: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, Hindi a sowal: मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी, i 1869 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad – 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad), o pitahidang Tadamaanay Gandhi (Hindi a sowal: महात्मा गांधी), pamamaan no Intu, o nano fingkosi, sikoka, mifelihay to picalap ontoka ato sician pakayraan, pasi caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang ko pakayraan, malaheci makerid ko Intu nai pikowan no Inkiris a malamisatekeday a kitakit. Palowad cingra to kasahekal a finawlan salongoc ato pakoniraay onto. I 1914 miheca i South Africa, sarakat ira ko nano Sanskrit sowal to mangodoay sowal Mahātmā (Tadamaanay salo’afang ano eca o kakangodoan) sanay ko pitahidang cingraan, ikopr mayakyak to i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad to lafii, itira i Natal nicalapan i Pietermaritzburg a syataw i South Africa, o cecay malakapahay ho a fingkosi mapatangic palokelon maepod nai kisya. Onini a tamdaw ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ikor o pangangan no hekalay tamdaw paka ci Mahatma Gandhi han ko pitahidang i cingraan. Itiyaay ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi oci rocekay to paya maro’ i satadamaanay kamaro’an, nika o nika siroma no fanges ato kacingangan, mapaci’ci’ paliyas toya todong a kamaro’an. Tona caay ka pihayda cingra to pisawaco masakakinih, oya matayalay no cilamalay ato imeng malaplap cingra palokelon nai kisya, oya dafong to ningra mafahekol talapotal. Toya sienaway a dadaya, sacecay sato ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maro’ i pitalaan to kisya i Pietermaritzburg, miharateng ko niyah o hahadidien ko matiniay a lokes no pisawaco, ano eca lomowad a miliyang to caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Mata’elif ko pina mihecaan i, mahirateng ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi koya demak toya dadaya, itiraay i ’orip ningra koya “katapi’elalan” (awakening). macekad cingra, ano terep saan ko niyah, caay ka dengan o kasamo’ no tari’ang, o todong dayhiw no ’alomanay a ma’enecay tamdaw o eca eca to ko mamatengil ko ngiha nangra sato. O likisi itiraay aca i caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen ko kafiyol. Toya dadaya a syataw, awaay ko finawlan, awaay ko mitiya, awaay mipakpakay, nika mala no 20 sician a tadamaanay lalowadan no caay ko mikafolaw a sapiliyang a onto ko nian. === Nai tekedan a kalokes tayra i sakasedal no ’alomanay (從個人屈辱到群體解放) === Ona dengan o pitahidang masakapahay fikosi i South Africa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Malepon ko katatelek i, o maminokay i Intu ko halaka ningra. Nikawrira, matanangay aca ko nika lawaco no finacadan i, misetek cingra a masiday, mikihatiya to mafolaway i South Africa a Intu a finawlan malekapot to sapitariang salongoc. I 1894 miheca, patireng cingra to “Natal Intu finawlan kokomindaykay” (Natal Indian Congress), misatapang sakapot to Intu finawlan, pakayni i sarikewc, papolo ato nikapolongan sasowalan miliyang to miepecay a lekakawa. I 1906 miheca, tona Transvaal sifo masamawmaw i pitokian to sapipa’ekel to Intu a tamdaw i, mipacowat ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to kapolongan no hekal a saliyang a harana’ – “Satyagraha” hananay. O Satyagraha mafalic to “Mi’imeray to sa’elin” ano eca “Misarocod to so’elin”. O pafaloco’an caay ko sapiri’ang a miliyang to ’ada, pakayniay i sa’elin, kapahay faloco’ ato ’icel no lekakawa, sakimi’enecay pakanengneng to caayay ka mo’ecel no niyah, itiya mafalic ko lekakawa no syakay. O nianan ko sakaeca ka sorar, mina’ay to mi’ingtelay ko sapiliyang. Paso’elin ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, manga’ay no tamdaw miliyang ko tatiihay, nika caay ka nga’ay malasawad ko pinangan no tamdaw; manga’ay miliyang to mipenecay, nika caay ka nga’ay o roma ko sapipenec to caayay ka mo’ecel a tatiihay. === Caay ko sakakomi’ ko caay pikafolaw a miliyang, o sakacipatelaw. (非暴力不是軟弱，而是勇氣) === ’Aloman ko maoratay to caay pikafolaw a miliyang mato misoraray paliyas sanay. Nikawrira, o nilahecian ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi a caay pikafolaw a miliyang caayho ko makomi’ay, o misarocoday i kacipatelaway i kararimaan. Misi’ayaw to nicalapay pikowan, mirofoay, mipekpekay ato milokesay, oya to nai caay pikafolaw a miliyang ko sapipaca’of to mifolaway. Paretatenga cingra, o pifolaw alatek pacena’ay milowid to ’ada, nika caay pakafalic to faloco’ no tamdaw; dengan o so’elin ato olah, itiya mapatireng ko mida’ocay rihaday.   