Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 411 231118 230886 2026-07-22T03:15:16Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geþeode | nama = Ænglisċ | agenspræc = | gelōmlicu in = | folc = | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = <div align="left"> [[Indo-Europisca spræca|Indo-Europisc]] *[[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] **[[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿest-germanisc]] ***[[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Ænglisc-Fresisc]] ****Ænglisc</div> | ambihtlicu sprǣc = | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = | ISO 639-2 = ang | ISO 639-3 = ang | SIL = | landscipe = Old_English_Map.png | ƿikipǣdia = ang }} '''Ænglisċ sprǣċ''' is [[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿestgermanisc]] ġeþeode on hƿelċ spræċon [[Engle]] sƿelċe of [[450]] oþ [[1150]] ġear. Ænglisċ boccræft ætieƿde on seofoþe ġearhundred. Æfter [[Normandisca Forcyme|Normandisce infare]] 1066 ġeares, [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] ġeƿearð ġeþeode æþelnesse for oþrum ġearhundredum and Ænglisċ ongann ƿendan hrædliċe to [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisce]]. Ænglisċ geþeode aras fram spræċum Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra landsetena fiftan ġearhundredes. Ær on [[Englaland|Englalande]] ƿæron Brẏttisċ and [[Læden]] geþeodu. Ænglisċ hæfde feoƿer spræċa: [[Norþhymbra Rīce|Norþanhymbrisc]], [[Mierce|Miercisc]], [[Cent|Centisc]] and [[Westseaxena Rīce|Westseaxisc]]. Ƿestseaxisċ ƿearð heafodġereord Ænglisċra ġeƿrita, þeah þe [[Niwenglisc spræc|andweard Ænglisc]] spræċ aras of Mierċisċe and Scẏttisċ spræċ aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe. Æfter [[Wīcingas|ƿincinga]] tocẏme, spræċ norþernra and easternra landa wæs underþeoded mihte [[Denisc sprǣc|Deniscra spræca]]. Ænglisċ bið sum [[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Angelfresisc]] ġeþeode, and hæfð [[Ealdfresisc sprǣc|Ealdfresisc]] and [[Ealdseaxisc sprǣc|Ealdseaxisc]] to neahmægum. Sƿa sƿa oþru Ealdġermanisċ ġeþeodu, Ænglisċ is sƿiþe ungelic to Niƿenglisċe and unẏmbfangenliċ to andƿeardum ƿordliendum. Innan [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft|Ænglisce stæfcræfte]] naman, toġeiecendliċu naman, binaman and ƿord habbað fela ġebigendliċra ġeendunga and fulfreo bið ƿorda endebẏrd. Ieldeste Ænglisce inaƿrittinge ƿæron [[Rūna|runisce]], aċ of sƿelċe seofoþan ġearhundrede hie ƿurdon aƿended on [[Læden stæfrof|Lædene stæfrofe]]. == Stær == Ænglisċ, ġeþeode seofon ġearhundreda, ƿæs cƿic and ƿendende fram Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra ẏmbcerre on fifte ġearhundred oð Normandisċe glom endleftan ġearhundredes. Nu heafodġerim Ænglisċra ƿorda is ġesearod into timan miste, þeah þa þe oferbidon habbað mæstne dæl. Boclar aras æfter cristnunge, þe gelamp on seofoþe ġearhundred. Ieldest Ænglisċ geƿeorċ bið Cædmones ẏmen. Ær ƿæron rune, aċ hie ne sindon fæste andgiete. Þonne eac Læden stæfrof ƿæs besett. Þurh ġegaderunge landa [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrædes Micles cyninges]], geþeode gereċes and geƿrita geƿearð Ƿestseaxisc. He underƿreþode lare on Ænglisċ mid Lædene and ƿende sume geƿeorċ him seolf. He eac onbrẏrde æþele anfealdre gereċednesse. Lætre ġeƿrita ġesettung aras æfter Æþelƿold, [[Wintanceaster|Ƿintanceastre]] biscop, and ƿæs gefolgod oþrum ƿriterum. Seo gesettung heolde oð Frencisċe menn, þa Ænglisċ blann ƿesan ġeþeode boclare. Man mæġ todælan stær Ænglisċes on: * Foreænglisċ (450 oð 650). Her næron nane geƿritu butan runum. * Hræd Ænglisċ (650 oð 900). Her ƿæron forman geƿritu, Cædmon, [[Bēda|Beda]], Cẏneƿulf and Ealdhelm. * Læt Ænglisċ (900 oð 1150). Her ƿæs siþmest ansien Ænglisċes. Æfter Ænglisċe ƿæron [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisc]] (1150 oð 1500), Hræd Niƿenglisċ (1500 oð 1650) and [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] (1650 oð nu). == Landspræce == Geliċe [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] nis hal, Ænglisċ æghƿær behƿearf, aċ Foreænglisċ, sƿa þeah hƿæþre, man eftsċieppeð to forneah ealre tungan. Mæste dæle ƿendunge geþeodes belumpon on īġlande. Fram teoþan ġearhundrede Ƿestseaxisċ geƿearð ġesettung geƿrita ealles Ænglalandes, aċ folċ þurhƿunodon spræċan on heora ġereord. Ƿæron feoƿer heafodspræċe: Norþanhẏmbrisċ, Miercisċ, Centisċ and Ƿestseaxisċ. Norþanhẏmbrisċ and Miercisċ arun geliċ. Man mæġ tosċeadan Ƿestseaxisċ on Hræd Ƿestseaxisċ and Læt Ƿestseaxisċ. Dene fordẏdon fela Ænglisċra ġeƿrita ƿiþutan Ƿestseaxiscra landum. Æfter Normandisċe infare, Ƿestseaxisċ hreas to geþeode ealles Ænglalandes and Niƿænglisċ aras of Miercisċe and [[Scotta Englisc|Scotta spræc]] aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe, þeah Ænglisċ tunge and ƿord betest oferƿunodon on Ƿestseaxisċra lande. == Hlẏdlar == Se Ænglisċ ġereord hæfþ seofen clipiendra (on Boclæden "vocalum") þa sind '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''', '''æ'''; sƿa sƿa tƿegenhlẏda (on Boclæden "diphþongorum") feoƿer þa sind '''ea''', '''eo''', '''io''', '''ie'''. "Ie" gestent ane on Ƿestseaxna bispræċe, and "io" abad on Norþanhẏmbrum æfter ðe ellesƿise ƿearþ hit 'eo'. Ænglisċ hæfþ samodsƿegende ("consonantes") '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''', '''g''', '''h''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''p''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x''', '''z''', '''þ''', '''ð''', '''ƿ'''. All '''š''', == Stæfrof == {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- [[S]][[t]][[æ]][[f]][[r]][[ō]][[f]] ! colspan="36" | Miċel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[Y]] |- ! colspan="36" | Lȳtel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[y]] |} == Seo eaċ == * [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft]] * [[Help:Innoþ]] {{Ænglisc stæfrōf}} {{Stycce}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Englisc sprǣc| ]] [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] 7duyuc9neon99lfhfvh3ai8sncdh9y7 231119 231118 2026-07-22T03:17:49Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geþeode | nama = Ænglisċ | agenspræc = | gelōmlicu in = | folc = | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = <div align="left"> [[Indo-Europisċa spræċa|Indo-Europisċ]] *[[Germanisċa spræċa|Germanisċ]] **[[Ƿestġermanisċa spræċa|Ƿest-ġermanisċ]] ***[[Angelfresisca sprǣċa|Ænglisċ-Fresisċ]] ****Ænglisċ</div> | ambihtlicu sprǣc = | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = | ISO 639-2 = ang | ISO 639-3 = ang | SIL = | landscipe = Old_English_Map.png | ƿikipǣdia = ang }} '''Ænglisċ sprǣċ''' is [[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿestgermanisc]] ġeþeode on hƿelċ spræċon [[Engle]] sƿelċe of [[450]] oþ [[1150]] ġear. Ænglisċ boccræft ætieƿde on seofoþe ġearhundred. Æfter [[Normandisca Forcyme|Normandisce infare]] 1066 ġeares, [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] ġeƿearð ġeþeode æþelnesse for oþrum ġearhundredum and Ænglisċ ongann ƿendan hrædliċe to [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisce]]. Ænglisċ geþeode aras fram spræċum Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra landsetena fiftan ġearhundredes. Ær on [[Englaland|Englalande]] ƿæron Brẏttisċ and [[Læden]] geþeodu. Ænglisċ hæfde feoƿer spræċa: [[Norþhymbra Rīce|Norþanhymbrisc]], [[Mierce|Miercisc]], [[Cent|Centisc]] and [[Westseaxena Rīce|Westseaxisc]]. Ƿestseaxisċ ƿearð heafodġereord Ænglisċra ġeƿrita, þeah þe [[Niwenglisc spræc|andweard Ænglisc]] spræċ aras of Mierċisċe and Scẏttisċ spræċ aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe. Æfter [[Wīcingas|ƿincinga]] tocẏme, spræċ norþernra and easternra landa wæs underþeoded mihte [[Denisc sprǣc|Deniscra spræca]]. Ænglisċ bið sum [[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Angelfresisc]] ġeþeode, and hæfð [[Ealdfresisc sprǣc|Ealdfresisc]] and [[Ealdseaxisc sprǣc|Ealdseaxisc]] to neahmægum. Sƿa sƿa oþru Ealdġermanisċ ġeþeodu, Ænglisċ is sƿiþe ungelic to Niƿenglisċe and unẏmbfangenliċ to andƿeardum ƿordliendum. Innan [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft|Ænglisce stæfcræfte]] naman, toġeiecendliċu naman, binaman and ƿord habbað fela ġebigendliċra ġeendunga and fulfreo bið ƿorda endebẏrd. Ieldeste Ænglisce inaƿrittinge ƿæron [[Rūna|runisce]], aċ of sƿelċe seofoþan ġearhundrede hie ƿurdon aƿended on [[Læden stæfrof|Lædene stæfrofe]]. == Stær == Ænglisċ, ġeþeode seofon ġearhundreda, ƿæs cƿic and ƿendende fram Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra ẏmbcerre on fifte ġearhundred oð Normandisċe glom endleftan ġearhundredes. Nu heafodġerim Ænglisċra ƿorda is ġesearod into timan miste, þeah þa þe oferbidon habbað mæstne dæl. Boclar aras æfter cristnunge, þe gelamp on seofoþe ġearhundred. Ieldest Ænglisċ geƿeorċ bið Cædmones ẏmen. Ær ƿæron rune, aċ hie ne sindon fæste andgiete. Þonne eac Læden stæfrof ƿæs besett. Þurh ġegaderunge landa [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrædes Micles cyninges]], geþeode gereċes and geƿrita geƿearð Ƿestseaxisc. He underƿreþode lare on Ænglisċ mid Lædene and ƿende sume geƿeorċ him seolf. He eac onbrẏrde æþele anfealdre gereċednesse. Lætre ġeƿrita ġesettung aras æfter Æþelƿold, [[Wintanceaster|Ƿintanceastre]] biscop, and ƿæs gefolgod oþrum ƿriterum. Seo gesettung heolde oð Frencisċe menn, þa Ænglisċ blann ƿesan ġeþeode boclare. Man mæġ todælan stær Ænglisċes on: * Foreænglisċ (450 oð 650). Her næron nane geƿritu butan runum. * Hræd Ænglisċ (650 oð 900). Her ƿæron forman geƿritu, Cædmon, [[Bēda|Beda]], Cẏneƿulf and Ealdhelm. * Læt Ænglisċ (900 oð 1150). Her ƿæs siþmest ansien Ænglisċes. Æfter Ænglisċe ƿæron [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisc]] (1150 oð 1500), Hræd Niƿenglisċ (1500 oð 1650) and [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] (1650 oð nu). == Landspræce == Geliċe [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] nis hal, Ænglisċ æghƿær behƿearf, aċ Foreænglisċ, sƿa þeah hƿæþre, man eftsċieppeð to forneah ealre tungan. Mæste dæle ƿendunge geþeodes belumpon on īġlande. Fram teoþan ġearhundrede Ƿestseaxisċ geƿearð ġesettung geƿrita ealles Ænglalandes, aċ folċ þurhƿunodon spræċan on heora ġereord. Ƿæron feoƿer heafodspræċe: Norþanhẏmbrisċ, Miercisċ, Centisċ and Ƿestseaxisċ. Norþanhẏmbrisċ and Miercisċ arun geliċ. Man mæġ tosċeadan Ƿestseaxisċ on Hræd Ƿestseaxisċ and Læt Ƿestseaxisċ. Dene fordẏdon fela Ænglisċra ġeƿrita ƿiþutan Ƿestseaxiscra landum. Æfter Normandisċe infare, Ƿestseaxisċ hreas to geþeode ealles Ænglalandes and Niƿænglisċ aras of Miercisċe and [[Scotta Englisc|Scotta spræc]] aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe, þeah Ænglisċ tunge and ƿord betest oferƿunodon on Ƿestseaxisċra lande. == Hlẏdlar == Se Ænglisċ ġereord hæfþ seofen clipiendra (on Boclæden "vocalum") þa sind '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''', '''æ'''; sƿa sƿa tƿegenhlẏda (on Boclæden "diphþongorum") feoƿer þa sind '''ea''', '''eo''', '''io''', '''ie'''. "Ie" gestent ane on Ƿestseaxna bispræċe, and "io" abad on Norþanhẏmbrum æfter ðe ellesƿise ƿearþ hit 'eo'. Ænglisċ hæfþ samodsƿegende ("consonantes") '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''', '''g''', '''h''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''p''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x''', '''z''', '''þ''', '''ð''', '''ƿ'''. All '''š''', == Stæfrof == {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- [[S]][[t]][[æ]][[f]][[r]][[ō]][[f]] ! colspan="36" | Miċel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[Y]] |- ! colspan="36" | Lȳtel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[y]] |} == Seo eaċ == * [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft]] * [[Help:Innoþ]] {{Ænglisc stæfrōf}} {{Stycce}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Englisc sprǣc| ]] [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] o20zlez0qv3b9jmddtp6higtdn2cj8q 231120 231119 2026-07-22T03:19:46Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geþeode | nama = Ænglisċ | agenspræc = | gelōmlicu in = | folc = | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = <div align="left"> [[Indo-Europisċa spræċa|Indo-Europisċ]] *[[Germanisċa spræċa|Germanisċ]] **[[Ƿestġermanisċa spræċa|Ƿest-ġermanisċ]] ***[[Angelfresisca sprǣċa|Ænglisċ-Fresisċ]] ****Ænglisċ</div> | ambihtlicu sprǣc = | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = | ISO 639-2 = ang | ISO 639-3 = ang | SIL = | landscipe = Old_English_Map.png | ƿikipǣdia = ang }} '''Ænglisċ sprǣċ''' is [[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿestgermanisc]] ġeþeode on hƿelċ spræċon [[Engle]] sƿelċe of [[450]] oþ [[1150]] ġear. Ænglisċ boccræft ætieƿde on seofoþe ġearhundred. Æfter [[Normandisca Forcyme|Normandisce infare]] 1066 ġeares, [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] ġeƿearð ġeþeode æþelnesse for oþrum ġearhundredum and Ænglisċ ongann ƿendan hrædliċe to [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisce]]. Ænglisċ geþeode aras fram spræċum Ænglisċra and Seaxisċra landsetena fiftan ġearhundredes. Ær on [[Englaland|Englalande]] ƿæron Brẏttisċ and [[Læden]] geþeodu. Ænglisċ hæfde feoƿer spræċa: [[Norþhymbra Rīce|Norþanhymbrisc]], [[Mierce|Miercisc]], [[Cent|Centisc]] and [[Westseaxena Rīce|Westseaxisc]]. Ƿestseaxisċ ƿearð heafodġereord Ænglisċra ġeƿrita, þeah þe [[Niwenglisc spræc|andweard Ænglisc]] spræċ aras of Mierċisċe and Scẏttisċ spræċ aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe. Æfter [[Wīcingas|ƿincinga]] tocẏme, spræċ norþernra and easternra landa wæs underþeoded mihte [[Denisc sprǣc|Deniscra spræca]]. Ænglisċ bið sum [[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Angelfresisc]] ġeþeode, and hæfð [[Ealdfresisc sprǣc|Ealdfresisc]] and [[Ealdseaxisc sprǣc|Ealdseaxisc]] to neahmægum. Sƿa sƿa oþru Ealdġermanisċ ġeþeodu, Ænglisċ is sƿiþe ungelic to Niƿenglisċe and unẏmbfangenliċ to andƿeardum ƿordliendum. Innan [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft|Ænglisce stæfcræfte]] naman, toġeiecendliċu naman, binaman and ƿord habbað fela ġebigendliċra ġeendunga and fulfreo bið ƿorda endebẏrd. Ieldeste Ænglisce inaƿrittinge ƿæron [[Rūna|runisce]], aċ of sƿelċe seofoþan ġearhundrede hie ƿurdon aƿended on [[Læden stæfrof|Lædene stæfrofe]]. == Stær == Ænglisċ, ġeþeode seofon ġearhundreda, ƿæs cƿic and ƿendende fram Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra ẏmbcerre on fifte ġearhundred oð Normandisċe glom endleftan ġearhundredes. Nu heafodġerim Ænglisċra ƿorda is ġesearod into timan miste, þeah þa þe oferbidon habbað mæstne dæl. Boclar aras æfter cristnunge, þe gelamp on seofoþe ġearhundred. Ieldest Ænglisċ geƿeorċ bið Cædmones ẏmen. Ær ƿæron rune, aċ hie ne sindon fæste andgiete. Þonne eac Læden stæfrof ƿæs besett. Þurh ġegaderunge landa [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrædes Micles cyninges]], geþeode gereċes and geƿrita geƿearð Ƿestseaxisc. He underƿreþode lare on Ænglisċ mid Lædene and ƿende sume geƿeorċ him seolf. He eac onbrẏrde æþele anfealdre gereċednesse. Lætre ġeƿrita ġesettung aras æfter Æþelƿold, [[Wintanceaster|Ƿintanceastre]] biscop, and ƿæs gefolgod oþrum ƿriterum. Seo gesettung heolde oð Frencisċe menn, þa Ænglisċ blann ƿesan ġeþeode boclare. Man mæġ todælan stær Ænglisċes on: * Foreænglisċ (450 oð 650). Her næron nane geƿritu butan runum. * Hræd Ænglisċ (650 oð 900). Her ƿæron forman geƿritu, Cædmon, [[Bēda|Beda]], Cẏneƿulf and Ealdhelm. * Læt Ænglisċ (900 oð 1150). Her ƿæs siþmest ansien Ænglisċes. Æfter Ænglisċe ƿæron [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisc]] (1150 oð 1500), Hræd Niƿenglisċ (1500 oð 1650) and [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] (1650 oð nu). == Landspræce == Geliċe [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] nis hal, Ænglisċ æghƿær behƿearf, aċ Foreænglisċ, sƿa þeah hƿæþre, man eftsċieppeð to forneah ealre tungan. Mæste dæle ƿendunge geþeodes belumpon on īġlande. Fram teoþan ġearhundrede Ƿestseaxisċ geƿearð ġesettung geƿrita ealles Ænglalandes, aċ folċ þurhƿunodon spræċan on heora ġereord. Ƿæron feoƿer heafodspræċe: Norþanhẏmbrisċ, Miercisċ, Centisċ and Ƿestseaxisċ. Norþanhẏmbrisċ and Miercisċ arun geliċ. Man mæġ tosċeadan Ƿestseaxisċ on Hræd Ƿestseaxisċ and Læt Ƿestseaxisċ. Dene fordẏdon fela Ænglisċra ġeƿrita ƿiþutan Ƿestseaxiscra landum. Æfter Normandisċe infare, Ƿestseaxisċ hreas to geþeode ealles Ænglalandes and Niƿænglisċ aras of Miercisċe and [[Scotta Englisc|Scotta spræc]] aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe, þeah Ænglisċ tunge and ƿord betest oferƿunodon on Ƿestseaxisċra lande. == Hlẏdlar == Se Ænglisċ ġereord hæfþ seofen clipiendra (on Boclæden "vocalum") þa sind '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''', '''æ'''; sƿa sƿa tƿegenhlẏda (on Boclæden "diphþongorum") feoƿer þa sind '''ea''', '''eo''', '''io''', '''ie'''. "Ie" gestent ane on Ƿestseaxna bispræċe, and "io" abad on Norþanhẏmbrum æfter ðe ellesƿise ƿearþ hit 'eo'. Ænglisċ hæfþ samodsƿegende ("consonantes") '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''', '''g''', '''h''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''p''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x''', '''z''', '''þ''', '''ð''', '''ƿ'''. All '''š''', == Stæfrof == {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- [[S]][[t]][[æ]][[f]][[r]][[ō]][[f]] ! colspan="36" | Miċel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[Y]] |- ! colspan="36" | Lȳtel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[y]] |} == Seo eaċ == * [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft]] * [[Help:Innoþ]] {{Ænglisc stæfrōf}} {{Stycce}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Englisc sprǣc| ]] [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] 2rj0vcbv3a99wfoebd3ll81k609bt0o 231121 231120 2026-07-22T03:22:36Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geþeode | nama = Ænglisċ | agenspræc = | gelōmlicu in = | folc = | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = <div align="left"> [[Indo-Europisċa spræċa|Indo-Europisċ]] *[[Germanisċa spræċa|Germanisċ]] **[[Ƿestġermanisċa spræċa|Ƿest-ġermanisċ]] ***[[Angelfresisca sprǣċa|Ænglisċ-Fresisċ]] ****Ænglisċ</div> | ambihtlicu sprǣc = | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = | ISO 639-2 = ang | ISO 639-3 = ang | SIL = | landscipe = Old_English_Map.png | ƿikipǣdia = ang }} '''Ænglisċ sprǣċ''' is [[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿestgermanisc]] ġeþeode on hƿelċ spræċon [[Engle]] sƿelċe of [[450]] oþ [[1150]] ġear. Ænglisċ boccræft ætieƿde on seofoþe ġearhundred. Æfter [[Normandisca Forcyme|Normandisce infare]] 1066 ġeares, [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] ġeƿearð ġeþeode æþelnesse for oþrum ġearhundredum and Ænglisċ ongann ƿendan hrædliċe to [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisce]]. Ænglisċ geþeode aras fram spræċum Ænglisċra and Seaxisċra landsetena fiftan ġearhundredes. Ær on [[Englaland|Englalande]] ƿæron Brẏttisċ and [[Læden]] geþeodu. Ænglisċ hæfde feoƿer spræċa: [[Norþhymbra Rīce|Norþanhymbrisc]], [[Mierce|Miercisc]], [[Cent|Centisc]] and [[Westseaxena Rīce|Westseaxisc]]. Ƿestseaxisċ ƿearð heafodġereord Ænglisċra ġeƿrita, þeah þe [[Niwenglisc spræc|andweard Ænglisc]] spræċ aras of Mierċisċe and Scẏttisċ spræċ aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe. Æfter [[Wīcingas|ƿincinga]] tocẏme, spræċ norþernra and easternra landa wæs underþeoded mihte [[Denisc sprǣc|Deniscra spræca]]. Ænglisċ bið sum [[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Angelfresisc]] ġeþeode, and hæfð [[Ealdfresisc sprǣc|Ealdfresisc]] and [[Ealdseaxisc sprǣc|Ealdseaxisc]] to neahmægum. Sƿa sƿa oþru Ealdġermanisċ ġeþeodu, Ænglisċ is sƿiþe ungelic to Niƿenglisċe and unẏmbfangenliċ to andƿeardum ƿordliendum. Innan [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft|Ænglisce stæfcræfte]] naman, toġeiecendliċu naman, binaman and ƿord habbað fela ġebigendliċra ġeendunga and fulfreo bið ƿorda endebẏrd. Ieldeste Ænglisċe inaƿrittinge ƿæron [[Rūna|runisce]], aċ of sƿelċe seofoþan ġearhundrede hie ƿurdon aƿended on [[Læden stæfrof|Lædene stæfrofe]]. == Stær == Ænglisċ, ġeþeode seofon ġearhundreda, ƿæs cƿic and ƿendende fram Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra ẏmbcerre on fifte ġearhundred oð Normandisċe glom endleftan ġearhundredes. Nu heafodġerim Ænglisċra ƿorda is ġesearod into timan miste, þeah þa þe oferbidon habbað mæstne dæl. Boclar aras æfter cristnunge, þe gelamp on seofoþe ġearhundred. Ieldest Ænglisċ geƿeorċ bið Cædmones ẏmen. Ær ƿæron rune, aċ hie ne sindon fæste andgiete. Þonne eac Læden stæfrof ƿæs besett. Þurh ġegaderunge landa [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrædes Micles cyninges]], geþeode gereċes and geƿrita geƿearð Ƿestseaxisc. He underƿreþode lare on Ænglisċ mid Lædene and ƿende sume geƿeorċ him seolf. He eac onbrẏrde æþele anfealdre gereċednesse. Lætre ġeƿrita ġesettung aras æfter Æþelƿold, [[Wintanceaster|Ƿintanceastre]] biscop, and ƿæs gefolgod oþrum ƿriterum. Seo gesettung heolde oð Frencisċe menn, þa Ænglisċ blann ƿesan ġeþeode boclare. Man mæġ todælan stær Ænglisċes on: * Foreænglisċ (450 oð 650). Her næron nane geƿritu butan runum. * Hræd Ænglisċ (650 oð 900). Her ƿæron forman geƿritu, Cædmon, [[Bēda|Beda]], Cẏneƿulf and Ealdhelm. * Læt Ænglisċ (900 oð 1150). Her ƿæs siþmest ansien Ænglisċes. Æfter Ænglisċe ƿæron [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisc]] (1150 oð 1500), Hræd Niƿenglisċ (1500 oð 1650) and [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] (1650 oð nu). == Landspræce == Geliċe [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] nis hal, Ænglisċ æghƿær behƿearf, aċ Foreænglisċ, sƿa þeah hƿæþre, man eftsċieppeð to forneah ealre tungan. Mæste dæle ƿendunge geþeodes belumpon on īġlande. Fram teoþan ġearhundrede Ƿestseaxisċ geƿearð ġesettung geƿrita ealles Ænglalandes, aċ folċ þurhƿunodon spræċan on heora ġereord. Ƿæron feoƿer heafodspræċe: Norþanhẏmbrisċ, Miercisċ, Centisċ and Ƿestseaxisċ. Norþanhẏmbrisċ and Miercisċ arun geliċ. Man mæġ tosċeadan Ƿestseaxisċ on Hræd Ƿestseaxisċ and Læt Ƿestseaxisċ. Dene fordẏdon fela Ænglisċra ġeƿrita ƿiþutan Ƿestseaxiscra landum. Æfter Normandisċe infare, Ƿestseaxisċ hreas to geþeode ealles Ænglalandes and Niƿænglisċ aras of Miercisċe and [[Scotta Englisc|Scotta spræc]] aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe, þeah Ænglisċ tunge and ƿord betest oferƿunodon on Ƿestseaxisċra lande. == Hlẏdlar == Se Ænglisċ ġereord hæfþ seofen clipiendra (on Boclæden "vocalum") þa sind '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''', '''æ'''; sƿa sƿa tƿegenhlẏda (on Boclæden "diphþongorum") feoƿer þa sind '''ea''', '''eo''', '''io''', '''ie'''. "Ie" gestent ane on Ƿestseaxna bispræċe, and "io" abad on Norþanhẏmbrum æfter ðe ellesƿise ƿearþ hit 'eo'. Ænglisċ hæfþ samodsƿegende ("consonantes") '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''', '''g''', '''h''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''p''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x''', '''z''', '''þ''', '''ð''', '''ƿ'''. All '''š''', == Stæfrof == {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- [[S]][[t]][[æ]][[f]][[r]][[ō]][[f]] ! colspan="36" | Miċel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[Y]] |- ! colspan="36" | Lȳtel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[y]] |} == Seo eaċ == * [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft]] * [[Help:Innoþ]] {{Ænglisc stæfrōf}} {{Stycce}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Englisc sprǣc| ]] [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] nhxxg0gudplvakuy0ohh0dgw8xx7a60 231122 231121 2026-07-22T03:25:25Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Landspræce */ 231122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geþeode | nama = Ænglisċ | agenspræc = | gelōmlicu in = | folc = | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = <div align="left"> [[Indo-Europisċa spræċa|Indo-Europisċ]] *[[Germanisċa spræċa|Germanisċ]] **[[Ƿestġermanisċa spræċa|Ƿest-ġermanisċ]] ***[[Angelfresisca sprǣċa|Ænglisċ-Fresisċ]] ****Ænglisċ</div> | ambihtlicu sprǣc = | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = | ISO 639-2 = ang | ISO 639-3 = ang | SIL = | landscipe = Old_English_Map.png | ƿikipǣdia = ang }} '''Ænglisċ sprǣċ''' is [[Westgermanisca spræca|Ƿestgermanisc]] ġeþeode on hƿelċ spræċon [[Engle]] sƿelċe of [[450]] oþ [[1150]] ġear. Ænglisċ boccræft ætieƿde on seofoþe ġearhundred. Æfter [[Normandisca Forcyme|Normandisce infare]] 1066 ġeares, [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] ġeƿearð ġeþeode æþelnesse for oþrum ġearhundredum and Ænglisċ ongann ƿendan hrædliċe to [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisce]]. Ænglisċ geþeode aras fram spræċum Ænglisċra and Seaxisċra landsetena fiftan ġearhundredes. Ær on [[Englaland|Englalande]] ƿæron Brẏttisċ and [[Læden]] geþeodu. Ænglisċ hæfde feoƿer spræċa: [[Norþhymbra Rīce|Norþanhymbrisc]], [[Mierce|Miercisc]], [[Cent|Centisc]] and [[Westseaxena Rīce|Westseaxisc]]. Ƿestseaxisċ ƿearð heafodġereord Ænglisċra ġeƿrita, þeah þe [[Niwenglisc spræc|andweard Ænglisc]] spræċ aras of Mierċisċe and Scẏttisċ spræċ aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe. Æfter [[Wīcingas|ƿincinga]] tocẏme, spræċ norþernra and easternra landa wæs underþeoded mihte [[Denisc sprǣc|Deniscra spræca]]. Ænglisċ bið sum [[Angelfresisca sprǣca|Angelfresisc]] ġeþeode, and hæfð [[Ealdfresisc sprǣc|Ealdfresisc]] and [[Ealdseaxisc sprǣc|Ealdseaxisc]] to neahmægum. Sƿa sƿa oþru Ealdġermanisċ ġeþeodu, Ænglisċ is sƿiþe ungelic to Niƿenglisċe and unẏmbfangenliċ to andƿeardum ƿordliendum. Innan [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft|Ænglisce stæfcræfte]] naman, toġeiecendliċu naman, binaman and ƿord habbað fela ġebigendliċra ġeendunga and fulfreo bið ƿorda endebẏrd. Ieldeste Ænglisċe inaƿrittinge ƿæron [[Rūna|runisce]], aċ of sƿelċe seofoþan ġearhundrede hie ƿurdon aƿended on [[Læden stæfrof|Lædene stæfrofe]]. == Stær == Ænglisċ, ġeþeode seofon ġearhundreda, ƿæs cƿic and ƿendende fram Ænglisċra and Seaxiscra ẏmbcerre on fifte ġearhundred oð Normandisċe glom endleftan ġearhundredes. Nu heafodġerim Ænglisċra ƿorda is ġesearod into timan miste, þeah þa þe oferbidon habbað mæstne dæl. Boclar aras æfter cristnunge, þe gelamp on seofoþe ġearhundred. Ieldest Ænglisċ geƿeorċ bið Cædmones ẏmen. Ær ƿæron rune, aċ hie ne sindon fæste andgiete. Þonne eac Læden stæfrof ƿæs besett. Þurh ġegaderunge landa [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrædes Micles cyninges]], geþeode gereċes and geƿrita geƿearð Ƿestseaxisc. He underƿreþode lare on Ænglisċ mid Lædene and ƿende sume geƿeorċ him seolf. He eac onbrẏrde æþele anfealdre gereċednesse. Lætre ġeƿrita ġesettung aras æfter Æþelƿold, [[Wintanceaster|Ƿintanceastre]] biscop, and ƿæs gefolgod oþrum ƿriterum. Seo gesettung heolde oð Frencisċe menn, þa Ænglisċ blann ƿesan ġeþeode boclare. Man mæġ todælan stær Ænglisċes on: * Foreænglisċ (450 oð 650). Her næron nane geƿritu butan runum. * Hræd Ænglisċ (650 oð 900). Her ƿæron forman geƿritu, Cædmon, [[Bēda|Beda]], Cẏneƿulf and Ealdhelm. * Læt Ænglisċ (900 oð 1150). Her ƿæs siþmest ansien Ænglisċes. Æfter Ænglisċe ƿæron [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelænglisc]] (1150 oð 1500), Hræd Niƿenglisċ (1500 oð 1650) and [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] (1650 oð nu). == Landspræċe == Geliċe [[Niwenglisc spræc|Niƿenglisc]] nis hal, Ænglisċ æghƿær behƿearf, aċ Foreænglisċ, sƿa þeah hƿæþre, man eftsċieppeð to forneah ealre tungan. Mæste dæle ƿendunge geþeodes belumpon on īġlande. Fram teoþan ġearhundrede Ƿestseaxisċ geƿearð ġesettung geƿrita ealles Ænglalandes, aċ folċ þurhƿunodon spræċan on heora ġereord. Ƿæron feoƿer heafodspræċe: Norþanhẏmbrisċ, Miercisċ, Centisċ and Ƿestseaxisċ. Norþanhẏmbrisċ and Miercisċ arun geliċ. Man mæġ tosċeadan Ƿestseaxisċ on Hræd Ƿestseaxisċ and Læt Ƿestseaxisċ. Dene fordẏdon fela Ænglisċra ġeƿrita ƿiþutan Ƿestseaxiscra landum. Æfter Normandisċe infare, Ƿestseaxisċ hreas to geþeode ealles Ænglalandes and Niƿænglisċ aras of Miercisċe and [[Scotta Englisc|Scotta spræc]] aras of Norþanhẏmbrisċe, þeah Ænglisċ tunge and ƿord betest oferƿunodon on Ƿestseaxisċra lande. == Hlẏdlar == Se Ænglisċ ġereord hæfþ seofen clipiendra (on Boclæden "vocalum") þa sind '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''', '''æ'''; sƿa sƿa tƿegenhlẏda (on Boclæden "diphþongorum") feoƿer þa sind '''ea''', '''eo''', '''io''', '''ie'''. "Ie" gestent ane on Ƿestseaxna bispræċe, and "io" abad on Norþanhẏmbrum æfter ðe ellesƿise ƿearþ hit 'eo'. Ænglisċ hæfþ samodsƿegende ("consonantes") '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''', '''g''', '''h''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''p''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x''', '''z''', '''þ''', '''ð''', '''ƿ'''. All '''š''', == Stæfrof == {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- [[S]][[t]][[æ]][[f]][[r]][[ō]][[f]] ! colspan="36" | Miċel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[Y]] |- ! colspan="36" | Lȳtel ġeog |- |width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[ƿ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]|| width="3%" align="center" |[[y]] |} == Seo eaċ == * [[Ænglisc grammaticcræft]] * [[Help:Innoþ]] {{Ænglisc stæfrōf}} {{Stycce}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Englisc sprǣc| ]] [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] qvh3rqqapiizbj1xqpk9759yi24ke72 0 487 231114 230833 2026-07-22T02:48:04Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231114 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Þis is þæt side mid eald Englisc and niwe Englisc stafas. Gif þu woldest geseon an fullice on eald Englisc, gese: [[Woden(Eald Englisc)|Woden(Eall Eald Englisc)]].''{{cleanup}}Ƿōden is nama ānes þāra Þēodiscum goda, hƿæs nama is of Mercurie on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god ƿīsdōmes and gūðes. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on Īslendisce/Norene Óðinn (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); Sƿēonisce Oden; Nīƿum Ænglisċe/Ænglisċe (and Ealdum Seaxiscum) Ƿōden; Ealdum Franconisċe Ƿodan; Alemannisce Ƿuodan; Þēodisce Ƿotan oþþe Ƿoþan; Lombardisċe Godan, and in Ealdgermanisce hit ƿæs *Ƿōðanaz, þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte mainomenos þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ẏmbe his rihtan andgiet in raċum, as se nama is ġemacod of òð and -in. On Norene mǣnþ òð '"ƿit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, drẏhten." Þus, Odin is drẏhten þæs līfes þrace. {{English}} '''Ƿōden''' is nama ānes þāra [[Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe|Þēodiscum]] goda, hƿæs nama is of [[Mercurius|Mercurie]] on Ænglisċe āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god [[wīsdōm|ƿīsdōm]]es and [[gūð]]es. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on [[Īslendisc sprǣc |Īslendisce]]/[[Noren]]e ''Óðinn'' (Ōðen gehāten on Ænglisċe); [[Swēonisc sprǣc |Sƿēonisce]] ''Oden''; [[Nīwu Englisc sprǣc |Nīwum Englisce]]/[[Englisc sprǣc |Englisce]] (and [[Eald Seaxisc|Ealdum Seaxiscum]]) Ƿ'''ōden'''; [[Eald Franconisc|Ealdum Franconisce]] Ƿ''odan''; [[Alamanni|Alemannisce]] [[Wuotan|''Wuodan'']]; [[Þēodisc sprǣc|Þēodisce]] Ƿ''otan'' oþþe Ƿ''oþan''; [[Lombardisc sprǣc |Lombardisce]] ''Godan'', and in [[Ealdgermanisc]]e hit ƿæs *''Wōðanaz'', þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte ''mainomenos'' þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of ''òð'' and ''-in''. On Norene mǣnþ ''òð'' '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "<!--fierce power, energy-->heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, '''Odin''' is ''dryhten þæs [[Vitalism|līfes]] [[Wōdenes þracu|þrace]].'' [[Image:Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg|thumb|right|''Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Ƿōden, se ƿīdfarend)'']] ==Gemǣna Mearcunga== For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte. Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm Ƿildan Huntoðe, farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode Rudra þæs Hinduiscan Rigvedasya. Ódinn and Frigg fōron ætgædre in þissum. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.<!-- Here I perpetrate a string of bahuvrihis --> Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm [[Wilda Huntoþ|Ƿildan Huntoðe]], farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode [[Rudra]] þæs [[Hindu]]iscan [[Rigveda]]sya. Ódinn and [[Frigg]] fōron ætgædre in þissum. ==Onfōnd þāra Dēadra ==Snorri Sturlusones Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, Valhalla. Þās gefeallenan, þā einherjar, feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, Ragnarök. In þǣm Norþmanniscum spellum, Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his Valkyrjur (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce Valhalla. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt Brávellir, Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning Harald Hildetand. Helgi Hundingesbana ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. [[Snorri Sturluson]]es Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, [[Valhalla]]. Þās gefeallenan, þā ''[[einherjar]]'', feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, [[Ragnarok|Ragnarök]]. In þǣm [[Norse saga|Norþmanniscum spellum]], Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his ''[[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]]'' (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce [[Valhalla]]. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt [[Brávellir]], Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning [[Harald Hildetand]]. [[Helgi Hundingesbana]] ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. == Ōðen and Mercurius== Man cnǣƿþ lǣssa ymbe Óðine (oððe Ƿōdne) sƿā nimend þāra dēada sƿā gelīefdon þā sūðerne [[German]]as. Se [[Roma|Romisca]] spellƿrītere [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas beēodon [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurium]], ac is gelīc þæt þis tācnode Ƿōden, for þǣm þe Mercurius (þe in Grēcisce hātte Hermēs) ēac ƿæs se sāƿollǣdend (þe in Grēcisce is ''psychopompos''). And [[Iulius Caesar]] ƿrāt þæt Mercurius is se grēatost god þāra Germaniscena in his bēc <i>De Bello Gallico</i> 6.17.1. [[Paulus Diaconus]] (þe segþ Paulus se Dīacon) ƿrāt nēah þǣm ende þæs [[8th century|8an gēarhundrede]], and þǣrinne he sægde þæt Ƿōden (þe hē ƿrāt ''Guodan'') ƿæs se hēafodgod þāra [[Langobards|Langbearda]], and hē and ǣrran ƿrīteras sægdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs Mercurius: sēo þā bōc ''History of the Langobards'', I:9. Þurh þā samnesse, Paulus ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas gelīefdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs, and þæt þæs godes fruma ƿæs ne in þissum tīde ac gēo and ne in Germaniam ac in Grēclande. [[Robert Wace|Robert Ƿace]] ēac segþ þæt Ƿotan is Mercurius. [[Viktor Rydberg]] in his bēc ymbe ''Teutonic Mythology'', ƿrīteþ ymbe sume ōðre gelīcnessa Ƿōdenes mid Mercuriō, and þæt bēgen brōhton lēoðsangscip tō mannum. == Ƿordstǣr == Se Norþmannisca nama ''Ōðinn'' is fram ''*Wōðinaz'', ġeþwǣriende mid þām naman Westernan Germanisċan tungan ġesċeapes fyrestan samhlȳde. [[Adam von Bremen]] fint þone þæs ġebeden godes ieldran mid þæs endleftan hundġēares hǣþenum Norþmannum tō ''"Wodan id est furor"'' ("''Wodan'', hit is 'wōd'."), ācumendlīċnes ġīet ġemǣnelīċe ġewēned tōdæġ, forbindende þone naman mid [[Ænglisċ sprǣċ|Englisċes]] ''ƿōd'', [[Gotisc sprǣc|Gotisc ]] ''wōds'', Norþmanntungan ''*ōðr'' (see [[Odr]]), and [[Ealdhēahþēodisc]] ''wuot''. In gemānum [[Proto-Germanisc]]e se nama ƿæs ''*Wōðinaz'', þe ēaðe mæg bēon of [[Indo-Europeisc]]um ''*Watinos''. Ac man seah þæt Englisc ''Ƿoden'' nis riht sam-cynn Germanisces ''Wotan'', and þæt þǣrþurh folc gehƿeorf ''Wotan'' to folgienne þæt andgiet "se ƿōda", and sƿīðe æfter þæt þā Germanas ƿurdon Crīstnas and man seah Wotan sƿā deofol, ac þā Norþmenn and þā Engle hēoldon þone nama sƿā hit ǣrra ƿæs. And gelīce in ealdum Grēcisce ''Arēs'' hira gūþgod oft hātte ''Arēs mainomenos'' þe segþ "ƿōd Arēs". Ān meahtlicnes is þæt se nama ƿæs geborgod of þǣm [[Wealhcynn|Ƿealhcynn]]e, ymbe þā tīd [[Tacitus|Tacites]] hƿonne Germanisc and Ƿīelisc cynn ƿǣron ƿiþ hīe on ǣgðerre healfe þǣre [[Rīn]]e, and is gecynde þǣm Ƿīeliscan prēostlican gefērscipe þāra [[Vates]]. Þæt Ƿīelisce ƿord is æt ende genumen of þǣre ilcan ƿyrte (meahtlīce [[Frum-Indisc-Europisc]], ac gesōðod in Ƿīelisce and in Germanisce ānum) sƿā þā Germaniscan ƿord for "dēofolsēoc", ofer beclipod, ''*vāt-'', mid a more general meaning of "spiritually excited", also preserved in the [[Irish]] word for "poet", ''[[fáith]]''. If the word is indeed a loan from Celtic, it may be an important hint to the dating of the Proto-Germanic [[sound change]]s. == Eddaisc Ƿōden == Se [[Prose Edda]] segþ þæt [[Bestla]] and [[Borr]] ācennedon Óðin and þæt hē hæfde bróðru [[Vé]] (þe is Ƿéo) and [[Vili]] (þe is Ƿill) and þā þrēo gebrōðru niðerƿurpon þone forstþyrs [[Ymir]] and macodon þone ƿoruld of Ymis līce. Man oft spræc ymbe þā þrēo gebrōðru ætgædre. Óðinn and [[Jorð]] ācennedon þone brēmostan sunu [[Þórr]], and his nama segþ Þunor, and Jorð segþ Eorþe. Ac his ƿīf and gemæcca ƿæs sēo gyden [[Frigg]], and þā gecnāƿenoste ealdspell secgaþ þæt Frigg ƿæs sēo lufiende mōdor hira suna [[Baldur|Baldr]]). And Óðinn and sēo þyrsen [[Gríðr]] ācennedon [[Víðarr|Víðar]]. And se blinda god [[Hoðr]] þurh misgelimpe ofsloh his brōðor [[Baldr]], and æfterra Óðinn and þā þyrsen [[Rind]] ācennedon [[Vali]], and Vali cƿōm of Rindes cƿiðe fullƿeaxen and ƿæpned and hē sƿerode āþ þæt ne ƿolde dōn niht and ne baðian oþþæt he ƿrece on Hoðe. And manige cynecynnas sægron þæt Óðinn ƿæs sum hira ealdfædra þurh ōðre suno. For traditions about Odin's offspring see ''[[Sons of Odin]]''. === Gecynd === [[Image:Ardre Odin Sleipnir.jpg|thumb|220px|Óðinn rítt in Ƿæleall on þǣm horse [[Sleipnir|Sleipni]] ([[Ardre image stone]]).]] Óðinn hæfþ þæt eahtasceancan horse [[Sleipnir]], and þæt ofhēaƿen hēafod þæs dƿearges [[Mímir|Mímis]] and hit foreƿītegode þā forþgesceafte. His [[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]] þegnodon hine gaderende þā sāƿla beorna ofslægenra in gefeohte and brōhton hīe to Ƿælhealle þǣr Óðinn ƿunode in [[Ásgarðr|Ásgarðe]], þǣr þā sāƿla ƿurdon þā [[Einherjar]], þe ƿillon þurfan feohtan mid Óðine in þǣre gūðe æt [[Ragnarok]]e. And þæt nama Einherjar segþ Ānheremenn, for in Ƿōdnes healle hīe sind ealle in ānum samum herge, þéah þe ǣrra libbende on eorðan hie ƿǣron in manigum hergum and fyrdum. [[Brynhildr]], sum þāra Valkyrja, ƿearþ ūtgeƿorpen of his þegnscipe, ac Óðinn gemiltsode and settede híe in healle and ymb hīe hring fȳres tō þæs þe ānne se heardost mann mihte sēcan ƿeddan hīe. And [[Sigurðr]] āhreddede hīe. And æfterra Vali ofslōh Hoð. Odin hæfð fela galdorcyningas him mid: þæt dweorgspere Gungnir, þæt næfre his gemearc ne forlæteð, an galdor goldhring (Draupnir), of þam ælc nigoþ niht eahta niwe hringas becumað, an eahtalegged hors (Sleipnir) and twegen hrafnas Huginn and Muninn (þeaht and gemynd) þe ofer eorðan farað to begytanne witan æt his hæse. He eac geweald hæfð twægen wulfes Geri and Freki, þam he his mete sylð forþan þe he sylf nænig ne et butan win. Of his stol Hlidskjalf (stede in Valaskjalf), Ōðinn mihte eall gesewan þæt on þam eallum worolde gewurde. Se Valknut is tacn þe is mid Ōðinn gebunden. === Naman === The Norsemen gave Odin many nicknames; this was in the Norse [[skald]]ic tradition of [[kennings]], a poetic method of indirect reference, as in a riddle. See [[List of names of Odin]]. The name Alföðr ("Allfather", "father of all") appears in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Younger Edda]]. It probably refers to the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[God]] in that book, but it may have referred to Odin at an earlier date. (It probably originally denoted [[Tyr|Tiwaz]], as it fits the pattern of referring to [[Sky father|Sky Fathers]] as "father".) ==Englisc-Seaxisc Wōden== Englaþēod, Seaxcynn and Geotcynn brōhton Ƿōden tō [[Breten]]e ymbe þǣm 5th and 6th gearhundedum, þæt he his weorþung hæfde oþ his gecyrren to Cristendome on þam eahtan and nigan hundred gearum. Woden is se deadra bringend, ac ne þurhþa þa hæfene þe Norse Odin hæfð. Woden is eac se heretoga þæs Wilde Huntes. þa cyninglicu sibbe syndon þa ylcan betwux Woden and þam oþrum Englisce-Saxiscum godum swa hie synd for þam Norse. Æfter þǣm Engla and Seaxna Cranice and þǣm [[Historia Britonum]], Ƿoden hæfde þās sunas: [[Wecta|Ƿecta]], [[Bældæg]], [[Casere Bældæging|Casere]] and [[Wihtlaeg|Ƿihtlaeg]]. *Þȳ folgað Ƿectan cynn: [[Witta Wectaning|Ƿitta]], [[Wihtgils|Ƿihtgils]], [[Hengest]] and his brōðor [[Horsa]], and of him [[Cantawara cyning|Cantaƿara cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Bældæges cynn: [[Brona]], [[Friðugar]], [[Freawine]], [[Wig|Ƿig]], [[Gewis|Geƿis]], [[Esla]], [[Elesa]], [[Cerdic]] and of him [[Westseaxna cyning|Ƿestseaxna cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Caseres cynn: [[Tytmon]], [[Trygils]], [[Hroðund]], [[Hryp]], [[Wilhelm|Ƿilhelm]], [[Wehha|Ƿehha]], [[Wuffa|Ƿuffa]] and of him [[Ēastengla cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Ƿihtlæges cynn: [[Wermund|Ƿermund]] [[Angul|Engla]] cyning, [[Offa Engla Cyning|Offa]], [[Angelþēow|Angelþēoƿ]], [[Eomer]], [[Icel]] and of him [[Miercna cyning]]as. Englisc ealdbēc onginnaþ ymbe þā ylde þæs conversion from the old religion. Although whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in many settlement names and geographical features. *Ƿōdnesdīc þe nū hātte Wansdyke *Grīmesdīc þe nū hātte Grimsdyke *Ƿōdnesburg þe nū hātte Wednesbury [[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] ('Ƿōdenes dæg') is for him genemned, for þǣm þe his bend mid þǣm dēadum gebȳraþ tō þǣm Rōmāniscan [[Mercurius (lār)|Mercurie]]. Þā Germaniscan lēode āreahton of Lǣdene ''Mercuri dies'' on Englisc sƿā Ƿōdnesdæg. == Gebēdung == Details of [[Migration period]] Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to [[Jonas Bobiensis]], the [[6th century]] Irish missionary [[Saint Columbanus]] is reputed to have disrupted a [[Symbel|Beer sacrifice]] to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in [[Bregenz]]. Wuodan was the chief god of the [[Alamanni]], his name appears in the runic inscription on the [[Nordendorf fibula]]. [[Pagan]] worship disappeared with [[Christianization]], from the [[8th century]] in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as [[folklore]]. Many places are named after Odin, especially in [[Scandinavia]], such as ''[[Odense]]'' ([[Denmark]]) and ''Odensbacken'' ([[Sweden]]), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as ''[[Wednesbury]]'' ([[Englaland]]), ''Wodensberg and Odenheim'' ([[Germany]]), and ''[[Woensdrecht]]'' ([[Netherlands]]). Almost all German ''Gaue'' (Latin, ''pagi'') had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as ''Wodenesberg'', ''Wuodenesberg'', [[Godesberg]] and ''Gudensberg'', ''Wodensholt'', etc. ===Blōt=== Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (Deo suo Vodano nomine) in Bregenz. Wuodan was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula. Pagan worship disappeared with Christianization, from the 8th century in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore. Many places are named after Odin, especially in Scandinavia, such as Odense (Denmark) and Odensbacken (Sweden), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as Wednesbury (Englaland), Wodensberg and Odenheim (Germany), and Woensdrecht (Netherlands). Almost all German Gaue (Latin, pagi) had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as Wodenesberg, Wuodenesberg, Godesberg and Gudensberg Odin ƿæs þæt āne god in [[Scandinavian mythology]] to demand [[human sacrifice]] at the [[Blōt]]s. [[Adam of Bremen]] relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over [[Sweden]] to sacrifice at the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Male slaves, and males of each species were sacrificed and hung from the branches of the trees. The practice of sacrifice is one reason why [[Thor]] was much more popular among the commonfolk. Committing suicide was also considered to be a shortcut to Valhalla. As the Swedes had the right not only to elect king but also to depose a king, the [[sagas]] relate that both king [[Domalde]] and king [[Olof Trätälja]] were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine. Sēo ēac [[sacred king]]. It was common, particularly among the [[Cimbri]], to sacrifice a prisoner to Odin prior to or after a battle. The [[Orkneyinga saga]] relates a (and uncommon) form of Odinic sacrifice, wherein the captured Ella is slaughtered by the carving out of a "[[blood eagle]]" upon his back. More significantly, however, it has been argued that the killing of a combatant in battle was to give a sacrificial offering to Odin. The fickleness of Odin in battle was well-documented, and in [[Lokasenna]], [[Loki]] taunts Odin for his inconsistency. Sometimes sacrifices were made to Odin to bring about changes in circumstance, a notable example being the sacrifice of King [[Vīkar]] (detailed in [[Gautrek's Saga]] and [[Saxo]]). Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds; the king himself drew the lot and was hanged. Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since [[Ynglinga saga]] states one of the great festivities of the calendar is ''at sumri, þat var sigrblōt'' "in summer, for victory"; Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory. The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king [[Aun]], who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son [[Egil]], the Swedes stopped him. === Scamanisc gecynd === The goddess [[Freya|Fricg]] is seen as an adept of the mysteries of [[seid]] ([[shamanism]]), a [[völva]], and it is said that it was she who initiated Odin into its mysteries. In ''[[Lokasenna]]'' [[Loki]] abuses Odin for practising seid, condemning it as a unmanly art. A justification for this may be found in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' where Snorri opines that following the practice of seid, the practitioner was rendered weak and helpless. Another explanation is that its manipulative aspects ran counter to the male ideal of forthright, open behaviour. Odin was a compulsive seeker of wisdom, consumed by his passion for knowledge, to the extent that he sacrificed one of his eyes (which one this was is unclear) to [[Mimir]], in exchange for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Mimir's well. Some German sacred formulae, known as "Merseburger Zaubersprueche" were written down in c 800 AD and survived. One (this is the second) describes Wodan in the role of a healer: {| | :Fruma: :''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.'' :''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit'' :''thu biguel en Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister;'' :''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister'' :''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda'' :''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki'' :''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena'' :''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden'' :''sôse gelîmida sin!'' | :''Englisc wendung:'' :[[Phol]] (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest :[[Balder]]'s fola tōlēac his fōt :Sinthgunt and [[Sol (gyden)|Sol]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :[[Fricg]] and [[Fulla]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :it was charmed by Wodan, swā hē wel cūðe: :be it bonesprain, be it bloodsprain :be it limbsprain, bān tō bānum :blōd tō blōde, lim tō limum :like they are glued! |} Further, the creation of the [[runes]], the Norse alphabet that was also used for divination, is attributed to Odin and is described in the [[Rūnatal]], a section of the [[Havamal]]. He hanged himself from the tree [[Yggdrasil]], whilst pierced by his own spear, to acquire knowledge. He remained thus for nine days and nights, a number deeply significant in Norse magical practice (there were, for example, [[The Nine Worlds of Norse Mythology|nine realms of existence]]), thereby learning nine (later eighteen) magical songs and eighteen magical runes. The purpose of this strange ritual, a god sacrificing himself to himself because there was nothing higher to sacrifice to, was to obtain mystical insight through mortification of the flesh; however, some scholars assert that the Norse believed that insight into the runes could only be truly attained in death. Some scholars see this scene as influenced by the story of [[Christ]]'s [[crucifixion]]; and others note the similarity to the story of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s enlightenment. it is in any case also influenced by shamanism, where the symbolic climbing of a "world tree" by the shaman in search of mystic knowledge is a common religious pattern. We know that sacrifices, human or otherwise, to the gods were commonly hung in or from trees, often transfixed by spears. (See also: [[Peijainen]]) Additionally, one of Odin's names is ''Ygg'', and the norse name for the World Ash —[[Yggdrasil]]—therefore means "Ygg's (Odin's)horse". Another of Odin's names is ''Hangatyr'', the god of the hanged. Ōðenes lufu for ƿīsdōme cann man ēac sēon in his ƿeorc as a farmhand for a summer, for [[Baugi]], in order to obtain the mead of poetry. Sēo [[Fjalar and Galar]] for more details. == Medieval andfengnes == Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the [[German language]] from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce ''Wednesday'' to the neutral ''Mittwoch'' ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (''Tuesday'' "[[Tyr]]'s day" and ''Frīgedæg'' "[[Frīg]]e dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, [[Michael|St. Michael]] replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the [[Wild hunt]] of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as ''Wuotis Heer''. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that [[Charlemagne]] led the hunt, not Odin. In Englalande ƿæs Ƿōden was not so much demonized as rationalized, and in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he appears as a perfectly earthly cyning, only four generations removed from [[Hengest and Horsa]]. [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s record of the Edda is striking evidence of the climate of religious tolerance in medieval Iceland, but even he feels compelled to give a rational account of the Aesir in his preface. In this scenario, Snorri speculates that Odin and his peers were originally refugees from [[Troy]], etymologizing ''Aesir'' as derived from [[Asia]]. Some scholars believe that Snorri's version of Norse mythology is an attempt to mould a more shamanistic tradition into a Greek mythological cast. In any case, Snorri's writing (particularly in [[Heimskringla]]) tries to maintain an essentially scholastic neutrality. That Snorri was correct was one of the last of [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s archeo-anthropological theories (see [[Jakten på Odin|The search for Odin]]). In manigum Germaniscum sprǣcum is se nama þæs fēorðan dæges þǣre ƿuce (if one counts from Sunday) is frequently, "Wotanes Dæg" oþþe "Ƿōdenes Dæg", ([[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] on Englisce. Geefnett Norþƿegisc, Denisc and Sƿēonisc ''onsdag'', [[Niðerlendisc_sprǣc|Niðerlendisc]] ''woensdag''; ǣnlīce se efenƿeorða dæg on [[Þēodisc_sprǣc| Þēodisc]] is ānfealdlīce "mid ƿucu" (''Mittwoch'')). This is thought to translate the [[Latin]] ''Dies Mercurii'', "Mercury-day" (cf. French ''mercredi''), owing primarily to [[Tacitus]]' linking þāra twēgra goda. ===Onstandende gelēafan on Ōðene === Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the German language from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce Wednesday to the neutral Mittwoch ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (Tuesday "Tyr's day" and Frīgedæg "Frīge dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, St. Michael replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the Wild hunt of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as Wuotis Heer. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that Charlemagne led the hunt, not Odin. The spread of Christianity was slow in Scandinavia, and it worked its way downwards from the nobility. Among common people, beliefs in Odin would linger for centuries, and legends would be told until modern times. Sēo endenīehste beadu, in þǣre þe þā Norenan tealdon sige tō Ōðene, wæs sēo [[Beadu Lenan]] in [[1208]] [https://runeberg.org/img/sverhist/1/0325.5.png]. The former Swedish king [[Sverker II of Sweden|Sverker]] had arrived with a large Danish army, and the Swedes discovered that the Danish army was more than twice the size of their own. Naturally, the Danes got the upper hand and they should have won. However, the Swedes claimed that they suddenly saw Odin riding on Sleipnir. Accounts vary on how Odin gave the Swedes victory, but in one version, he rode in front of their battle formation. Þā Norþrigan sægdon lange spell ymbe ānēagedne rīdere mid brādbrerdedum hæte and blǣhǣƿenum cyrtele þe bād smiþ tō scōgenne his hors. The suspicious smith asked where the stranger had stayed during the previous night. The stranger mentioned so distant places that the smith would not believe him. The stranger said that he had stayed for a long time in the north and taken part in many battles, and this time he was going to Sweden. When the horse was shod, the rider mounted his horse and said "Ic eom Ōðen" to the stunned smith, rode up in the air and disappeared. The next day, the battle of Lena took place. [[Scandinavian folklore]] also maintained a belief in Odin as the leader of the [[Wild Hunt]] (''Åsgårdsreia'' in Norwegian). His main objective seems to have been to track down and kill the forest creature ''[[huldra]]n'' or ''skogsrået''. In these accounts, Odin was typically a lone huntsman, save for his two wolves. Originally, he was armed with a spear, but in later accounts this was sometimes changed to a [[rifle]]. {{Hǣðenscipe}} [[Flocc:Godas]] [[Flocc:Gūðes godu]] [[Flocc:Wīsdōmes godu]] [[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]] [[Flocc:Þēodisce godu]] [[Flocc:Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe]] [[Flocc:Hāligdomes gemǣnelīcu þing.]] itl7k62nj4mgrdhpcg14i37jv1cmzrs 231115 231114 2026-07-22T02:52:43Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231115 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Þis is þæt side mid eald Ænglisċ and niƿe Ænglisċ stafas. Gif þu ƿoldest geseon an fulliċe on eald Ænglisċ, ġese: [[Woden(Eald Englisc)|Woden(Eall Eald Englisc)]].''{{cleanup}}Ƿōden is nama ānes þāra Þēodiscum goda, hƿæs nama is of Mercurie on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god ƿīsdōmes and gūðes. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on Īslendisce/Norene Óðinn (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); Sƿēonisce Oden; Nīƿum Ænglisċe/Ænglisċe (and Ealdum Seaxiscum) Ƿōden; Ealdum Franconisċe Ƿodan; Alemannisce Ƿuodan; Þēodisce Ƿotan oþþe Ƿoþan; Lombardisċe Godan, and in Ealdgermanisce hit ƿæs *Ƿōðanaz, þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte mainomenos þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ẏmbe his rihtan andgiet in raċum, as se nama is ġemacod of òð and -in. On Norene mǣnþ òð '"ƿit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, drẏhten." Þus, Odin is drẏhten þæs līfes þrace. {{English}} '''Ƿōden''' is nama ānes þāra [[Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe|Þēodiscum]] goda, hƿæs nama is of [[Mercurius|Mercurie]] on Ænglisċe āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god [[wīsdōm|ƿīsdōm]]es and [[gūð]]es. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on [[Īslendisc sprǣc |Īslendisce]]/[[Noren]]e ''Óðinn'' (Ōðen gehāten on Ænglisċe); [[Swēonisc sprǣc |Sƿēonisce]] ''Oden''; [[Nīwu Englisc sprǣc |Nīwum Englisce]]/[[Englisc sprǣc |Englisce]] (and [[Eald Seaxisc|Ealdum Seaxiscum]]) Ƿ'''ōden'''; [[Eald Franconisc|Ealdum Franconisce]] Ƿ''odan''; [[Alamanni|Alemannisce]] [[Wuotan|''Wuodan'']]; [[Þēodisc sprǣc|Þēodisce]] Ƿ''otan'' oþþe Ƿ''oþan''; [[Lombardisc sprǣc |Lombardisce]] ''Godan'', and in [[Ealdgermanisc]]e hit ƿæs *''Wōðanaz'', þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte ''mainomenos'' þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of ''òð'' and ''-in''. On Norene mǣnþ ''òð'' '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "<!--fierce power, energy-->heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, '''Odin''' is ''dryhten þæs [[Vitalism|līfes]] [[Wōdenes þracu|þrace]].'' [[Image:Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg|thumb|right|''Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Ƿōden, se ƿīdfarend)'']] ==Gemǣna Mearcunga== For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte. Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm Ƿildan Huntoðe, farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode Rudra þæs Hinduiscan Rigvedasya. Ódinn and Frigg fōron ætgædre in þissum. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.<!-- Here I perpetrate a string of bahuvrihis --> Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm [[Wilda Huntoþ|Ƿildan Huntoðe]], farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode [[Rudra]] þæs [[Hindu]]iscan [[Rigveda]]sya. Ódinn and [[Frigg]] fōron ætgædre in þissum. ==Onfōnd þāra Dēadra ==Snorri Sturlusones Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, Valhalla. Þās gefeallenan, þā einherjar, feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, Ragnarök. In þǣm Norþmanniscum spellum, Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his Valkyrjur (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce Valhalla. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt Brávellir, Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning Harald Hildetand. Helgi Hundingesbana ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. [[Snorri Sturluson]]es Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, [[Valhalla]]. Þās gefeallenan, þā ''[[einherjar]]'', feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, [[Ragnarok|Ragnarök]]. In þǣm [[Norse saga|Norþmanniscum spellum]], Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his ''[[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]]'' (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce [[Valhalla]]. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt [[Brávellir]], Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning [[Harald Hildetand]]. [[Helgi Hundingesbana]] ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. == Ōðen and Mercurius== Man cnǣƿþ lǣssa ymbe Óðine (oððe Ƿōdne) sƿā nimend þāra dēada sƿā gelīefdon þā sūðerne [[German]]as. Se [[Roma|Romisca]] spellƿrītere [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas beēodon [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurium]], ac is gelīc þæt þis tācnode Ƿōden, for þǣm þe Mercurius (þe in Grēcisce hātte Hermēs) ēac ƿæs se sāƿollǣdend (þe in Grēcisce is ''psychopompos''). And [[Iulius Caesar]] ƿrāt þæt Mercurius is se grēatost god þāra Germaniscena in his bēc <i>De Bello Gallico</i> 6.17.1. [[Paulus Diaconus]] (þe segþ Paulus se Dīacon) ƿrāt nēah þǣm ende þæs [[8th century|8an gēarhundrede]], and þǣrinne he sægde þæt Ƿōden (þe hē ƿrāt ''Guodan'') ƿæs se hēafodgod þāra [[Langobards|Langbearda]], and hē and ǣrran ƿrīteras sægdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs Mercurius: sēo þā bōc ''History of the Langobards'', I:9. Þurh þā samnesse, Paulus ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas gelīefdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs, and þæt þæs godes fruma ƿæs ne in þissum tīde ac gēo and ne in Germaniam ac in Grēclande. [[Robert Wace|Robert Ƿace]] ēac segþ þæt Ƿotan is Mercurius. [[Viktor Rydberg]] in his bēc ymbe ''Teutonic Mythology'', ƿrīteþ ymbe sume ōðre gelīcnessa Ƿōdenes mid Mercuriō, and þæt bēgen brōhton lēoðsangscip tō mannum. == Ƿordstǣr == Se Norþmannisca nama ''Ōðinn'' is fram ''*Wōðinaz'', ġeþwǣriende mid þām naman Westernan Germanisċan tungan ġesċeapes fyrestan samhlȳde. [[Adam von Bremen]] fint þone þæs ġebeden godes ieldran mid þæs endleftan hundġēares hǣþenum Norþmannum tō ''"Wodan id est furor"'' ("''Wodan'', hit is 'wōd'."), ācumendlīċnes ġīet ġemǣnelīċe ġewēned tōdæġ, forbindende þone naman mid [[Ænglisċ sprǣċ|Englisċes]] ''ƿōd'', [[Gotisc sprǣc|Gotisc ]] ''wōds'', Norþmanntungan ''*ōðr'' (see [[Odr]]), and [[Ealdhēahþēodisc]] ''wuot''. In gemānum [[Proto-Germanisc]]e se nama ƿæs ''*Wōðinaz'', þe ēaðe mæg bēon of [[Indo-Europeisc]]um ''*Watinos''. Ac man seah þæt Englisc ''Ƿoden'' nis riht sam-cynn Germanisces ''Wotan'', and þæt þǣrþurh folc gehƿeorf ''Wotan'' to folgienne þæt andgiet "se ƿōda", and sƿīðe æfter þæt þā Germanas ƿurdon Crīstnas and man seah Wotan sƿā deofol, ac þā Norþmenn and þā Engle hēoldon þone nama sƿā hit ǣrra ƿæs. And gelīce in ealdum Grēcisce ''Arēs'' hira gūþgod oft hātte ''Arēs mainomenos'' þe segþ "ƿōd Arēs". Ān meahtlicnes is þæt se nama ƿæs geborgod of þǣm [[Wealhcynn|Ƿealhcynn]]e, ymbe þā tīd [[Tacitus|Tacites]] hƿonne Germanisc and Ƿīelisc cynn ƿǣron ƿiþ hīe on ǣgðerre healfe þǣre [[Rīn]]e, and is gecynde þǣm Ƿīeliscan prēostlican gefērscipe þāra [[Vates]]. Þæt Ƿīelisce ƿord is æt ende genumen of þǣre ilcan ƿyrte (meahtlīce [[Frum-Indisc-Europisc]], ac gesōðod in Ƿīelisce and in Germanisce ānum) sƿā þā Germaniscan ƿord for "dēofolsēoc", ofer beclipod, ''*vāt-'', mid a more general meaning of "spiritually excited", also preserved in the [[Irish]] word for "poet", ''[[fáith]]''. If the word is indeed a loan from Celtic, it may be an important hint to the dating of the Proto-Germanic [[sound change]]s. == Eddaisc Ƿōden == Se [[Prose Edda]] segþ þæt [[Bestla]] and [[Borr]] ācennedon Óðin and þæt hē hæfde bróðru [[Vé]] (þe is Ƿéo) and [[Vili]] (þe is Ƿill) and þā þrēo gebrōðru niðerƿurpon þone forstþyrs [[Ymir]] and macodon þone ƿoruld of Ymis līce. Man oft spræc ymbe þā þrēo gebrōðru ætgædre. Óðinn and [[Jorð]] ācennedon þone brēmostan sunu [[Þórr]], and his nama segþ Þunor, and Jorð segþ Eorþe. Ac his ƿīf and gemæcca ƿæs sēo gyden [[Frigg]], and þā gecnāƿenoste ealdspell secgaþ þæt Frigg ƿæs sēo lufiende mōdor hira suna [[Baldur|Baldr]]). And Óðinn and sēo þyrsen [[Gríðr]] ācennedon [[Víðarr|Víðar]]. And se blinda god [[Hoðr]] þurh misgelimpe ofsloh his brōðor [[Baldr]], and æfterra Óðinn and þā þyrsen [[Rind]] ācennedon [[Vali]], and Vali cƿōm of Rindes cƿiðe fullƿeaxen and ƿæpned and hē sƿerode āþ þæt ne ƿolde dōn niht and ne baðian oþþæt he ƿrece on Hoðe. And manige cynecynnas sægron þæt Óðinn ƿæs sum hira ealdfædra þurh ōðre suno. For traditions about Odin's offspring see ''[[Sons of Odin]]''. === Gecynd === [[Image:Ardre Odin Sleipnir.jpg|thumb|220px|Óðinn rítt in Ƿæleall on þǣm horse [[Sleipnir|Sleipni]] ([[Ardre image stone]]).]] Óðinn hæfþ þæt eahtasceancan horse [[Sleipnir]], and þæt ofhēaƿen hēafod þæs dƿearges [[Mímir|Mímis]] and hit foreƿītegode þā forþgesceafte. His [[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]] þegnodon hine gaderende þā sāƿla beorna ofslægenra in gefeohte and brōhton hīe to Ƿælhealle þǣr Óðinn ƿunode in [[Ásgarðr|Ásgarðe]], þǣr þā sāƿla ƿurdon þā [[Einherjar]], þe ƿillon þurfan feohtan mid Óðine in þǣre gūðe æt [[Ragnarok]]e. And þæt nama Einherjar segþ Ānheremenn, for in Ƿōdnes healle hīe sind ealle in ānum samum herge, þéah þe ǣrra libbende on eorðan hie ƿǣron in manigum hergum and fyrdum. [[Brynhildr]], sum þāra Valkyrja, ƿearþ ūtgeƿorpen of his þegnscipe, ac Óðinn gemiltsode and settede híe in healle and ymb hīe hring fȳres tō þæs þe ānne se heardost mann mihte sēcan ƿeddan hīe. And [[Sigurðr]] āhreddede hīe. And æfterra Vali ofslōh Hoð. Odin hæfð fela galdorcyningas him mid: þæt dweorgspere Gungnir, þæt næfre his gemearc ne forlæteð, an galdor goldhring (Draupnir), of þam ælc nigoþ niht eahta niwe hringas becumað, an eahtalegged hors (Sleipnir) and twegen hrafnas Huginn and Muninn (þeaht and gemynd) þe ofer eorðan farað to begytanne witan æt his hæse. He eac geweald hæfð twægen wulfes Geri and Freki, þam he his mete sylð forþan þe he sylf nænig ne et butan win. Of his stol Hlidskjalf (stede in Valaskjalf), Ōðinn mihte eall gesewan þæt on þam eallum worolde gewurde. Se Valknut is tacn þe is mid Ōðinn gebunden. === Naman === The Norsemen gave Odin many nicknames; this was in the Norse [[skald]]ic tradition of [[kennings]], a poetic method of indirect reference, as in a riddle. See [[List of names of Odin]]. The name Alföðr ("Allfather", "father of all") appears in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Younger Edda]]. It probably refers to the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[God]] in that book, but it may have referred to Odin at an earlier date. (It probably originally denoted [[Tyr|Tiwaz]], as it fits the pattern of referring to [[Sky father|Sky Fathers]] as "father".) ==Englisc-Seaxisc Wōden== Englaþēod, Seaxcynn and Geotcynn brōhton Ƿōden tō [[Breten]]e ymbe þǣm 5th and 6th gearhundedum, þæt he his weorþung hæfde oþ his gecyrren to Cristendome on þam eahtan and nigan hundred gearum. Woden is se deadra bringend, ac ne þurhþa þa hæfene þe Norse Odin hæfð. Woden is eac se heretoga þæs Wilde Huntes. þa cyninglicu sibbe syndon þa ylcan betwux Woden and þam oþrum Englisce-Saxiscum godum swa hie synd for þam Norse. Æfter þǣm Engla and Seaxna Cranice and þǣm [[Historia Britonum]], Ƿoden hæfde þās sunas: [[Wecta|Ƿecta]], [[Bældæg]], [[Casere Bældæging|Casere]] and [[Wihtlaeg|Ƿihtlaeg]]. *Þȳ folgað Ƿectan cynn: [[Witta Wectaning|Ƿitta]], [[Wihtgils|Ƿihtgils]], [[Hengest]] and his brōðor [[Horsa]], and of him [[Cantawara cyning|Cantaƿara cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Bældæges cynn: [[Brona]], [[Friðugar]], [[Freawine]], [[Wig|Ƿig]], [[Gewis|Geƿis]], [[Esla]], [[Elesa]], [[Cerdic]] and of him [[Westseaxna cyning|Ƿestseaxna cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Caseres cynn: [[Tytmon]], [[Trygils]], [[Hroðund]], [[Hryp]], [[Wilhelm|Ƿilhelm]], [[Wehha|Ƿehha]], [[Wuffa|Ƿuffa]] and of him [[Ēastengla cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Ƿihtlæges cynn: [[Wermund|Ƿermund]] [[Angul|Engla]] cyning, [[Offa Engla Cyning|Offa]], [[Angelþēow|Angelþēoƿ]], [[Eomer]], [[Icel]] and of him [[Miercna cyning]]as. Englisc ealdbēc onginnaþ ymbe þā ylde þæs conversion from the old religion. Although whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in many settlement names and geographical features. *Ƿōdnesdīc þe nū hātte Wansdyke *Grīmesdīc þe nū hātte Grimsdyke *Ƿōdnesburg þe nū hātte Wednesbury [[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] ('Ƿōdenes dæg') is for him genemned, for þǣm þe his bend mid þǣm dēadum gebȳraþ tō þǣm Rōmāniscan [[Mercurius (lār)|Mercurie]]. Þā Germaniscan lēode āreahton of Lǣdene ''Mercuri dies'' on Englisc sƿā Ƿōdnesdæg. == Gebēdung == Details of [[Migration period]] Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to [[Jonas Bobiensis]], the [[6th century]] Irish missionary [[Saint Columbanus]] is reputed to have disrupted a [[Symbel|Beer sacrifice]] to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in [[Bregenz]]. Wuodan was the chief god of the [[Alamanni]], his name appears in the runic inscription on the [[Nordendorf fibula]]. [[Pagan]] worship disappeared with [[Christianization]], from the [[8th century]] in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as [[folklore]]. Many places are named after Odin, especially in [[Scandinavia]], such as ''[[Odense]]'' ([[Denmark]]) and ''Odensbacken'' ([[Sweden]]), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as ''[[Wednesbury]]'' ([[Englaland]]), ''Wodensberg and Odenheim'' ([[Germany]]), and ''[[Woensdrecht]]'' ([[Netherlands]]). Almost all German ''Gaue'' (Latin, ''pagi'') had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as ''Wodenesberg'', ''Wuodenesberg'', [[Godesberg]] and ''Gudensberg'', ''Wodensholt'', etc. ===Blōt=== Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (Deo suo Vodano nomine) in Bregenz. Wuodan was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula. Pagan worship disappeared with Christianization, from the 8th century in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore. Many places are named after Odin, especially in Scandinavia, such as Odense (Denmark) and Odensbacken (Sweden), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as Wednesbury (Englaland), Wodensberg and Odenheim (Germany), and Woensdrecht (Netherlands). Almost all German Gaue (Latin, pagi) had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as Wodenesberg, Wuodenesberg, Godesberg and Gudensberg Odin ƿæs þæt āne god in [[Scandinavian mythology]] to demand [[human sacrifice]] at the [[Blōt]]s. [[Adam of Bremen]] relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over [[Sweden]] to sacrifice at the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Male slaves, and males of each species were sacrificed and hung from the branches of the trees. The practice of sacrifice is one reason why [[Thor]] was much more popular among the commonfolk. Committing suicide was also considered to be a shortcut to Valhalla. As the Swedes had the right not only to elect king but also to depose a king, the [[sagas]] relate that both king [[Domalde]] and king [[Olof Trätälja]] were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine. Sēo ēac [[sacred king]]. It was common, particularly among the [[Cimbri]], to sacrifice a prisoner to Odin prior to or after a battle. The [[Orkneyinga saga]] relates a (and uncommon) form of Odinic sacrifice, wherein the captured Ella is slaughtered by the carving out of a "[[blood eagle]]" upon his back. More significantly, however, it has been argued that the killing of a combatant in battle was to give a sacrificial offering to Odin. The fickleness of Odin in battle was well-documented, and in [[Lokasenna]], [[Loki]] taunts Odin for his inconsistency. Sometimes sacrifices were made to Odin to bring about changes in circumstance, a notable example being the sacrifice of King [[Vīkar]] (detailed in [[Gautrek's Saga]] and [[Saxo]]). Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds; the king himself drew the lot and was hanged. Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since [[Ynglinga saga]] states one of the great festivities of the calendar is ''at sumri, þat var sigrblōt'' "in summer, for victory"; Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory. The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king [[Aun]], who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son [[Egil]], the Swedes stopped him. === Scamanisc gecynd === The goddess [[Freya|Fricg]] is seen as an adept of the mysteries of [[seid]] ([[shamanism]]), a [[völva]], and it is said that it was she who initiated Odin into its mysteries. In ''[[Lokasenna]]'' [[Loki]] abuses Odin for practising seid, condemning it as a unmanly art. A justification for this may be found in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' where Snorri opines that following the practice of seid, the practitioner was rendered weak and helpless. Another explanation is that its manipulative aspects ran counter to the male ideal of forthright, open behaviour. Odin was a compulsive seeker of wisdom, consumed by his passion for knowledge, to the extent that he sacrificed one of his eyes (which one this was is unclear) to [[Mimir]], in exchange for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Mimir's well. Some German sacred formulae, known as "Merseburger Zaubersprueche" were written down in c 800 AD and survived. One (this is the second) describes Wodan in the role of a healer: {| | :Fruma: :''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.'' :''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit'' :''thu biguel en Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister;'' :''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister'' :''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda'' :''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki'' :''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena'' :''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden'' :''sôse gelîmida sin!'' | :''Englisc wendung:'' :[[Phol]] (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest :[[Balder]]'s fola tōlēac his fōt :Sinthgunt and [[Sol (gyden)|Sol]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :[[Fricg]] and [[Fulla]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :it was charmed by Wodan, swā hē wel cūðe: :be it bonesprain, be it bloodsprain :be it limbsprain, bān tō bānum :blōd tō blōde, lim tō limum :like they are glued! |} Further, the creation of the [[runes]], the Norse alphabet that was also used for divination, is attributed to Odin and is described in the [[Rūnatal]], a section of the [[Havamal]]. He hanged himself from the tree [[Yggdrasil]], whilst pierced by his own spear, to acquire knowledge. He remained thus for nine days and nights, a number deeply significant in Norse magical practice (there were, for example, [[The Nine Worlds of Norse Mythology|nine realms of existence]]), thereby learning nine (later eighteen) magical songs and eighteen magical runes. The purpose of this strange ritual, a god sacrificing himself to himself because there was nothing higher to sacrifice to, was to obtain mystical insight through mortification of the flesh; however, some scholars assert that the Norse believed that insight into the runes could only be truly attained in death. Some scholars see this scene as influenced by the story of [[Christ]]'s [[crucifixion]]; and others note the similarity to the story of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s enlightenment. it is in any case also influenced by shamanism, where the symbolic climbing of a "world tree" by the shaman in search of mystic knowledge is a common religious pattern. We know that sacrifices, human or otherwise, to the gods were commonly hung in or from trees, often transfixed by spears. (See also: [[Peijainen]]) Additionally, one of Odin's names is ''Ygg'', and the norse name for the World Ash —[[Yggdrasil]]—therefore means "Ygg's (Odin's)horse". Another of Odin's names is ''Hangatyr'', the god of the hanged. Ōðenes lufu for ƿīsdōme cann man ēac sēon in his ƿeorc as a farmhand for a summer, for [[Baugi]], in order to obtain the mead of poetry. Sēo [[Fjalar and Galar]] for more details. == Medieval andfengnes == Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the [[German language]] from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce ''Wednesday'' to the neutral ''Mittwoch'' ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (''Tuesday'' "[[Tyr]]'s day" and ''Frīgedæg'' "[[Frīg]]e dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, [[Michael|St. Michael]] replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the [[Wild hunt]] of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as ''Wuotis Heer''. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that [[Charlemagne]] led the hunt, not Odin. In Englalande ƿæs Ƿōden was not so much demonized as rationalized, and in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he appears as a perfectly earthly cyning, only four generations removed from [[Hengest and Horsa]]. [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s record of the Edda is striking evidence of the climate of religious tolerance in medieval Iceland, but even he feels compelled to give a rational account of the Aesir in his preface. In this scenario, Snorri speculates that Odin and his peers were originally refugees from [[Troy]], etymologizing ''Aesir'' as derived from [[Asia]]. Some scholars believe that Snorri's version of Norse mythology is an attempt to mould a more shamanistic tradition into a Greek mythological cast. In any case, Snorri's writing (particularly in [[Heimskringla]]) tries to maintain an essentially scholastic neutrality. That Snorri was correct was one of the last of [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s archeo-anthropological theories (see [[Jakten på Odin|The search for Odin]]). In manigum Germaniscum sprǣcum is se nama þæs fēorðan dæges þǣre ƿuce (if one counts from Sunday) is frequently, "Wotanes Dæg" oþþe "Ƿōdenes Dæg", ([[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] on Englisce. Geefnett Norþƿegisc, Denisc and Sƿēonisc ''onsdag'', [[Niðerlendisc_sprǣc|Niðerlendisc]] ''woensdag''; ǣnlīce se efenƿeorða dæg on [[Þēodisc_sprǣc| Þēodisc]] is ānfealdlīce "mid ƿucu" (''Mittwoch'')). This is thought to translate the [[Latin]] ''Dies Mercurii'', "Mercury-day" (cf. French ''mercredi''), owing primarily to [[Tacitus]]' linking þāra twēgra goda. ===Onstandende gelēafan on Ōðene === Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the German language from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce Wednesday to the neutral Mittwoch ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (Tuesday "Tyr's day" and Frīgedæg "Frīge dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, St. Michael replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the Wild hunt of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as Wuotis Heer. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that Charlemagne led the hunt, not Odin. The spread of Christianity was slow in Scandinavia, and it worked its way downwards from the nobility. Among common people, beliefs in Odin would linger for centuries, and legends would be told until modern times. Sēo endenīehste beadu, in þǣre þe þā Norenan tealdon sige tō Ōðene, wæs sēo [[Beadu Lenan]] in [[1208]] [https://runeberg.org/img/sverhist/1/0325.5.png]. The former Swedish king [[Sverker II of Sweden|Sverker]] had arrived with a large Danish army, and the Swedes discovered that the Danish army was more than twice the size of their own. Naturally, the Danes got the upper hand and they should have won. However, the Swedes claimed that they suddenly saw Odin riding on Sleipnir. Accounts vary on how Odin gave the Swedes victory, but in one version, he rode in front of their battle formation. Þā Norþrigan sægdon lange spell ymbe ānēagedne rīdere mid brādbrerdedum hæte and blǣhǣƿenum cyrtele þe bād smiþ tō scōgenne his hors. The suspicious smith asked where the stranger had stayed during the previous night. The stranger mentioned so distant places that the smith would not believe him. The stranger said that he had stayed for a long time in the north and taken part in many battles, and this time he was going to Sweden. When the horse was shod, the rider mounted his horse and said "Ic eom Ōðen" to the stunned smith, rode up in the air and disappeared. The next day, the battle of Lena took place. [[Scandinavian folklore]] also maintained a belief in Odin as the leader of the [[Wild Hunt]] (''Åsgårdsreia'' in Norwegian). His main objective seems to have been to track down and kill the forest creature ''[[huldra]]n'' or ''skogsrået''. In these accounts, Odin was typically a lone huntsman, save for his two wolves. Originally, he was armed with a spear, but in later accounts this was sometimes changed to a [[rifle]]. {{Hǣðenscipe}} [[Flocc:Godas]] [[Flocc:Gūðes godu]] [[Flocc:Wīsdōmes godu]] [[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]] [[Flocc:Þēodisce godu]] [[Flocc:Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe]] [[Flocc:Hāligdomes gemǣnelīcu þing.]] 889p14zt79fe4lz0nedreqi6xl2e934 0 1740 231125 220897 2026-07-22T17:04:36Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 /* */ 231125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:chariot_cdba2_seabed.jpg|thumb|240px|Hēr is līċnesse tƿēgra [[froggamann]]a mid [[Siebe Gorman CDBA]] ongēanǣðmendum rīdendra rīdungfȳrramm.]] [[Image:Maiale SLC.jpg|thumb|240px|Siluro a Lenta Corsa ''maiale'']] <center><small>[ [[{{PAGENAME}}|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/gw|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/ᚱᚢᚾ|ᚱᚢᚾ]] ]</small></center> Se '''rīdungfȳrramm''' ǣrest hātte in [[Italisc|Italisċ]]e saƿ ''Siluro a Lenta Corsa'', þe sægþ "Slāƿ-rinnende fȳrramm." His scufend ƿæs [[spærclecræft]]ig. Næs in him lẏftrūm sƿā in dȳfendbāte oþþe [[undersǣbāt]]e oþþe [[undersǣscip|undersǣsċip]]e. His tƿēgen scipmenn ƿerodon [[dȳfungrēaf]] and ridon on him sƿā on horse. Hit hæfde searƿe tō stẏrianne. Hit hæfde [[gūðhēafod]] þe man miht oflǣfan dẏrne under sċip tō tobrecanne sċipu mid [[utberstend]]e. Þonne hit fōr tō gūðe, sum grēatora sċip (þe oft ƿæs undersǣsip) bær hit tō stede nēam þǣm ġefeohtstede, and frēogede hit. == Gēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm == ===Ǣr 1942=== *1909: Hēr se Brẏttisca searumann Commander Godfrey Herbert macode cẏneliċne ƿẏrhtan rihtƿriotu for his rīdungfȳrramme, ac þenden seo [[Ǣresta Woruldgūþ|Ǣresta Ƿoruldgūþ]] rann, þā gūðsċealċas aƿurpon þone geþōht sƿā unbruclīċne. *1918: Hēr tƿēgen Italisċe macode rīdungfȳrramm and on him he macodon onsċẏte tō [[Austria-Hungaria]]landisce sċipu in [[Trieste]] hȳðe. Aċ næs tō him æðmungsearƿe and hīe þurfton rinnan mid heafdum ofer ƿætere. *1930-1939: Betƿēox þissum ġēarum sƿammen sum Eotolƿare under ƿætere mid odenliċum oxygen[[ongēanaðmiend]]e tō īeþ fisċianne mid gāre for ƿẏnne, and of þǣm ongann sēo dȳfung mid [[scuba]]n in ƿorulde. And sēo Regia Marina, þe is [[Italie]] [[sċipfierd]], dẏrne macode rīdungfȳrrammas, and tōhte gūðfroggamenn and hēt hīe ''nuotatori'', þe sægþ "sƿimmeras". And þā froggamenn hēton hira þis cẏnn rīdungfȳrramma ''maiale'', þe in Italisċe sægþ "[[Swīn|sƿīn]]", for þǣm þe þæt ǣrest cẏnn ''maial''a ƿǣron earfoðlīċe tō stẏrianne. And hīe ƿǣron in sċirfierde dǣle gehātenum "Decima Flottiglia Mas", and Ernesto Forza ƿæs his fierdtoga. *1940 [[10 Sēremōnaþ]]: Hēr Mussolini hēt gūþ ƿiþ Brẏtene. *1940 21 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Iride fōr of La Spezia ƿiþ Calpis, and in Bomba-cofan on Libẏae sǣriman men lǣdde on hit fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas, aċ þǣr Brẏttisce lẏftcræftas sencton hit. *1940 21 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Gondar fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and in 28 dæġes ǣfne cƿōm hit tō Alexandriam on Ǣgẏpte, aċ Brẏttisc gūþsċip seah hit and fōhte ƿiþ him and sencte hit, and his sċipmenn gieldedon. *1940 24 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and on 29 dæge nēah Calpis man bebād hit eft gān tō La Maddalena, for þǣm þe þā Brẏttiscan gūþsċipu ēodon of Calpise. *1940 [[21 Ƿinterfẏlleþ]]: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia tō Calpis berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and hīe ēodon in þæt hȳðƿætere, ac hīe ne derede sċip, and þāra menn man fēng tƿēgen, and six ēodon on Hispaniam and þanon eft on Italiam. *1941 25 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt [[Cādiz]] in [[Hispania]]m dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ [[Calpis]], ac þǣrinne hīe ne fundon gūðsċip, ac hīe sōhton sincan sċip, aċ ne spēoƿ him, and þā siex rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 27 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa sǣfierd fōhte ƿiþ þǣm Bismarck and sencte hit, and forðȳ hīe ne ƿǣron gūðsċipu in Calpis. *1941 26 Mǣdmōnaþ: Her tƿēgen Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas and tīen sƿifte Italisċe bātas berende ūtberstendas fōron ƿiþ Valletta on Malta īege, aċ hīe ne sencte sċip, and in Vallettan ƿæs heard sċēotung of lande, and 15 hira asƿulton, and 18 ƿurdon hæftas. *1941 [[10 Hærfestmōnaþ]]: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Cādiz in Hispaniam dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ Calpis, and hīe sencton þrēo sċipu, and þā rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 Gēolmōnaþ 3: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. and on Gēolmōnaþ 19 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgẏpte, and hīe fōron in þǣre hȳðe and sencton ele-fatu-sċip and sāre deredon þā grēate and strange Brẏttisċan gūðsċipu [[HMS Valiant (1914)|HMS ''Valiant'']] and [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']], and hīe sǣton on þǣre hȳðe botme, and þurh monðas man ne miht brucan þā tƿā sċipu. and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. ===1942=== *1942 Ēastermōnaþ 29: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And on Þrimilcemōnaþ 14 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgypte tō sincanne grēate Brẏttisċe flēotende hȳðe, aċ sum seah þone Ambra, and hīe ne sencton sċip, and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. *1942 Ēastermōnaþ: Hēr dẏrne þā Brẏttisċe sǣfierdmenn Commander G.M.Sladen and Commander Ƿ.R. "Tiny" Fell ongunnon tǣcan froggamenn. And sēo sċipfierd hēt þā rīdungfȳrrammas ''chariots'', and gēo ''chariot'' ƿæs sƿift unhefig ƿīgcræt þe tƿā sƿifte hors togodon. And þēos froggamenn hātton þone ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'', and ǣreste hīe ƿunodon æt [[Portesmūðan]]. *1942 Sēremōnaþ: Hēr se Brẏttisċa ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'' ēode tō "Port D" þe ƿæs on [[Eiríksfjorðr|Eiríksfjorðe]] in [[Scotland]]e. and hīe gefengon hira ǣrestan rīdungfȳrramm þe hæfde sċufend, and hit ƿæs þæs cẏnnes "Mark I Chariot", and miht faran 2.9 sċipmīl in stunde, and miht unplēolīċe dȳfan tƿentig fēt under sǣ, and his līċ ƿæs 21 ẏncas ƿīd, and his frumstemn bær 600 pund utberstendes. Sēo tǣcung ƿæs heard, and þurh þā plēo dȳfunge mid ungemisċodum oxygene and sēo ellorlīċnesse þāra rīdungfȳrramma oft ƿæs gesƿōgung and fẏlleƿærċ under sǣ, for þǣm þe se oxẏgen ƿierþþ ator æt þritiġ-ġerīme fōta under ƿætere. Oft ƿæs lǣssa hearm sƿā eara tunnebotma berstung and hearm in hira holum in heafde þe hātte ''sinus''. and man ''tōhton hīe aran and stīeran lange under ƿætere and æfter þǣm þe ceorfan þurh ƿerungnett hȳða. and ƿæs heardost lǣran ƿeorcan mid þǣm fȳrramma gūðhēadfum.''<!—ƿhat is this sentence trying to say?--> *1942 Mǽdmónaþ: Hēr þā Italisċan froggamenn cƿōmon tō þǣm lādberendum sċipe Olterra þe ƿæs in Algeċiras neam Calpise, and hīe lange dẏrne hæfdon denn þǣrinne. *1942 Mǽdmónaþ 13: Her tƿelf Italisċe froggamenn sƿummon of þǣm Olterran in Calpishȳðe and settedon ūtberstendas and ealle geƿendedon tō hira fierde, and hīe sencton fēoƿer sċipu. *1942 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan fȳrrammrīderas ongean ƿunian æt Base HHZ on [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Scotlande tō tǣcanne faran ƿiþ grēatorum dēoporum ƿerodorum stedum, and in þisse tǣċunge ān fȳrrammrīdere asƿealt. *1942 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Norþƿegisca sċipfierde bebēordere [[Leif Larsen]] sōhte farung ƿiþ þǣm grēatan Ġermansċan gūðsċipe ''[[Tirpitz]]'', þe ƿunode in Asenfjorde þe is telga Trondheimdfjordes in Norþƿege. *1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 26: Hēr se fisċungbāt Arþur fōr of Brẏtene tō Norþƿege and seofon Brẏttisċe froggamenn and þrīe Norþƿegisce and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas ridon dẏrne in him. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 28: Hēr ''Arþur'' cƿōm tō Norþƿeges sǣriman neah Edøy. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 30: Hēr ''Arþur'' ongann togian þā fȳrrammas. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr storm bræc þāra rīdungfȳrramma clommas, and hīe losodon, and sēo farung ādrēas. **1942 Blōtmōnaþ 1: Her æt Breivik hīe sencton ''Arþur'' and in tƿǣm hlōðum hīe sōhton [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]. Nigon þāra tīen manna cƿōmon tō Sƿēolande, and Ġermanas fēngon ānne and æfter þǣm þe āsċuton hine. *1942 Blōtmōnþes æfterra dǣl: Hēr Brẏten sendede 26 rīdungfȳrramma tō [[Melita]] īeġe, and hīe ƿurdon dǣl þæs ''Tenth Submarine Flotilla''. Man gefæstnede on þrȳm þāra undersǣbāta fate tō healdanne rīdungfȳrrammas. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 28: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbātas P-311 berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Marsamxett on Melitan ƿiþ Madalena on [[Sardinia]]m, and þēos farung hātte ''Operation Principle'', ac hit slōh flēotendne utberstend neah Sardiniam and sencte mid þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammum and tīen hira rīdera and eallum his sċipmanna. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 30: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan undersǣbātas Þ''underbolt'' and ''Trooper'' berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Melitan, and þēos farung eac hātte ''Operasċon Prinċiple''. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 4: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia tō Algiers berende froggamenn and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas, and tīen froggamenn berende gecleofiende ūtberstendas sƿummon mid þǣm rīdungfȳrrammum. Ac þurh fẏrlu he ne mihton gān in þā hȳðe, ac hīe ēodon tō sċipum ūt þǣre hȳðe and sencton tū and deredon tū. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 17: Her æt Calpis fōron siex Italisce on þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammas of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ þǣm Brẏttisċum gūðsċipum Nelson, Formidable, Furious. Aċ Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt ofslōh hira ānes bēgen menn mid dīepþūtberstende. And Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt seah hira ānne and scēat tō him and fẏlgode hit and fēng his tƿēgen menn. And ān forbēah eft tō þǣm Olterran ēan his æfterran manne. <!—hƿæt is ean?--> ===1943=== *1943 Æfterra Geola 3: Hēr in ''Operation Principle'' Thunderbolt and Trooper berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira eahta menn cƿōmon tō Siċiliae sǣriman neah [[Palermo]] in unƿedere. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣre Italisċan gūðsċipe ''Ulpio Traiano'', and æfter þǣm þe lǣssan utberstendas on fēoƿer sċipum. And þǣræfter ''Ulpio Traiano'' sanċ. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣm Italisċan lādberendan sċipe ''Viminale''. and þǣræfter Brẏttisċ undersǣbāt āsceat ''Viminale'' mid mannlēasum fȳrramme þenden man togode hit of hȳðe. **Tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere ne fundon þā hȳðe. **Man þearf ālǣttan ealle þāra rīdungfȳrramma þǣr, þurh gesƿīcunga þāra searƿa oþþe misgelimp manna, and ān hira rīdera asƿulton, and fīf þorfton gān on lande þǣr, and sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt P-46 nerede tƿēgen. Aċ in Romam tƿēgen þissa hæfta forflugon of hira ƿeardum and hȳddon in þǣm [[Vatican]]e oþþæt Americisċe fēngon Rōmburg in gēare 1944. And tƿēgen hira forflugon of ƿeardum on [[Libẏa|Libẏam]] and in [[Tripoli]] ċeastre middan fundon Bryttisċe fierdmenn, and hīe ēodon eft tō Ænglalande. In þisre farunge man settede ūtberstendas on sċipu and ƿeardbātas and sencton sume hira, ac sume þāra ūtberstandas ne ūtbǣrston. *Æfter þǣm þe bebidon on Maltan eahta rīdungfȳrrammrīderas and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas. *1943 Æfterra Geola 18-19: Hēr þās tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōron mid sċipum þe þā Ġermanas ƿoldon sendan tō [[Tripoli]] tō forstoppanne his hȳðe, and undersǣbātas bǣron hīe. Aċ þā froggamenn cƿōmon oferlæt and ne mann and ne rīdungfȳrramm cƿōm ongean tō Maltan. *1943 Æfterra Geola: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Choire]] and [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Sċotlande man ongann tǣċan nīƿe torpedorīderas. *1943 Ēastermōnaþ 16: Her Brẏten sendede fēoƿertīene nīƿan fȳrrammrīderas tō Maltan. And in æfterdagum man sendede tō him rīdungfȳrrammas þæs nīƿes cẏnnes gehātenes Mark II Chariot þe ēac hātte se Terry. His æfterra rīdere sæt on bæċling. Hit mihte rinnan 4.5 sċipmīla in stunde. His gūðheafod miht beran 1100 pund þæs utberstendes gehātenes Torpex. *1943 Þrimilcemōnaþ 8: Hēr þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis in unƿedere and sencton þrēo Brẏttisċe sċipu and eall geƿendedon tō þǣm Olterran. *1943 Sēremōnaþ: Þurh þisne mōnaþ oft se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Unseen bær þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas of Maltan and hira rīderas ġeondsċēaƿodon ẏmbe Siċiliam tō findanne plēo for landfierdum þe ƿoldon cuman tō lande þǣr. And hīe ġeondsċēaƿodon 100 mīla sǣriman. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 11: Hēr þā ōðre Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ēodon tō [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]]. *1943 Sēremōnþes æfterra dǣl: Her Brẏten ēac sendede siex rīdungfȳrrammmenn tō Maltan, and hīe ƿoldon faran ƿiþ [[Taranto]]. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 25: Hēr Mussolini ālǣtte his heahsċealcsċip and Mearhsċealċ Badoglio fēng tō his rīċe. And forðȳ þā Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] ne fōron ƿīð Taranto, and hīe ealle ēodon tō Sċotlande. And æfter þǣm þe ƿæs āne ān farung rīdungfȳrramma in [[Wendelsǣ|Ƿendelsǣ]]. *1943 Mǣdmōnaþ: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] fȳrrammrīdere āsƿulton þurh misġelimp. *1943 Ƿēodmōnaþ 3: Hēr in ǣfne þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis and sencton þrēo sċipu and ealle āƿendon tō þǣm Olterran, ac ān mann hira ƿearþ gefangen. *1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 8: Hēr Italia ēode on hand and æfter þǣm tīman fuhton þā Italisċan mid þǣm Brẏttisċum. And æfter þǣm þe man togode þæt Olterra on Calpis and man fand hƿæt ġelamp þǣrinne. **1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 20: Hēr Brẏttisċe froggamenn in lȳtlum undersǣbātum, [[X-craft]] gehāten, fōron ƿiþ þǣm Tirpitz and þǣm Scharnhorst in Kåfjord on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sāre derede þæt Tirpitz, ac þæt Sċarnhorst næs þǣr. *1943 Heorfestmōnaþ 24: Her Brẏten sendede 4 rīdungfȳrrammas and 12 fȳrrammrīderas of Sċotlande tō Lundaváge in [[Hjaltland]]e tō leornianne faran ġemang Norþƿeges īegum. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 2: Her greatora Italisċe froggamannberend gehāten Siluro San Bartolomeo oþþe SSB ƿolde faran ƿiþ Calpise, and hit bær fēoƿer froggamenn, and hit ƿæs 33 fēt lang, aċ þurh Italiam gieldunge hit ne fōr. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 14: Her Brẏttisċ [[fȳrrammbāt]] berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of [[Lundavāgr|Lundavāge]] tō Tevik-cofan on Norþmannum and settede on lande mann gehatenne Job tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ Ġermanisċe lẏftcræftas fundon þone fȳrrammbāt and fuhton ƿiþ him and se [[fȳrrammbāt]] þorfte flēon tō Brẏtene sāre geƿundod and hit cƿom tō [[Dynbær]] in [[Scotland]]e. And æfter fēoƿerum dagum sum fȳrrammbāt brōhte Job eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēġen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of Lundaváge tō Nordfjord in Norþƿeġe and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and hīe ēodon eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Blōtmōnaþ 11: Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and fēoƿer menn for him fōr of Lundaváge tō Tevik-cofan in Norþƿege and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume tō [[Askvoll]] hȳðe, ac in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and snāƿ feoll, and man segde þæt miht bēon þæt īs forstōd Askvoll hȳðe, and þenden se fȳrrammbāt ēode eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e hit þorfte ālǣttan þā rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr oþþe ǣrra Brẏttisċe and Americisċe fēngon [[Napoli]] ċeastre þe nū oft hātte Naples (aċ hire ieldst nama ƿæs in [[Crecisc]]e Neapolis, þe sægþ Nīƿceaster). *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Hēr fōron tō Brindisi in Italiam Brẏttisċe froggamenn, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe ƿǣron in landum þe þā Ġermanas ne rixodon, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe Brẏten ærra fēng, and hīe ealle ƿurdon ān hlōð froggamanna. *1943 (1944?) Ēastermōnaþ 15: Hēr [[X-cræft]] fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt Berġen on Norþmannum, ac þurh misgelimp sencte lādberendsċip and ne þā fleotendan hȳðe. *1944 Þrimilċe: Her man sendede 14 fȳrramrīdera tō Trincomalee in [[Taprabane]]. *1944: Hēr fore D-dæge Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas ġeondsċēaƿodon under sǣ ẏmbe Normandiġes sǣrimum. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 6: Hēr ƿæs [[D-dæg]], and Brẏttisċe froggamenn tobrǣċon maniġe īrenstaċan þe Ġermanas settedon under sǣ ƿiþ þǣm fierde. And ān fȳrrammrīdere drāf [[Sċriðdraca|sċriðdracan]] on land. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 21: Hēr þæt Italisċe gūþsċip Grecale fōr of [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]]m berende þrīe sƿifte bātas and Italisċe froggamenn and tƿēgen Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas, ƿiþ þǣm Italisċum gūðsċipum ''Bolzano'' and ''Gorizia'' þe [[German]]as hæfdon in [[La Spezia]]. Þæt Grecale bǣron hīe and þā bātas, and æfter þǣm þe þā bātas bǣron hīe and frēogedon hīe þrēo mīla of La Spezia hȳðe. Ān rīdungfȳrramm ongann blēdan lẏft of his flēotungfate and man þorfte ālǣttan hine, ac ān rīdungfȳrramm macode utberstan þæt ''Bolzano'', and his geƿiht ƿæs 10,000,000 kilogrammas. Ealle fēoƿer hira manna þurfton gān on lande þǣr: ān cƿōm ongēan tō his fierde and Ġermanas fēngon þrīe. *1944 Hærfestmōnaþ 11: Hēr X-cræft fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt [[Bergen]] in [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sencte hit. *1944 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 27-28: Her se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Trenchant berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōr ƿiþ [[Phuket]] hȳðe in [[Thailand]]e and frēogede hīe siex mīla of þǣre hȳðe. And þāra menn hēton þā tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas "Tiny" and "Slasher". And hīe sencton tƿēġen lādberungsċipu. And æfter siex stundum hēr and on ānre tīde Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ridon eft tō hira mōdorsċipe. Aċ æfter þǣm þe se Trenċant þorfte sinċan þā rīdungfȳrrammas tō gānne sƿiftora, for plēo Iapanisċes [[MTB]] bātes; and se Trenċant bær þa fēoƿer rīderas tō [[Trincomalee]]. Nǣfre æfterra rīdungfȳrramm fōr tō gūðe. *1945 Mǣdmōnaþ 31: Her Lieutenant [[Fraser]] and se dȳfere James Joseph Magennis fōron in þǣm [[X-cræft]]e XE3 ƿiþ þǣm [[Iapan|Iapanisċan]] gūþsċipe Takao in Johore-nearƿe nēam [[Singapore]] and sencte hit, and þǣræfter man geaf tō æghƿilċum hira þā [[Victoria-rōd]]e. ==Bēċ and āstẏriende ġelīċnesse== *Sume þissa ƿrītunga sind of bēċ ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', C. Ƿarren and J. Benson (Harrap 1953). *Āstẏriende ġelīċnesse ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', ġemacod in 1955; hit is mǣste ẏmbe þā farunge X-cræfta ƿiþ þǣm ''Tirpitz''. *Bōc: "Chariots of War", Robert Ƿ.Hobson ƿrāt hit, publ. Ulric Publisċing 2004, ISBN 0-9541997-1-5. *In gēare 1958 man macode āstyriende ġelīċnesse ''The Silent Enemy''. Hit ne sċǣƿþ þā trēoƿan gelimp rihte. In þisse bēċ Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] fōron of Calpis tō þǣm Olterran and fore him and in him hīe fuhton hearde ƿiþ Italisċum froggamannum and āhton ƿǣlstoƿe ġeƿald and bærnedon þæt Olterra; aċ þis ne ġelamp. ==Æfter ġēare 1945== In sumum landum man gīet macaþ rīdungfȳrrammas: *Sēo [http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425065945/http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ |date=2008-04-25 }} ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammas in Italiam. *Sume macodon rīdungfȳrrammas tō ƿarianne under ƿætere andlang ele-ǣdrum and sƿẏlċum, oþþe tō rīdanne for ƿẏnne, and sƿẏlce ne hæfþ gūðhēafod aċ oft his stefna ƿierþþ nearu sƿā his steort. Sum þǣra ƿæs ''Dolphin'' þe man macode on [[Wiht|Ƿiht]] īeġe in þǣm 197*-ġēarum. == Rīdungfȳrrammas nū== *Man mæġ sēon þreo rīdungfȳrrammas in [http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php Eden Camp Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115150148/http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php |date=2006-01-15 }} þe is neah Mæðeltūne (þe nū hātte [[Malton]]) in [[North Yorkshire|Norþ Eoforƿīċsċīre]] in [[Englaland|Ænglaland]]e. **Sum is Italisċ maiale. **Sum is Brẏttisċ Mark II and man fand hine ealdne and unƿeorlīċne for ġemeltanne in īrenþreaxġearde in Portesmūðan and ednīƿode hit. **Sum is ƿeorclīċ rīdungfȳrramm and in him sind gōde miht and sƿiftnesse, and man macode hit in odene in [[Middeltūn þǣra de Cahaignes|Middeltūne þǣra de Cahaignes]] in ġēare 1992, and his ūterra līcaþ Mark I, aċ his innoþ nis ilċa, and nis ūtberstend in his gūðhēafod. Man seah hit on feorrseounge. **Is āstyriende gelīcnesse "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" ẏmbe James Bond, and in him man siehþ rīdungfȳrramm: aċ nis in him miht and hit is āna þæt þe nū hātte ''film prop''. **Is Italisċ maiale þæs cẏnnes SSB in þǣm Naval Museum æt Groton in Connecticut underrīċe in GRA. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.divingheritage.com/torpedo.htm Searulīċ leornung ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammum þǣre Ōðerra Ƿoruldgūðe and hira manna dȳfungsearƿum] [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Dȳfung]] rs39kutr8th3aenyp3c6724sa0ddall 231126 231125 2026-07-22T17:06:07Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 /* */ 231126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:chariot_cdba2_seabed.jpg|thumb|240px|Hēr is līċnesse tƿēgra [[froggamann]]a mid [[Siebe Gorman CDBA]] ongēanǣðmendum rīdendra rīdungfȳrramm.]] [[Image:Maiale SLC.jpg|thumb|240px|Siluro a Lenta Corsa ''maiale'']] <center><small>[ [[{{PAGENAME}}|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/gw|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/ᚱᚢᚾ|ᚱᚢᚾ]] ]</small></center> Se '''rīdungfȳrramm''' ǣrest hātte in [[Italisc|Italisċ]]e saƿ ''Siluro a Lenta Corsa'', þe sægþ "Slāƿ-rinnende fȳrramm." His sċufend ƿæs [[spærclecræft|spærclecræftiġ]]. Næs in him lẏftrūm sƿā in dȳfendbāte oþþe [[undersǣbāt]]e oþþe [[undersǣscip|undersǣsċip]]e. His tƿēgen sċipmenn ƿerodon [[dȳfungrēaf]] and ridon on him sƿā on horse. Hit hæfde searƿe tō stẏrianne. Hit hæfde [[gūðhēafod]] þe man miht oflǣfan dẏrne under sċip tō tobrecanne sċipu mid [[utberstend]]e. Þonne hit fōr tō gūðe, sum grēatora sċip (þe oft ƿæs undersǣsip) bær hit tō stede nēam þǣm ġefeohtstede, and frēogede hit. == Gēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm == ===Ǣr 1942=== *1909: Hēr se Brẏttisca searumann Commander Godfrey Herbert macode cẏneliċne ƿẏrhtan rihtƿriotu for his rīdungfȳrramme, ac þenden seo [[Ǣresta Woruldgūþ|Ǣresta Ƿoruldgūþ]] rann, þā gūðsċealċas aƿurpon þone geþōht sƿā unbruclīċne. *1918: Hēr tƿēgen Italisċe macode rīdungfȳrramm and on him he macodon onsċẏte tō [[Austria-Hungaria]]landisce sċipu in [[Trieste]] hȳðe. Aċ næs tō him æðmungsearƿe and hīe þurfton rinnan mid heafdum ofer ƿætere. *1930-1939: Betƿēox þissum ġēarum sƿammen sum Eotolƿare under ƿætere mid odenliċum oxygen[[ongēanaðmiend]]e tō īeþ fisċianne mid gāre for ƿẏnne, and of þǣm ongann sēo dȳfung mid [[scuba]]n in ƿorulde. And sēo Regia Marina, þe is [[Italie]] [[sċipfierd]], dẏrne macode rīdungfȳrrammas, and tōhte gūðfroggamenn and hēt hīe ''nuotatori'', þe sægþ "sƿimmeras". And þā froggamenn hēton hira þis cẏnn rīdungfȳrramma ''maiale'', þe in Italisċe sægþ "[[Swīn|sƿīn]]", for þǣm þe þæt ǣrest cẏnn ''maial''a ƿǣron earfoðlīċe tō stẏrianne. And hīe ƿǣron in sċirfierde dǣle gehātenum "Decima Flottiglia Mas", and Ernesto Forza ƿæs his fierdtoga. *1940 [[10 Sēremōnaþ]]: Hēr Mussolini hēt gūþ ƿiþ Brẏtene. *1940 21 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Iride fōr of La Spezia ƿiþ Calpis, and in Bomba-cofan on Libẏae sǣriman men lǣdde on hit fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas, aċ þǣr Brẏttisce lẏftcræftas sencton hit. *1940 21 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Gondar fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and in 28 dæġes ǣfne cƿōm hit tō Alexandriam on Ǣgẏpte, aċ Brẏttisc gūþsċip seah hit and fōhte ƿiþ him and sencte hit, and his sċipmenn gieldedon. *1940 24 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and on 29 dæge nēah Calpis man bebād hit eft gān tō La Maddalena, for þǣm þe þā Brẏttiscan gūþsċipu ēodon of Calpise. *1940 [[21 Ƿinterfẏlleþ]]: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia tō Calpis berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and hīe ēodon in þæt hȳðƿætere, ac hīe ne derede sċip, and þāra menn man fēng tƿēgen, and six ēodon on Hispaniam and þanon eft on Italiam. *1941 25 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt [[Cādiz]] in [[Hispania]]m dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ [[Calpis]], ac þǣrinne hīe ne fundon gūðsċip, ac hīe sōhton sincan sċip, aċ ne spēoƿ him, and þā siex rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 27 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa sǣfierd fōhte ƿiþ þǣm Bismarck and sencte hit, and forðȳ hīe ne ƿǣron gūðsċipu in Calpis. *1941 26 Mǣdmōnaþ: Her tƿēgen Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas and tīen sƿifte Italisċe bātas berende ūtberstendas fōron ƿiþ Valletta on Malta īege, aċ hīe ne sencte sċip, and in Vallettan ƿæs heard sċēotung of lande, and 15 hira asƿulton, and 18 ƿurdon hæftas. *1941 [[10 Hærfestmōnaþ]]: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Cādiz in Hispaniam dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ Calpis, and hīe sencton þrēo sċipu, and þā rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 Gēolmōnaþ 3: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. and on Gēolmōnaþ 19 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgẏpte, and hīe fōron in þǣre hȳðe and sencton ele-fatu-sċip and sāre deredon þā grēate and strange Brẏttisċan gūðsċipu [[HMS Valiant (1914)|HMS ''Valiant'']] and [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']], and hīe sǣton on þǣre hȳðe botme, and þurh monðas man ne miht brucan þā tƿā sċipu. and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. ===1942=== *1942 Ēastermōnaþ 29: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And on Þrimilcemōnaþ 14 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgypte tō sincanne grēate Brẏttisċe flēotende hȳðe, aċ sum seah þone Ambra, and hīe ne sencton sċip, and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. *1942 Ēastermōnaþ: Hēr dẏrne þā Brẏttisċe sǣfierdmenn Commander G.M.Sladen and Commander Ƿ.R. "Tiny" Fell ongunnon tǣcan froggamenn. And sēo sċipfierd hēt þā rīdungfȳrrammas ''chariots'', and gēo ''chariot'' ƿæs sƿift unhefig ƿīgcræt þe tƿā sƿifte hors togodon. And þēos froggamenn hātton þone ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'', and ǣreste hīe ƿunodon æt [[Portesmūðan]]. *1942 Sēremōnaþ: Hēr se Brẏttisċa ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'' ēode tō "Port D" þe ƿæs on [[Eiríksfjorðr|Eiríksfjorðe]] in [[Scotland]]e. and hīe gefengon hira ǣrestan rīdungfȳrramm þe hæfde sċufend, and hit ƿæs þæs cẏnnes "Mark I Chariot", and miht faran 2.9 sċipmīl in stunde, and miht unplēolīċe dȳfan tƿentig fēt under sǣ, and his līċ ƿæs 21 ẏncas ƿīd, and his frumstemn bær 600 pund utberstendes. Sēo tǣcung ƿæs heard, and þurh þā plēo dȳfunge mid ungemisċodum oxygene and sēo ellorlīċnesse þāra rīdungfȳrramma oft ƿæs gesƿōgung and fẏlleƿærċ under sǣ, for þǣm þe se oxẏgen ƿierþþ ator æt þritiġ-ġerīme fōta under ƿætere. Oft ƿæs lǣssa hearm sƿā eara tunnebotma berstung and hearm in hira holum in heafde þe hātte ''sinus''. and man ''tōhton hīe aran and stīeran lange under ƿætere and æfter þǣm þe ceorfan þurh ƿerungnett hȳða. and ƿæs heardost lǣran ƿeorcan mid þǣm fȳrramma gūðhēadfum.''<!—ƿhat is this sentence trying to say?--> *1942 Mǽdmónaþ: Hēr þā Italisċan froggamenn cƿōmon tō þǣm lādberendum sċipe Olterra þe ƿæs in Algeċiras neam Calpise, and hīe lange dẏrne hæfdon denn þǣrinne. *1942 Mǽdmónaþ 13: Her tƿelf Italisċe froggamenn sƿummon of þǣm Olterran in Calpishȳðe and settedon ūtberstendas and ealle geƿendedon tō hira fierde, and hīe sencton fēoƿer sċipu. *1942 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan fȳrrammrīderas ongean ƿunian æt Base HHZ on [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Scotlande tō tǣcanne faran ƿiþ grēatorum dēoporum ƿerodorum stedum, and in þisse tǣċunge ān fȳrrammrīdere asƿealt. *1942 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Norþƿegisca sċipfierde bebēordere [[Leif Larsen]] sōhte farung ƿiþ þǣm grēatan Ġermansċan gūðsċipe ''[[Tirpitz]]'', þe ƿunode in Asenfjorde þe is telga Trondheimdfjordes in Norþƿege. *1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 26: Hēr se fisċungbāt Arþur fōr of Brẏtene tō Norþƿege and seofon Brẏttisċe froggamenn and þrīe Norþƿegisce and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas ridon dẏrne in him. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 28: Hēr ''Arþur'' cƿōm tō Norþƿeges sǣriman neah Edøy. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 30: Hēr ''Arþur'' ongann togian þā fȳrrammas. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr storm bræc þāra rīdungfȳrramma clommas, and hīe losodon, and sēo farung ādrēas. **1942 Blōtmōnaþ 1: Her æt Breivik hīe sencton ''Arþur'' and in tƿǣm hlōðum hīe sōhton [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]. Nigon þāra tīen manna cƿōmon tō Sƿēolande, and Ġermanas fēngon ānne and æfter þǣm þe āsċuton hine. *1942 Blōtmōnþes æfterra dǣl: Hēr Brẏten sendede 26 rīdungfȳrramma tō [[Melita]] īeġe, and hīe ƿurdon dǣl þæs ''Tenth Submarine Flotilla''. Man gefæstnede on þrȳm þāra undersǣbāta fate tō healdanne rīdungfȳrrammas. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 28: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbātas P-311 berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Marsamxett on Melitan ƿiþ Madalena on [[Sardinia]]m, and þēos farung hātte ''Operation Principle'', ac hit slōh flēotendne utberstend neah Sardiniam and sencte mid þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammum and tīen hira rīdera and eallum his sċipmanna. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 30: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan undersǣbātas Þ''underbolt'' and ''Trooper'' berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Melitan, and þēos farung eac hātte ''Operasċon Prinċiple''. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 4: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia tō Algiers berende froggamenn and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas, and tīen froggamenn berende gecleofiende ūtberstendas sƿummon mid þǣm rīdungfȳrrammum. Ac þurh fẏrlu he ne mihton gān in þā hȳðe, ac hīe ēodon tō sċipum ūt þǣre hȳðe and sencton tū and deredon tū. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 17: Her æt Calpis fōron siex Italisce on þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammas of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ þǣm Brẏttisċum gūðsċipum Nelson, Formidable, Furious. Aċ Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt ofslōh hira ānes bēgen menn mid dīepþūtberstende. And Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt seah hira ānne and scēat tō him and fẏlgode hit and fēng his tƿēgen menn. And ān forbēah eft tō þǣm Olterran ēan his æfterran manne. <!—hƿæt is ean?--> ===1943=== *1943 Æfterra Geola 3: Hēr in ''Operation Principle'' Thunderbolt and Trooper berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira eahta menn cƿōmon tō Siċiliae sǣriman neah [[Palermo]] in unƿedere. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣre Italisċan gūðsċipe ''Ulpio Traiano'', and æfter þǣm þe lǣssan utberstendas on fēoƿer sċipum. And þǣræfter ''Ulpio Traiano'' sanċ. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣm Italisċan lādberendan sċipe ''Viminale''. and þǣræfter Brẏttisċ undersǣbāt āsceat ''Viminale'' mid mannlēasum fȳrramme þenden man togode hit of hȳðe. **Tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere ne fundon þā hȳðe. **Man þearf ālǣttan ealle þāra rīdungfȳrramma þǣr, þurh gesƿīcunga þāra searƿa oþþe misgelimp manna, and ān hira rīdera asƿulton, and fīf þorfton gān on lande þǣr, and sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt P-46 nerede tƿēgen. Aċ in Romam tƿēgen þissa hæfta forflugon of hira ƿeardum and hȳddon in þǣm [[Vatican]]e oþþæt Americisċe fēngon Rōmburg in gēare 1944. And tƿēgen hira forflugon of ƿeardum on [[Libẏa|Libẏam]] and in [[Tripoli]] ċeastre middan fundon Bryttisċe fierdmenn, and hīe ēodon eft tō Ænglalande. In þisre farunge man settede ūtberstendas on sċipu and ƿeardbātas and sencton sume hira, ac sume þāra ūtberstandas ne ūtbǣrston. *Æfter þǣm þe bebidon on Maltan eahta rīdungfȳrrammrīderas and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas. *1943 Æfterra Geola 18-19: Hēr þās tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōron mid sċipum þe þā Ġermanas ƿoldon sendan tō [[Tripoli]] tō forstoppanne his hȳðe, and undersǣbātas bǣron hīe. Aċ þā froggamenn cƿōmon oferlæt and ne mann and ne rīdungfȳrramm cƿōm ongean tō Maltan. *1943 Æfterra Geola: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Choire]] and [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Sċotlande man ongann tǣċan nīƿe torpedorīderas. *1943 Ēastermōnaþ 16: Her Brẏten sendede fēoƿertīene nīƿan fȳrrammrīderas tō Maltan. And in æfterdagum man sendede tō him rīdungfȳrrammas þæs nīƿes cẏnnes gehātenes Mark II Chariot þe ēac hātte se Terry. His æfterra rīdere sæt on bæċling. Hit mihte rinnan 4.5 sċipmīla in stunde. His gūðheafod miht beran 1100 pund þæs utberstendes gehātenes Torpex. *1943 Þrimilcemōnaþ 8: Hēr þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis in unƿedere and sencton þrēo Brẏttisċe sċipu and eall geƿendedon tō þǣm Olterran. *1943 Sēremōnaþ: Þurh þisne mōnaþ oft se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Unseen bær þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas of Maltan and hira rīderas ġeondsċēaƿodon ẏmbe Siċiliam tō findanne plēo for landfierdum þe ƿoldon cuman tō lande þǣr. And hīe ġeondsċēaƿodon 100 mīla sǣriman. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 11: Hēr þā ōðre Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ēodon tō [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]]. *1943 Sēremōnþes æfterra dǣl: Her Brẏten ēac sendede siex rīdungfȳrrammmenn tō Maltan, and hīe ƿoldon faran ƿiþ [[Taranto]]. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 25: Hēr Mussolini ālǣtte his heahsċealcsċip and Mearhsċealċ Badoglio fēng tō his rīċe. And forðȳ þā Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] ne fōron ƿīð Taranto, and hīe ealle ēodon tō Sċotlande. And æfter þǣm þe ƿæs āne ān farung rīdungfȳrramma in [[Wendelsǣ|Ƿendelsǣ]]. *1943 Mǣdmōnaþ: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] fȳrrammrīdere āsƿulton þurh misġelimp. *1943 Ƿēodmōnaþ 3: Hēr in ǣfne þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis and sencton þrēo sċipu and ealle āƿendon tō þǣm Olterran, ac ān mann hira ƿearþ gefangen. *1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 8: Hēr Italia ēode on hand and æfter þǣm tīman fuhton þā Italisċan mid þǣm Brẏttisċum. And æfter þǣm þe man togode þæt Olterra on Calpis and man fand hƿæt ġelamp þǣrinne. **1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 20: Hēr Brẏttisċe froggamenn in lȳtlum undersǣbātum, [[X-craft]] gehāten, fōron ƿiþ þǣm Tirpitz and þǣm Scharnhorst in Kåfjord on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sāre derede þæt Tirpitz, ac þæt Sċarnhorst næs þǣr. *1943 Heorfestmōnaþ 24: Her Brẏten sendede 4 rīdungfȳrrammas and 12 fȳrrammrīderas of Sċotlande tō Lundaváge in [[Hjaltland]]e tō leornianne faran ġemang Norþƿeges īegum. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 2: Her greatora Italisċe froggamannberend gehāten Siluro San Bartolomeo oþþe SSB ƿolde faran ƿiþ Calpise, and hit bær fēoƿer froggamenn, and hit ƿæs 33 fēt lang, aċ þurh Italiam gieldunge hit ne fōr. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 14: Her Brẏttisċ [[fȳrrammbāt]] berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of [[Lundavāgr|Lundavāge]] tō Tevik-cofan on Norþmannum and settede on lande mann gehatenne Job tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ Ġermanisċe lẏftcræftas fundon þone fȳrrammbāt and fuhton ƿiþ him and se [[fȳrrammbāt]] þorfte flēon tō Brẏtene sāre geƿundod and hit cƿom tō [[Dynbær]] in [[Scotland]]e. And æfter fēoƿerum dagum sum fȳrrammbāt brōhte Job eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēġen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of Lundaváge tō Nordfjord in Norþƿeġe and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and hīe ēodon eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Blōtmōnaþ 11: Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and fēoƿer menn for him fōr of Lundaváge tō Tevik-cofan in Norþƿege and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume tō [[Askvoll]] hȳðe, ac in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and snāƿ feoll, and man segde þæt miht bēon þæt īs forstōd Askvoll hȳðe, and þenden se fȳrrammbāt ēode eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e hit þorfte ālǣttan þā rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr oþþe ǣrra Brẏttisċe and Americisċe fēngon [[Napoli]] ċeastre þe nū oft hātte Naples (aċ hire ieldst nama ƿæs in [[Crecisc]]e Neapolis, þe sægþ Nīƿceaster). *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Hēr fōron tō Brindisi in Italiam Brẏttisċe froggamenn, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe ƿǣron in landum þe þā Ġermanas ne rixodon, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe Brẏten ærra fēng, and hīe ealle ƿurdon ān hlōð froggamanna. *1943 (1944?) Ēastermōnaþ 15: Hēr [[X-cræft]] fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt Berġen on Norþmannum, ac þurh misgelimp sencte lādberendsċip and ne þā fleotendan hȳðe. *1944 Þrimilċe: Her man sendede 14 fȳrramrīdera tō Trincomalee in [[Taprabane]]. *1944: Hēr fore D-dæge Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas ġeondsċēaƿodon under sǣ ẏmbe Normandiġes sǣrimum. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 6: Hēr ƿæs [[D-dæg]], and Brẏttisċe froggamenn tobrǣċon maniġe īrenstaċan þe Ġermanas settedon under sǣ ƿiþ þǣm fierde. And ān fȳrrammrīdere drāf [[Sċriðdraca|sċriðdracan]] on land. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 21: Hēr þæt Italisċe gūþsċip Grecale fōr of [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]]m berende þrīe sƿifte bātas and Italisċe froggamenn and tƿēgen Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas, ƿiþ þǣm Italisċum gūðsċipum ''Bolzano'' and ''Gorizia'' þe [[German]]as hæfdon in [[La Spezia]]. Þæt Grecale bǣron hīe and þā bātas, and æfter þǣm þe þā bātas bǣron hīe and frēogedon hīe þrēo mīla of La Spezia hȳðe. Ān rīdungfȳrramm ongann blēdan lẏft of his flēotungfate and man þorfte ālǣttan hine, ac ān rīdungfȳrramm macode utberstan þæt ''Bolzano'', and his geƿiht ƿæs 10,000,000 kilogrammas. Ealle fēoƿer hira manna þurfton gān on lande þǣr: ān cƿōm ongēan tō his fierde and Ġermanas fēngon þrīe. *1944 Hærfestmōnaþ 11: Hēr X-cræft fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt [[Bergen]] in [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sencte hit. *1944 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 27-28: Her se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Trenchant berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōr ƿiþ [[Phuket]] hȳðe in [[Thailand]]e and frēogede hīe siex mīla of þǣre hȳðe. And þāra menn hēton þā tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas "Tiny" and "Slasher". And hīe sencton tƿēġen lādberungsċipu. And æfter siex stundum hēr and on ānre tīde Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ridon eft tō hira mōdorsċipe. Aċ æfter þǣm þe se Trenċant þorfte sinċan þā rīdungfȳrrammas tō gānne sƿiftora, for plēo Iapanisċes [[MTB]] bātes; and se Trenċant bær þa fēoƿer rīderas tō [[Trincomalee]]. Nǣfre æfterra rīdungfȳrramm fōr tō gūðe. *1945 Mǣdmōnaþ 31: Her Lieutenant [[Fraser]] and se dȳfere James Joseph Magennis fōron in þǣm [[X-cræft]]e XE3 ƿiþ þǣm [[Iapan|Iapanisċan]] gūþsċipe Takao in Johore-nearƿe nēam [[Singapore]] and sencte hit, and þǣræfter man geaf tō æghƿilċum hira þā [[Victoria-rōd]]e. ==Bēċ and āstẏriende ġelīċnesse== *Sume þissa ƿrītunga sind of bēċ ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', C. Ƿarren and J. Benson (Harrap 1953). *Āstẏriende ġelīċnesse ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', ġemacod in 1955; hit is mǣste ẏmbe þā farunge X-cræfta ƿiþ þǣm ''Tirpitz''. *Bōc: "Chariots of War", Robert Ƿ.Hobson ƿrāt hit, publ. Ulric Publisċing 2004, ISBN 0-9541997-1-5. *In gēare 1958 man macode āstyriende ġelīċnesse ''The Silent Enemy''. Hit ne sċǣƿþ þā trēoƿan gelimp rihte. In þisse bēċ Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] fōron of Calpis tō þǣm Olterran and fore him and in him hīe fuhton hearde ƿiþ Italisċum froggamannum and āhton ƿǣlstoƿe ġeƿald and bærnedon þæt Olterra; aċ þis ne ġelamp. ==Æfter ġēare 1945== In sumum landum man gīet macaþ rīdungfȳrrammas: *Sēo [http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425065945/http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ |date=2008-04-25 }} ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammas in Italiam. *Sume macodon rīdungfȳrrammas tō ƿarianne under ƿætere andlang ele-ǣdrum and sƿẏlċum, oþþe tō rīdanne for ƿẏnne, and sƿẏlce ne hæfþ gūðhēafod aċ oft his stefna ƿierþþ nearu sƿā his steort. Sum þǣra ƿæs ''Dolphin'' þe man macode on [[Wiht|Ƿiht]] īeġe in þǣm 197*-ġēarum. == Rīdungfȳrrammas nū== *Man mæġ sēon þreo rīdungfȳrrammas in [http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php Eden Camp Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115150148/http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php |date=2006-01-15 }} þe is neah Mæðeltūne (þe nū hātte [[Malton]]) in [[North Yorkshire|Norþ Eoforƿīċsċīre]] in [[Englaland|Ænglaland]]e. **Sum is Italisċ maiale. **Sum is Brẏttisċ Mark II and man fand hine ealdne and unƿeorlīċne for ġemeltanne in īrenþreaxġearde in Portesmūðan and ednīƿode hit. **Sum is ƿeorclīċ rīdungfȳrramm and in him sind gōde miht and sƿiftnesse, and man macode hit in odene in [[Middeltūn þǣra de Cahaignes|Middeltūne þǣra de Cahaignes]] in ġēare 1992, and his ūterra līcaþ Mark I, aċ his innoþ nis ilċa, and nis ūtberstend in his gūðhēafod. Man seah hit on feorrseounge. **Is āstyriende gelīcnesse "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" ẏmbe James Bond, and in him man siehþ rīdungfȳrramm: aċ nis in him miht and hit is āna þæt þe nū hātte ''film prop''. **Is Italisċ maiale þæs cẏnnes SSB in þǣm Naval Museum æt Groton in Connecticut underrīċe in GRA. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.divingheritage.com/torpedo.htm Searulīċ leornung ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammum þǣre Ōðerra Ƿoruldgūðe and hira manna dȳfungsearƿum] [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Dȳfung]] e3lvm43trx7a9ny8gnuwv3b4l8ibwqd 231127 231126 2026-07-22T17:07:31Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 /* Gēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm */ 231127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:chariot_cdba2_seabed.jpg|thumb|240px|Hēr is līċnesse tƿēgra [[froggamann]]a mid [[Siebe Gorman CDBA]] ongēanǣðmendum rīdendra rīdungfȳrramm.]] [[Image:Maiale SLC.jpg|thumb|240px|Siluro a Lenta Corsa ''maiale'']] <center><small>[ [[{{PAGENAME}}|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/gw|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/ᚱᚢᚾ|ᚱᚢᚾ]] ]</small></center> Se '''rīdungfȳrramm''' ǣrest hātte in [[Italisc|Italisċ]]e saƿ ''Siluro a Lenta Corsa'', þe sægþ "Slāƿ-rinnende fȳrramm." His sċufend ƿæs [[spærclecræft|spærclecræftiġ]]. Næs in him lẏftrūm sƿā in dȳfendbāte oþþe [[undersǣbāt]]e oþþe [[undersǣscip|undersǣsċip]]e. His tƿēgen sċipmenn ƿerodon [[dȳfungrēaf]] and ridon on him sƿā on horse. Hit hæfde searƿe tō stẏrianne. Hit hæfde [[gūðhēafod]] þe man miht oflǣfan dẏrne under sċip tō tobrecanne sċipu mid [[utberstend]]e. Þonne hit fōr tō gūðe, sum grēatora sċip (þe oft ƿæs undersǣsip) bær hit tō stede nēam þǣm ġefeohtstede, and frēogede hit. == Ġēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm == ===Ǣr 1942=== *1909: Hēr se Brẏttisca searumann Commander Godfrey Herbert macode cẏneliċne ƿẏrhtan rihtƿriotu for his rīdungfȳrramme, ac þenden seo [[Ǣresta Woruldgūþ|Ǣresta Ƿoruldgūþ]] rann, þā gūðsċealċas aƿurpon þone geþōht sƿā unbruclīċne. *1918: Hēr tƿēgen Italisċe macode rīdungfȳrramm and on him he macodon onsċẏte tō [[Austria-Hungaria]]landisce sċipu in [[Trieste]] hȳðe. Aċ næs tō him æðmungsearƿe and hīe þurfton rinnan mid heafdum ofer ƿætere. *1930-1939: Betƿēox þissum ġēarum sƿammen sum Eotolƿare under ƿætere mid odenliċum oxygen[[ongēanaðmiend]]e tō īeþ fisċianne mid gāre for ƿẏnne, and of þǣm ongann sēo dȳfung mid [[scuba]]n in ƿorulde. And sēo Regia Marina, þe is [[Italie]] [[sċipfierd]], dẏrne macode rīdungfȳrrammas, and tōhte gūðfroggamenn and hēt hīe ''nuotatori'', þe sægþ "sƿimmeras". And þā froggamenn hēton hira þis cẏnn rīdungfȳrramma ''maiale'', þe in Italisċe sægþ "[[Swīn|sƿīn]]", for þǣm þe þæt ǣrest cẏnn ''maial''a ƿǣron earfoðlīċe tō stẏrianne. And hīe ƿǣron in sċirfierde dǣle gehātenum "Decima Flottiglia Mas", and Ernesto Forza ƿæs his fierdtoga. *1940 [[10 Sēremōnaþ]]: Hēr Mussolini hēt gūþ ƿiþ Brẏtene. *1940 21 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Iride fōr of La Spezia ƿiþ Calpis, and in Bomba-cofan on Libẏae sǣriman men lǣdde on hit fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas, aċ þǣr Brẏttisce lẏftcræftas sencton hit. *1940 21 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Gondar fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and in 28 dæġes ǣfne cƿōm hit tō Alexandriam on Ǣgẏpte, aċ Brẏttisc gūþsċip seah hit and fōhte ƿiþ him and sencte hit, and his sċipmenn gieldedon. *1940 24 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and on 29 dæge nēah Calpis man bebād hit eft gān tō La Maddalena, for þǣm þe þā Brẏttiscan gūþsċipu ēodon of Calpise. *1940 [[21 Ƿinterfẏlleþ]]: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia tō Calpis berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and hīe ēodon in þæt hȳðƿætere, ac hīe ne derede sċip, and þāra menn man fēng tƿēgen, and six ēodon on Hispaniam and þanon eft on Italiam. *1941 25 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt [[Cādiz]] in [[Hispania]]m dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ [[Calpis]], ac þǣrinne hīe ne fundon gūðsċip, ac hīe sōhton sincan sċip, aċ ne spēoƿ him, and þā siex rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 27 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa sǣfierd fōhte ƿiþ þǣm Bismarck and sencte hit, and forðȳ hīe ne ƿǣron gūðsċipu in Calpis. *1941 26 Mǣdmōnaþ: Her tƿēgen Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas and tīen sƿifte Italisċe bātas berende ūtberstendas fōron ƿiþ Valletta on Malta īege, aċ hīe ne sencte sċip, and in Vallettan ƿæs heard sċēotung of lande, and 15 hira asƿulton, and 18 ƿurdon hæftas. *1941 [[10 Hærfestmōnaþ]]: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Cādiz in Hispaniam dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ Calpis, and hīe sencton þrēo sċipu, and þā rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 Gēolmōnaþ 3: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. and on Gēolmōnaþ 19 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgẏpte, and hīe fōron in þǣre hȳðe and sencton ele-fatu-sċip and sāre deredon þā grēate and strange Brẏttisċan gūðsċipu [[HMS Valiant (1914)|HMS ''Valiant'']] and [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']], and hīe sǣton on þǣre hȳðe botme, and þurh monðas man ne miht brucan þā tƿā sċipu. and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. ===1942=== *1942 Ēastermōnaþ 29: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And on Þrimilcemōnaþ 14 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgypte tō sincanne grēate Brẏttisċe flēotende hȳðe, aċ sum seah þone Ambra, and hīe ne sencton sċip, and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. *1942 Ēastermōnaþ: Hēr dẏrne þā Brẏttisċe sǣfierdmenn Commander G.M.Sladen and Commander Ƿ.R. "Tiny" Fell ongunnon tǣcan froggamenn. And sēo sċipfierd hēt þā rīdungfȳrrammas ''chariots'', and gēo ''chariot'' ƿæs sƿift unhefig ƿīgcræt þe tƿā sƿifte hors togodon. And þēos froggamenn hātton þone ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'', and ǣreste hīe ƿunodon æt [[Portesmūðan]]. *1942 Sēremōnaþ: Hēr se Brẏttisċa ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'' ēode tō "Port D" þe ƿæs on [[Eiríksfjorðr|Eiríksfjorðe]] in [[Scotland]]e. and hīe gefengon hira ǣrestan rīdungfȳrramm þe hæfde sċufend, and hit ƿæs þæs cẏnnes "Mark I Chariot", and miht faran 2.9 sċipmīl in stunde, and miht unplēolīċe dȳfan tƿentig fēt under sǣ, and his līċ ƿæs 21 ẏncas ƿīd, and his frumstemn bær 600 pund utberstendes. Sēo tǣcung ƿæs heard, and þurh þā plēo dȳfunge mid ungemisċodum oxygene and sēo ellorlīċnesse þāra rīdungfȳrramma oft ƿæs gesƿōgung and fẏlleƿærċ under sǣ, for þǣm þe se oxẏgen ƿierþþ ator æt þritiġ-ġerīme fōta under ƿætere. Oft ƿæs lǣssa hearm sƿā eara tunnebotma berstung and hearm in hira holum in heafde þe hātte ''sinus''. and man ''tōhton hīe aran and stīeran lange under ƿætere and æfter þǣm þe ceorfan þurh ƿerungnett hȳða. and ƿæs heardost lǣran ƿeorcan mid þǣm fȳrramma gūðhēadfum.''<!—ƿhat is this sentence trying to say?--> *1942 Mǽdmónaþ: Hēr þā Italisċan froggamenn cƿōmon tō þǣm lādberendum sċipe Olterra þe ƿæs in Algeċiras neam Calpise, and hīe lange dẏrne hæfdon denn þǣrinne. *1942 Mǽdmónaþ 13: Her tƿelf Italisċe froggamenn sƿummon of þǣm Olterran in Calpishȳðe and settedon ūtberstendas and ealle geƿendedon tō hira fierde, and hīe sencton fēoƿer sċipu. *1942 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan fȳrrammrīderas ongean ƿunian æt Base HHZ on [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Scotlande tō tǣcanne faran ƿiþ grēatorum dēoporum ƿerodorum stedum, and in þisse tǣċunge ān fȳrrammrīdere asƿealt. *1942 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Norþƿegisca sċipfierde bebēordere [[Leif Larsen]] sōhte farung ƿiþ þǣm grēatan Ġermansċan gūðsċipe ''[[Tirpitz]]'', þe ƿunode in Asenfjorde þe is telga Trondheimdfjordes in Norþƿege. *1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 26: Hēr se fisċungbāt Arþur fōr of Brẏtene tō Norþƿege and seofon Brẏttisċe froggamenn and þrīe Norþƿegisce and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas ridon dẏrne in him. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 28: Hēr ''Arþur'' cƿōm tō Norþƿeges sǣriman neah Edøy. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 30: Hēr ''Arþur'' ongann togian þā fȳrrammas. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr storm bræc þāra rīdungfȳrramma clommas, and hīe losodon, and sēo farung ādrēas. **1942 Blōtmōnaþ 1: Her æt Breivik hīe sencton ''Arþur'' and in tƿǣm hlōðum hīe sōhton [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]. Nigon þāra tīen manna cƿōmon tō Sƿēolande, and Ġermanas fēngon ānne and æfter þǣm þe āsċuton hine. *1942 Blōtmōnþes æfterra dǣl: Hēr Brẏten sendede 26 rīdungfȳrramma tō [[Melita]] īeġe, and hīe ƿurdon dǣl þæs ''Tenth Submarine Flotilla''. Man gefæstnede on þrȳm þāra undersǣbāta fate tō healdanne rīdungfȳrrammas. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 28: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbātas P-311 berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Marsamxett on Melitan ƿiþ Madalena on [[Sardinia]]m, and þēos farung hātte ''Operation Principle'', ac hit slōh flēotendne utberstend neah Sardiniam and sencte mid þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammum and tīen hira rīdera and eallum his sċipmanna. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 30: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan undersǣbātas Þ''underbolt'' and ''Trooper'' berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Melitan, and þēos farung eac hātte ''Operasċon Prinċiple''. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 4: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia tō Algiers berende froggamenn and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas, and tīen froggamenn berende gecleofiende ūtberstendas sƿummon mid þǣm rīdungfȳrrammum. Ac þurh fẏrlu he ne mihton gān in þā hȳðe, ac hīe ēodon tō sċipum ūt þǣre hȳðe and sencton tū and deredon tū. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 17: Her æt Calpis fōron siex Italisce on þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammas of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ þǣm Brẏttisċum gūðsċipum Nelson, Formidable, Furious. Aċ Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt ofslōh hira ānes bēgen menn mid dīepþūtberstende. And Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt seah hira ānne and scēat tō him and fẏlgode hit and fēng his tƿēgen menn. And ān forbēah eft tō þǣm Olterran ēan his æfterran manne. <!—hƿæt is ean?--> ===1943=== *1943 Æfterra Geola 3: Hēr in ''Operation Principle'' Thunderbolt and Trooper berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira eahta menn cƿōmon tō Siċiliae sǣriman neah [[Palermo]] in unƿedere. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣre Italisċan gūðsċipe ''Ulpio Traiano'', and æfter þǣm þe lǣssan utberstendas on fēoƿer sċipum. And þǣræfter ''Ulpio Traiano'' sanċ. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣm Italisċan lādberendan sċipe ''Viminale''. and þǣræfter Brẏttisċ undersǣbāt āsceat ''Viminale'' mid mannlēasum fȳrramme þenden man togode hit of hȳðe. **Tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere ne fundon þā hȳðe. **Man þearf ālǣttan ealle þāra rīdungfȳrramma þǣr, þurh gesƿīcunga þāra searƿa oþþe misgelimp manna, and ān hira rīdera asƿulton, and fīf þorfton gān on lande þǣr, and sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt P-46 nerede tƿēgen. Aċ in Romam tƿēgen þissa hæfta forflugon of hira ƿeardum and hȳddon in þǣm [[Vatican]]e oþþæt Americisċe fēngon Rōmburg in gēare 1944. And tƿēgen hira forflugon of ƿeardum on [[Libẏa|Libẏam]] and in [[Tripoli]] ċeastre middan fundon Bryttisċe fierdmenn, and hīe ēodon eft tō Ænglalande. In þisre farunge man settede ūtberstendas on sċipu and ƿeardbātas and sencton sume hira, ac sume þāra ūtberstandas ne ūtbǣrston. *Æfter þǣm þe bebidon on Maltan eahta rīdungfȳrrammrīderas and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas. *1943 Æfterra Geola 18-19: Hēr þās tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōron mid sċipum þe þā Ġermanas ƿoldon sendan tō [[Tripoli]] tō forstoppanne his hȳðe, and undersǣbātas bǣron hīe. Aċ þā froggamenn cƿōmon oferlæt and ne mann and ne rīdungfȳrramm cƿōm ongean tō Maltan. *1943 Æfterra Geola: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Choire]] and [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Sċotlande man ongann tǣċan nīƿe torpedorīderas. *1943 Ēastermōnaþ 16: Her Brẏten sendede fēoƿertīene nīƿan fȳrrammrīderas tō Maltan. And in æfterdagum man sendede tō him rīdungfȳrrammas þæs nīƿes cẏnnes gehātenes Mark II Chariot þe ēac hātte se Terry. His æfterra rīdere sæt on bæċling. Hit mihte rinnan 4.5 sċipmīla in stunde. His gūðheafod miht beran 1100 pund þæs utberstendes gehātenes Torpex. *1943 Þrimilcemōnaþ 8: Hēr þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis in unƿedere and sencton þrēo Brẏttisċe sċipu and eall geƿendedon tō þǣm Olterran. *1943 Sēremōnaþ: Þurh þisne mōnaþ oft se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Unseen bær þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas of Maltan and hira rīderas ġeondsċēaƿodon ẏmbe Siċiliam tō findanne plēo for landfierdum þe ƿoldon cuman tō lande þǣr. And hīe ġeondsċēaƿodon 100 mīla sǣriman. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 11: Hēr þā ōðre Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ēodon tō [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]]. *1943 Sēremōnþes æfterra dǣl: Her Brẏten ēac sendede siex rīdungfȳrrammmenn tō Maltan, and hīe ƿoldon faran ƿiþ [[Taranto]]. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 25: Hēr Mussolini ālǣtte his heahsċealcsċip and Mearhsċealċ Badoglio fēng tō his rīċe. And forðȳ þā Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] ne fōron ƿīð Taranto, and hīe ealle ēodon tō Sċotlande. And æfter þǣm þe ƿæs āne ān farung rīdungfȳrramma in [[Wendelsǣ|Ƿendelsǣ]]. *1943 Mǣdmōnaþ: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] fȳrrammrīdere āsƿulton þurh misġelimp. *1943 Ƿēodmōnaþ 3: Hēr in ǣfne þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis and sencton þrēo sċipu and ealle āƿendon tō þǣm Olterran, ac ān mann hira ƿearþ gefangen. *1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 8: Hēr Italia ēode on hand and æfter þǣm tīman fuhton þā Italisċan mid þǣm Brẏttisċum. And æfter þǣm þe man togode þæt Olterra on Calpis and man fand hƿæt ġelamp þǣrinne. **1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 20: Hēr Brẏttisċe froggamenn in lȳtlum undersǣbātum, [[X-craft]] gehāten, fōron ƿiþ þǣm Tirpitz and þǣm Scharnhorst in Kåfjord on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sāre derede þæt Tirpitz, ac þæt Sċarnhorst næs þǣr. *1943 Heorfestmōnaþ 24: Her Brẏten sendede 4 rīdungfȳrrammas and 12 fȳrrammrīderas of Sċotlande tō Lundaváge in [[Hjaltland]]e tō leornianne faran ġemang Norþƿeges īegum. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 2: Her greatora Italisċe froggamannberend gehāten Siluro San Bartolomeo oþþe SSB ƿolde faran ƿiþ Calpise, and hit bær fēoƿer froggamenn, and hit ƿæs 33 fēt lang, aċ þurh Italiam gieldunge hit ne fōr. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 14: Her Brẏttisċ [[fȳrrammbāt]] berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of [[Lundavāgr|Lundavāge]] tō Tevik-cofan on Norþmannum and settede on lande mann gehatenne Job tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ Ġermanisċe lẏftcræftas fundon þone fȳrrammbāt and fuhton ƿiþ him and se [[fȳrrammbāt]] þorfte flēon tō Brẏtene sāre geƿundod and hit cƿom tō [[Dynbær]] in [[Scotland]]e. And æfter fēoƿerum dagum sum fȳrrammbāt brōhte Job eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēġen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of Lundaváge tō Nordfjord in Norþƿeġe and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and hīe ēodon eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Blōtmōnaþ 11: Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and fēoƿer menn for him fōr of Lundaváge tō Tevik-cofan in Norþƿege and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume tō [[Askvoll]] hȳðe, ac in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and snāƿ feoll, and man segde þæt miht bēon þæt īs forstōd Askvoll hȳðe, and þenden se fȳrrammbāt ēode eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e hit þorfte ālǣttan þā rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr oþþe ǣrra Brẏttisċe and Americisċe fēngon [[Napoli]] ċeastre þe nū oft hātte Naples (aċ hire ieldst nama ƿæs in [[Crecisc]]e Neapolis, þe sægþ Nīƿceaster). *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Hēr fōron tō Brindisi in Italiam Brẏttisċe froggamenn, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe ƿǣron in landum þe þā Ġermanas ne rixodon, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe Brẏten ærra fēng, and hīe ealle ƿurdon ān hlōð froggamanna. *1943 (1944?) Ēastermōnaþ 15: Hēr [[X-cræft]] fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt Berġen on Norþmannum, ac þurh misgelimp sencte lādberendsċip and ne þā fleotendan hȳðe. *1944 Þrimilċe: Her man sendede 14 fȳrramrīdera tō Trincomalee in [[Taprabane]]. *1944: Hēr fore D-dæge Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas ġeondsċēaƿodon under sǣ ẏmbe Normandiġes sǣrimum. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 6: Hēr ƿæs [[D-dæg]], and Brẏttisċe froggamenn tobrǣċon maniġe īrenstaċan þe Ġermanas settedon under sǣ ƿiþ þǣm fierde. And ān fȳrrammrīdere drāf [[Sċriðdraca|sċriðdracan]] on land. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 21: Hēr þæt Italisċe gūþsċip Grecale fōr of [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]]m berende þrīe sƿifte bātas and Italisċe froggamenn and tƿēgen Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas, ƿiþ þǣm Italisċum gūðsċipum ''Bolzano'' and ''Gorizia'' þe [[German]]as hæfdon in [[La Spezia]]. Þæt Grecale bǣron hīe and þā bātas, and æfter þǣm þe þā bātas bǣron hīe and frēogedon hīe þrēo mīla of La Spezia hȳðe. Ān rīdungfȳrramm ongann blēdan lẏft of his flēotungfate and man þorfte ālǣttan hine, ac ān rīdungfȳrramm macode utberstan þæt ''Bolzano'', and his geƿiht ƿæs 10,000,000 kilogrammas. Ealle fēoƿer hira manna þurfton gān on lande þǣr: ān cƿōm ongēan tō his fierde and Ġermanas fēngon þrīe. *1944 Hærfestmōnaþ 11: Hēr X-cræft fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt [[Bergen]] in [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sencte hit. *1944 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 27-28: Her se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Trenchant berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōr ƿiþ [[Phuket]] hȳðe in [[Thailand]]e and frēogede hīe siex mīla of þǣre hȳðe. And þāra menn hēton þā tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas "Tiny" and "Slasher". And hīe sencton tƿēġen lādberungsċipu. And æfter siex stundum hēr and on ānre tīde Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ridon eft tō hira mōdorsċipe. Aċ æfter þǣm þe se Trenċant þorfte sinċan þā rīdungfȳrrammas tō gānne sƿiftora, for plēo Iapanisċes [[MTB]] bātes; and se Trenċant bær þa fēoƿer rīderas tō [[Trincomalee]]. Nǣfre æfterra rīdungfȳrramm fōr tō gūðe. *1945 Mǣdmōnaþ 31: Her Lieutenant [[Fraser]] and se dȳfere James Joseph Magennis fōron in þǣm [[X-cræft]]e XE3 ƿiþ þǣm [[Iapan|Iapanisċan]] gūþsċipe Takao in Johore-nearƿe nēam [[Singapore]] and sencte hit, and þǣræfter man geaf tō æghƿilċum hira þā [[Victoria-rōd]]e. ==Bēċ and āstẏriende ġelīċnesse== *Sume þissa ƿrītunga sind of bēċ ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', C. Ƿarren and J. Benson (Harrap 1953). *Āstẏriende ġelīċnesse ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', ġemacod in 1955; hit is mǣste ẏmbe þā farunge X-cræfta ƿiþ þǣm ''Tirpitz''. *Bōc: "Chariots of War", Robert Ƿ.Hobson ƿrāt hit, publ. Ulric Publisċing 2004, ISBN 0-9541997-1-5. *In gēare 1958 man macode āstyriende ġelīċnesse ''The Silent Enemy''. Hit ne sċǣƿþ þā trēoƿan gelimp rihte. In þisse bēċ Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] fōron of Calpis tō þǣm Olterran and fore him and in him hīe fuhton hearde ƿiþ Italisċum froggamannum and āhton ƿǣlstoƿe ġeƿald and bærnedon þæt Olterra; aċ þis ne ġelamp. ==Æfter ġēare 1945== In sumum landum man gīet macaþ rīdungfȳrrammas: *Sēo [http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425065945/http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ |date=2008-04-25 }} ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammas in Italiam. *Sume macodon rīdungfȳrrammas tō ƿarianne under ƿætere andlang ele-ǣdrum and sƿẏlċum, oþþe tō rīdanne for ƿẏnne, and sƿẏlce ne hæfþ gūðhēafod aċ oft his stefna ƿierþþ nearu sƿā his steort. Sum þǣra ƿæs ''Dolphin'' þe man macode on [[Wiht|Ƿiht]] īeġe in þǣm 197*-ġēarum. == Rīdungfȳrrammas nū== *Man mæġ sēon þreo rīdungfȳrrammas in [http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php Eden Camp Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115150148/http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php |date=2006-01-15 }} þe is neah Mæðeltūne (þe nū hātte [[Malton]]) in [[North Yorkshire|Norþ Eoforƿīċsċīre]] in [[Englaland|Ænglaland]]e. **Sum is Italisċ maiale. **Sum is Brẏttisċ Mark II and man fand hine ealdne and unƿeorlīċne for ġemeltanne in īrenþreaxġearde in Portesmūðan and ednīƿode hit. **Sum is ƿeorclīċ rīdungfȳrramm and in him sind gōde miht and sƿiftnesse, and man macode hit in odene in [[Middeltūn þǣra de Cahaignes|Middeltūne þǣra de Cahaignes]] in ġēare 1992, and his ūterra līcaþ Mark I, aċ his innoþ nis ilċa, and nis ūtberstend in his gūðhēafod. Man seah hit on feorrseounge. **Is āstyriende gelīcnesse "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" ẏmbe James Bond, and in him man siehþ rīdungfȳrramm: aċ nis in him miht and hit is āna þæt þe nū hātte ''film prop''. **Is Italisċ maiale þæs cẏnnes SSB in þǣm Naval Museum æt Groton in Connecticut underrīċe in GRA. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.divingheritage.com/torpedo.htm Searulīċ leornung ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammum þǣre Ōðerra Ƿoruldgūðe and hira manna dȳfungsearƿum] [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Dȳfung]] 0owm55k4asn3vwdj58posz5ci7dudbp 231128 231127 2026-07-22T17:08:08Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 /* Ǣr 1942 */ 231128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:chariot_cdba2_seabed.jpg|thumb|240px|Hēr is līċnesse tƿēgra [[froggamann]]a mid [[Siebe Gorman CDBA]] ongēanǣðmendum rīdendra rīdungfȳrramm.]] [[Image:Maiale SLC.jpg|thumb|240px|Siluro a Lenta Corsa ''maiale'']] <center><small>[ [[{{PAGENAME}}|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/gw|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/ᚱᚢᚾ|ᚱᚢᚾ]] ]</small></center> Se '''rīdungfȳrramm''' ǣrest hātte in [[Italisc|Italisċ]]e saƿ ''Siluro a Lenta Corsa'', þe sægþ "Slāƿ-rinnende fȳrramm." His sċufend ƿæs [[spærclecræft|spærclecræftiġ]]. Næs in him lẏftrūm sƿā in dȳfendbāte oþþe [[undersǣbāt]]e oþþe [[undersǣscip|undersǣsċip]]e. His tƿēgen sċipmenn ƿerodon [[dȳfungrēaf]] and ridon on him sƿā on horse. Hit hæfde searƿe tō stẏrianne. Hit hæfde [[gūðhēafod]] þe man miht oflǣfan dẏrne under sċip tō tobrecanne sċipu mid [[utberstend]]e. Þonne hit fōr tō gūðe, sum grēatora sċip (þe oft ƿæs undersǣsip) bær hit tō stede nēam þǣm ġefeohtstede, and frēogede hit. == Ġēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm == ===Ǣr 1942=== *1909: Hēr se Brẏttisċa searumann Commander Godfrey Herbert macode cẏneliċne ƿẏrhtan rihtƿriotu for his rīdungfȳrramme, ac þenden seo [[Ǣresta Woruldgūþ|Ǣresta Ƿoruldgūþ]] rann, þā gūðsċealċas aƿurpon þone geþōht sƿā unbruclīċne. *1918: Hēr tƿēgen Italisċe macode rīdungfȳrramm and on him he macodon onsċẏte tō [[Austria-Hungaria]]landisce sċipu in [[Trieste]] hȳðe. Aċ næs tō him æðmungsearƿe and hīe þurfton rinnan mid heafdum ofer ƿætere. *1930-1939: Betƿēox þissum ġēarum sƿammen sum Eotolƿare under ƿætere mid odenliċum oxygen[[ongēanaðmiend]]e tō īeþ fisċianne mid gāre for ƿẏnne, and of þǣm ongann sēo dȳfung mid [[scuba]]n in ƿorulde. And sēo Regia Marina, þe is [[Italie]] [[sċipfierd]], dẏrne macode rīdungfȳrrammas, and tōhte gūðfroggamenn and hēt hīe ''nuotatori'', þe sægþ "sƿimmeras". And þā froggamenn hēton hira þis cẏnn rīdungfȳrramma ''maiale'', þe in Italisċe sægþ "[[Swīn|sƿīn]]", for þǣm þe þæt ǣrest cẏnn ''maial''a ƿǣron earfoðlīċe tō stẏrianne. And hīe ƿǣron in sċirfierde dǣle gehātenum "Decima Flottiglia Mas", and Ernesto Forza ƿæs his fierdtoga. *1940 [[10 Sēremōnaþ]]: Hēr Mussolini hēt gūþ ƿiþ Brẏtene. *1940 21 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Iride fōr of La Spezia ƿiþ Calpis, and in Bomba-cofan on Libẏae sǣriman men lǣdde on hit fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas, aċ þǣr Brẏttisce lẏftcræftas sencton hit. *1940 21 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Gondar fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and in 28 dæġes ǣfne cƿōm hit tō Alexandriam on Ǣgẏpte, aċ Brẏttisc gūþsċip seah hit and fōhte ƿiþ him and sencte hit, and his sċipmenn gieldedon. *1940 24 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and on 29 dæge nēah Calpis man bebād hit eft gān tō La Maddalena, for þǣm þe þā Brẏttiscan gūþsċipu ēodon of Calpise. *1940 [[21 Ƿinterfẏlleþ]]: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia tō Calpis berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and hīe ēodon in þæt hȳðƿætere, ac hīe ne derede sċip, and þāra menn man fēng tƿēgen, and six ēodon on Hispaniam and þanon eft on Italiam. *1941 25 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt [[Cādiz]] in [[Hispania]]m dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ [[Calpis]], ac þǣrinne hīe ne fundon gūðsċip, ac hīe sōhton sincan sċip, aċ ne spēoƿ him, and þā siex rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 27 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa sǣfierd fōhte ƿiþ þǣm Bismarck and sencte hit, and forðȳ hīe ne ƿǣron gūðsċipu in Calpis. *1941 26 Mǣdmōnaþ: Her tƿēgen Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas and tīen sƿifte Italisċe bātas berende ūtberstendas fōron ƿiþ Valletta on Malta īege, aċ hīe ne sencte sċip, and in Vallettan ƿæs heard sċēotung of lande, and 15 hira asƿulton, and 18 ƿurdon hæftas. *1941 [[10 Hærfestmōnaþ]]: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Cādiz in Hispaniam dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ Calpis, and hīe sencton þrēo sċipu, and þā rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 Gēolmōnaþ 3: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. and on Gēolmōnaþ 19 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgẏpte, and hīe fōron in þǣre hȳðe and sencton ele-fatu-sċip and sāre deredon þā grēate and strange Brẏttisċan gūðsċipu [[HMS Valiant (1914)|HMS ''Valiant'']] and [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']], and hīe sǣton on þǣre hȳðe botme, and þurh monðas man ne miht brucan þā tƿā sċipu. and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. ===1942=== *1942 Ēastermōnaþ 29: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And on Þrimilcemōnaþ 14 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgypte tō sincanne grēate Brẏttisċe flēotende hȳðe, aċ sum seah þone Ambra, and hīe ne sencton sċip, and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. *1942 Ēastermōnaþ: Hēr dẏrne þā Brẏttisċe sǣfierdmenn Commander G.M.Sladen and Commander Ƿ.R. "Tiny" Fell ongunnon tǣcan froggamenn. And sēo sċipfierd hēt þā rīdungfȳrrammas ''chariots'', and gēo ''chariot'' ƿæs sƿift unhefig ƿīgcræt þe tƿā sƿifte hors togodon. And þēos froggamenn hātton þone ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'', and ǣreste hīe ƿunodon æt [[Portesmūðan]]. *1942 Sēremōnaþ: Hēr se Brẏttisċa ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'' ēode tō "Port D" þe ƿæs on [[Eiríksfjorðr|Eiríksfjorðe]] in [[Scotland]]e. and hīe gefengon hira ǣrestan rīdungfȳrramm þe hæfde sċufend, and hit ƿæs þæs cẏnnes "Mark I Chariot", and miht faran 2.9 sċipmīl in stunde, and miht unplēolīċe dȳfan tƿentig fēt under sǣ, and his līċ ƿæs 21 ẏncas ƿīd, and his frumstemn bær 600 pund utberstendes. Sēo tǣcung ƿæs heard, and þurh þā plēo dȳfunge mid ungemisċodum oxygene and sēo ellorlīċnesse þāra rīdungfȳrramma oft ƿæs gesƿōgung and fẏlleƿærċ under sǣ, for þǣm þe se oxẏgen ƿierþþ ator æt þritiġ-ġerīme fōta under ƿætere. Oft ƿæs lǣssa hearm sƿā eara tunnebotma berstung and hearm in hira holum in heafde þe hātte ''sinus''. and man ''tōhton hīe aran and stīeran lange under ƿætere and æfter þǣm þe ceorfan þurh ƿerungnett hȳða. and ƿæs heardost lǣran ƿeorcan mid þǣm fȳrramma gūðhēadfum.''