Orasaka, hayda saan cingra a marofo, nika caay ka pisorar cingra to caay ko mo’ecelay; mangalay mafades, nika caay ko malakoliay no kasasi’ingtel. Matiniay a hartateng mapakafiyol ko ikoray ’alomanay nikapolongan onto. O finawlan salongoc onto kakeridan no Amilika ci Martin Luther King Jr. pasowal sa: “Ci Kristo ko pafaliay takuwan t ociolahay harateng, oya sa ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ko pafeliay to sapilaheci a pakayraan.” Mihamon koya nano mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan no South Africa ci Nilsen Holilala Mantela, oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi itira i South Africa a piliyang ikor o lekakawa no mifelihay to pala’ed to finacadan a tadamaanay nisetekan a parana’an. Nai Intu tangasa i Amilika, nai South Africa tangasa i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, o adihayay milongocay to sakacipakonira ato salongoc no tamdaw a tamdamdaw i, saheto o nai kasienawan a dadaya a syataw ko lalowadan. === Masasiket i pipaso’elin ato kapolongan kadademak (信仰與公共行動的結合) === Oya ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi talacowa o nai Hinduism laloma’an ko kasofocan i, nika tadamaan ko nengneng ningra to kapolongan lisaysay no kaciepoc i kasasiroma no pakayraan. Nano misa’osiay to cingra to “Bhagavad Gita”, nano misa’osiay to “fa’elohay cudad” a pasifana’ ni Yis i lotok; misangodo cingra to Islam, misangodo to Kristokiw. Itira i, “Matay” saka 5 cefang a “Kaolahen ko 'ada” ato “Ano mingito'ay to wadis i, ngito'en ko wadis noya mingito'ay (Ano mipatela’ to kawanan a pising iso i, halo kawiliay pising iso ko papipatela’en)” sanay a sifana’, o sakafiyol i saki caay pikafolaw a miliyang no harateng ningra. Paretatenga ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, so’elinay pakayraan caay ko sakadademak to kasasiingtel, mala o milasakaci’icel no sapicikeroh t orihaday, mo’ecelay at okalali’ay. Orasaka, talacowa i 1947 miheca ikor pisiiked no Intu mapakohac ko Hinduism ato Muslim tadamaanay a kasasitoc i, misacikacikay cingra i kasaniyaro’, kao misaliwayay ato parihadayay ko pilekal milalang to sakarari’ang a demak. Mineper paso’elin cingra: manga’ay malekapot ma’orip ko masasiromaay pitooran, caay ko masasitekopay. Oninianan, I 1948 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad, Patayan no mari’angay no Hinduism cingra. Nikawrira, pahereken no timera ko ’orip ningra, nika caay pakaterep to niharatengan ningra. === Patarowid to aniniay hekal (給今日世界的提醒) === Mitiyol nai 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad a demak i Pietermaritzburg, manengneng no mita ko so’elinay likisi: mifalicay to hekal a tamdaw, oya caayay pidoedo t ocisakowanay ko pitekaan, oya nika caayay pihayda mi’ocekoyay ko pitekaan. Awaay ko sofitay ni Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, awaay ko dafong, awaay ko kacitodong to sician. Dengan o nipaso’elinay to so’elin ato mo’ecelay faloco’ ningra ko iraay. Tonini a hekal ira to ko pala’ed to finacadan, kasasiwtoc no pakayraan, pacomahaday to siiked sakowan, kalalood ato kalaledat no syakay. Misi’ayaw to matiniay lalifet, oya ko miterek ci Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to sapitarowid to katadamaanan: So’elinay ’icel, caay ko niparocekan no tao, oya pineper to so’elin; so’elinay kacipatelaw, caay ko nisanga’an a katalawan, oya pina’ay to kasasiingtel; so’elinay kacipakonira, caay ko sapiliyas to mipenecay, oya mipatirengay to kasasingodo no kahacecay sakacitari’ang no syakay. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, oya cecay kapah a fingkosi malaplap nai cilamalay. Awaay ko pakaharatengay, oya caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen a dadaya, mala o sakafalic no likisi i 20 sician a lalowadan. Pawacay ko likisi, o cecay nineperay to so’elin a kacipatelaw, malo sakapacekil no kitakit; o pilongoc no cecay finacadan to mo’ecelay faloco’, tahaikor o mifalicay to hekal. Mikawitay ci Huang Chunsheng Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar 5yv4x8mz6svw2zp34bdp7a6cnwq8dos 0 3273 51109 2026-10-26T11:23:54Z Masaonikar 570 建立內容為「== Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) ==」的新頁面 51109 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == ppbk0y8at16kku82ncoete9w1xrvn4g 51110 51109 2026-10-26T11:24:14Z Masaonikar 570 /* Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) */ 51110 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. 53321tmwsp7sdjlx211s51cgd52c1pt 51111 51110 2026-10-26T11:24:31Z Masaonikar 570 /* Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) */ 51111 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. cpa5c9z0rm04l2gv6poc0sb7q6l6nlg 51112 51111 2026-10-26T11:25:07Z Masaonikar 570 /* Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) */ 51112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. ep63gftykrd7dkq961nxtpn1mch1z93 51113 51112 2026-10-26T11:25:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) */ 51113 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === lb4jx33c24bturrjlmy4asm33iaxjhp 51114 51113 2026-10-26T11:26:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) */ 51114 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. l64z9os3cvzw7ffa27fr2hhqudjahca 51115 51114 2026-10-26T11:26:26Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) */ 51115 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. ptr1srztcmqywk40iidwmo7g5pvgu61 51116 51115 2026-10-26T11:26:58Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) */ 51116 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === bhdqseveunka8c09isqtxdgqlgrqhc7 51117 51116 2026-10-26T11:27:18Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) */ 51117 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   jwyvikgc0cnmn0jslmjau198udyya5e 51118 51117 2026-10-26T11:27:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) */ 51118 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   gdm7k44a118djwdf0h80ui9gsy0olp1 51119 51118 2026-10-26T11:27:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) */ 51119 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. 40pfs55qyf8so6hytx291yei4tuktf1 51120 51119 2026-10-26T11:28:28Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) */ 51120 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === mntsgci7t0qqn1r26979sauub8ge8ge 51121 51120 2026-10-26T11:28:47Z Masaonikar 570 /* ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) */ 51121 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. oi1wcvbesdtwyfc0oofd3buvqyvwxb1 51122 51121 2026-10-26T11:29:04Z Masaonikar 570 /* ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) */ 51122 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. 23kvcvivsceanx5ynxttikudbish2gd 51123 51122 2026-10-26T11:29:22Z Masaonikar 570 /* ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) */ 51123 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. 4q65rptorq4d6ype0livewdd6z0cj4w 51124 51123 2026-10-26T11:30:00Z Masaonikar 570 /* ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) */ 51124 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === hzdbcjsb77d56oor8o98qkp6il7o96z 51125 51124 2026-10-26T11:30:18Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. ngyiaglft15yjbxea8ab37c3bt45ha0 51126 51125 2026-10-26T11:30:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51126 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. s3en6d5qqcoib8piux3k8hhy5x1610k 51127 51126 2026-10-26T11:30:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51127 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 8055kygvr7er5jribjtj5k8ndqe1l9z 51128 51127 2026-10-26T11:31:14Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51128 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. 9cv7a92s8via2lhc6txqmfb9cfmz1ew 51129 51128 2026-10-26T11:31:32Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51129 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7] hajexrgazst4shj76gncuo8jth1mp9b 51130 51129 2026-10-26T11:31:56Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51130 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. mvtijdsp2ovh3khbqoj1oqmw0mvfkuj 51131 51130 2026-10-26T11:32:20Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51131 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. 4u95f6nlrsll7c1mmoy9ry2qzpm5r00 51132 51131 2026-10-26T11:32:51Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) */ 51132 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === fgeuwmt43cx9oknez64gvn1op23vbw5 51133 51132 2026-10-26T11:33:09Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kapatayan (去世) */ 51133 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. p362o1gvklcbdrjm1vdhlyqju6tx7f9 51134 51133 2026-10-26T11:34:07Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kapatayan (去世) */ 51134 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 3ngkrrw53at637z8epvbwsirj6zbwoc 51135 51134 2026-10-26T11:34:30Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 51135 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. <nowiki>ISBN 0-385-66004-9</nowiki> Biographical memoir by George R. Tilton. [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-11）. 2.Interview with Shirley Cohen from the Caltech Oral History archives (PDF). [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）. 3.Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for Clair C. Patterson （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 17. 4.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, October 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 5.The same (NAS) source as above （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 14. 6.Blood Lead Levels Keep Dropping; New Guidelines Proposed for Those Most Vulnerable, 1997-02-20 [2007-07-31], （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27） 7.Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C., Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans, Science, 1980, 207 (4436): 1167–76, Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1167S, <nowiki>PMID 6986654</nowiki>, doi:10.1126/science.6986654 8.Ericson, J.E.; Shirahata, H.; Patterson, C.C., Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians, N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 300: 949–51 9.Lead in the Human Environment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980 10.Dicke, William "Clair C. Patterson, Who Established Earth's Age, Is Dead at 73". [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. i4zjoxfl5e1g1y09cyzx7t5foyvcul1 51136 51135 2026-10-26T11:35:21Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 51136 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. <nowiki>ISBN 0-385-66004-9</nowiki> Biographical memoir by George R. Tilton. [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-11）. 2.Interview with Shirley Cohen from the Caltech Oral History archives (PDF). [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）. 3.Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for Clair C. Patterson （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 17. 4.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, October 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 5.The same (NAS) source as above （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 14. 6.Blood Lead Levels Keep Dropping; New Guidelines Proposed for Those Most Vulnerable, 1997-02-20 [2007-07-31], （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27） 7.Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C., Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans, Science, 1980, 207 (4436): 1167–76, Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1167S, <nowiki>PMID 6986654</nowiki>, doi:10.1126/science.6986654 8.Ericson, J.E.; Shirahata, H.; Patterson, C.C., Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians, N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 300: 949–51 9.Lead in the Human Environment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980 10.Dicke, William "Clair C. Patterson, Who Established Earth's Age, Is Dead at 73". [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. === Pipadoedoan misa’osi (延伸閱讀) === rgsngrxnb6f9y91tz9ezxegax2n7u84 51137 51136 2026-10-26T11:35:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pipadoedoan misa’osi (延伸閱讀) */ 51137 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. <nowiki>ISBN 0-385-66004-9</nowiki> Biographical memoir by George R. Tilton. [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-11）. 