<!—ƿhat is this sentence trying to say?--> *1942 Mǽdmónaþ: Hēr þā Italisċan froggamenn cƿōmon tō þǣm lādberendum sċipe Olterra þe ƿæs in Algeċiras neam Calpise, and hīe lange dẏrne hæfdon denn þǣrinne. *1942 Mǽdmónaþ 13: Her tƿelf Italisċe froggamenn sƿummon of þǣm Olterran in Calpishȳðe and settedon ūtberstendas and ealle geƿendedon tō hira fierde, and hīe sencton fēoƿer sċipu. *1942 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan fȳrrammrīderas ongean ƿunian æt Base HHZ on [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Scotlande tō tǣcanne faran ƿiþ grēatorum dēoporum ƿerodorum stedum, and in þisse tǣċunge ān fȳrrammrīdere asƿealt. *1942 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Norþƿegisca sċipfierde bebēordere [[Leif Larsen]] sōhte farung ƿiþ þǣm grēatan Ġermansċan gūðsċipe ''[[Tirpitz]]'', þe ƿunode in Asenfjorde þe is telga Trondheimdfjordes in Norþƿege. *1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 26: Hēr se fisċungbāt Arþur fōr of Brẏtene tō Norþƿege and seofon Brẏttisċe froggamenn and þrīe Norþƿegisce and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas ridon dẏrne in him. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 28: Hēr ''Arþur'' cƿōm tō Norþƿeges sǣriman neah Edøy. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 30: Hēr ''Arþur'' ongann togian þā fȳrrammas. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr storm bræc þāra rīdungfȳrramma clommas, and hīe losodon, and sēo farung ādrēas. **1942 Blōtmōnaþ 1: Her æt Breivik hīe sencton ''Arþur'' and in tƿǣm hlōðum hīe sōhton [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]. Nigon þāra tīen manna cƿōmon tō Sƿēolande, and Ġermanas fēngon ānne and æfter þǣm þe āsċuton hine. *1942 Blōtmōnþes æfterra dǣl: Hēr Brẏten sendede 26 rīdungfȳrramma tō [[Melita]] īeġe, and hīe ƿurdon dǣl þæs ''Tenth Submarine Flotilla''. Man gefæstnede on þrȳm þāra undersǣbāta fate tō healdanne rīdungfȳrrammas. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 28: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbātas P-311 berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Marsamxett on Melitan ƿiþ Madalena on [[Sardinia]]m, and þēos farung hātte ''Operation Principle'', ac hit slōh flēotendne utberstend neah Sardiniam and sencte mid þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammum and tīen hira rīdera and eallum his sċipmanna. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 30: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan undersǣbātas Þ''underbolt'' and ''Trooper'' berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Melitan, and þēos farung eac hātte ''Operasċon Prinċiple''. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 4: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia tō Algiers berende froggamenn and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas, and tīen froggamenn berende gecleofiende ūtberstendas sƿummon mid þǣm rīdungfȳrrammum. Ac þurh fẏrlu he ne mihton gān in þā hȳðe, ac hīe ēodon tō sċipum ūt þǣre hȳðe and sencton tū and deredon tū. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 17: Her æt Calpis fōron siex Italisce on þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammas of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ þǣm Brẏttisċum gūðsċipum Nelson, Formidable, Furious. Aċ Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt ofslōh hira ānes bēgen menn mid dīepþūtberstende. And Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt seah hira ānne and scēat tō him and fẏlgode hit and fēng his tƿēgen menn. And ān forbēah eft tō þǣm Olterran ēan his æfterran manne. <!—hƿæt is ean?--> ===1943=== *1943 Æfterra Geola 3: Hēr in ''Operation Principle'' Thunderbolt and Trooper berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira eahta menn cƿōmon tō Siċiliae sǣriman neah [[Palermo]] in unƿedere. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣre Italisċan gūðsċipe ''Ulpio Traiano'', and æfter þǣm þe lǣssan utberstendas on fēoƿer sċipum. And þǣræfter ''Ulpio Traiano'' sanċ. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣm Italisċan lādberendan sċipe ''Viminale''. and þǣræfter Brẏttisċ undersǣbāt āsceat ''Viminale'' mid mannlēasum fȳrramme þenden man togode hit of hȳðe. **Tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere ne fundon þā hȳðe. **Man þearf ālǣttan ealle þāra rīdungfȳrramma þǣr, þurh gesƿīcunga þāra searƿa oþþe misgelimp manna, and ān hira rīdera asƿulton, and fīf þorfton gān on lande þǣr, and sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt P-46 nerede tƿēgen. Aċ in Romam tƿēgen þissa hæfta forflugon of hira ƿeardum and hȳddon in þǣm [[Vatican]]e oþþæt Americisċe fēngon Rōmburg in gēare 1944. And tƿēgen hira forflugon of ƿeardum on [[Libẏa|Libẏam]] and in [[Tripoli]] ċeastre middan fundon Bryttisċe fierdmenn, and hīe ēodon eft tō Ænglalande. In þisre farunge man settede ūtberstendas on sċipu and ƿeardbātas and sencton sume hira, ac sume þāra ūtberstandas ne ūtbǣrston. *Æfter þǣm þe bebidon on Maltan eahta rīdungfȳrrammrīderas and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas. *1943 Æfterra Geola 18-19: Hēr þās tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōron mid sċipum þe þā Ġermanas ƿoldon sendan tō [[Tripoli]] tō forstoppanne his hȳðe, and undersǣbātas bǣron hīe. Aċ þā froggamenn cƿōmon oferlæt and ne mann and ne rīdungfȳrramm cƿōm ongean tō Maltan. *1943 Æfterra Geola: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Choire]] and [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Sċotlande man ongann tǣċan nīƿe torpedorīderas. *1943 Ēastermōnaþ 16: Her Brẏten sendede fēoƿertīene nīƿan fȳrrammrīderas tō Maltan. And in æfterdagum man sendede tō him rīdungfȳrrammas þæs nīƿes cẏnnes gehātenes Mark II Chariot þe ēac hātte se Terry. His æfterra rīdere sæt on bæċling. Hit mihte rinnan 4.5 sċipmīla in stunde. His gūðheafod miht beran 1100 pund þæs utberstendes gehātenes Torpex. *1943 Þrimilcemōnaþ 8: Hēr þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis in unƿedere and sencton þrēo Brẏttisċe sċipu and eall geƿendedon tō þǣm Olterran. *1943 Sēremōnaþ: Þurh þisne mōnaþ oft se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Unseen bær þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas of Maltan and hira rīderas ġeondsċēaƿodon ẏmbe Siċiliam tō findanne plēo for landfierdum þe ƿoldon cuman tō lande þǣr. And hīe ġeondsċēaƿodon 100 mīla sǣriman. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 11: Hēr þā ōðre Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ēodon tō [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]]. *1943 Sēremōnþes æfterra dǣl: Her Brẏten ēac sendede siex rīdungfȳrrammmenn tō Maltan, and hīe ƿoldon faran ƿiþ [[Taranto]]. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 25: Hēr Mussolini ālǣtte his heahsċealcsċip and Mearhsċealċ Badoglio fēng tō his rīċe. And forðȳ þā Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] ne fōron ƿīð Taranto, and hīe ealle ēodon tō Sċotlande. And æfter þǣm þe ƿæs āne ān farung rīdungfȳrramma in [[Wendelsǣ|Ƿendelsǣ]]. *1943 Mǣdmōnaþ: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] fȳrrammrīdere āsƿulton þurh misġelimp. *1943 Ƿēodmōnaþ 3: Hēr in ǣfne þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis and sencton þrēo sċipu and ealle āƿendon tō þǣm Olterran, ac ān mann hira ƿearþ gefangen. *1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 8: Hēr Italia ēode on hand and æfter þǣm tīman fuhton þā Italisċan mid þǣm Brẏttisċum. And æfter þǣm þe man togode þæt Olterra on Calpis and man fand hƿæt ġelamp þǣrinne. **1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 20: Hēr Brẏttisċe froggamenn in lȳtlum undersǣbātum, [[X-craft]] gehāten, fōron ƿiþ þǣm Tirpitz and þǣm Scharnhorst in Kåfjord on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sāre derede þæt Tirpitz, ac þæt Sċarnhorst næs þǣr. *1943 Heorfestmōnaþ 24: Her Brẏten sendede 4 rīdungfȳrrammas and 12 fȳrrammrīderas of Sċotlande tō Lundaváge in [[Hjaltland]]e tō leornianne faran ġemang Norþƿeges īegum. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 2: Her greatora Italisċe froggamannberend gehāten Siluro San Bartolomeo oþþe SSB ƿolde faran ƿiþ Calpise, and hit bær fēoƿer froggamenn, and hit ƿæs 33 fēt lang, aċ þurh Italiam gieldunge hit ne fōr. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 14: Her Brẏttisċ [[fȳrrammbāt]] berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of [[Lundavāgr|Lundavāge]] tō Tevik-cofan on Norþmannum and settede on lande mann gehatenne Job tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ Ġermanisċe lẏftcræftas fundon þone fȳrrammbāt and fuhton ƿiþ him and se [[fȳrrammbāt]] þorfte flēon tō Brẏtene sāre geƿundod and hit cƿom tō [[Dynbær]] in [[Scotland]]e. And æfter fēoƿerum dagum sum fȳrrammbāt brōhte Job eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēġen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of Lundaváge tō Nordfjord in Norþƿeġe and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and hīe ēodon eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Blōtmōnaþ 11: Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and fēoƿer menn for him fōr of Lundaváge tō Tevik-cofan in Norþƿege and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume tō [[Askvoll]] hȳðe, ac in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and snāƿ feoll, and man segde þæt miht bēon þæt īs forstōd Askvoll hȳðe, and þenden se fȳrrammbāt ēode eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e hit þorfte ālǣttan þā rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr oþþe ǣrra Brẏttisċe and Americisċe fēngon [[Napoli]] ċeastre þe nū oft hātte Naples (aċ hire ieldst nama ƿæs in [[Crecisc]]e Neapolis, þe sægþ Nīƿceaster). *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Hēr fōron tō Brindisi in Italiam Brẏttisċe froggamenn, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe ƿǣron in landum þe þā Ġermanas ne rixodon, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe Brẏten ærra fēng, and hīe ealle ƿurdon ān hlōð froggamanna. *1943 (1944?) Ēastermōnaþ 15: Hēr [[X-cræft]] fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt Berġen on Norþmannum, ac þurh misgelimp sencte lādberendsċip and ne þā fleotendan hȳðe. *1944 Þrimilċe: Her man sendede 14 fȳrramrīdera tō Trincomalee in [[Taprabane]]. *1944: Hēr fore D-dæge Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas ġeondsċēaƿodon under sǣ ẏmbe Normandiġes sǣrimum. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 6: Hēr ƿæs [[D-dæg]], and Brẏttisċe froggamenn tobrǣċon maniġe īrenstaċan þe Ġermanas settedon under sǣ ƿiþ þǣm fierde. And ān fȳrrammrīdere drāf [[Sċriðdraca|sċriðdracan]] on land. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 21: Hēr þæt Italisċe gūþsċip Grecale fōr of [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]]m berende þrīe sƿifte bātas and Italisċe froggamenn and tƿēgen Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas, ƿiþ þǣm Italisċum gūðsċipum ''Bolzano'' and ''Gorizia'' þe [[German]]as hæfdon in [[La Spezia]]. Þæt Grecale bǣron hīe and þā bātas, and æfter þǣm þe þā bātas bǣron hīe and frēogedon hīe þrēo mīla of La Spezia hȳðe. Ān rīdungfȳrramm ongann blēdan lẏft of his flēotungfate and man þorfte ālǣttan hine, ac ān rīdungfȳrramm macode utberstan þæt ''Bolzano'', and his geƿiht ƿæs 10,000,000 kilogrammas. Ealle fēoƿer hira manna þurfton gān on lande þǣr: ān cƿōm ongēan tō his fierde and Ġermanas fēngon þrīe. *1944 Hærfestmōnaþ 11: Hēr X-cræft fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt [[Bergen]] in [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sencte hit. *1944 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 27-28: Her se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Trenchant berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōr ƿiþ [[Phuket]] hȳðe in [[Thailand]]e and frēogede hīe siex mīla of þǣre hȳðe. And þāra menn hēton þā tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas "Tiny" and "Slasher". And hīe sencton tƿēġen lādberungsċipu. And æfter siex stundum hēr and on ānre tīde Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ridon eft tō hira mōdorsċipe. Aċ æfter þǣm þe se Trenċant þorfte sinċan þā rīdungfȳrrammas tō gānne sƿiftora, for plēo Iapanisċes [[MTB]] bātes; and se Trenċant bær þa fēoƿer rīderas tō [[Trincomalee]]. Nǣfre æfterra rīdungfȳrramm fōr tō gūðe. *1945 Mǣdmōnaþ 31: Her Lieutenant [[Fraser]] and se dȳfere James Joseph Magennis fōron in þǣm [[X-cræft]]e XE3 ƿiþ þǣm [[Iapan|Iapanisċan]] gūþsċipe Takao in Johore-nearƿe nēam [[Singapore]] and sencte hit, and þǣræfter man geaf tō æghƿilċum hira þā [[Victoria-rōd]]e. ==Bēċ and āstẏriende ġelīċnesse== *Sume þissa ƿrītunga sind of bēċ ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', C. Ƿarren and J. Benson (Harrap 1953). *Āstẏriende ġelīċnesse ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', ġemacod in 1955; hit is mǣste ẏmbe þā farunge X-cræfta ƿiþ þǣm ''Tirpitz''. *Bōc: "Chariots of War", Robert Ƿ.Hobson ƿrāt hit, publ. Ulric Publisċing 2004, ISBN 0-9541997-1-5. *In gēare 1958 man macode āstyriende ġelīċnesse ''The Silent Enemy''. Hit ne sċǣƿþ þā trēoƿan gelimp rihte. In þisse bēċ Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] fōron of Calpis tō þǣm Olterran and fore him and in him hīe fuhton hearde ƿiþ Italisċum froggamannum and āhton ƿǣlstoƿe ġeƿald and bærnedon þæt Olterra; aċ þis ne ġelamp. ==Æfter ġēare 1945== In sumum landum man gīet macaþ rīdungfȳrrammas: *Sēo [http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425065945/http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ |date=2008-04-25 }} ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammas in Italiam. *Sume macodon rīdungfȳrrammas tō ƿarianne under ƿætere andlang ele-ǣdrum and sƿẏlċum, oþþe tō rīdanne for ƿẏnne, and sƿẏlce ne hæfþ gūðhēafod aċ oft his stefna ƿierþþ nearu sƿā his steort. Sum þǣra ƿæs ''Dolphin'' þe man macode on [[Wiht|Ƿiht]] īeġe in þǣm 197*-ġēarum. == Rīdungfȳrrammas nū== *Man mæġ sēon þreo rīdungfȳrrammas in [http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php Eden Camp Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115150148/http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php |date=2006-01-15 }} þe is neah Mæðeltūne (þe nū hātte [[Malton]]) in [[North Yorkshire|Norþ Eoforƿīċsċīre]] in [[Englaland|Ænglaland]]e. **Sum is Italisċ maiale. **Sum is Brẏttisċ Mark II and man fand hine ealdne and unƿeorlīċne for ġemeltanne in īrenþreaxġearde in Portesmūðan and ednīƿode hit. **Sum is ƿeorclīċ rīdungfȳrramm and in him sind gōde miht and sƿiftnesse, and man macode hit in odene in [[Middeltūn þǣra de Cahaignes|Middeltūne þǣra de Cahaignes]] in ġēare 1992, and his ūterra līcaþ Mark I, aċ his innoþ nis ilċa, and nis ūtberstend in his gūðhēafod. Man seah hit on feorrseounge. **Is āstyriende gelīcnesse "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" ẏmbe James Bond, and in him man siehþ rīdungfȳrramm: aċ nis in him miht and hit is āna þæt þe nū hātte ''film prop''. **Is Italisċ maiale þæs cẏnnes SSB in þǣm Naval Museum æt Groton in Connecticut underrīċe in GRA. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.divingheritage.com/torpedo.htm Searulīċ leornung ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammum þǣre Ōðerra Ƿoruldgūðe and hira manna dȳfungsearƿum] [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Dȳfung]] oc4krvyuejaj52ee6xmdbux0g9zqho9 231129 231128 2026-07-22T17:09:11Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 /* Ǣr 1942 */ 231129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:chariot_cdba2_seabed.jpg|thumb|240px|Hēr is līċnesse tƿēgra [[froggamann]]a mid [[Siebe Gorman CDBA]] ongēanǣðmendum rīdendra rīdungfȳrramm.]] [[Image:Maiale SLC.jpg|thumb|240px|Siluro a Lenta Corsa ''maiale'']] <center><small>[ [[{{PAGENAME}}|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/gw|gw]] ] [ [[{{PAGENAME}}/ᚱᚢᚾ|ᚱᚢᚾ]] ]</small></center> Se '''rīdungfȳrramm''' ǣrest hātte in [[Italisc|Italisċ]]e saƿ ''Siluro a Lenta Corsa'', þe sægþ "Slāƿ-rinnende fȳrramm." His sċufend ƿæs [[spærclecræft|spærclecræftiġ]]. Næs in him lẏftrūm sƿā in dȳfendbāte oþþe [[undersǣbāt]]e oþþe [[undersǣscip|undersǣsċip]]e. His tƿēgen sċipmenn ƿerodon [[dȳfungrēaf]] and ridon on him sƿā on horse. Hit hæfde searƿe tō stẏrianne. Hit hæfde [[gūðhēafod]] þe man miht oflǣfan dẏrne under sċip tō tobrecanne sċipu mid [[utberstend]]e. Þonne hit fōr tō gūðe, sum grēatora sċip (þe oft ƿæs undersǣsip) bær hit tō stede nēam þǣm ġefeohtstede, and frēogede hit. == Ġēarƿrītung dǣda rīdungfȳrramm == ===Ǣr 1942=== *1909: Hēr se Brẏttisċa searumann Commander Godfrey Herbert macode cẏneliċne ƿẏrhtan rihtƿriotu for his rīdungfȳrramme, ac þenden seo [[Ǣresta Woruldgūþ|Ǣresta Ƿoruldgūþ]] rann, þā gūðsċealċas aƿurpon þone geþōht sƿā unbruclīċne. *1918: Hēr tƿēgen Italisċe macode rīdungfȳrramm and on him he macodon onsċẏte tō [[Austria-Hungaria]]landisce sċipu in [[Trieste]] hȳðe. Aċ næs tō him æðmungsearƿe and hīe þurfton rinnan mid heafdum ofer ƿætere. *1930-1939: Betƿēox þissum ġēarum sƿammen sum Eotolƿare under ƿætere mid odenliċum oxẏgen[[ongēanaðmiend]]e tō īeþ fisċianne mid gāre for ƿẏnne, and of þǣm ongann sēo dȳfung mid [[scuba]]n in ƿorulde. And sēo Regia Marina, þe is [[Italie]] [[sċipfierd]], dẏrne macode rīdungfȳrrammas, and tōhte gūðfroggamenn and hēt hīe ''nuotatori'', þe sægþ "sƿimmeras". And þā froggamenn hēton hira þis cẏnn rīdungfȳrramma ''maiale'', þe in Italisċe sægþ "[[Swīn|sƿīn]]", for þǣm þe þæt ǣrest cẏnn ''maial''a ƿǣron earfoðlīċe tō stẏrianne. And hīe ƿǣron in sċirfierde dǣle gehātenum "Decima Flottiglia Mas", and Ernesto Forza ƿæs his fierdtoga. *1940 [[10 Sēremōnaþ]]: Hēr Mussolini hēt gūþ ƿiþ Brẏtene. *1940 21 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Iride fōr of La Spezia ƿiþ Calpis, and in Bomba-cofan on Libẏae sǣriman men lǣdde on hit fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas, aċ þǣr Brẏttisce lẏftcræftas sencton hit. *1940 21 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Gondar fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and in 28 dæġes ǣfne cƿōm hit tō Alexandriam on Ǣgẏpte, aċ Brẏttisc gūþsċip seah hit and fōhte ƿiþ him and sencte hit, and his sċipmenn gieldedon. *1940 24 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and on 29 dæge nēah Calpis man bebād hit eft gān tō La Maddalena, for þǣm þe þā Brẏttiscan gūþsċipu ēodon of Calpise. *1940 [[21 Ƿinterfẏlleþ]]: Hēr se Italisċa undersǣbāt Sċire fōr of La Spezia tō Calpis berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and eahta rīderas, and hīe ēodon in þæt hȳðƿætere, ac hīe ne derede sċip, and þāra menn man fēng tƿēgen, and six ēodon on Hispaniam and þanon eft on Italiam. *1941 25 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt [[Cādiz]] in [[Hispania]]m dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ [[Calpis]], ac þǣrinne hīe ne fundon gūðsċip, ac hīe sōhton sincan sċip, aċ ne spēoƿ him, and þā siex rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 27 Þrimilċemōnaþ: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa sǣfierd fōhte ƿiþ þǣm Bismarck and sencte hit, and forðȳ hīe ne ƿǣron gūðsċipu in Calpis. *1941 26 Mǣdmōnaþ: Her tƿēgen Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas and tīen sƿifte Italisċe bātas berende ūtberstendas fōron ƿiþ Valletta on Malta īege, aċ hīe ne sencte sċip, and in Vallettan ƿæs heard sċēotung of lande, and 15 hira asƿulton, and 18 ƿurdon hæftas. *1941 [[10 Hærfestmōnaþ]]: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Cādiz in Hispaniam dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And hit fōr ƿiþ Calpis, and hīe sencton þrēo sċipu, and þā rīderas sƿummon tō Hispaniam and þanon eft cƿōmon tō Italiam. *1941 Gēolmōnaþ 3: Her se Sċire fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. and on Gēolmōnaþ 19 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgẏpte, and hīe fōron in þǣre hȳðe and sencton ele-fatu-sċip and sāre deredon þā grēate and strange Brẏttisċan gūðsċipu [[HMS Valiant (1914)|HMS ''Valiant'']] and [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']], and hīe sǣton on þǣre hȳðe botme, and þurh monðas man ne miht brucan þā tƿā sċipu. and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. ===1942=== *1942 Ēastermōnaþ 29: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas, and æt Leros īege in Aegea-sǣ dẏrne lǣdde siex fȳrrammrīderas. And on Þrimilcemōnaþ 14 hit cƿōm tō Alexandriam in Ǣgypte tō sincanne grēate Brẏttisċe flēotende hȳðe, aċ sum seah þone Ambra, and hīe ne sencton sċip, and þā siex rīderas ealle ƿurdon hæftas. *1942 Ēastermōnaþ: Hēr dẏrne þā Brẏttisċe sǣfierdmenn Commander G.M.Sladen and Commander Ƿ.R. "Tiny" Fell ongunnon tǣcan froggamenn. And sēo sċipfierd hēt þā rīdungfȳrrammas ''chariots'', and gēo ''chariot'' ƿæs sƿift unhefig ƿīgcræt þe tƿā sƿifte hors togodon. And þēos froggamenn hātton þone ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'', and ǣreste hīe ƿunodon æt [[Portesmūðan]]. *1942 Sēremōnaþ: Hēr se Brẏttisċa ''Experimental Submarine Flotilla'' ēode tō "Port D" þe ƿæs on [[Eiríksfjorðr|Eiríksfjorðe]] in [[Scotland]]e. and hīe gefengon hira ǣrestan rīdungfȳrramm þe hæfde sċufend, and hit ƿæs þæs cẏnnes "Mark I Chariot", and miht faran 2.9 sċipmīl in stunde, and miht unplēolīċe dȳfan tƿentig fēt under sǣ, and his līċ ƿæs 21 ẏncas ƿīd, and his frumstemn bær 600 pund utberstendes. Sēo tǣcung ƿæs heard, and þurh þā plēo dȳfunge mid ungemisċodum oxygene and sēo ellorlīċnesse þāra rīdungfȳrramma oft ƿæs gesƿōgung and fẏlleƿærċ under sǣ, for þǣm þe se oxẏgen ƿierþþ ator æt þritiġ-ġerīme fōta under ƿætere. Oft ƿæs lǣssa hearm sƿā eara tunnebotma berstung and hearm in hira holum in heafde þe hātte ''sinus''. and man ''tōhton hīe aran and stīeran lange under ƿætere and æfter þǣm þe ceorfan þurh ƿerungnett hȳða. and ƿæs heardost lǣran ƿeorcan mid þǣm fȳrramma gūðhēadfum.''<!—ƿhat is this sentence trying to say?--> *1942 Mǽdmónaþ: Hēr þā Italisċan froggamenn cƿōmon tō þǣm lādberendum sċipe Olterra þe ƿæs in Algeċiras neam Calpise, and hīe lange dẏrne hæfdon denn þǣrinne. *1942 Mǽdmónaþ 13: Her tƿelf Italisċe froggamenn sƿummon of þǣm Olterran in Calpishȳðe and settedon ūtberstendas and ealle geƿendedon tō hira fierde, and hīe sencton fēoƿer sċipu. *1942 Ƿēodmōnaþ: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan fȳrrammrīderas ongean ƿunian æt Base HHZ on [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Scotlande tō tǣcanne faran ƿiþ grēatorum dēoporum ƿerodorum stedum, and in þisse tǣċunge ān fȳrrammrīdere asƿealt. *1942 Hærfestmōnaþ: Hēr se Norþƿegisca sċipfierde bebēordere [[Leif Larsen]] sōhte farung ƿiþ þǣm grēatan Ġermansċan gūðsċipe ''[[Tirpitz]]'', þe ƿunode in Asenfjorde þe is telga Trondheimdfjordes in Norþƿege. *1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 26: Hēr se fisċungbāt Arþur fōr of Brẏtene tō Norþƿege and seofon Brẏttisċe froggamenn and þrīe Norþƿegisce and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas ridon dẏrne in him. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 28: Hēr ''Arþur'' cƿōm tō Norþƿeges sǣriman neah Edøy. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 30: Hēr ''Arþur'' ongann togian þā fȳrrammas. **1942 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr storm bræc þāra rīdungfȳrramma clommas, and hīe losodon, and sēo farung ādrēas. **1942 Blōtmōnaþ 1: Her æt Breivik hīe sencton ''Arþur'' and in tƿǣm hlōðum hīe sōhton [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]. Nigon þāra tīen manna cƿōmon tō Sƿēolande, and Ġermanas fēngon ānne and æfter þǣm þe āsċuton hine. *1942 Blōtmōnþes æfterra dǣl: Hēr Brẏten sendede 26 rīdungfȳrramma tō [[Melita]] īeġe, and hīe ƿurdon dǣl þæs ''Tenth Submarine Flotilla''. Man gefæstnede on þrȳm þāra undersǣbāta fate tō healdanne rīdungfȳrrammas. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 28: Hēr sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbātas P-311 berende þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Marsamxett on Melitan ƿiþ Madalena on [[Sardinia]]m, and þēos farung hātte ''Operation Principle'', ac hit slōh flēotendne utberstend neah Sardiniam and sencte mid þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammum and tīen hira rīdera and eallum his sċipmanna. *1942 Blōtmōnaþ 30: Hēr þā Brẏttisċan undersǣbātas Þ''underbolt'' and ''Trooper'' berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira menn fōron of Melitan, and þēos farung eac hātte ''Operasċon Prinċiple''. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 4: Her se Italisċa undersǣbāt Ambra fōr of La Spezia tō Algiers berende froggamenn and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas, and tīen froggamenn berende gecleofiende ūtberstendas sƿummon mid þǣm rīdungfȳrrammum. Ac þurh fẏrlu he ne mihton gān in þā hȳðe, ac hīe ēodon tō sċipum ūt þǣre hȳðe and sencton tū and deredon tū. *1942 Gēolmōnaþ 17: Her æt Calpis fōron siex Italisce on þrȳm rīdungfȳrrammas of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ þǣm Brẏttisċum gūðsċipum Nelson, Formidable, Furious. Aċ Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt ofslōh hira ānes bēgen menn mid dīepþūtberstende. And Brẏttisċe ƿeardbāt seah hira ānne and scēat tō him and fẏlgode hit and fēng his tƿēgen menn. And ān forbēah eft tō þǣm Olterran ēan his æfterran manne. <!—hƿæt is ean?--> ===1943=== *1943 Æfterra Geola 3: Hēr in ''Operation Principle'' Thunderbolt and Trooper berende fēoƿer rīdungfȳrrammas and hira eahta menn cƿōmon tō Siċiliae sǣriman neah [[Palermo]] in unƿedere. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣre Italisċan gūðsċipe ''Ulpio Traiano'', and æfter þǣm þe lǣssan utberstendas on fēoƿer sċipum. And þǣræfter ''Ulpio Traiano'' sanċ. **Ān rīdungfȳrramm settede his gūðheafod on þǣm Italisċan lādberendan sċipe ''Viminale''. and þǣræfter Brẏttisċ undersǣbāt āsceat ''Viminale'' mid mannlēasum fȳrramme þenden man togode hit of hȳðe. **Tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere ne fundon þā hȳðe. **Man þearf ālǣttan ealle þāra rīdungfȳrramma þǣr, þurh gesƿīcunga þāra searƿa oþþe misgelimp manna, and ān hira rīdera asƿulton, and fīf þorfton gān on lande þǣr, and sēo Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt P-46 nerede tƿēgen. Aċ in Romam tƿēgen þissa hæfta forflugon of hira ƿeardum and hȳddon in þǣm [[Vatican]]e oþþæt Americisċe fēngon Rōmburg in gēare 1944. And tƿēgen hira forflugon of ƿeardum on [[Libẏa|Libẏam]] and in [[Tripoli]] ċeastre middan fundon Bryttisċe fierdmenn, and hīe ēodon eft tō Ænglalande. In þisre farunge man settede ūtberstendas on sċipu and ƿeardbātas and sencton sume hira, ac sume þāra ūtberstandas ne ūtbǣrston. *Æfter þǣm þe bebidon on Maltan eahta rīdungfȳrrammrīderas and tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas. *1943 Æfterra Geola 18-19: Hēr þās tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōron mid sċipum þe þā Ġermanas ƿoldon sendan tō [[Tripoli]] tō forstoppanne his hȳðe, and undersǣbātas bǣron hīe. Aċ þā froggamenn cƿōmon oferlæt and ne mann and ne rīdungfȳrramm cƿōm ongean tō Maltan. *1943 Æfterra Geola: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Choire]] and [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] in Sċotlande man ongann tǣċan nīƿe torpedorīderas. *1943 Ēastermōnaþ 16: Her Brẏten sendede fēoƿertīene nīƿan fȳrrammrīderas tō Maltan. And in æfterdagum man sendede tō him rīdungfȳrrammas þæs nīƿes cẏnnes gehātenes Mark II Chariot þe ēac hātte se Terry. His æfterra rīdere sæt on bæċling. Hit mihte rinnan 4.5 sċipmīla in stunde. His gūðheafod miht beran 1100 pund þæs utberstendes gehātenes Torpex. *1943 Þrimilcemōnaþ 8: Hēr þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis in unƿedere and sencton þrēo Brẏttisċe sċipu and eall geƿendedon tō þǣm Olterran. *1943 Sēremōnaþ: Þurh þisne mōnaþ oft se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Unseen bær þrīe rīdungfȳrrammas of Maltan and hira rīderas ġeondsċēaƿodon ẏmbe Siċiliam tō findanne plēo for landfierdum þe ƿoldon cuman tō lande þǣr. And hīe ġeondsċēaƿodon 100 mīla sǣriman. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 11: Hēr þā ōðre Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ēodon tō [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]]. *1943 Sēremōnþes æfterra dǣl: Her Brẏten ēac sendede siex rīdungfȳrrammmenn tō Maltan, and hīe ƿoldon faran ƿiþ [[Taranto]]. *1943 Sēremōnaþ 25: Hēr Mussolini ālǣtte his heahsċealcsċip and Mearhsċealċ Badoglio fēng tō his rīċe. And forðȳ þā Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] ne fōron ƿīð Taranto, and hīe ealle ēodon tō Sċotlande. And æfter þǣm þe ƿæs āne ān farung rīdungfȳrramma in [[Wendelsǣ|Ƿendelsǣ]]. *1943 Mǣdmōnaþ: Hēr æt [[Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin]] fȳrrammrīdere āsƿulton þurh misġelimp. *1943 Ƿēodmōnaþ 3: Hēr in ǣfne þrīe Italisċe rīdungfȳrrammas fōron of þǣm Olterran ƿiþ Calpis and sencton þrēo sċipu and ealle āƿendon tō þǣm Olterran, ac ān mann hira ƿearþ gefangen. *1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 8: Hēr Italia ēode on hand and æfter þǣm tīman fuhton þā Italisċan mid þǣm Brẏttisċum. And æfter þǣm þe man togode þæt Olterra on Calpis and man fand hƿæt ġelamp þǣrinne. **1943 Hærfestmōnaþ 20: Hēr Brẏttisċe froggamenn in lȳtlum undersǣbātum, [[X-craft]] gehāten, fōron ƿiþ þǣm Tirpitz and þǣm Scharnhorst in Kåfjord on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sāre derede þæt Tirpitz, ac þæt Sċarnhorst næs þǣr. *1943 Heorfestmōnaþ 24: Her Brẏten sendede 4 rīdungfȳrrammas and 12 fȳrrammrīderas of Sċotlande tō Lundaváge in [[Hjaltland]]e tō leornianne faran ġemang Norþƿeges īegum. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 2: Her greatora Italisċe froggamannberend gehāten Siluro San Bartolomeo oþþe SSB ƿolde faran ƿiþ Calpise, and hit bær fēoƿer froggamenn, and hit ƿæs 33 fēt lang, aċ þurh Italiam gieldunge hit ne fōr. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 14: Her Brẏttisċ [[fȳrrammbāt]] berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of [[Lundavāgr|Lundavāge]] tō Tevik-cofan on Norþmannum and settede on lande mann gehatenne Job tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ Ġermanisċe lẏftcræftas fundon þone fȳrrammbāt and fuhton ƿiþ him and se [[fȳrrammbāt]] þorfte flēon tō Brẏtene sāre geƿundod and hit cƿom tō [[Dynbær]] in [[Scotland]]e. And æfter fēoƿerum dagum sum fȳrrammbāt brōhte Job eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēġen rīdungfȳrrammas and hira fēoƿer menn fōr of Lundaváge tō Nordfjord in Norþƿeġe and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume, aċ in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and hīe ēodon eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e. *1943 Blōtmōnaþ 11: Her Brẏttisċ fȳrrammbāt berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas and fēoƿer menn for him fōr of Lundaváge tō Tevik-cofan in Norþƿege and settede on lande mann tō bīdanne oþ Ġermanisċ sċip cume tō [[Askvoll]] hȳðe, ac in tƿǣm dagum nǣnig Ġermanisċ sċip cƿom, and snāƿ feoll, and man segde þæt miht bēon þæt īs forstōd Askvoll hȳðe, and þenden se fȳrrammbāt ēode eft tō [[Hjaltland]]e hit þorfte ālǣttan þā rīdungfȳrrammas þurh unƿedere. *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 31: Hēr oþþe ǣrra Brẏttisċe and Americisċe fēngon [[Napoli]] ċeastre þe nū oft hātte Naples (aċ hire ieldst nama ƿæs in [[Crecisc]]e Neapolis, þe sægþ Nīƿceaster). *1943 Ƿinterfẏlleþ oþþe Blōtmōnaþ : Hēr fōron tō Brindisi in Italiam Brẏttisċe froggamenn, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe ƿǣron in landum þe þā Ġermanas ne rixodon, and þā Italisċe froggamenn þe Brẏten ærra fēng, and hīe ealle ƿurdon ān hlōð froggamanna. *1943 (1944?) Ēastermōnaþ 15: Hēr [[X-cræft]] fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt Berġen on Norþmannum, ac þurh misgelimp sencte lādberendsċip and ne þā fleotendan hȳðe. *1944 Þrimilċe: Her man sendede 14 fȳrramrīdera tō Trincomalee in [[Taprabane]]. *1944: Hēr fore D-dæge Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas ġeondsċēaƿodon under sǣ ẏmbe Normandiġes sǣrimum. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 6: Hēr ƿæs [[D-dæg]], and Brẏttisċe froggamenn tobrǣċon maniġe īrenstaċan þe Ġermanas settedon under sǣ ƿiþ þǣm fierde. And ān fȳrrammrīdere drāf [[Sċriðdraca|sċriðdracan]] on land. *1944 Midsumermōnaþ 21: Hēr þæt Italisċe gūþsċip Grecale fōr of [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]]m berende þrīe sƿifte bātas and Italisċe froggamenn and tƿēgen Brẏttisċe rīdungfȳrrammas, ƿiþ þǣm Italisċum gūðsċipum ''Bolzano'' and ''Gorizia'' þe [[German]]as hæfdon in [[La Spezia]]. Þæt Grecale bǣron hīe and þā bātas, and æfter þǣm þe þā bātas bǣron hīe and frēogedon hīe þrēo mīla of La Spezia hȳðe. Ān rīdungfȳrramm ongann blēdan lẏft of his flēotungfate and man þorfte ālǣttan hine, ac ān rīdungfȳrramm macode utberstan þæt ''Bolzano'', and his geƿiht ƿæs 10,000,000 kilogrammas. Ealle fēoƿer hira manna þurfton gān on lande þǣr: ān cƿōm ongēan tō his fierde and Ġermanas fēngon þrīe. *1944 Hærfestmōnaþ 11: Hēr X-cræft fōr ƿiþ þǣre fleotendan hȳðe Laksevåg æt [[Bergen]] in [[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]]e and sencte hit. *1944 Ƿinterfẏlleþ 27-28: Her se Brẏttisċa undersǣbāt Trenchant berende tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas fōr ƿiþ [[Phuket]] hȳðe in [[Thailand]]e and frēogede hīe siex mīla of þǣre hȳðe. And þāra menn hēton þā tƿēgen rīdungfȳrrammas "Tiny" and "Slasher". And hīe sencton tƿēġen lādberungsċipu. And æfter siex stundum hēr and on ānre tīde Brẏttisċe fȳrrammrīderas ridon eft tō hira mōdorsċipe. Aċ æfter þǣm þe se Trenċant þorfte sinċan þā rīdungfȳrrammas tō gānne sƿiftora, for plēo Iapanisċes [[MTB]] bātes; and se Trenċant bær þa fēoƿer rīderas tō [[Trincomalee]]. Nǣfre æfterra rīdungfȳrramm fōr tō gūðe. *1945 Mǣdmōnaþ 31: Her Lieutenant [[Fraser]] and se dȳfere James Joseph Magennis fōron in þǣm [[X-cræft]]e XE3 ƿiþ þǣm [[Iapan|Iapanisċan]] gūþsċipe Takao in Johore-nearƿe nēam [[Singapore]] and sencte hit, and þǣræfter man geaf tō æghƿilċum hira þā [[Victoria-rōd]]e. ==Bēċ and āstẏriende ġelīċnesse== *Sume þissa ƿrītunga sind of bēċ ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', C. Ƿarren and J. Benson (Harrap 1953). *Āstẏriende ġelīċnesse ''Above Us the Ƿaves'', ġemacod in 1955; hit is mǣste ẏmbe þā farunge X-cræfta ƿiþ þǣm ''Tirpitz''. *Bōc: "Chariots of War", Robert Ƿ.Hobson ƿrāt hit, publ. Ulric Publisċing 2004, ISBN 0-9541997-1-5. *In gēare 1958 man macode āstyriende ġelīċnesse ''The Silent Enemy''. Hit ne sċǣƿþ þā trēoƿan gelimp rihte. In þisse bēċ Brẏttisċe [[froggamann|froggamenn]] fōron of Calpis tō þǣm Olterran and fore him and in him hīe fuhton hearde ƿiþ Italisċum froggamannum and āhton ƿǣlstoƿe ġeƿald and bærnedon þæt Olterra; aċ þis ne ġelamp. ==Æfter ġēare 1945== In sumum landum man gīet macaþ rīdungfȳrrammas: *Sēo [http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425065945/http://www.cosmos-sommergibili.it/ |date=2008-04-25 }} ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammas in Italiam. *Sume macodon rīdungfȳrrammas tō ƿarianne under ƿætere andlang ele-ǣdrum and sƿẏlċum, oþþe tō rīdanne for ƿẏnne, and sƿẏlce ne hæfþ gūðhēafod aċ oft his stefna ƿierþþ nearu sƿā his steort. Sum þǣra ƿæs ''Dolphin'' þe man macode on [[Wiht|Ƿiht]] īeġe in þǣm 197*-ġēarum. == Rīdungfȳrrammas nū== *Man mæġ sēon þreo rīdungfȳrrammas in [http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php Eden Camp Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115150148/http://www.underwatertrust.org.uk/edencamp.php |date=2006-01-15 }} þe is neah Mæðeltūne (þe nū hātte [[Malton]]) in [[North Yorkshire|Norþ Eoforƿīċsċīre]] in [[Englaland|Ænglaland]]e. **Sum is Italisċ maiale. **Sum is Brẏttisċ Mark II and man fand hine ealdne and unƿeorlīċne for ġemeltanne in īrenþreaxġearde in Portesmūðan and ednīƿode hit. **Sum is ƿeorclīċ rīdungfȳrramm and in him sind gōde miht and sƿiftnesse, and man macode hit in odene in [[Middeltūn þǣra de Cahaignes|Middeltūne þǣra de Cahaignes]] in ġēare 1992, and his ūterra līcaþ Mark I, aċ his innoþ nis ilċa, and nis ūtberstend in his gūðhēafod. Man seah hit on feorrseounge. **Is āstyriende gelīcnesse "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" ẏmbe James Bond, and in him man siehþ rīdungfȳrramm: aċ nis in him miht and hit is āna þæt þe nū hātte ''film prop''. **Is Italisċ maiale þæs cẏnnes SSB in þǣm Naval Museum æt Groton in Connecticut underrīċe in GRA. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.divingheritage.com/torpedo.htm Searulīċ leornung ẏmbe rīdungfȳrrammum þǣre Ōðerra Ƿoruldgūðe and hira manna dȳfungsearƿum] [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Dȳfung]] 9c7nxr7jv2xt35n4tngwiq6781wcpwe 4 2964 231075 200749 2026-07-21T06:41:46Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 231075 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Only uncomment ONE image at a time [[Ymele:Leo Szilard.jpg|right|100px|Leo Szilard]] [[Ymele:SteveBiko.jpg|right|100px|Steve Biko]] --> [[Ymele:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|right|100px|Grenenæsīegena Fāna]] '''{{dægmæl|12|9}}''' : {{Dweolinge dagas}}[[Þēodes Dæg]] on þǣm '''[[Grenenǣsīega|Grenenǣsīegum]]''' <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> </div> <div style="margin-left:-1em;"> *[[1683]] - Syndrig Europanisc heras in þoftscipe geƿonnedon sige ofer þǣm [[Oþomanisc Rīce|Oþomaniscum Rīce]] æt þǣre '''[[Wien Beadu|Wien Beadƿe]]''' *[[1933]] - '''[[Leō Szilārd]]''', þæt þe he abād æt rēadum lēohtfæte on Sūþhamtun Rǣƿe in [[Blōmsburg, Lunden|Blōmsbyrig]], befeng þone ƿēnan for [[cyrnellic wrāsenframscipe|cyrnellicum ƿrāsenframscipe]] *[[1942]] - Ðæt '''[[Laconia þing]]''': [[RMS Laconia (1921)|RMS ''Laconia'']], þæt scip bær 80 landmenn and 268 [[GR|Britisc]] [[fēða]]n, and ymbe 1800 [[Italia|Italisc]] [[herenuma]]n mid 160 [[Polaland|Polisc]] fēðan be ƿearde, beƿræc [[torpedo]] of [[undersǣbāt]] off [[West Affrica|Ƿest Affrica]]n sǣrīm and hit besencte. *[[1977]] - [[Sūþaffrica]]n ƿið-[[apartheid]] activist '''[[Steve Biko]]''' slōg mann in [[police]] custody. *[[1990]] - Ðā '''[[Getreoƿþ on þǣm Final Endeseht ymbe Germanie|Fēoƿer and Tƿegen Andƿyrding]]''' onseglod man, hƿǣteft cƿōm [[Þēodsc gesamnung]]. </div> <noinclude>{{Geargemynd fotmearc|9}} fxj65tp28bu8ljgm62a8vermt6hz8jr 0 2975 231072 221932 2026-07-20T12:48:46Z DawnyTest 116555 update 231072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox land |ænglisc fullnama = Lettisce Cynewise |nama = Lettland |agenspræce fullnama = Latvijas Republika |biliþ = |biliþ gewrit = |fana = Flag_of_Latvia.svg |fana gewrit = [[Lettlandes fana]] |scild = Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg |scild gewrit = [[Lettlandes rices wæpnas]] |cwide = |ænglisc cwide = |anstefn = Dievs, sveti Latviju! |ænglisc anstefn = |landscite = Latvia in European Union.svg |landscite gewrit = |leodweard = |ambihtlicu spræc = [[Lettisc spræc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saeima.lv/en/legislation/constitution|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia, Chapter 1 (Article 4)|publisher=The Parliament of the Republic of Latvia|accessdate=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205030657/http://www.saeima.lv/en/legislation/constitution|archive-date=5 December 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all|archivedate=5 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205030657/http://www.saeima.lv/en/legislation/constitution}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valoda.lv/en/downloadDoc_436/mid_566 |title=Official Language Law, Section 3 (Article 1) |publisher=The Parliament of the Republic of Latvia |accessdate=20 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204308/http://www.valoda.lv/en/downloadDoc_436/mid_566 |archivedate=4 January 2014 }}</ref> |folces gereord = |elles gereordas = |steall = |heafodstol = [[Riga]] |mæste burg = |breges titul = Foresittend |brego = [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] |ealdormannes titul = Forma Þegn |ealdorman = [[Andris Kulbergs]] |leodweardes heafod = |wyrþingdæg = |bradnes = 64,589 km² |menniscu = 1,919,968<ref name="Population - January 2019">{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/number-population-decreasing-mark-has-dropped-below-2-million-39639.html|title=The number of population is decreasing – the mark has dropped below 2 million|date=Nov 2015|publisher=Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia|accessdate=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014091418/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/number-population-decreasing-mark-has-dropped-below-2-million-39639.html|archive-date=14 October 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |þiccnes = |geleafan = [[Cristendom]] |GDP getæl = 60.509 mld USD<ref name=wb>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=65&pr.y=19&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=946%2C939%2C941&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Latvia |publisher=IMF}}</ref> |GDP ælcum heafde = 31,215 USD<ref name=wb/> |landesforþbæro = |feoh = Euro (€) (EUR) |tidgyrdel = +2 |tidgyrdel 2 = +3 |sundorricehad = |webbnamena tægl = .lv |feorspræcan forerim = +371 |wægnplatung = LV }} '''Lettland''', '''Latvia''' ({{lang-lv|Latvija}} {{IPA-lv|ˈlatvija|}}), oþþe '''Latvijas Republika''', '''Latvija''', '''Letonia''' is land on [[Europe|Europan]]. Her spricþ man [[Lettisc spræc|Lettisce]]. == Heafodburg == * [[Riga]] == Foresittend == * [[Egils Levits]] (2019) == Tunas == * [[Daugavpils]] * [[Liepaja]] * [[Jurmala]] == Fruman == <references/> == Otanwearde bendas == * http://www.vietas.lv/ {{Land on Europan}} byqsiate0pgmgz2j7lbzzditbrkp3sw 0 3522 231131 220834 2026-07-22T18:22:00Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox USA rīce}} '''California''' oþþe '''Cælifornia''' is þæt þridde rīċe þāra [[Geānedu Rīċu American|Geāndena Rīċa American]] æfter miċelnese, and þæt forme æfter lēodrǣdne. Hit þēodde self ƿiþ þā Gaderunge tō þām þrītigoðan rīċe in þǣm 1850. ġēare, on þām Rǣse Goldes, þe brōhte þūsendu manna tō þām rīċe for golde. California ligeð on þām ƿestōfre Norðamerican, besūðan [[Orēgūn]]e, beēastan [[Gnefada]]n and [[Ārrisona]]n, benorðan Sūðcalifornian þǣm rīċe Mexicƿes. Þā þrēo mǣstan bẏrig Californian sindon Los Angeles, San Diégo, San Jose and San Francisco, in þām dihte. Nēan þrēotīen hundtēontigoðena dǣla þǣre lēodrǣdne þāra Geāndena Rīċa ƿuniaþ on Califorian. {{stycce}} {{California}} {{Geānedu Rīcu American}} {{aganflocc}} 2gp9x3yw2ej91il29webiv3i8gs1eu2 231132 231131 2026-07-22T18:22:41Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox USA rīce}} '''California''' oþþe '''Cælifornia''' is þæt þridde rīċe þāra [[Ġeānedu Rīċu American|Geāndena Rīċa American]] æfter miċelnese, and þæt forme æfter lēodrǣdne. Hit þēodde self ƿiþ þā Gaderunge tō þām þrītigoðan rīċe in þǣm 1850. ġēare, on þām Rǣse Goldes, þe brōhte þūsendu manna tō þām rīċe for golde. California ligeð on þām ƿestōfre Norðamerican, besūðan [[Orēgūn]]e, beēastan [[Gnefada]]n and [[Ārrisona]]n, benorðan Sūðcalifornian þǣm rīċe Mexicƿes. Þā þrēo mǣstan bẏrig Californian sindon Los Angeles, San Diégo, San Jose and San Francisco, in þām dihte. Nēan þrēotīen hundtēontigoðena dǣla þǣre lēodrǣdne þāra Geāndena Rīċa ƿuniaþ on Califorian. {{stycce}} {{California}} {{Geānedu Rīcu American}} {{aganflocc}} phyx530qa0vnzmtizqj4kt1ijmkhfrz 0 3959 231094 190463 2026-07-21T22:02:24Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231094 wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Þis gewrit fēhþ tō þǣm sīenlime. Sēo [[Ēage (scīrung)]] for ōðrum brycum {|align=right |[[Biliþ:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|thumb|Ƿeaxbred [[mennisc]]es ēagan. Nōta þæt nā eall ēagan habbaþ þæt ilce timber sƿā þæt mennisce ēage.]] |- | |- |[[Biliþ:Timeyes.jpg|thumb|Þā menniscan ēagan sind hƿīlum [[healfunga]] "þā ēagþyrlu tō þǣre [[sāwol|sāƿle]]" gehāten.]] |} '''Ēaġe''' is [[lim (bodigcræft)|lim]] þe āfindeþ [[lēoht]]. Syndrigu lēohtāfindendu limcynn bēoþ gefunden in syndrigum ƿihtum. Þā ānfealdostan ēagan dōþ nāƿiht ac tō āfindenne gif þā ymbhƿyrftas sind ǣghƿæðer ge lēohte ge deorce. Mænigfealdran ēagan bēoþ gebrocen tō ārēdienne þæt [[andgiet]] [[gesihþgefēlnes|gesihþes]]. Fela mænigfealdra ƿihta, ēac sumu [[sycedēor]], [[fugol|fuglas]], [[slincend]]as, and [[fisc]]as habbaþ tū ēagan þe licgen on þǣm ilcan brede tō bēonne āreaht sƿā āne [[līngemet|þrilīngemetliċe]] "onlīcnesse" ([[twiēagede gesihþ|tƿiēagede gesihþ]]), sƿā in [[mennisc]]um; oþþe on syndrigum bredum, þe maciaþ tƿā syndriga "onlīcnessa" ([[ānēagede gesihþ]]), sƿilce sƿā in [[hara|harum]] and blēom ƿendendum [[āðexe|āðexum]]. {{Bodigcræft-stycce}} [[Flocc:Ēage]] [[Flocc:Gesihþcræft]] [[Flocc:Ēagancræft]] 81xya21m732holu7mzvpf8hbmyfsabi 0 5370 231076 224372 2026-07-21T06:44:27Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 231076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translation|Englisc sprǣc}} Her byþ āwrīten endebyrdnes ealra þīna landa geond middangeard. Micle and smā, brāde and hēa, þās cyningdōmas, þēodrīcu, þēodwīsan landa, and wīglīce āþēod landa syndon þæt þætte manncynne is gecȳþed. == Land == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="background:white; text-align:left;" |- ! class="sortable" style="width:50%" | Land ! class="sortable" style="width:50%;" | Hēafodstōl |- | <span id="[[Abcasia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Abcasia]] | [[Sukhumi]] |- | <span id="[[Afghanistan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Afghanistan]] | [[Cabul]] |- | <span id="[[Albania]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Albania.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Albania]] | [[Tirana]] |- | <span id="[[Algeria]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Algeria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Algeria]] | [[Algiers]] |- | <span id="[[Angola]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Angola.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Angola]] | [[Luanda]] |- | <span id="[[Antigua and Barbuda]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Antigua and Barbuda]] | [[Sanct Iohannēsburg, Antigua and Barbuda|Sanct Iohannēsburg]] |- | <span id="[[Argentina]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Argentina]] | [[Buenos Aires|Godlyftburg]] |- | <span id="[[Armenia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Armenia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Armenia]] | [[Gerefan]] |- | <span id="[[Australia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Australia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Australia]] | [[Canberra]] |- | <span id="[[Azerbaijan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Azerbaijan]] | [[Baku]] |- | <span id="[[Ǣgypt]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Egypt.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ǣgypt]] | [[Cairo]] |- | <span id="[[Æriþrea]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Eritrea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Æriþrea]] | [[Asmara]] |- | <span id="[[Bahamas]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bahamas]] | [[Nassau]] |- | <span id="[[Bahrain]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bahrain.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bahrain]] | [[Manama]] |- | <span id="[[Bængladesc]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bængladesc]] | [[Dacca]] |- | <span id="[[Barbados]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Barbados.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Barbados]] | [[Brycgtūn]] |- | <span id="[[Belgice]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Belgice]] | [[Brysel]] |- | <span id="[[Belīs]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Belize.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Belīs]] | [[Belmopan]] |- | <span id="[[Benin]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Benin.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Benin]] | [[Porto-Novo]] |- | <span id="[[Bhutan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bhutan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bhutan]] | [[Thimphu]] |- | <span id="[[Bolifia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bolivia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bolifia]] | [[Sucre]] and [[La Paz]] |- | <span id="[[Bosnia and Herzegofina]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Bosnia and Herzegofina]] | [[Saragevo]] |- | <span id="[[Botswana]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Botswana.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Botswana]] | [[Gabarone]] |- | <span id="[[Brasil]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Brasil]] | [[Brasilia]] |- | <span id="[[Brunei]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Brunei.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Brunei]] | [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Bandar Seri Begaƿan]] |- | <span id="[[Burkina Faso]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Burkina Faso]] | [[Owadagowdow|Oƿadagoƿdoƿ]] |- | <span id="[[Burma]] (''oðre naman Myanmar'')"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Myanmar.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Burma]] (''oðre naman Myanmar'') | [[Naypyitaw|Naypyitaƿ]] |- | <span id="[[Burundi]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Burundi.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Burundi]] | [[Bujumbura]] |- | <span id="[[Cambodia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cambodia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cambodia]] | [[Phnom Penh]] |- | <span id="[[Camerun]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cameroon.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Camerun]] | [[Yaoundé]] |- | <span id="[[Canada]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Canada.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Canada]] | [[Ottawa|Ottaƿa]] |- | <span id="[[Casahstan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Casahstan]] | [[Nur-Sultan]] |- | <span id="[[Catar]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Qatar.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Catar]] | [[Doha]] |- | <span id="[[Cead]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Chad.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cead]] | [[N'Djamena]] |- | <span id="[[Cecland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cecland]] | [[Prag]] |- | <span id="[[Cenia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kenya.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cenia]] | [[Nairobi]] |- | <span id="[[Cibuti]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Djibouti.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cibuti]] | [[Cibutiburg]] |- | <span id="[[Cile]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Chile.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cile]] | [[Santiago]] |- | <span id="[[Cīnan Folclicu Cynewīse]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cīnan Folclicu Cynewīse|Cīnan Folclicu Cyneƿīse]] | [[Pecing]] |- | <span id="[[Cipros]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cyprus.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cipros]] | [[Nicosia]] |- | <span id="[[Cirgisstan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cirgisstan]] | [[Duscanbe]] |- | <span id="[[Ciribas]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kiribati.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ciribas]] | [[Tarawa|Taraƿa]] |- | <span id="[[Cōca Īege]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cook Islands.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cōca Īege]] | [[Avarua]] |- | <span id="[[Colombia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Colombia]] | [[Bogotá]] |- | <span id="[[Comorosrice]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Comoros.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Comorosrice]] | [[Moroni]] |- | <span id="[[Congolisc Cynewīse]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Congolisc Cynewīse]] | [[Brazzaville]] |- | <span id="[[Folcrīcelicu Cynewīse þæs Congwes|Congolisc Folclicu Cynewīse]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Folcrīcelicu Cynewīse þæs Congwes|Congolisc Folclicu Cyneƿīse]] | [[Cinscasa]] |- | <span id="[[Croatia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Croatia]] | [[Zagreb]] |- | <span id="[[Cūba]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cuba.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cūba]] | [[Hafana]] |- | <span id="[[Cuwait]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kuwait.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cuwait|Cuƿait]] | [[Cuwaitburg|Cuƿaitburg]] |- | <span id="[[Denemearc]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Denemearc]] | [[Cēapmannahæfen]] |- | <span id="[[Honduras]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Dīepþland]] | [[Tegucigalpa]] |- | <span id="[[Dominica]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Dominica.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Dominica]] | [[Roseau]] |- | <span id="[[Dominicanisc Cynewīse]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Dominicanisce Cynewise|Dominicanisc Cyneƿīse]] | [[Sanct Dominicesburg]] |- | <span id="[[Andorra]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Andorra.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Eandorre]] | [[Eandorreburg]] |- | <span id="[[Ēastrīce]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Austria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ēastrīce]] | [[Uigenna]] |- | <span id="[[Ēasttimor]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of East Timor.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ēasttimor]] | [[Dili]] |- | <span id="[[Ecuador]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Ecuador.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ecuador]] | [[Quito]] |- | <span id="[[Elpendbānrīma]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Elpendbānrīma]] | [[Yamoussoukro]] |- | <span id="[[Estland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Estonia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Estland]] | [[Refal]] |- | <span id="[[Fanuatu]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Fanuatu]] | [[Port Vila]] |- | <span id="[[Faticanburg]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Faticanburg]] | [[Faticanburg]] |- | <span id="[[Feneswela]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Venezuela.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Feneswela|Fenesƿela]] | [[Caracas]] |- | <span id="[[Ficgīege]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Fiji.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ficgīege]] | [[Sufa]] |- | <span id="[[Fietnam]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Vietnam.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Fietnam]] | [[Hanoi]] |- | <span id="[[Filippinīega]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Philippines.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Filippinīega]] | [[Manila]] |- | <span id="[[Finnland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Finland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Finnland]] | [[Helsingfors]] |- | <span id="[[Francland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of France.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Francland]] | [[Paris]] |- | <span id="[[Gabon]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Gabon.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Gabon]] | [[Libreville]] |- | <span id="Sēo [[Gambia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Gambia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Gambia]] | [[Bancgul]] |- | <span id="[[Geānedu Arabisc Bregorīcu]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Geānedu Arabisc Bregorīcu]] | [[Abu Dhabi]] |- | <span id="[[Geānedu Rīcu American]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the United States.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Geānedu Rīcu American]] | [[Hwæsingatūn, D.C.|Hƿæsingatūn]] |- | <span id="[[Geānlǣhte Cynerīce]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Geānlǣhte Cynerīce]] | [[Lunden]] |- | <span id="[[Gemen]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Yemen.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Gemen]] | [[Sanā]] |- | <span id="[[Georgia (land)|Georgia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Georgia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Georgia (land)|Georgia]] | [[Tiflis]] |- | <span id="[[Ghana]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Ghana.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ghana]] | [[Accra]] |- | <span id="[[Grēcland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Greece.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Grēcland]] | [[Athēnas|Aþēnas]] |- | <span id="[[Grenēda]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Grenada.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Grenada]] | [[Halgan Georgei]] |- | <span id="[[Grēnenæs Īega]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Grēnenæs Īega]] | [[Praia]] |- | <span id="[[Guatemala]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Guatemala.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Guatemala]] | [[Guateceaster]] |- | <span id="[[Guinea]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Guinea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Guinea]] | [[Conakry]] |- | <span id="[[Guinea-Bissau]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Guinea-Bissau]] | [[Bissau]] |- | <span id="[[Guinea ðæs Emnihtes Circules]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Guinea ðæs Emnihtes Circules]] | [[Malabo]] |- | <span id="[[Guyana]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Guyana.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Guyana]] | Georgistun |- | <span id="[[El Salvador]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of El Salvador.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Hǣlendlond]] | [[Sanct Hǣlendburg]] |- | <span id="[[Haitīeg]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Haiti.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Haitīeg]] | [[Ealdormannport]] |- | <span id="[[Hwītrussland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Hwītrussland|Hƿītrussland]] | [[Minsc]] |- | <span id="[[Iamaica]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Jamaica.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Iamaica]] | [[Cyningestūn (Iamaica)|Cyningestūn]] |- | <span id="[[Iapan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Japan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Iapan]] | [[Geddoburg]] |- | <span id="[[Indea]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of India.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Indea]] | [[Nīwe Delhi|Nīƿe Delhi]] |- | <span id="[[Indonesia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Indonesia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Indonesia]] | [[Cgakarta]] |- | <span id="[[Hascemisc Cynerīce þæs Iordanes|Iordanrīce]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Jordan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Iordanrīce]] | [[Amman]] |- | <span id="[[Irac]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Iraq.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Irac]] | [[Baghdad]] |- | <span id="[[Īrland Cynewīse|Īrland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Īrland Cynewīse|Īrland]] | [[Difelin]] |- | <span id="[[Īsland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Iceland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Īsland]] | [[Rēcwīc|Rēcƿīc]] |- | <span id="[[Israhēl]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Israel.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Israhēl]] | [[Ierusalem]] / [[Telfafif]] |- | <span id="[[Italia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Italia]] | [[Rōm]] |- | <span id="[[Cosofo]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Kosovo.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cosofo]] | [[Pristina]] |- | <span id="[[Laoland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Laos.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Laoland]] | [[Vientiane]] |- | <span id="[[Lēohtenstān]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Lēohtenstān]] | [[Vaduz]] |- | <span id="[[Lesotho]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Lesotho.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Lesotho]] | [[Maseru]] |- | <span id="[[Letseburg]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Letseburg]] | [[Letseburg Burg]] |- | <span id="[[Lettland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Latvia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Lettland]] | [[Riga]] |- | <span id="[[Libanus]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Libanus]] | [[Berytus]] |- | <span id="[[Liberia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Liberia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Liberia]] | [[Monrovia]] |- | <span id="[[Libia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Libya.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Libia]] | [[Tripolis]] |- | <span id="[[Liþþuania]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Liþþuania]] | [[Bilnius]] |- | <span id="[[Madagascar]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Madagascar.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Madagascar]] | [[Antananarivo]] |- | <span id="[[Malægsia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Malaysia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Malægsia]] | [[Putrajaya]] |- | <span id="[[Malawi]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Malawi.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Malawi|Malaƿi]] | [[Lilongwe|Lilongƿe]] |- | <span id="[[Maldifīega]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Maldives.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Maldifīega]] | [[Malé]] |- | <span id="[[Mali]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mali.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mali]] | [[Bamako]] |- | <span id="[[Marscall Īege]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Marscall Īege]] | [[Majuro]] |- | <span id="[[Mauritania]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mauritania.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mauritania]] | [[Nouakchott]] |- | <span id="[[Mauritius]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mauritius.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mauritius]] | [[Port Louis]] |- | <span id="[[Melita]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Malta.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Melita]] | [[Valletta]] |- | <span id="[[Mexico]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mexico.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mexico]] | [[Mexicoburg]] |- | <span id="[[Micronesia þā Gewǣredan Rīciu|Micronesia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Micronesia þā Gewǣredan Rīciu|Micronesia]] | [[Palikir]] |- | <span id="[[Middel Affricanisc Cynewīse]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Middel Affricanisc Cynewīse|Middel Affricanisc Cyneƿīse]] | [[Bangui]] |- | <span id="[[Moldofa]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Moldova.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Moldofa]] | [[Chișinău]] |- | <span id="[[Monaco]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Monaco.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Monaco]] | [[Monaco]] |- | <span id="[[Mongolland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mongolia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mongolland]] | [[Ulan Bator]] |- | <span id="[[Morocco]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Morocco.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Morocco]] | [[Rabat]] |- | <span id="[[Mosambice]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Mozambique.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Mosambice]] | [[Maputo]] |- | <span id="[[Namibia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Namibia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Namibia]] | [[Windhōc|Ƿindhōc]] |- | <span id="[[Nauru]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Nauru.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Nauru]] | [[Yaren]] (''de facto'') |- | <span id="[[Nepal]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Nepal.svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Nepal]] | [[Cæþmandū]] |- | <span id="[[Nicaragua]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Nicaragua]] | [[Managua]] |- | <span id="[[Niðerland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Niðerland]] | [[Amsterdam]] |- | <span id="[[Nigerland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Niger.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Niger]] | [[Niamey]] |- | <span id="[[Nigeria]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Nigeria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Nigeria]] | [[Abuia]] |- | <span id="[[Niue]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Niue.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Niue]] | [[Alofi]] |- | <span id="[[Nīwe Sǣland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Nīwe Sǣland|Nīƿe Sǣland]] | [[Weolingtūn (Nīwe Sǣland)|Ƿeolingtūn]] |- | <span id="[[Norþcipros]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Norþcipros]] | [[Norþnicosia]] |- | <span id="[[Norþcorēa]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of North Korea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Norþcorēa]] | [[Pīonganc]] |- | <span id="[[Norþmæcedonia Cynewīse|Norþmæcedonia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Macedonia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Macedonia Cynewīse|Macedonia]] | [[Skopje]] |- | <span id="[[Norþweg]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Norway.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Norþweg|Norþƿeg]] | [[Osleah]] |- | <span id="[[Oman]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Oman.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Oman]] | [[Muscat]] |- | <span id="[[Pacistan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Pakistan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Pacistan]] | [[Islamabad]] |- | <span id="[[Palau]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Palau.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Palau]] | [[Ngerulmud]] |- | <span id="[[Palestiniscan Landscipas|Palestine]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Palestine.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Palestiniscan Landscipas|Palestine]] | [[Gaza|Gasaceaster]] (''de facto'') |- | <span id="[[Panama]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Panama.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Panama]] | [[Panamaceaster|Pannceaster]] |- | <span id="[[Papua Nīw Guinea]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Papua Nīw Guinea|Papua Nīƿ Guinea]] | [[Moresbyhȳð]] |- | <span id="[[Paraquaria]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Paraguay.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Paraquaria]] | [[Asunción]] |- | <span id="[[Persealand]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Iran.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Persealand]] | [[Tehrān]] |- | <span id="[[Peru]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Peru.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Peru]] | [[Lima]] |- | <span id="[[Polaland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Poland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Polaland]] | [[Warsaw|Ƿarsaƿ]] |- | <span id="[[Portugal]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Portugal]] | [[Olisipo]] |- | <span id="[[Puerto Rico]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Puerto Rico]] | [[Sanctiohannēs, Portrīcheard|Sanctiohannēs]] |- | <span id="[[Pulgaraland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Pulgaraland]] | [[Sofia]] |- | <span id="[[Rumǣnia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Romania.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Rumǣnia]] | [[Bucarest]] |- | <span id="[[Russland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Russia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Russland]] | [[Moscow|Moscoƿ]] |- | <span id="[[Rwanda]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Rwanda.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Rwanda|Rƿanda]] | [[Kigali]] |- | <span id="[[Salomon Īege]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Salomon Īege]] | [[Honiara]] |- | <span id="[[Sambia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Zambia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sambia]] | [[Lusaka]] |- | <span id="[[Samoa]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Samoa.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Samoa]] | [[Apia]] |- | <span id="[[San Marino]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of San Marino.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[San Marino]] | [[San Marinoburg]] |- | <span id="[[Sancte Lucīa]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sancte Lucia]] | [[Castries]] |- | <span id="[[Sanctus Uincent and the Grenadines]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Halga Uincentius and þa Grenadingas]] | [[Cyningestūn on Halgan Uincenties iege| Cyningestūn]] |- | <span id="[[Sancte Tomas and Príncipe]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sancte Tomas and Príncipe]] | [[Sancte Tomas (Sancte Tomas and Príncipe)|Sancte Tomas]] |- | <span id="[[Sanctus Christophes and Nefis]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sanctus Christophes and Nefis]] | [[Basseterre]] |- | <span id="[[Saudisc Arabea]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Saudisc Arabea]] | [[Riyadh]] |- | <span id="[[Segscelliega]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Seychelles.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Segscelliega]] | [[Uictoria on þæm Segscelliegum|Uictoria]] |- | <span id="[[Senegal]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Senegal.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Senegal]] | [[Dakar]] |- | <span id="[[Serbia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Serbia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Serbia]] | [[Belgrad]] |- | <span id="[[Sierra Leone]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sierra Leone]] | [[Frēodtūn]] |- | <span id="[[Sigelhearwenaland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sigelhearwenaland|Sigelhearƿenaland]] | [[Addis Ababa]] |- | <span id="[[Simbabwe]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Simbabwe|Simbabƿe]] | [[Harare]] |- | <span id="[[Singapore]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Singapore.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Singapore]] | [[Singapore]] |- | <span id="[[Slofacia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Slofacia]] | [[Pressburg]] |- | <span id="[[Slofenia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Slovenia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Slofenia]] | [[Laibach]] |- | <span id="[[Sōmalia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Somalia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sōmalia]] | [[Mogadiscu]] |- | <span id="[[Sōmalilandes Cynerīce|Sōmaliland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Somaliland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sōmalilandes Cynerīce|Sōmaliland]] | [[Hargeisa]] |- | <span id="[[Spēonland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Spain.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Spēonland]] | [[Madrid]] |- | <span id="[[Sūðaffrica]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sūðaffrica]] | [[Pretoria]], [[Capburg]], [[Bloemfontein]] |- | <span id="[[Sudan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Sudan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sudan]] | [[Khartoum]] |- | <span id="[[Suriname]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Suriname.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Suriname]] | [[Paramaribo]] |- | <span id="[[Sūþalanland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sūþalanland]] | [[Tskhinvali]] |- | <span id="[[Sūþcorēa]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sūþcorēa]] | [[Seorabēol]] |- | <span id="[[Sūþsudan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of South Sudan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sūþsudan]] | [[Juba]] |- | <span id="[[Swasaland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Swaziland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Swasaland]] | [[Mbabane]] |- | <span id="[[Sweartbeorg]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Montenegro.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Sweartbeorg|Sƿeartbeorg]] | [[Birsingum]] |- | <span id="[[Swēoland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]] | [[Stoccholm]] |- | <span id="[[Swissland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Swissland|Sƿissland]] | [[Berne]] |- | <span id="[[Syria]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Syria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Syria]] | [[Damascus]] |- | <span id="[[Tacgicastan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tacgicastan]] | [[Dushanbe]] |- | <span id="[[Cynewīse Cīnan|Taiwan]] (Cynewīse Cīnan)"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Cynewīse Cīnan|Taiƿan]] (Cyneƿīse Cīnan) | [[Taipei]] |- | <span id="[[Tansania]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Tanzania.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tansania]] | [[Dodoma]] |- | <span id="[[Tāprabane]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tāprabane]] | [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte|Sri Jayaƿardenepura Kotte]] |- | <span id="[[Thailand]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Thailand.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Thailand]] | [[Bangkok]] |- | <span id="[[Togo]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Togo]] | [[Lomé]] |- | <span id="[[Tonga]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Tonga.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tonga]] | [[Nuku’alofa]] |- | <span id="[[Transnistria]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Transnistria.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Transnistria]] | [[Tiraspol]] |- | <span id="[[Tufalu]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tufalu]] | [[Funafuti]] |- | <span id="[[Tunisia]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Tunisia.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Tunisia]] | [[Tunis]] |- | <span id="[[Turcland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Turkey.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Turcland]] | [[Ancyra]] |- | <span id="[[Turcmenistan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Turcmenistan]] | [[Ascgabat]] |- | <span id="[[Þēodscland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Þēodscland]] | [[Berlin]] |- | <span id="[[Þrines and Tobāgo]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Þrines and Tobāgo]] | [[Spēonport]] |- | <span id="[[Ucrægna]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ucrægna]] | [[Cænugeard]] |- | <span id="[[Uganda]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Uganda.