2.Interview with Shirley Cohen from the Caltech Oral History archives (PDF). [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）. 3.Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for Clair C. Patterson （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 17. 4.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, October 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 5.The same (NAS) source as above （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 14. 6.Blood Lead Levels Keep Dropping; New Guidelines Proposed for Those Most Vulnerable, 1997-02-20 [2007-07-31], （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27） 7.Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C., Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans, Science, 1980, 207 (4436): 1167–76, Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1167S, <nowiki>PMID 6986654</nowiki>, doi:10.1126/science.6986654 8.Ericson, J.E.; Shirahata, H.; Patterson, C.C., Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians, N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 300: 949–51 9.Lead in the Human Environment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980 10.Dicke, William "Clair C. Patterson, Who Established Earth's Age, Is Dead at 73". [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. === Pipadoedoan misa’osi (延伸閱讀) === 1.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 2.Patterson, C.; Chow, T. J., The occurrence and significance of lead isotopes in pelagic sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1962, 26 (2): 263–308, Bibcode:1962GeCoA..26..263C, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(62)90016-9 3.Patterson, C., Contaminated and natural lead environments of man, Arch. Environ. Health, 1965, 11: 344–360, <nowiki>PMID 14334042</nowiki> 4.Bryson, Bill, A Short History of Nearly Everything, Broadway: 149, 156–160, 2004, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7679-0818-4</nowiki> 5.Davidson, Cliff I. (編), Clean Hands: Clair Patterson's Crusade against Environmental Lead Contamination, New York: Nova Science Publishers: xxxiv+162, 1998, <nowiki>ISBN 1-56072-568-0</nowiki> 6.McGrayne, S. Bertsch, Ch. 9: Lead-Free Gasoline and Clair C. Patterson, Prometheans in the Lab, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002, <nowiki>ISBN 0-07-140795-2</nowiki> 7.Tilton, George R., Clair Cameron Patterson, [2009-03-10], （原始內容存檔於2013-11-11） 8.Denworth, L. Toxic Truth: A Scientist, A Doctor, and the Battle over Lead, Beacon Press, 2009. 9.Casanova, I, Clair C. Patterson (1922-1995), discoverer of the age of the Earth, Int. Microbiol. 1 (3), 1998, 1 (3): 231–2Sep 1998, <nowiki>PMID 10943366</nowiki> 10.Flegal, A R, Clair Patterson's influence on environmental research, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 64–70Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...65F, <nowiki>PMID 9725987</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1998.3861 11.Needleman, H L, Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe: two views of lead toxicity, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 79–85Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...79N, <nowiki>PMID 9719611</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1997.3807 12.Flegal, A, Clair Patterson's Influence on Environmental Research, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 65–185Aug 1998, <nowiki>PMID 9719609</nowiki> 13.Nriagu, J O, Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe's paradigm of "show me the data" on environmental lead poisoning, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 71–8Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...71N, <nowiki>PMID 9719610</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1997.3808 swtwhgsp71aw31q56w5dlq06xdbvofk 51138 51137 2026-10-26T11:36:34Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pipadoedoan misa’osi (延伸閱讀) */ 51138 wikitext text/x-wiki == Clair Cameron Patterson (克萊爾•卡梅倫•帕特森) == Clair Cameron Patterson, (1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad – 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad), Amilika a Cisicu kakusa ato Cikyo kakusa, masofoc i Mitchellville no Iowa i Amilika, o Chicago daykako a hakasi, o naitiraay i California koka daykako malasingsi. Malekadep ci Clair Cameron Patterson aci George Tilton a tatosa, misalof to Yo-Namali sapitelek to miheca, saka mipasadak to Yo-namali pitelek to miheca. Malaheci ko pitelek to Yabuluo a tepaday lotok a fokeloh masekeda i malecaday ko kinaira, itiya cingra i 1956 miheca masa’osi ko mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5±0.7 walwalan ko miheca[1]. I’ayaw no 1940 miheca kaitira ho ni Clair Cameron Patterson i Chicago daykako kingkiwsi makera to ningra koya o makaditay no Namali, ikor pikingkiw to ’oriraw no mihecaan makera ko Namali a katayal to sakifali ato salaloma’an no tamdaw ranikay macakat a pakayraan. Misa’icelan ningra ato nilekalan to akaa to Tetraethyllead (Tetoraechirunamari) ato kakaenen a kancumi a onto sakatadamaan. Nawhani oya katadamaan, masowal cingra o 20 sici o mifiyolay a Cisicu kakusa[1]. === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生活) === I 1922 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Clair Cameron Patterson i Mitchellville i Iowa no Amilika, i Grinnell kakoyin pakaala to kakaku yokahin, ta masasi’araw to fafahi ci Lorna (Laurie) McCleary itiya. Ikor cangra mararamod tayra i Iowa daykako mitilid to sose, mikingkiw to Bunshi-bun kokako. Ikor mikihatiya cangra mararamod to Manhattan halaka, ’ayaw itira i Chicago daykako matayal, ta patoko haca tayra i Oak Ridge i Tennessee, itira to mademak to Shitsuryo bunseki-ho hananay[2]. Paherek ko lalood itiya, malinah ci Clair Cameron Patterson ato fafahi tayra i Chicago, o fafahi ningra citodong to Setto bunko-ho kingkiw katayalan, oni Clair Cameron Patterson sa itira i Chicago daykako ni Harrison Brown pi’eses mityilid to hakusi. Itira i Chicago daykako to cecay miheca hakusi kingkiwin i, ca Clair Cameron Patterson aci Harrison Brown i 1952 miheca tayra i California koka daykako malasingsi to Cisicu Wakuse kakako, saka itira toya kakose a ’oriraw kakako patareng to kalosingsi[3]. Ikor tangasa pisawadan ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko kalasingsi California koka daykako, cawawa cangra to 4 wawa ta fa’inayan fafahiyan[4]. === Pitelek to mihecaan no ’oriraw (地球年齡的測定) === Kaitira ho ni Harrison Brown i Chicago daykako patadas to sapisa’osi to kalanamal no ’ongcoy a ’oriraw ira ko fa’elohay a faco, saka mapalalan ci Clair Cameron Patterson i 1948 miheca to sakitodong to hakasi tilidan ningra. Toninian saki fokeloh o cidalan maleko a caayay kasamoong a ta’angay materekay i kakarayan a camel a sapatinako a nipikingkiwan ni Clair Cameron Patterson, palingos to nisa’osian a mihecaan no fokeloh ta o sakafana’ to salongan mihecaan no ’oriraw.   Pakaynien ni Clair Cameron Patterson pinaay mihecaan a pinasoped sapatiri’ a fokeloh, itira i 1953 miheca ciniala to nai Diablo sa’owac fokeloh ko saikoray sapikingkiw a sapatiri’. Ikor tonini a sapatiri’ alaen ningra patayra i Agung kitakit pikingkiwan o naitiyaay ho fa’elohay sapisapinang salalat a sapikingkiw.   I 1956 miheca 10 folad o cecay i Wisconsin malisaot to ikor, ci Clair Cameron Patterson mihapiw to pahecian no pikingkiw. Paratoh cingra to mihecaan no ’oriraw salongan 45.5 walwalan miheca (kasatiwtiwan no sofal 7 patekan ’ofad miheca). Onini a mihecaan tangasa anini a haydaan, talacowa kasatiwtiw a sofal malowan to i 2 patekan ’ofad mihecaan[5]. === ’Oriraw kakaku a sinka pikingkiw (地球化學演化研究) === Itiya ci Clair Cameron Patterson manga’ay to nai kai’ongcoy makilim ko mimingay a ’oteng palita to kahira matatodongay kasacefang, manga’ay ningra pakayni i lalinikay no Tasiyang ato Taypinyang a malineknekay safaco ko pitadtad to laloma’an no ’oteng. I kasasiroma no mihecaan nai sekal patayra i riyar a malineknekay, masapinang to ni Clair Cameron Patterson ko i riyaray o nai kadademak no tamdaw ko