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Uganda]] | [[Kampala]] |- | <span id="[[Ungerland]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Ungerland]] | [[Budapest]] |- | <span id="[[Uruguay]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Uruguay.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Uruguay]] | [[Montevideo]] |- | <span id="[[Usbecastan]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Usbecastan]] | [[Tasccent]] |- | <span id="[[Weligrima]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Weligrima]] | [[Sanct Iosepburg, Weligrima|Sanct Iosepburg]] |- | <span id="[[Westerne Deadwylle Sand]]"></span>[[Ymele:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|20px|border]]&nbsp;[[Westerne Deadwylle Sand|Ƿesterne Deadƿylle Sand]] | [[Laayoune]] |- |} == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.rahbarnes.co.uk/Englisc/land.htm Land þisre Ƿorulde] [[Flocc:Land|*]] 9frlv07pw80kmtvdjxe20goggjip1gy 0 5686 231071 216594 2026-07-20T12:13:34Z Martin Macha 2111 109591 /* Forman Þegnas under Carle III (2022–þone God gehealdeð) */ 231071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:{{#property:P18}}|right|thumb|x230px|{{#property:P1308}} Forma Þegn]] Sē '''Forma Þegn þæs Geānedan Cynerīces''', fullīce sē '''Forma Þegn þæs Geānedan Cynerīces Grēatbryttenes and Norþīrlandes''', hƿīltīdum sē '''Bryttiscan Forma Þegn''', is lēodrīces hēafod þæs [[Geānede Cynerīce|Geānedan Cynerīces]]. Sē Forman Þegn nū is {{#property:P1308}}. Forma Þegn sceal ceosan eall oþru leodƿeardes þegnas. Hē is stōlmann þæs þegnarǣd and is þæs Cyninges fyrmesta rǣdgiefa. Sē Forman Þegn gerǣdeð ðone Cyning be his lēodweardes dǣdum and mōt gerǣdan þæn sceall he þone [[Bryttisca Witenagemōt|Ƿitenagemōt]] tolīsan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/government_opposition.cfm|title=Government and Opposition roles|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]|accessdate=25 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="BBC_PM_role">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82559.stm|title=Prime minister |date=16 October 2008|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=25 October 2008}}</ref> Ēac mōt sē Forman Þegn gerǣden ymbe hƿā sceall se Cyning settan to [[biscop]]as and to [[Hlāforddōm on Brettum|hlāfordas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/glossary.cfm?ref=primemi_9901|title=Glossary&nbsp;— Parliamentary Jargon Explained; Prime Minister |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]|accessdate=25 October 2008}}</ref> Man secgþ þe [[Horace Walpole]] ƿæs Bretene ǣrrsta Forma Þegn, oþþæt þe in his dagum næs þes ambiht and man brōc þā ƿord sƿa bismer. ==Forman Þegnas under [[Georgius I Bretta Cyning|George I]] (1714–1727) and [[Georgius II Bretta Cyning|George II]] (1727–1760)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Robert Walpole|Sir Robert Walpole]]'''<br /><small>of 1742 1. Eorl of Orford</small> | [[Ymele:Jean-Baptiste van Loo - Robert Walpole.jpg|60px]] | 04/04/1721 | 11/02/1742 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Man hycgþ he ƿæs ærrsta ''Forma Þegn'' sƿa sƿa spricþ man todæg. His leodƿeard ƿæs Bretene lengsta. |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Spencer Compton, 1. Eorl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton, 1. Eorl of Wilmington]]''' | [[Ymele:Earl of wilmington.png|60px]] | 16/02/1742 | 02/07/1743 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Unsund in lice; sē leodƿeard styrede [[John Carteret]]. |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Henry Pelham]]''' | [[Ymele:Henry Pelham.jpg|60px]] | 27/08/1743 | 06/03/1754 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Edniƿung þæs [[Cynelica Sciphere|Cynelican Scipheres]]; accepted [[Gregorisca Rīmbōc]]. |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Nīwcastle-on-Tinan|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Nīƿcastle-on-Tinan]] ''' | [[Ymele:Thomas-Pelham-Holles-1st-Duke-of-Newcastle-under-Lyne.jpg|60px]] | 16/03/1754 | 16/11/1756 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[William Cavendish, 4e Heretoga of Defenscīre|William Cavendish, 4. Heretoga of Defenscīre]]''' | [[Ymele:William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire.JPG|60px]] | 16/11/1756 | 25/06/1757 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Nīwcastle-on-Tinan|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Nīƿcastle-on-Tinan]]''' | [[Ymele:Thomas-Pelham-Holles-1st-Duke-of-Newcastle-under-Lyne.jpg|60px]] | 02/07/1757 | 26/05/1762 | ''Hƿigamor'' |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|George III]] (1760–1820)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Tomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Heretoga of Nīwcastle-on-Tinan|Tomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Heretoga of Heretoga of Nīƿcastle-on-Tinan]]''' | [[Ymele:Thomas-Pelham-Holles-1st-Duke-of-Newcastle-under-Lyne.jpg|60px]] | 02/07/1757 | 26/05/1762 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Iohannes Stigweard Bute|Iohannes Stigweard, 3. Eorl of Būte]]''' | [[Ymele:JohnStuartBute.jpg|60px]] | 26/05/1762 | 16/04/1763 | ''Torig'' | Sē ærrsta on Scottum sē ƿæs Forma Þegn |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Georgius Grenville]]''' | [[Ymele:George Grenville.png|60px]] | 16/04/1763 | 13/07/1765 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Carl Watson-Wentworth, 2. Mearcgerefa of Hroccingaham|Carl Watson-Wentworth, 2. Mearcgerefa of Hroccingaham]]''' | [[Ymele:Rockingham2.JPG|60px]] | 13/07/1765 | 30/07/1766 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Willelm Pitt se Ieldra|Willelm Pitt, 1. Eorl of Chatham]]''' | [[Ymele:Elderpitt.jpg|60px]] | 30/07/1766 | 14/10/1768 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Augustus FitzRoy, 3. Heretoga of Graftūne|Augustus FitzRoy, 3. Heretoga of Graftūne]]''' | [[Ymele:Grafton3.JPG|60px]] | 14/10/1768 | 28/01/1770 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Friðuric Norð|Friðuric Norð, North Hlāford]]''' | [[Ymele:Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North.jpg|60px]] | 28/01/1770 | 22/03/1782 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Carl Watson-Wentworth, 2. Mearcgerefa of Hroccingahame|Carl Watson-Wentworth, 2. Mearcgerefa of Hroccingaham]]''' | [[Ymele:Rockingham2.JPG|60px]] | 27/03/1782 | 01/07/1782 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Stearf in his þegndome |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Willelm Petty FitzMaurice, 1. Mearcegerefa of Lansdowne|Willelm Petty, 2. Eorl of Scelburnan]]''' | [[Ymele:Shelburne.jpg|60px]] | 04/07/1782 | 02/04/1783 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Willelm Cavendish-Bentinck 3. Heretoga of Portlande|Willelm Cavendish-Bentinck, 3. Heretoga of Portlande]]''' | [[Ymele:W h cavendish-bentinck.jpg|60px]] | 02/04/1783 | 19/12/1783 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Willelm Pitt se Giengra]]''' | [[Ymele:Pitt the Younger.jpg|60px]] | 19/12/1783 | 14/03/1801 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Henric Addington]]''' | [[Ymele:Henry Addington.jpg|60px]] | 17/03/1801 | 10/05/1804 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Willelm Pitt se Giengra]]''' | [[Ymele:Pitt the Younger.jpg|60px]] | 10/05/1804 | 23/01/1806 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Willelm Grenville|Willelm Wyndham Grenville, Grenville 1. Hold]]''' | [[Ymele:Epmis05Wyndham.jpg|60px]] | 11/02/1806 | 31/03/1807 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Endede þeoƿceapunge |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Willelm Cavendish-Bentinck 3. Heretoga of Portlande|Willelm Cavendish-Bentinck, 3. Heretoga of Portlande]]''' | [[Ymele:W h cavendish-bentinck.jpg|60px]] | 31/03/1807 | 04/10/1809 | ''Hƿigamor'' | Be his sēocnesse and ylde ricsode [[Spencer Perceval]] ofer þǣm þegnarǣde |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Spencer Perceval]]''' | [[Ymele:Spencer PercevalCE.jpg|60px]] | 04/10/1809 | 11/05/1812 | ''Torig'' | Ānlic Forma Þegn geslægen in ambihte |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Roðberht Jenkinson|Roðberht Jenkinson, 2. Eorl of Liferpōle]]''' | [[Ymele:Earl jenkinson.jpg|60px]] | 08/06/1812 | 09/04/1827 | ''Torig'' |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Georgius IIII Bretta Cyning|George IIII]] (1820–1830)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Roðberht Jenkinson|Roðberht Jenkinson, 2. Eorl of Liferpōle]]''' | [[Ymele:Earl jenkinson.jpg|60px]] | 08/06/1812 | 09/04/1827 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Georgius Canning]]''' | [[Ymele:Canning.jpg|60px]] | 10/04/1827 | 08/08/1827 | ''Torig'' | Stearf æfter þe hē cƿom on ambiht |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Friðuric Iohannes Robinson|Friðuric Iohannes Robinson, 1. Healfeorl Goderich]]''' | [[Ymele:FrederickJohnRobinson.jpg|60px]] | 31/08/1827 | 21/01/1828 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Arþur Wellesley 1. Heretoga of Wellingatūne|Arþur Wellesley, 1. Heretoga of Ƿellingatūne]]''' | [[Ymele:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington by Robert Home cropped.jpg|60px]] | 22/01/1828 | 16/11/1830 | ''Torig'' | |} == Forman Þegnas under [[Willelm IIII Bretta Cyning|Ƿillelm IIII]] (1830–1837) == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[Charles Grey, 2. Eorl Grey)|Charles Grey, 2. Eorl Grey]]''' | [[Ymele:Charlesgrey2.jpg|60px]] | 22/11/1830 | 09/07/1834 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[William Lamb|William Lamb, 2. Healfeorl Melbourne]]''' | [[Ymele:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, painted by John Partridge.jpg|60px]] | 16/07/1834 | 14/11/1834 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Arthur Wellesley de Wellington|Arthur Wellesley, 1. Heretoga of Wellington]]''' | [[Ymele:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington by Robert Home cropped.jpg|60px]] | 14/11/1834 | 10/12/1834 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]]''' | [[Ymele:Robert Peel.jpg|60px]] | 10/12/1834 | 08/04/1835 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[William Lamb|William Lamb, 2. Healfeorl Melbourne]]''' | [[Ymele:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, painted by John Partridge.jpg|60px]] | 18/04/1835 | 30/08/1841 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Uictoria Cwēn|Uictorie]] (1837–1901)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]]''' | [[Ymele:Robert Peel.jpg|60px]] | 30/08/1841 | 29/06/1846 | ''Torig'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ffccff" | | '''[[John Russell (1. Eorl Russell)|Lord John Russell]]'''<br /><small>1. Eorl Russell | [[Ymele:Lord john russell.jpg|60px]] | 1846 | 21/02/1852 | ''Hƿigamor'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley|Edward Smith-Stanley, 14. Eorl of Derby]]''' | [[Ymele:14th Earl of Derby.jpg|60px]] | 23/02/1852 | 17/12/1852 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[George Hamilton-Gordon|George Hamilton Gordon, 4. Eorl of Aberdeen]]''' | [[Ymele:George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen_by_John_Partridge.jpg|60px]] | 19/12/1852 | 30/01/1855 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Henry John Temple|Henry John Temple, 3. Healfeorl Palmerston]]''' | [[Ymele:Palmerston.jpg|60px]] | 06/02/1855 | 19/02/1858 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley|Edward Smith-Stanley, 14. Eorl of Derby]]''' | [[Ymele:14th Earl of Derby.jpg|60px]] | 20/02/1858 | 11/06/1859 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Henry John Temple|Henry John Temple, 3. Healfeorl Palmerston]]''' | [[Ymele:Palmerston.jpg|60px]] | 12/06/1859 | 18/10/1865 | ''Freolic'' | Stearf in his þegndome |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[John Russell (1. Eorl Russell)|Lord John Russell|John Russell, 1. Eorl Russell]]''' | [[Ymele:Lord john russell.jpg|60px]] | 29/10/1865 | 26/06/1866 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley|Edward Smith-Stanley, 14. Eorl of Deorby]]''' | [[Ymele:14th Earl of Derby.jpg|60px]] | 26/06/1866 | 25/02/1868 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Benjamin Disraeli]]''' | [[Ymele:Disraeli.jpg|60px]] | 27/02/1868 | 01/12/1868 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[William Ewart Gladstone]]''' | [[Ymele:Gladstone.jpg|60px]] | 03/12/1868 | 17/02/1874 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Benjamin Disraeli]]'''<br /><small>Of 1876, 1. Eorl of Beaconsfield</small> | [[Ymele:Disraeli.jpg|60px]] | 20/02/1874 | 21/04/1880 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[William Ewart Gladstone]]''' | [[Ymele:Gladstone.jpg|60px]] | 20/02/1880 | 21/04/1885 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil|Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Mearcgerefa of Searobyrig]]''' | [[Ymele:3rd Marquess of Salisbury.jpg|60px]] | 23/04/1885 | 09/06/1886 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[William Ewart Gladstone]]''' | [[Ymele:Gladstone.jpg|60px]] | 01/02/1886 | 20/07/1886 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil|Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Mearcgerefa of Searobyrig]]''' | [[Ymele:3rd Marquess of Salisbury.jpg|60px]] | 25/07/1886 | 11/08/1892 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[William Ewart Gladstone]]''' | [[Ymele:Gladstone.jpg|60px]] | 15/08/1892 | 02/03/1894 | ''Freolic'' | Lengsta þegnd ōm siððan Robert Walpole |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Archibald Primrose|Archibald Primrose, 5. Eorl of Rosebery]]''' | [[Ymele:Archibaldprimrose1847.jpg|60px]] | 05/03/1894 | 22/06/1895 | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil|Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Mearcgerefa of Searobyrig]]''' | [[Ymele:3rd Marquess of Salisbury.jpg|60px]] | 25/06/1895 | 11/07/1902 | ''Behealdend'' | |} == Forman Þegnas under [[Ēadweard VII Bretta Cyning| Ēadƿearde VII]] (1901-1910) == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Arþur Balfour]]''' | [[Ymele:A.J. Balfour LCCN2014682753 (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|11/07/1902}} | {{tm|05/12/1905}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Henric Campbell-Bannerman]]''' | [[Ymele:Campbell-bannerman.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|05/12/1905}} | {{tm|03/04/1908}} | ''Freolic'' | Sē ǣrrsta sē bār þā title ''Forma Þegn'' be ambihte |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Herebeorht Henric Asquith]]''' | [[Ymele:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|05/04/1908}} | {{tm|05/12/1916}} | ''Freolic'' | |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Georgius V Bretta Cyning|George V]] (1910–1936) and [[Ēadweard VIII Bretta Cyning|Ēadwearde VIII]] (1936)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Herebeorht Henric Asquith]]''' | [[Ymele:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|05/04/1908}} | {{tm|05/12/1916}} | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: orange" | | '''[[Dauid Lloyd George]]''' | [[Ymele:David Lloyd George.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|06/12/1916}} | {{tm|19/10/1922}} | ''Freolic'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Andreas Bonar Law]]''' | [[Ymele:Andrew Bonar Law 02.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|23/10/1922}} | {{tm|20/05/1923}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Stanleag Baldwin]]''' | [[Ymele:Stanley Baldwin 01.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|23/05/1923}} | {{tm|16/01/1924}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Hræmsig MacDonald]]''' | [[Ymele:Ramsay MacDonald ggbain.29588.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|22/01/1924}} | {{tm|04/11/1924}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | Sē ærrsta ''Ƿyrht'' þegndōm |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Stanleag Baldwin]]''' | [[Ymele:Stanley Baldwin 01.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|04/11/1924}} | {{tm|05/06/1929}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Hræmsig MacDonald]]''' | [[Ymele:Ramsay MacDonald ggbain.29588.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|05/06/1929}} | {{tm|07/06/1935}} | ''Ƿyrht''<br />(1929-1931)<br />Þeodlic Ƿyrht<br />(1931-1935) | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Stanleag Baldwin]]''' | [[Ymele:Stanley Baldwin 01.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|07/06/1935}} | {{tm|28/05/1937}} | ''Behealdend'' | |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Georgius VI Bretta Cyning|George VI]] (1936–1952)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Arthur Neville Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]]''' | | 28/05/1937 | 10/05/1940 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Winston Churchill]]''' | [[Ymele:Churchill-in-quebec-1944-23-0201a.gif|60px]] | 10/05/1940 | 27/07/1945 | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Clement Attlee]]''' | [[Ymele:Clement Attlee Potsdam 1945.jpg|60px]] | 27/07/1945 | 26/10/1951 | ''Ƿyht'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Winston Churchill]]''' | [[Ymele:Churchill-in-quebec-1944-23-0201a.gif|60px]] | 26/10/1951 | 07/04/1955 | ''Behealdend'' |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Elisabeþ II|Elisabeþe II]] (1952–2022)== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Winston Churchill]]''' | [[Ymele:Sir Winston Churchill (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|26/10/1951}} | {{tm|07/04/1955}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]''' | [[Ymele:Anthony Eden (retouched).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|07/04/1955}} | {{tm|09/01/1957}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Harold Macmillan]]''' | [[Ymele:Harold Macmillan (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|11/01/1957}} | {{tm|19/10/1963}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Alexander Douglas-Home|Alec Douglas-Home cniht]]''' | [[Ymele:Alec Douglas-Home (c1963) (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|19/10/1963}} | {{tm|16/10/1964}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Harold Wilsunu]]''' | [[Ymele:Harold Wilson.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|16/10/1964}} | {{tm|19/06/1970}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Ēadweard Hǣþ]]''' | [[Ymele:Edward Heath (cropped).jpg|60px]]'' | {{tm|19/06/1970}} | {{tm|04/03/1974}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Harold Wilsunu]]''' | [[Ymele:Harold Wilson.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|04/03/1974}} | {{tm|05/04/1976}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Iacobus Callaghan]]''' | [[Ymele:James Callaghan ppmsca.53218 (cropped).tif|60px]] | {{tm|05/04/1976}} | {{tm|04/05/1979}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Meregrot Þæċere]]''' | [[Ymele:Margaret Thatcher (1983).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|04/05/1979}} | {{tm|28/11/1990}} | ''Behealdend'' | Sē ærrsta ƿīfmann in þissum þegndōme, and sē lengsta þegndōme, healf tƿelf ƿinter, siððan [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Iōhannes Mæġor]]''' | [[Ymele:Major PM full (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|28/11/1990}} | {{tm|02/05/1997}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Antonius Blār]]''' | [[Ymele:Tony Blair in 2002 (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|02/05/1997}} | {{tm|27/06/2007}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | Ānlic ''Ƿyrht'' Forma Þegn sē geƿonn þrie ceorunga and hiere lengsta in ambihte. Hē ƿæs sē giengsta Forma Þegn siððan Liferpōl Hlāforde in 1815 <br /> |- ! style="background-color: #CC0000" | | '''[[Gordon Brūn]]''' | [[Ymele:Gordon Brown official (cropped).jpg|60px]] | {{tm|27/06/2007}} | {{tm|11/05/2010}} | ''Ƿyrht'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Dauid Cameron]]''' | [[Ymele:David Cameron official.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|11/05/2010}} | {{tm|13/07/2016}} | ''Behealdend'' | Geþoftscipe mid þæm ''Freolicflocce'' oð 2015. Æt 43 ƿintra ƿæs hē þæs rīces giengsta Forma Þegn siððan tƿæm hund gearum. He alēt his scīr æfter Bretƿare ceasen ðe ðæt rīce aƿend þā [[Europisce Gesamnung]]e |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Teresa Mæġ]]''' | [[Ymele:Theresa May election infobox.jpg|60px]] | {{tm|13/07/2016}} | {{tm|24/07/2019}} | ''Behealdend'' | Bretta rīces ōðru wīflic Forma Ðegn. |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Boris Iōhannesson]]''' | [[Ymele:Boris Johnson election infobox.jpg|75px]] | {{tm|24/07/2019}} | {{tm|06/09/2022}} | ''Behealdend'' | |} ==Forman Þegnas under [[Carl III|Carle III]] (2022–''þone God gehealdeð'')== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | Nama ! colspan="2" | Yld ! Rǣdflocc ! Glēsing |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Elisabeþ Truss]]''' | [[Ymele:Liz Truss Official Portrait.jpg|75px]] | {{tm|06/09/2022}} | {{tm|25/09/2022}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #3333CC" | | '''[[Risci Sunak]]''' | [[Ymele:Chancellor Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg|75px]] | {{tm|25/09/2022}} | {{tm|05/07/2024}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ff0000" | | '''[[Ceir Starmer]]''' | [[Ymele:Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|75px]] | {{tm|05/07/2024}} | {{tm|20/07/2026}} | ''Behealdend'' | |- ! style="background-color: #ff0000" | | '''[[Andy Burnham]]''' | [[Ymele:Official portrait of Andy Burnham MP 2026 (cropped 3x4) 2.jpg|75px]] | {{tm|20/07/2026}} | ''giet in ambihte'' | ''Ƿyrht'' | |} ==Fruman== {{reflist}} == Ūtƿearde hlencas == *[http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history Forma Þegnas in Stǣre] fram þǣm [[10 Downingstrǣt]] ƿebstede. {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Geānede Cynerīce]] [[Flocc:Forman Þegnas]] [[Flocc:Forma Þegnas þæs Geānedan Cynerīces| ]] ou1kgo5r4vn0vtksgn1pfjxsq1jnhmi 0 7788 231101 230082 2026-07-21T22:27:50Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, swa swa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Englisc seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhwega ymb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niwenglisc seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað Niwenglisc todæg for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæg biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræclican sprecend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda sprecenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Englisc cymþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe wæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] wæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram twæm yðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræca Scedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræcon, Ealdes Frencisces. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], wæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him wiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Englum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Engle, and Geate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ymbe fylgendne incyme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæges scolerscipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodweardrace gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeowspræca, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor wæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brycþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Engliscan spræce == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendiscra Englisce-sprecera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræc === Englisc is ambihtspræc in þæm fylgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorsprecera'' is gewriten, hwær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer bryce === Englisce spræc þegnaþ to eacan swa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landscipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niwu word == {{niwuword}} *Germanisc (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisc (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisc (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niwenglisc (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Westgermanisc (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisc (sn) - ''German language'' *woruldspræc (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utweardlice bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] o5xr7ggy2nstw5q43k6k3uwa84fs23u 231102 231101 2026-07-21T22:39:00Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Englisc seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda sprecenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brycþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Engliscan spræce == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendiscra Englisce-sprecera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræc === Englisc is ambihtspræc in þæm fylgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorsprecera'' is gewriten, hwær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer bryce === Englisce spræc þegnaþ to eacan swa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landscipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niwu word == {{niwuword}} *Germanisc (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisc (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisc (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niwenglisc (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Westgermanisc (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisc (sn) - ''German language'' *woruldspræc (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utweardlice bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] jb4p3zwfhotb8ktaqlyjdv10i0tnrfe 231103 231102 2026-07-21T22:39:54Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Steall Englisces heodæg */ 231103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda sprecenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brycþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Engliscan spræce == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendiscra Englisce-sprecera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræc === Englisc is ambihtspræc in þæm fylgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorsprecera'' is gewriten, hwær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer bryce === Englisce spræc þegnaþ to eacan swa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landscipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niwu word == {{niwuword}} *Germanisc (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisc (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisc (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niwenglisc (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Westgermanisc (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisc (sn) - ''German language'' *woruldspræc (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utweardlice bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] ec1oqdxk4d4aziq0f5bqrgvtstrrvie 231104 231103 2026-07-21T22:40:42Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Steall Englisces heodæg */ 231104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brycþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Engliscan spræce == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendiscra Englisce-sprecera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræc === Englisc is ambihtspræc in þæm fylgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorsprecera'' is gewriten, hwær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer bryce === Englisce spræc þegnaþ to eacan swa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landscipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niwu word == {{niwuword}} *Germanisc (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisc (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisc (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niwenglisc (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Westgermanisc (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisc (sn) - ''German language'' *woruldspræc (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utweardlice bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] kphd48uvegg1zgf4q51ti2q2tiuz63u 231105 231104 2026-07-21T22:48:18Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Sprædung þære Engliscan spræce */ 231105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brycþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] mhpoek6yq4anips5lrymqsk5m3mpufm 231106 231105 2026-07-21T22:48:59Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Writungwise Englisces */ 231106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Writungwise Englisces == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Englisce brẏcþ man þa lædene stæfræwe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum wordum, swa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum wordum, swa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo writungwise stærlicu (na sprecendllicu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] wrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo writung worda oft abygþ of hu hie gesprecen sind, and Niwenglisc writung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræca to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræwa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] rpskybh4zy7wc7yfjrcerbrp5fozamp 231107 231106 2026-07-21T22:53:02Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Writungwise Englisces */ 231107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Engliscan spræce == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Ƿritungwise Ænglisċes == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Ænglisċe brẏcþ man þa lædene stæfræƿe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum ƿordum, sƿa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum ƿordum, sƿa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo ƿritungƿise stærliċu (na spreċendlliċu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] ƿrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo ƿritung ƿorda oft abẏgþ of hu hie gespreċen sind, and Niƿænglisċ ƿritung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræċa to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræƿa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] 801ayfw9bs66jv2mcq7ef8l3hruy97m 231108 231107 2026-07-21T22:54:43Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Stær þære Engliscan spræce */ 231108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Ƿritungwise Ænglisċes == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Ænglisċe brẏcþ man þa lædene stæfræƿe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum ƿordum, sƿa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum ƿordum, sƿa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo ƿritungƿise stærliċu (na spreċendlliċu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] ƿrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo ƿritung ƿorda oft abẏgþ of hu hie gespreċen sind, and Niƿænglisċ ƿritung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræċa to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræƿa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] n108jdl3jiubpq3s4ubdcit3k2rdrba 231109 231108 2026-07-21T22:57:26Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Ƿritungwise Ænglisċes */ 231109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Ƿritungƿise Ænglisċes == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Ænglisċe brẏcþ man þa lædene stæfræƿe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum ƿordum, sƿa ''résumé'' (Frencisc) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum ƿordum, sƿa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo ƿritungƿise stærliċu (na spreċendlliċu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] ƿrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo ƿritung ƿorda oft abẏgþ of hu hie gespreċen sind, and Niƿænglisċ ƿritung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræċa to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræƿa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] fsgnt1ln2q7d9h2v85eq13s8pwtoecn 231110 231109 2026-07-21T22:58:27Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* Ƿritungƿise Ænglisċes */ 231110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languagebox_begin | name = Nīwenglisċ sprǣċ | nativename = English}} {{Languagebox_spoken | value = Þæt [[Geaned Cynerice|Geanlæhte Cynerice]], [[Geanedu Ricu America|Geanlæhtan Ricu American]], [[Australand|Australie]], [[Indea|Indie]], [[Sūðaffrica]]n and 100 ælce landsceare}} {{Languagebox_speakers | value = 402 millionena modorsprecere, 350 – 1,000 millionena æfterrena sprecera}} {{Languagebox_ranking | value = 3}} {{Languagebox_genetic_begin}} {{Languagebox_genetic_1 | value = [[Indoeuropisce spræca|Indoeuropisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_2 | value = [[Germanisca spræc|Germanisc]]}} {{Languagebox_genetic_3 | value = [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermanisc]] }} {{Languagebox_genetic_4 | value = '''Englisc'''}} {{Languagebox_genetic_end}} {{Languagebox_section_official_status}} {{Languagebox_official_language | value = ''loc neoðan''}} {{Languagebox_regulated | value = Nan, ac [[Oxnaford Englisc Wordboc|OED]] is inmede}} {{Languagebox_section_language_codes}} {{Languagebox_iso_1 | value = en}} {{Languagebox_iso_2 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_iso_3 | value = eng}} {{Languagebox_sil | value = ENG}} {{Languagebox_end}} Seo '''Nīƿænglisċe sprǣċ''' ({{lang-en|Modern English language}}) is [[Germanisca spræca|Germanisc]] [[spræc]], þe on [[Englaland]]e aras. Heo belimpð, sƿa sƿa seo [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodsce spræc]] and seo [[Niðerlendisc]]e spræc, to þæm [[Westgermanisca spræca|Westgermaniscum spræcum]]. == Steall Englisces heodæg == Nu is Ænglisċ seo bradost gesprædede spræc þære worulde, and hæfþ huhƿega ẏmb þæt getæl sprecera þe [[Cinisc spræc|Cinisc]] hæfþ. In fela landum biþ Niƿænglisċ seo æreste modorspræc gelæred and is seo ambihtlice spræc þæs mæstan dæles maniglendiscra gesetednessa. Fela þissa gesetednessa habbaþ oðra ambihtlica spræca. Man profað niƿænglisċ todæġ for [[woruldspræc|woruldspræce]]. Todæġ biþ Englisc fram 340 þusenda þusenda sprecenda to [[modorspræc]]e gesprecen. Gif man telle eac þa oðerspræċlican spreċend, þæt is nean 510 þusenda þusenda spreċenda. == Stær þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[file:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] Ænglisc cẏmþ of þære [[Eald Seaxisc spræc|Ealdre Seaxiscre spræce]] and sibbum [[þeowspræc|þeowspræc]]um þe ƿæron gebroht to [[Bryten]]e fram [[Germanisc folc|Germaniscum gesittendum]] of syndrigum dælum norþwestes Þeodisclandes. Seo frume [[Ænglisc spræc|Englisce spræc]] ƿæs gehrinen folgiendlice fram tƿæm ẏðum onræses. Se æresta onræs wæs fram sprecerum spræċa Sċedelendisces twiges þæs Germaniscan spræchiredes, þe gebyrdon in dælas Brytene in þæm 8an and 9an ieldum. Se oðer onræs wæs mid [[Normandig|Normandigsætum]] in þære 11an ielde, þe cynn spræċon, Ealdes Frencisċes. Be þæm ''[[Englisc-Seaxisc Cranic|Engliscan-Seaxiscan Cranice]]'', ymbe þæt gear [[449]], ƿæron þa Engle gelaðode fram [[Wyrtgeorn|Wyrtgeorn]]e to helpenne him ƿiþ þa [[Pihtas]]. Ongean hira help gelendode he þæm Ænglum in suþeastum dæle. Æfter sohte he maran help, and forþæm comon þa Seaxe, Ængle, and Ġeate. Se ''Cranic'' spricþ ẏmbe fẏlgendne incẏme gesittendra, þe staðelodon on ende [[seofon cynericu]]. Todæġes scolersċipe behogeþ mæst þisses spelles to beonne spell and fram leodƿeardraċe gedone. Þas Germaniscan infarend oferricsodon þa fruman [[Celtisc spræc|Celtisce spræcendan]] wuniend, þa spræca þara alifdon mæste on [[Scotland]], [[Wealas|Wealas]], [[Cornweall|Cornweall]], and [[Irland]]. Þa folcspræca, gesprecena fram þæm ingengum, macodon þæt, þe man het [[Ænglisc spræc|Eald Englisc]], þe efenlæcþ suma rimanþeoƿspræċa, in (nu) landum norþwestes Þeodisclandes and þara Niðerlanda. Ufor ƿæs seo spræc gehrinen fram þære [[Norþgermanisc spræc|Norþgermaniscre]] spræce [[Noren spræc|Norene]], þæra [[Wicing|W]][[Wicing|icing]]a gesprecen, þe on þone norþeastan dæl gesætton (seo [[Jórvík|Georfic]]). For þæm folgiendum 300 gearum æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Geþringung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Geþringunge]] in [[1066]] spræcon þa Norþmandiscan cyningas and seo hea duguþ cynn [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisces]] ane. Micel getæl Norþmandiscra worda wæron inbroht in Eald Englisc. Se Norþmandisca gehrine gefæstnode þa gangendan hwierfunge þære spræce ofer fylgendum ieldum, oþ þære spræce, nu [[Middelenglisc]] gehaten. Lareowas þære tunges lare ne laerdon; leorneres heora spraec ne leornode. For þon þe þæt folc þara Norþmanna þeowas gewurdon, swa ealswa mot mon þæt 'Niwenglisc' beter 'þeowenglisc' gehatan. In þære [[15e ieldu|15an ielde]] gewende [[seo Micele Selfswegendwendung|seo Micele Selfswegendwendung]] þæt Middelenglisc, eac mid Lundencyndre spræce in leodwearde and toþegnunge, and þære regolunggefremmunge gemælunge. Niwenglisc cann gespyred beon on bæc to þære tide [[William Shakespeare|Willelmes Shakespeares]]. == Mearcung and sibba spræca == Seo Niwenglisce spræc is dæl þæs westernan undertwiges þæs [[Germanisca spræca|Germaniscan twiges]] þæs [[Indisc-Europisc|Indiscan-Europiscan]] spræca cynnes. Feorr þæra Englisclæhtan spræca swa [[Tok Pisin]] oþþe [[Bislama]], sind þa niehstan Niwenglisces [[Scots spræc|Scyttisc (Lallans)]], mæste on Scotland and dæl Norðernes Irlandes gesprecen, and þæræfter [[Fresisc spræc|Fresisc]], on Þeodiscland and on þæm Niðerlandum gesprecen. Swa Niwenglisc is Scyttisc riht æftergenga Englisces (Englisc-Seaxisc). Oðra sibba spræca, ac unsibbran þonne Fresisc oþþe Scyttisc, sind [[Þeodsc spræc|Þeodisc]], [[Seaxisc spræc|Seaxisc]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisc]], [[Norþgermanisca spræca|Scedelendisca spræca]], and [[Afrikaanisc spræc|Afrikaanisc]]. Manig [[Frencisc spræc|Frencisc]] word sind eac andgietfullicu to Niwenglisces sprecende (ac mid oðrum rihtstefne), for þæm þe Niwenglisc bedranc ormætlic rim worda fram Frencisce þurh þa [[Norþmandisc spræc|Norþmandisce spræce]] æfter þære [[Norþmandisc Oferswiðrung Englalandes|Norþmandiscan Oferswiðrunge]] and rihtlice of Frencisce in æfterrum ieldum; þærfor sind fela worda swiðe neah þæm Frencisce, mid smalum writungsceadungum (on wordendungum oþþe mid Ealdes Frencisces writungum, asf.), eac swa hwilum sceadunga on mænunge. ==Stowlicu gereord== Niwenglisc is eal an in spræc forþæm þe missenlicu land habbað hiera stowlicu gereord. In [[Breten]] and on [[Irland]]e sind manig. *In [[Lunden]] hierþ man manig spræccynn. *On [[Westseaxe|Westseaxum]] is mannes spræc niehst to [[Englisc]] se wæs in swlycum scirum ær gesprocen. *Be norþen [[Trente]] þære ea hierþ man word eac of [[Norþweg|Norþmanna]] spræc. *Oe [[Norþhymbraland]]e is gereod gelic [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]], se is of þæm gereorde ær on [[Norðanhymbre|Norðanhymbrum]]. *On [[Scotland|Scottum]] is geleorned spræc ac eac is Niwenglisc blend mid [[Scyttisc spræc|Scyttisc]] and eac is Scyttisc gesprocen on yrðlingum. == Grammaticcræft Niwenglisces == {{main|Niwenglisc grammaticcræft}} Englisc grammaticcræft hafaþ lytele [[gebieged spræc|gebiegunge]] in efenlæcnesse mid oðrum [[Indoeuropic]]um spræcum. To bisene hæfþ Niwenglisc, ungelic [[Þeodisc spræc|Þeodisce]], [[Niðerlendisc spræc|Niðerlendisce]], oþþe [[Romanisca spræca|Romaniscum spræcum]] nan [[grammatisc cynn]] and nane [[anrædnes (grammaticcræft)|togeiecendlice anrædnesse]]. [[Casus|casu mearcung]] is æthwon fullice gedwinen of þære spræce and alifþ mæste on þa [[binama|binaman]]. Þa cynn [[strang word|strangra worda]] (t.b. ''sprecan/spræc/spræcon/gesprecen'') wiþ þa cynn [[wac word|wacra worda]] þe seo spræc of Germanisce ierfde is on weorðe gedwinen and þa lafa gebiegunge (swa [[manigfealdlic]]u mearcung) wurdon regolfæsta. Þa seolfan tid þære gebiegunge weorþgedwinung in Englisce, scop seo spræc maran getreowunge in wisan swa [[modword|modword]] and [[worddiht|worddiht]] to getacnienne grammatisce mænunge. [[Helpendu word|Helpendu word]] brycþ man to mearcienne tacnu swa frignunga, negativa, þa [[underþeodendlic]]an stefn, and gengende [[tid (grammaticcræft)|tid]] == Ƿritungƿise Ænglisċes == {{main|Niwenglisc stæfræw}} Mid Ænglisċe brẏcþ man þa lædene stæfræƿe butan accentum, ac mid elþeodigum ƿordum, sƿa ''résumé'' (Frencisċ) cann man mid accentum writan. Mid manigum ƿordum, sƿa ''night'' oþþe ''though'' is seo ƿritungƿise stærliċu (na spreċendlliċu), for þæm þe on [[Middelenglisc spræc|Middelenglisce]] ƿrat man ''night'' and ''though''. Seo ƿritung ƿorda oft abẏgþ of hu hie gespreċen sind, and Niƿænglisċ ƿritung is oft geþoht seo uneaðoste ænigra spræċa to leornienne, in þæm spræcum þe brucaþ stæfræƿa. Seo [[Niwenglisc writung|Niwenglisc rihtwritunge]]. == Sprædung þære Ænglisċan spræċe == [[Biliþ:English dialects1997.png|thumb|right|Sprædung inlendisċra Ænglisċe-spreċera be lande (Crystal 1997)]] === Ambihtspræċ === Ænglisċ is ambihtspræċ in þæm fẏlgendum landum, þærin þæt getæl þara ''modorspreċera'' is geƿriten, hƿær cuþ: {| width="100%" |- valign="top" | *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Australia]] (20 þusend þusenda) *[[Bahamas]] *[[Barbados]] (13,000) *[[Belise]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Camerun]] *[[Cænada]] (17.