sakaira to sedak sanay to 80%, pahapinang to ’oteng i ’oriraw a kimina’ a taliyot o masakakinihay. Itiya o fana’ mitadtad to kakako a kasaet mapalalan ci Paterson to roma pakayraan mikingkiw to sakacitodong. Masapinang ningra itira i talolongay riyar a ’oteng o sekalay no riyar 3 tangasa 10 no 1, kasasilecad han, o barium ato ’otengan a marar i caayay ka lecad no talolong a todongan masasifelihay. Saka itiya cingra kalecadan a nengneng i, o todong kaci’oteng a kafalic nai parepatan a kasasiselal ko kasa’opo a fayking masakahinapecan. Patikol i sa’ayaway ni Paterson a mikingkiw a militemohay kaoratan, ato piceloh a masapinang ko makaditay a ’oteng. Miala cingra to nai Greenland no so’eda a sapatiri’ to sapinang tono taliyokay no cikiw a fali a ’otengan hakowaay i Tetoraechirunamari (Tetraethyllead) mapacamol i kaso a simal makerod ko kalikat a kakohac ranikay matongal. Nanoya patangsol sa cingra misapinang to ’oteng itira i adihayay pinademak a tatiri’an ka sakacikadit, masapinang haca ningra o sakafiyol no ’alomanay a sakatangka’. Orasakao da’oc no ’orip ni Paterson misa’icel i sakaeca no ’oteng micomod i liyok a mapakadit. === Sapiliyang to piwarak no ’oteng (對抗鉛中毒) === Nai 1965 miheca mirina’ ci Paterson to (Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man) misatapang, mitanam to sapisapinang no ’alomanay to ’oteng nawhani i katayalan pidemak malasakatongal kaci’oteng no taliyok ato kakaenen a sakacilatiih. Latek pakayni i pilikaf ningra to romaroma a kakkosa a pihayom, o ningra a nengneng nanoya masakaliyangan na Robert Keohane ato ’alomanay tada ka’isa. Misa’icel ci Paterson to sapihinaker to simal a eca ka ci’oteng, mina’ay cingra mitahidang to Keioay a Ethyl kosi to mikasasowalay, ato miliyangay to sapi ni Thomas Midgley a misatekaan a Kakaku pussicu, halo o Tetraethyl lead ato chlorofluorocarbons, onini o sapiliyang to ’otengan a camol a Kakaku. Nawhani wata ko pieses ni Paterson to no ’oteng a kakaku, orasaka ’aloman ko mana’ayay mikadom cingraan a kingkiw citodongay, halo oya miterongay a nikapolongan isikyuko no Amilika. 1971 miheca oya Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy mina’ay cingraan papikihatiya to Taliyokay no cikiw a fali ’otengan mapalama’ a kalalicayan sa’opo, talacowa itiyaay cingra o paretatenga o tadamaanay a tada ka’isa tamdaw[6]. Misa’icel ci Paterson paikor no Amilika kitakit taliyok a hokokyoku i 1973 miheca mihapiw to pirara to Amilika oya ci ’otengay sinal milowan 60% tangasa 65%, taikor i 1986 miheca polong no Amilika paterep midemak to ci’otengay simal. Nanoyaan o Amilika a tamdaw a cengelay ’oteng i ’ayaway no 1990 miheca ikoray ikaka ko paterep to ci’otengay simal mikerod saadihayay to 80%[7]. Padoedo, misafaloco’ ci Paterson to miliyol tayra i cango’otay nilecadan mihatatanamay a nisa’osian, oya malawaay a kangcomi kakaenen ci’otengay matongalay kararimaan. O cecay ni kingkiwan i, masapinang ningra kahakongke no kangcomi a foting matongal to 0.3 tangasa 1400 naike, oya citodongay a mihatatanamay a painian a sowal matongal to 400 tangasa 700 naike saan[8]. Oya nikinsaan ningra i ’ayaw no 1600 mihecaan a Peru a tamdaw i ’okak a ’oteng, Barium ato calcium ko iraay, mahapinang i aniniay a tamdaw a ’okak ci ’otengay ikaka to itiyaay a Peru a tamdaw to 100 tangasa 1200 ko adihay, oya Barium ato calcium a cicamolay awaay ko katongalan[9]. I 1978 miheca micomod ci Paterson i Amilika kitakit kakoka kingkiw wiyinhuy a citodongan sakapot, saka adihay ko nitongalan salongoc milowan to pidemak to ci’otengay pikitoh a makalayap, nika paretatenga to adihayay a pikingkiw[10]. Mikitoh cingra to 78 a felih caayay ka’aloman sakapot a niratohan masowal o raranikayen misatapang mi’emet to kalonidemakay to ’otengan, halo simal, kakaenen a kapowa, sapicengel, Uwagusuri ato parakatan to nanom rocok. Oya ratoh paeses to ikor no 30 mihecaan, o niharatengan ningra adihayay itini i Amilika ato polong no hekal a kasa’etal milayap a micikoroh. === Kapatayan (去世) === Ci Paterson i 1995 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad i California no Amilika lilisay no riyar a pakolongan pakinali ko kacahcah mapatay i loma’, da’oc no ’orip ira ko 73 miheca[11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. <nowiki>ISBN 0-385-66004-9</nowiki> Biographical memoir by George R. Tilton. [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-11）. 2.Interview with Shirley Cohen from the Caltech Oral History archives (PDF). [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-09-27）. 3.Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) for Clair C. Patterson （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 17. 4.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, October 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 5.The same (NAS) source as above （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） See p. 14. 6.Blood Lead Levels Keep Dropping; New Guidelines Proposed for Those Most Vulnerable, 1997-02-20 [2007-07-31], （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27） 7.Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C., Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans, Science, 1980, 207 (4436): 1167–76, Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1167S, <nowiki>PMID 6986654</nowiki>, doi:10.1126/science.6986654 8.Ericson, J.E.; Shirahata, H.; Patterson, C.C., Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians, N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 300: 949–51 9.Lead in the Human Environment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980 10.Dicke, William "Clair C. Patterson, Who Established Earth's Age, Is Dead at 73". [2014-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. === Pipadoedoan misa’osi (延伸閱讀) === 1.Patterson, C., Age of meteorites and the Earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1956, 10 (4): 230–237, Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10..230P, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 2.Patterson, C.; Chow, T. J., The occurrence and significance of lead isotopes in pelagic sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1962, 26 (2): 263–308, Bibcode:1962GeCoA..26..263C, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(62)90016-9 3.Patterson, C., Contaminated and natural lead environments of man, Arch. Environ. Health, 1965, 11: 344–360, <nowiki>PMID 14334042</nowiki> 4.Bryson, Bill, A Short History of Nearly Everything, Broadway: 149, 156–160, 2004, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7679-0818-4</nowiki> 5.Davidson, Cliff I. (編), Clean Hands: Clair Patterson's Crusade against Environmental Lead Contamination, New York: Nova Science Publishers: xxxiv+162, 1998, <nowiki>ISBN 1-56072-568-0</nowiki> 6.McGrayne, S. Bertsch, Ch. 9: Lead-Free Gasoline and Clair C. Patterson, Prometheans in the Lab, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002, <nowiki>ISBN 0-07-140795-2</nowiki> 7.Tilton, George R., Clair Cameron Patterson, [2009-03-10], （原始內容存檔於2013-11-11） 8.Denworth, L. Toxic Truth: A Scientist, A Doctor, and the Battle over Lead, Beacon Press, 2009. 9.Casanova, I, Clair C. Patterson (1922-1995), discoverer of the age of the Earth, Int. Microbiol. 1 (3), 1998, 1 (3): 231–2Sep 1998, <nowiki>PMID 10943366</nowiki> 10.Flegal, A R, Clair Patterson's influence on environmental research, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 64–70Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...65F, <nowiki>PMID 9725987</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1998.3861 11.Needleman, H L, Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe: two views of lead toxicity, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 79–85Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...79N, <nowiki>PMID 9719611</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1997.3807 12.Flegal, A, Clair Patterson's Influence on Environmental Research, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 65–185Aug 1998, <nowiki>PMID 9719609</nowiki> 13.Nriagu, J O, Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe's paradigm of "show me the data" on environmental lead poisoning, Environ. Res. 78 (2), 1998, 78 (2): 71–8Aug 1998, Bibcode:1998ER.....78...71N, <nowiki>PMID 9719610</nowiki>, doi:10.1006/enrs.1997.3808 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === kzxdiojtfjm6m72tup5tgcruu2wxmgo