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Cenia]] *[[Dominica]] *[[Fanuatu]] (1,900) *[[Ficgiege]] (15,000) *[[Filippiniega]] (ymbe 40,000 (mæste sind Americanwaran)) *[[Gambia]] *[[Geol Iege]] (340) *[[Ghana]] *[[Grenada]] *[[Guyana]] || *[[Indea]] (ymbe 35 þusend þusenda)<!-- !!! ne gewend - þis is ymbe þa modorspreceras !!! --> *[[Irland Cynewise]] (2.6 þusend þusenda) *[[Geaned Cynerice]] (55 millionena) *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] (297 þusend þusenda) *[[Iamaica]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Liberia]] (69,000) *[[Malawi]] (16,000) *[[Marshall iega]] *[[Mauritius]] (3,000) *[[Melita]] (2,400) *[[Micronesiege]] (3,500) *[[Namibia]] (11,000) *[[Nauru]] (560) *[[Nigeria]] *[[Niwe Sæland|Niwe Sæland]] (4.1 þusend þusenda) *[[Pacistan]] *[[Palau]] (20,000) *[[Papua Niw Guinea]] (50,000) || *[[Ruanda]] *[[Salomon Iege]] *[[Sambia]] (41,000) *[[Samoa]] *[[Seychellen]] (1,600) *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Simbabwe]] (375,000) *[[Singapore]] (227,000) *[[Sactes-Christophes and Nefis]] *[[Sancte Lucia]] *[[Sanctus-Fincent and þa Grenadinas]] *[[Suþaffrica]] (3.5 þusend þusenda) *[[Suþsudan]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Tansania]] *[[Tufalu]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Þrines and Tobago]] |} === Oðer brẏċe === Ænglisċe spræċ þegnaþ to eacan sƿa [[lingua franca]] in þæm folgiendum landum and landsċipum: * [[Calpis]] * [[Cipros]] * [[Hongcong]] * [[Israhel]] * [[Malægsia]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Iapan]] * [[Suþcorea]] * [[Sancte-Martin (Ieg)|Scte. Martin]] * [[Somalaland]] == Niƿu ƿord == {{niwuword}} *Germanisċ (sn) - ''Germanic'' *maniglendisċ (aj) - ''international'', ''multinational'' *Niðerlendisċ (aj) - ''Dutch'' *Niƿænglisċ (sn) - ''Modern English'' *Ƿestgermanisċ (aj) - ''West Germanic'' *Þeodisċ (sn) - ''German language'' *ƿoruldspræċ (sf) - ''global language'' == Seo eac == *[[Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum|Gemæne cwidas in oðrum spræcum]] *[[Getalu spræca]] *[[Gewriten Niwe Englisc|Gewriten Niwe Englisc]] == Utƿeardliċe bendas == *[//en.wikipedia.org/ Niwenglisc Wikipædia] *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/english.htm A short history of the English language] (on Niwenglisce). {{betwuxwici|code=en}} {{Bysen:Ġermanisċa sprǣċa}} [[Flocc:Westgermanisca sprǣca]] 15sthz67l0kaj3tdzwzgbrnnpirfl9v 0 7804 231093 224406 2026-07-21T21:59:37Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup}} [[Biliþ:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg|thumb|''Beoƿulf'']] '''''Beoƿulf''''' ƿæs geanƿyrde beon þæt anne micelne leoþ inne Ænglisc aƿrit. Hit ƿæs ƿriten mid [[Ænglisc sprǣc|Ænglisc]], mid [[Westan-Saxon sprǣc|Ƿestan-Saxon]] lædan, and æƿielmen mid spræc betƿeonan þæt neah 7 hundred geara AD and æror 9 hundred geara AD. Þone æƿielm notere ƿæs uncuþ, ac hit ƿæs æfterƿriten fram tƿegen notera, þa ƿæron gelician Cristne, and abidan sƿa anga anne boc geboren æt 10 hundred geara AD, habbe fram þæm [[Bryttisc Museum|Bryttiscan Muse]]. Þæt leoþ is 3182 lina lang, gebrocen into fruma and 43 læppan, and atellan Germanisc calendcƿide. Beoƿulf, se ealdor, ƿæs Geatisc æþeling. Þa of þara pliht Hroþgar þone Deniscan cẏning he gefracg, þa hƿa ferde to helpenne. Beoƿulf niþplegen and ofslagen þa niþig ƿuhte Grendel and Grendles modor, to ærgod lastƿord and lean. Hie þæræfter geanhƿurf cyþþu to ƿeorþenne Geatena cyning æftanƿeard, ƿyrd þa deaþ his fæderes. Hie regolian 50 ƿinter, and sƿealt ofslagen gram ƿyrm þæt abrocen his land. Hie ƿæs giermane fram his neodfreond Ƿiglaf. ==Fruman== * Blair, Peter Hunter. ''An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England,'' 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. * Chickering, Howell D. ''Beowulf - A Dual-language Edition.'' New York: Anchor Books, 2006. * Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson.'' A Guide to Old English,'' 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. * [http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/oeme_dictionaries.htm “Dictionaries.”] ''Old English Made Easy.'' June 16, 2006. October 25, 2006. * [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/oldenglish/l.php “Old English Lexicon.”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604181557/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/oldenglish/l.php |date=2009-06-04 }} ''Northvegr.com.'' 2005. October 25, 2006 == Ūtƿeardlice hlenċan == * [http://www.heorot.dk/ Beoƿulf on Steorarume] * http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9701 * [http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeowulf/guide.htm http://www.uky.edu/~kiernan/eBeoƿulf/guide.htm] * [http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/Beowulf.Readings/Beowulf.Readings.html http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/Beoƿulf.Readings/Beoƿulf.Readings.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905033530/http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/Beowulf.Readings/Beowulf.Readings.html |date=2006-09-05 }} {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Englisc lēoða]] [[Flocc:Bēowulf]] ba1x1od9yd79awl11ogsjj3i9tl4r8q 0 7894 231096 206454 2026-07-21T22:12:00Z ~2026-40923-74 141113 231096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox rice |nama=Kongeriget Swæsland |agenspræce fullnama=Umbuso weSwatini |biliþ=Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary 02.jpg |biliþ gewrit=Mlilƿane Edisc |fana=Flag of Eswatini.svg |scild=Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg |scild gewrit=Þæs Cyninges ƿæpnas |cwide=Siyinqaba |englisc cwide= Ƿe earon burg |anstefn=Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati |englisc anstefn=O God, Sƿasa Bletsunggiefa |heafodstol=Mbabane |brego=Mswati III |breges titul=[[Swasa Cyning|Cyning]] |leodweard=Cynelice, mid ƿitenagemōte |wyrþingdæg= |menniscu=1,104,479 |bradnes=6,704 mīla² |folcgereord=[[Swasisc gereord|Sƿasisc]] |feoh=Sūðaffricisc rand |landesforþbæro=$3.938 x10⁹ |tidgyrdel=+2 |feorspræcan forerim=+268 |tld=.sz }} '''Eswatini''' is cynerīce on sūðernum [[Affrica]]n. Ðæs rīces landfolc sind [[Swase|Sƿase]] þāra agnum gereord is [[Swasisc gereord|Sƿasisc]] and in sƿylce reorde is þæs rīces nama '''eSƿatini''', ac man spricð hēr ēac [[Nīw Englisc sprǣc|Nīƿenglisc]]. [[File:Eswatini Regions map.png|400px|left|Universal map of Eswatini]] {{stycce}} {{Affrica}} [[Flocc:Þēodacynewīse]] {{Commonscat|Eswatini|Eswatini}} e0lfeq2wkxjmnmkc77iz82tfmf37xkv 0 8965 231139 210791 2026-07-23T05:03:01Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox VG | title = Street Fighter IV | image = [[Biliþ:SF4 poster.jpg|Strǣte Feohtere IV ƿeallbiliþ|256px]] | caption = Ƿeallbiliþ for þǣre arcadum fadunge ''Street Fighter IV'', scēaƿende þone hēafodmann þǣre endebẏrdnesse [[Rẏu (Street Fighter)|Rẏu]] in þǣm bæcgrunde, and þā fēoƿer nīƿ menn innan þǣm rōmanisċan ȝetale "IV". | developer = [[Dimps]]/[[Capcom]] | publisher = [[Capcom]] | designer = Yoshinori Ono <small> (producer)</small> <br />Daigo Ikeno <small>(character designer)</small> | series = ''[[Street Fighter]]'' | released = '''Arcade'''<br />{{vgrelease|JP=July 18, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gamespot.com/news/6186201.html|title= Street Fighter IV debuts in Japanese arcades 'late July'|accessdate=2008-04-09 |last= Niizumi|first= Hirohiko|coauthors= |date= February 18, 2008|work= |publisher=GameSpot}}</ref>}}'''PlayStation 3, Xbox 360'''<ref name="consolesreleasedate">{{cite web |url=http://www.capcom-unity.com/kramez/blog/2008/11/14/street_fighter_iv_coming_home_feb_17_n_america_and_feb_20_europe|title= Street Fighter IV: coming home Feb. 17 (N. America) and Feb. 20 (Europe) |accessdate=2008-11-14 |date=November 14, 2008 |publisher=The Capcom blog}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|JP=February 12, 2009}}{{vgrelease|NA=February 17, 2009}}{{vgrelease|EU=February 20, 2009}}'''Microsoft Windows'''<br />{{vgrelease|NA=Q2 2009 <ref name=pcdate>{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/pc/street_fighter_4/news/capcom_explains_summer_street_fighter_4_pc_release.html|title=Capcom explains summer Street Fighter IV PC release|work=VideoGamer.com}}</ref>}} | Native Resolution = [[720p]] | genre = [[Feohtend gamen|Feohtend]] | modes = [[Ānpleȝere]], [[Mæniȝpleȝere spearcatellagamen|Mæniȝpleȝere]] | cabinet = Sittend | arcade system = [[Taito Type X#Taito Type X2|Taito Type X²]]<ref name=famitsuarcade>{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1213478_1124.html |title=【プレイリポートその1】『ストリートファイターIV』あいつらが帰ってきた!! - Famitsu.com |publisher=Famitsu.com |date=2008-02-08 |accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref> | cpu = [[Intel Core 2#Duo, Quad, and Extreme|Intel Core 2 Duo]] E6400 or<br /> [[Pentium 4]] 651 or<br /> [[Celeron#Celeron D|Celeron D]] 352<br /> <small>(Can be upgraded to any CPU compatible with the Intel Q965 chipset)</small><ref name="arcadespecs">{{cite web|url=http://www.typex.taito.jp/feature3.html|title=TAITO Type X2　特徴・仕様:|accessdate=2008-02-21|archivedate=2012-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209192120/http://www.typex.taito.jp/feature3.html}}</ref> | display = [[720p]]/[[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[16:9]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] screen. [[720p]] on consoles. | sound = Onboard 7.1ch [[Intel High Definition Audio|HD Audio]]<ref name="arcadespecs"/> | input = | platforms = [[Arcade game|Arcade]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Street Fighter 4 Confirmed For Arcades |url=http://games.ign.com/articles/844/844430p1.html |accessdate=2009-02-15 |archivedate=2009-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207224821/http://games.ign.com/articles/844/844430p1.html }}</ref>, [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Microsoft Windows]] }} '''''Street Fighter IV ''''' ('''''Strǣte Feohtere IV''''' on Ænglisċe) is 2008 feohtend [[spearcatella gamen|gamen]] macod by [[Capcom]]e. Hit is þæt fẏrst ȝetalod ''Street Fighter'' gamen for þǣm arcadum siþþan 1999. Man ālīesde þæt sċeattȝeƿẏrhtod arcade gamen in [[Iapan]]e on 18 Mǣdmōnþes, 2008, and Norðamericanisċ arcadan inbrōhton hīe siþþan Ƿēodmōnþe. Man ālīesde þā gamensearufadung þæs [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]] on 12 Sōlmōnþes, 2009 in Iapane, in Norðamerican on 18 Sōlmōnþes, and in Europan on 20 Sōlmōnþes. Man ālīeseþ [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] fadung in þǣm ōðrum fēorðlinge 2009. == Gamenpleȝ == [[Biliþ:Streetfighter4.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Abel feohteþ ƿiþ Ryu]] Þēah ''Street Fighter IV'' hæfþ þing and bæcgrund in 3D, se gamenpleȝ ofstenþ ȝesetliċ 2D feld. Producer Yoshinori Ono cƿæþ þæt ƿold hē þæt gamen tō ofstandenne ȝeliċ tō ''Street Fighter II''. Man inlǣde nīƿ betƿeoxbend hātte "Focus Attacks" ("Saving Attack", oþþe "Spariende Ȝefeoht," for þǣre Iapaniscan fadunge), and "Ultra" ȝefeoht. Se ȝesetliċ siex-cnæpp handræd<!-- meant to be "controller" --> eftcymþ, mid nīƿum mearcungum and oferȝefeohtum þæs āsettan betƿeoxbendes, blandende ȝesetliċ gamenpleȝ mid ēacliċum þancƿyrhtum.<!-- meant to be "innovations" --> Þæt gamen hæfþ sƿīðe ȝeliċ mōd mid ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'', ac hæfþ ēac fram ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' mæniȝ mearcunga. Beȝen leoht ȝefeoht cnæppas cnocende biþ ȝiet ƿyrpes, and beȝen strang ȝefeoht cnæppas bēoþ sārcƿides. Beȝen middel ȝefeoht cnæppas bēoþ spariende ȝefeohtes. Þæt gamen hæfþ ēac cnossian and sƿift standend. Crimson Viper is se efne mann þe mæȝ hēah hlēap fremman. === Ānsīen === Man macaþ þā menn and stedas þæs gamenes sƿā 3D bisena mid mæniȝhealfum<!-- "polygons" -->, ȝeliċ tō þǣre ''Street Fighter EX'' underendebyrdnesse þe Capcom macode mid Arikan, ac notiaþ syndriȝ tōhīȝung tō ȝiefenne him handȝetācnode ānsīen, mid ēagetōhīȝungum þe ēast asian ƿritend hæfþ, bōcblæc clǣmend, and bōcblæc scūr on þǣm campum. Se hēafodcynstmann and mannƿyrhta is Daigo Ikeno, þe ǣror on ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' ƿyrhtode. === Spariende Ȝefeoht === Spariende Ȝefeoht sind nīƿ betƿeoxbend þe man in ''Street Fighter IV'' inlǣdeþ. Þæt is ȝefeoht þe þone pleȝere līefþ tō scyldenne ȝefeoht, and fremeþ ƿiþȝefeoht. Man fremeþ þis þȳ middlum fyste and middlum spurne tōgǣdre cnocende. Þǣr sind tƿeȝen hēafodƿeardas þæs ȝefeohtes. In þǣm formestan hēafodƿearde, se mann macaþ nīƿ standend, þȳ hē ān ȝefeoht scyldeþ fram þǣm ƿiþfeohtere. Se ōðer hēafodƿeard biþ ƿiþȝefeoht. Þȳ mā hielt se pleȝa þā middel fyst and spurn cnæppas, þȳ strangor ƿierþ þæt ȝefeoht. Ȝif man þā cnæppas ȝenug healde, þæt ȝefeoht macaþ þone ƿiþfeohtere tō þǣm grunde āfielþ, ȝiefende þǣm pleȝere frēo ȝefeoht. === Grēate Samƿrædnessa === [[Biliþ:Viper vs Guile.jpg|thumb|250px|Crimson Viper fremeþ hire ''Burst Time'' Grēat Samƿrædnes ƿiþ Guile]] Mid oferfadungum syndriȝa ȝefeohta þe man in ǣrum ''Street Fighter'' gamenum inlǣdode, sƿā Super Combos (Ofersamƿrædnessa) and EX Syndriȝ Ȝefeoht, þæt gamen inlǣdeþ ēac nīƿ cẏnn syndriȝes ȝefeohtes þe hātte Ultra Combo (Grēate Samƿrædnessa). Grēate Samƿrædnessa sind lang filmliċ<!-- cinematic --> ȝefeoht þe mæniȝfeald samƿrædnessa fẏsta, spurna and ōðra ȝefeohta hæfþ. == Menn == === Arcade menn === Tīdlīċe ȝesettod betƿēonan þǣre ''Street Fighter II'' endebẏrdnesse and þǣre ''Street Fighter III'' endebẏrdnesse, þā pleȝende menn þǣre arcadan fadunge beinnaþ þā menn þæs fẏrstan ''Street Fighter II'', and fēoƿer nīƿ menn. Akuma fram ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'' ānȳƿeþ sƿā ȝehȳded pleȝende mann, and ȝehȳded ƿiþfeohtere. Þæt gamen ēac beinnaþ tƿeȝen efne-CPU menn: Seth biþ se læste oferƿiþfeohtere þæs ġamenes, and Gouken sƿā ȝehȳded ƿiþfeohtere, þe ƿierþ 19 menn. === Hāmfadung ēaċan === [[Biliþ:SF4 vs.jpg|thumb|250px]] Þā hāmfadunga ''Street Fighter IV'' habbaþ mā menn sƿā ēac þe fram þǣre arcade fadunge. Þā hāmfadunga habbaþ Cammy and Fei-Long fram ''Super Street Fighter II'', Dan and Rose fram ''Street Fighter Alpha'', Sakura fram ''Street Fighter Alpha 2'', and Gen fram þǣm fyrstan ''Street Fighter''. Man mæȝ ēac Akuma pleȝan, and þā tƿeȝen efne-spearcatella ȝeƿyrhtod oferƿiþfeohtras fram þǣre arcadan fadunge, Seth and Gouken, on þǣre hāmfadungum. Man mæȝ him ōpenan þȳ gamene ƿinnende ān tīd. == Ƿeorcscipe == Fore teohhode Yoshinori Ono þone þanc ymbe þæt gamen tō Capcomes R&D hēafodmann Keiji Inafune, mannum þyncþ hit in Capcome þe ne sculde man nīƿu ȝetælod gamen þǣre ''Street Fighter'' endebyrdnes ne macian. Ǣrest, mæniȝ menn ƿiþhæfdon Ones þanc nīƿes gamenes æfter sƿā mæniȝ ȝēar æfter þǣm formeste. Þēah, þe sēo gōdu folcliċnes ''Street Figher II Hyper Fighting'' on Xbox Live Arcade ƿæs cūþ tō Capcome, þafode Inafune man þone ƿeorc tō beȝinnenne. Þis ƿæs sēo formest fandung Ones nīƿes gamenes ''Street Fighter'' endebyrdnesse sƿā ƿyrhta, þēah ƿyrhtode hē ǣror on ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' sƿā sūnd hēafodƿyrhta, and ǣror ƿyrhtode hē ''Capcom Fighting Jam''. Se ƿeorc on ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'' ƿearþ se hēafodtæs<!-- main influence --> ''Street Fighter IV'' ƿeorcscipetēames. Þæt gamen ƿyrcþ on þǣm Taito Type X² arcadan borde in Taito Vewlix castenere, and notaþ þone nettƿeorccræft Type X²es tō þafienne pleȝendas þe in ōðrum machīnum on þǣm saman LAN bēoþ, ƿiþ ǣlċ ōðer tō feohtenne. == Fruma == {{reflist|2}} == Ūtanƿeard hlenċan == * [http://www.streetfighter.com Ƿǣre Nīƿe Englisc Ƿebbsīde] * [http://www.capcom.co.jp/sf4/ Ƿǣre Iapanisc Ƿebbsīde] * [http://www.capcom-fc.com/sf4/ Ƿǣre Iapanisc Blog by Hēafodƿeorcmann Natsuki Shiozawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214215740/http://www.capcom-fc.com/sf4/ |date=2009-02-14 }} * {{Wikia|streetfighter|Street Fighter Wiki|Street Fighter IV}} [[Flocc:Spærcletelle gamen]] [[Flocc:PlayStation 3 gamen]] [[Flocc:Xbox 360 gamen]] [[stq:Street Fighter (Computerspil)#Street Fighter IV-Riege]] 1ft8sp624pg25rdn4fbt65ozqt2rha4 10 9079 231079 217425 2026-07-21T08:00:29Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 231079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sweden | flag alias = Flag of Sweden.svg | flag alias-1562 = Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg | flag alias-1844 = Swedish norwegian union flag.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | link alias-naval = Swedish Navy | link alias-ice hockey = Sweden national {{{mw|men's}}} ice hockey team | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1562 | var2 = 1844 | redir1 = SWE </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> 6b5boizwvuozd9jb7v1mp61sql3209g 0 11341 231073 231069 2026-07-20T20:46:39Z A09 116742 Ācierde ādihtunga fram [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40284-90|~2026-40284-90]] ([[User talk:~2026-40284-90|Gesprec]]); wendede on bæc tō ǣrran fadunge fram [[User:Hogweard|Hogweard]] 210488 wikitext text/x-wiki Sēo '''Fyrste Ƿoruldgūþ''' ƿæs blōdig and deorƿierþ gūþ on nīƿlicum [[stǣr]]e. Hēo ongann in [[1914]] and þurhƿunode oþ þæt [[1918]], and geinnode mæst þāra ƿorulde rīca. ==Middelriceteras== *[[Þeodscland|Germania þæt Rice]] *Þæt [[Oþomanisce Rīce]] *[[Ēastrīce-Ungerland]] *[[Pulgaraland]] ==Gewæred Riceteras== *[[Serbia]] *[[Russland]] *[[Sweartbeorg]] *[[Belgice]] *[[Francland]] *Þæt [[Bryttisce Rīce]] *[[Grecland]] *[[Iapan]] ;Fram 1915: *[[Italia]] ;Fram 1916: *[[Portugal]] *[[Romænia]] *[[Hecgaz]] ;Fram 1917: *[[Crecaland]] *[[Siam]] *[[Geanedu Ricu American]] *[[Cīna]] *[[Brasil]] == Seoh ēac == * [[Ōðru Woruldgūþ|Ōðru Ƿoruldgūþ]] {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Gūþ]] [[Flocc:Stǣr]] [[Flocc:20e gēarhundred]] [[Flocc:1918]] hu87s4vr8c3rg86b6zycnmvj114g9kk 0 13010 231116 224202 2026-07-22T02:55:27Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[biliþ:Fresh snow.JPG|right|thumb|Nīƿe snāƿ on tƿige]] '''Snāƿ''' is gecẏnd ƿætermōtes binnan þǣre eorðan [[lyfthelm]]e on gesceape cristallīces [[wæter|ƿæter]]es, þe is īs. Hē stendeþ on manigo flaċa þā fram [[wolcen|ƿolcen]]um feallaþ. For þȳ þe snāƿ stendeþ on smeallum īsgrotum, is hē grotlīc andƿeorc. Hē is open and þæs sōft timber, būton þǣr hē is þrẏht. Flaċa sind missenlīca on gesċeape and micelnesse. [[Flocc:Wæter]] [[Flocc:Ceald]] [[Flocc:Snāw]] 7nm3p5r04i11cbd7s6fpvanmwbbj55j 231117 231116 2026-07-22T02:56:11Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[biliþ:Fresh snow.JPG|right|thumb|Nīƿe snāƿ on tƿige]] '''Snāƿ''' is gecẏnd ƿætermōtes binnan þǣre eorðan [[lyfthelm]]e on gesceape cristallīces [[wæter|ƿæter]]es, þe is īs. Hē stendeþ on manigo flaċa þā fram [[wolcen|ƿolcen]]um feallaþ. For þȳ þe snāƿ stendeþ on smeallum īsgrotum, is hē grotlīc andƿeorc. Hē is open and þæs sōft timber, būton þǣr hē is þrẏht. Flaċa sind missenlīca on gesċeape and miċelnesse. [[Flocc:Wæter]] [[Flocc:Ceald]] [[Flocc:Snāw]] bw577xz6e92lw3fob6y291f4b11fr5j 0 13170 231134 224096 2026-07-23T03:44:25Z Rylesbourne 125148 231134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Dottatiȝer | image = King cheetah.jpg | image_width = 255px | image_caption = Cynedottatiȝer | regnum = [[Dēor]] | divisio = [[Hrycgdēor|Hrycȝbāndēor]] | classis = [[Sycedēor]] | ordo = [[Flǣscetende dēor|Flǣscetendu dēor]] | familia = [[Catt]]as | genus = [[Unoncyrrendclāƿcatt]] | species = Dottatiȝeras }} [[File:Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) crossing the road.webm|thumb|Dottatiȝeras]] '''Dottatiȝeras''' (on nīƿum Enȝlisce hātaþ "cheetah" and on nīƿum Īslendisce "blettatígur") oþþe '''hǣdoror''' sind ȝrēat catta cynn þe ƿuniaþ on mǣstum dǣlum [[Affrica]]n and on dǣlum þæs Middlan Ēastan, and sind þā synderlican lifeȝendan cynn þǣre cnōsle unoncyrrendclāƿcatta, and ān heora ānlīcra mearca is þæt hīe ne cunnon oncyrran heora clāƿan, þēah þe ōðru catta cynn cunnon dōn. Hīe sindon þā sƿiftustan lifiȝendan landdēor - hīe cunnon iernan 120 þūsendmetera ǣlcre stunde on sceortum brǣdo 500 metera and cann hradian fram standunȝe oþ þā sƿiftnessa 100 þūsendmetera ǣlcre stunde on þrim bearhtmhƿīlum. [[Flocc:Cattas]] [[flocc:Nīwlicu word]] gnto9lgd0i00bbnqhamlldwgevwkosu 0 13314 231082 230967 2026-07-21T12:33:12Z Eiliv 83026 231082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir |biliþ = |biliþ gewrit = }} '''Þrōwendhām''' oþþe '''Þrōndhām''' is land on [[Norþweg|Norþmannum]] þæt līþ be norðan [[Hereðaland]]e. Norþƿeges tilost land for gebūrum is hēr. In Norðmanna sprǣce tōdæg is þisse scīre nama ''Trøndelag'', se is ''Þronda lagu'' ac ǣr ƿæs hit ''Þróndheimr''. Tƿā [[scīr]]e hæfþ it: Sūþþrōwendhām and Norþþrōwendhām. Þronde ƿǣron mægþ þisses fylces and ǣr ƿæs Þrōwendhām rīce. Hiere mǣst burg is [[Niðeross]], þæs nama is ēac Þrōwendhāmceaster ({{lang-no|Trondheim}}). [[Biliþ:Norway Counties Trøndelag Position.svg|right|thumb|150px]] == Norðþrōndhām == [[Biliþ:Nord-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Norþþrōwendhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōndhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes norþdǣl, be norðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. Hēo is Norþƿeges læst scīr æfter onƿunendum. == Sūðþrōwendhām == [[Biliþ:Sør-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Sūþþrōndhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōwendhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes sūþdǣl, be sūðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. His mǣst burg is [[Niðeross]]. {{Scīra on Normannum}} [[Flocc:Scīra on Normannum|Þrōwendhām]] [[Flocc:Þrōwendhām| ]] 9dkm79rvrfjycup1ord1zm435dzrklm 231083 231082 2026-07-21T12:34:33Z Eiliv 83026 231083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir |biliþ = |biliþ gewrit = }} '''Þrōwendhām''' oþþe '''Þrōndhām''' is land on [[Norþweg|Norþmannum]] þæt līþ be norðan [[Hereðaland]]e. Norþƿeges tilost land for gebūrum is hēr. In Norðmanna sprǣce tōdæg is þisse scīre nama ''Trøndelag'', se is ''Þronda lagu'' ac ǣr ƿæs hit ''Þróndheimr''. Tƿā [[scīr]]e hæfþ it: Sūþþrōwendhām and Norþþrōwendhām. Þronde ƿǣron mægþ þisses fylces and ǣr ƿæs Þrōwendhām rīce. Hiere mǣst burg is [[Niðmuðe]], þæs nama is ēac Þrōwendhāmceaster ({{lang-no|Trondheim}}). [[Biliþ:Norway Counties Trøndelag Position.svg|right|thumb|150px]] == Norðþrōwendhām == [[Biliþ:Nord-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Norþþrōwendhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōwendhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes norþdǣl, be norðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. Hēo is Norþƿeges læst scīr æfter onƿunendum. == Sūðþrōwendhām == [[Biliþ:Sør-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Sūþþrōndhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōwendhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes sūþdǣl, be sūðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. His mǣst burg is [[Niðeross]]. {{Scīra on Normannum}} [[Flocc:Scīra on Normannum|Þrōwendhām]] [[Flocc:Þrōwendhām| ]] otzrxlcywvb19enx8cyni4bmczjv71n 231084 231083 2026-07-21T12:34:59Z Eiliv 83026 231084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir |biliþ = |biliþ gewrit = }} '''Þrōwendhām''' oþþe '''Þrōndhām''' is land on [[Norþweg|Norþmannum]] þæt līþ be norðan [[Hereðaland]]e. Norþƿeges tilost land for gebūrum is hēr. In Norðmanna sprǣce tōdæg is þisse scīre nama ''Trøndelag'', se is ''Þronda lagu'' ac ǣr ƿæs hit ''Þróndheimr''. Tƿā [[scīr]]e hæfþ it: Sūþþrōwendhām and Norþþrōwendhām. Þronde ƿǣron mægþ þisses fylces and ǣr ƿæs Þrōwendhām rīce. Hiere mǣst burg is [[Niðmuðe]], þæs nama is ēac Þrōwendhāmceaster ({{lang-no|Trondheim}}). [[Biliþ:Norway Counties Trøndelag Position.svg|right|thumb|150px]] == Norðþrōwendhām == [[Biliþ:Nord-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Norþþrōwendhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōwendhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes norþdǣl, be norðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. Hēo is Norþƿeges læst scīr æfter onƿunendum. == Sūðþrōwendhām == [[Biliþ:Sør-Trøndelag våpen.svg|left|50px|Sūþþrōndhāmes scild]] '''Norðþrōwendhām''' is tōðegnunge scīr sēo is Þrōwendhāmes sūþdǣl, be sūðan [[Þrōwendhāmsflēot]]e. His mǣst burg is [[Niðmuðe]]. {{Scīra on Normannum}} [[Flocc:Scīra on Normannum|Þrōwendhām]] [[Flocc:Þrōwendhām| ]] 5aq83o460bgk0cm89dhu6jilu6dz0d3 0 13933 231089 210767 2026-07-21T21:50:42Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Īrisces fōtþōðres plega]] '''Īrisc fōtþōðer''' (hāteþ on Nīƿum Englisce ''Gaelic football'' and on Nīƿum Īrisce ''Peil'') is hiw fōtþōðres þe is oftost gepleged on [[Īrland|Īrum]]. Hē, ēac Īrisċre torfunge, is ān þāra tweora folclīcostena plegena on Īrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-18 |archivedate=2006-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526131206/http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf }}</ref> Man plegeþ Īrisc fōtþōðer mid twǣm [[hēapplega|hēapum]] fīftīen plegenda on langlīcum fēoƿerscītum felda mid twǣm rōdum æt ǣlcum ende mid lecge betƿeoh him tō getælgeate. Man ēacnaþ þæt getæl þurh þā forþsendunge þæs full seonoƿealtan [[þōðer|þōðres]] þurh þæt getælgeat mid oþþe handa oþþe fēt. Se hēap þe hæbbe þæt mǣste getæl æt plegan ende ƿinne. Plegendas lǣdaþ þone þōðer forþ on felda þurh þā berunge, fōthebbunge, spornunge, and handƿeorpunge þæs þōðres tō hēapgefērum. Hē is be dǣle gelīc [[Australisc fōtþōðer|Australiscum fōþþōðre]]. Man plegeþ [[Geondrīciscra laga fōtþōðer|geondrīciscne fōtþōðer]] tō gemengednesse Īrisces fōtþōðres and Australisces fōtþōðres. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Fōtþōðer]] tkgc02eghkpne3lo1y4ijqhubj97p5r 231090 231089 2026-07-21T21:51:43Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Īrisces fōtþōðres plega]] '''Īrisc fōtþōðer''' (hāteþ on Nīƿum Englisce ''Gaelic football'' and on Nīƿum Īrisce ''Peil'') is hiƿ fōtþōðres þe is oftost gepleged on [[Īrland|Īrum]]. Hē, ēac Īrisċre torfunge, is ān þāra tweora folclīcostena plegena on Īrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-18 |archivedate=2006-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526131206/http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf }}</ref> Man plegeþ Īrisc fōtþōðer mid twǣm [[hēapplega|hēapum]] fīftīen plegenda on langlīcum fēoƿerscītum felda mid twǣm rōdum æt ǣlcum ende mid lecge betƿeoh him tō getælgeate. Man ēacnaþ þæt getæl þurh þā forþsendunge þæs full seonoƿealtan [[þōðer|þōðres]] þurh þæt getælgeat mid oþþe handa oþþe fēt. Se hēap þe hæbbe þæt mǣste getæl æt plegan ende ƿinne. Plegendas lǣdaþ þone þōðer forþ on felda þurh þā berunge, fōthebbunge, spornunge, and handƿeorpunge þæs þōðres tō hēapgefērum. Hē is be dǣle gelīc [[Australisc fōtþōðer|Australiscum fōþþōðre]]. Man plegeþ [[Geondrīciscra laga fōtþōðer|geondrīciscne fōtþōðer]] tō gemengednesse Īrisces fōtþōðres and Australisces fōtþōðres. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Fōtþōðer]] e0jyfhfq3glcvy8jwcw9fht4ikxjkli 231091 231090 2026-07-21T21:53:41Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231091 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Īrisces fōtþōðres plega]] '''Īrisc fōtþōðer''' (hāteþ on Nīƿum Englisce ''Gaelic football'' and on Nīƿum Īrisce ''Peil'') is hiƿ fōtþōðres þe is oftost gepleged on [[Īrland|Īrum]]. Hē, ēac Īrisċre torfunge, is ān þāra tƿeora folclīcostena plegena on Īrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-18 |archivedate=2006-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526131206/http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf }}</ref> Man plegeþ Īrisc fōtþōðer mid twǣm [[hēapplega|hēapum]] fīftīen plegenda on langlīcum fēoƿerscītum felda mid twǣm rōdum æt ǣlcum ende mid lecge betƿeoh him tō getælgeate. Man ēacnaþ þæt getæl þurh þā forþsendunge þæs full seonoƿealtan [[þōðer|þōðres]] þurh þæt getælgeat mid oþþe handa oþþe fēt. Se hēap þe hæbbe þæt mǣste getæl æt plegan ende ƿinne. Plegendas lǣdaþ þone þōðer forþ on felda þurh þā berunge, fōthebbunge, spornunge, and handƿeorpunge þæs þōðres tō hēapgefērum. Hē is be dǣle gelīc [[Australisc fōtþōðer|Australiscum fōþþōðre]]. Man plegeþ [[Geondrīciscra laga fōtþōðer|geondrīciscne fōtþōðer]] tō gemengednesse Īrisces fōtþōðres and Australisces fōtþōðres. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Fōtþōðer]] jvkbugcr4l4xb9i9yri8ceoc343ruwu 231092 231091 2026-07-21T21:56:07Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Īrisċes fōtþōðres plega]] '''Īrisċ fōtþōðer''' (hāteþ on Nīƿum Englisce ''Gaelic football'' and on Nīƿum Īrisce ''Peil'') is hiƿ fōtþōðres þe is oftost gepleged on [[Īrland|Īrum]]. Hē, ēac Īrisċre torfunge, is ān þāra tƿeora folclīcostena plegena on Īrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-18 |archivedate=2006-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526131206/http://www.gaa.ie/files/04arstat.pdf }}</ref> Man plegeþ Īrisċ fōtþōðer mid twǣm [[hēapplega|hēapum]] fīftīen plegenda on langlīcum fēoƿersċītum felda mid twǣm rōdum æt ǣlcum ende mid lecge betƿeoh him tō getælgeate. Man ēacnaþ þæt getæl þurh þā forþsendunge þæs full seonoƿealtan [[þōðer|þōðres]] þurh þæt getælgeat mid oþþe handa oþþe fēt. Se hēap þe hæbbe þæt mǣste getæl æt plegan ende ƿinne. Plegendas lǣdaþ þone þōðer forþ on felda þurh þā berunge, fōthebbunge, spornunge, and handƿeorpunge þæs þōðres tō hēapgefērum. Hē is be dǣle gelīc [[Australisc fōtþōðer|Australiscum fōþþōðre]]. Man plegeþ [[Geondrīciscra laga fōtþōðer|geondrīciscne fōtþōðer]] tō gemengednesse Īrisces fōtþōðres and Australisces fōtþōðres. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Fōtþōðer]] czyr906fu6y9ujey4m6loh5pdvb4lxk 0 14176 231123 224027 2026-07-22T06:23:46Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|right|frameless|181x181px]] '''Ƿicipǣdia''' ({{lang-en|Wikipedia}}) biþ [[wīsdōmbōc]] on fela geþēodum, þe ǣghƿā mæġ ādihtan. Āfēdaþ þūsendu brȳcera him ætgædere mid þǣre wiki hȳrlingum, and ƿreþaþ þæt [[unfeohsēcende]] [[Wikimedia Staþol|Ƿicimedia Staþol]] hit. Mid þǣm gecẏndum ġeƿrita þe sind geƿunelīċe gefunden on ƿīsdōmbōcum, hēo hæfþ ƿīsdōm þe man ceann geƿunelīċe findan in [[gēarbōc]]um, [[stedenabōc]]um, and [[tīdgewrit|tīdgeƿrit]]um; and hēo āscrifþ [[nīwe tīding|nīƿe tīding]]e. Sēo ƿīsdōmbōc is on þām þrīehundfeoƿertigum and fēoƿertigum ġeþēoda þæs middanġeardes, þǣrinne þrīehundtƿa and fēoƿertiġ ġeþēoda sind nū tīde dōende and fēoƿertīene sind belocen. Hēo is ġeƿriten and ġeheald fram ānre ġemǣnscipe þāra selfƿillendra, þā sind cnāwen swā Ƿicipedias. Brūcendas cunnon frēolīce brūcan hīe, dǣlan hīe, and āƿendan hīe, būtan feohġẏlde. Hēo is ēac ān þāra mǣstan Ƿiciġeƿeorca. Folc cunnon ċēosan tō ġiefenne feoh þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole tō feohġiefanne Ƿicipedie and hire sƿeostorġeƿeorc. Hēo is openes innhæftes ƿebbhām. Þæt tæċð þæt ǣniġ mann mæġ āƿritan oþþe āƿendan hīe and macian āƿendunge on hīe, gif hīe folgiað þā ġerēgla for āƿritunge oþþe āƿendunge. Ƿicipedie is āgen ānre Americanisċe ġeƿeorce, þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole, sēo is on [[Sanct Francisburg]] on [[California|Cælifornlande]]. Þæs Ƿicipedie nama is ān ġādrian þāra tƿēġra ƿorda, Ƿici and "encyclopedia", ān Nīƿe Latīnisċ ƿord for "ƿīsdōmbōc". Ƿicipedie ƿæs ongunnen on þone nigoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, fram Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger sƿā dǣl ǣnre ǣrre onlīne ƿīsdōmbōce ġenamod Nupedia. On þone fīftēoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, Ƿicipedie ƿeard ānsund ƿebbhām hire āgnes. Hēo is ān Wici sēo brūcð þæt ġeƿeorc MediaWici, ġelīc eallum ōðrum Wiciġemǣnscipes Staðoles ġeƿeorcum. Ǣniġ þæs þe wille mæġ āƿendan þā sīdan on Wicipedie, oþþe ēac macian nīƿe. Wicipedie hæfð āne ġerēgollican sīdehād for eallum sīdum on þǣre ƿīsdōmbōce. [[Flocc:Wikipǣdia]] [[Flocc:Wikimedian geweorc]] biypc6v4gxnlbf1wwx43eyip383u1z4 231124 231123 2026-07-22T16:02:53Z ~2026-41165-95 141125 231124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|right|frameless|181x181px]] '''Ƿicipǣdia''' ({{lang-en|Wikipedia}}) biþ [[wīsdōmbōc]] on fela geþēodum, þe ǣghƿā mæġ ādihtan. Āfēdaþ þūsendu brȳcera him ætgædere mid þǣre wiki hȳrlingum, and ƿreþaþ þæt [[unfeohsēcende]] [[Wikimedia Staþol|Ƿicimedia Staþol]] hit. Mid þǣm gecẏndum ġeƿrita þe sind geƿunelīċe gefunden on ƿīsdōmbōcum, hēo hæfþ ƿīsdōm þe man ceann geƿunelīċe findan in [[gēarbōc]]um, [[stedenabōc]]um, and [[tīdgewrit|tīdgeƿrit]]um; and hēo āscrifþ [[nīwe tīding|nīƿe tīding]]e. Sēo ƿīsdōmbōc is on þām þrīehundfeoƿertigum and fēoƿertigum ġeþēoda þæs middanġeardes, þǣrinne þrīehundtƿa and fēoƿertiġ ġeþēoda sind nū tīde dōende and fēoƿertīene sind beloċen. Hēo is ġeƿriten and ġeheald fram ānre ġemǣnsċipe þāra selfƿillendra, þā sind cnāƿen sƿā Ƿicipedias. Brūċendas cunnon frēolīċe brūcan hīe, dǣlan hīe, and āƿendan hīe, būtan feohġẏlde. Hēo is ēac ān þāra mǣstan Ƿiciġeƿeorca. Folc cunnon ċēosan tō ġiefenne feoh þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole tō feohġiefanne Ƿicipedie and hire sƿeostorġeƿeorc. Hēo is openes innhæftes ƿebbhām. Þæt tæċð þæt ǣniġ mann mæġ āƿritan oþþe āƿendan hīe and macian āƿendunge on hīe, ġif hīe folgiað þā ġerēgla for āƿritunge oþþe āƿendunge. Ƿicipedie is āgen ānre Americanisċe ġeƿeorce, þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole, sēo is on [[Sanct Francisburg]] on [[California|Cælifornlande]]. Þæs Ƿicipedie nama is ān ġādrian þāra tƿēġra ƿorda, Ƿici and "encyclopedia", ān Nīƿe Latīnisċ ƿord for "ƿīsdōmbōc". Ƿicipedie ƿæs ongunnen on þone nigoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, fram Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger sƿā dǣl ǣnre ǣrre onlīne ƿīsdōmbōce ġenamod Nupedia. On þone fīftēoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, Ƿicipedie ƿeard ānsund ƿebbhām hire āġnes. Hēo is ān Ƿici sēo brūcð þæt ġeƿeorc MediaWici, ġelīc eallum ōðrum Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðoles ġeƿeorcum. Ǣniġ þæs þe ƿille mæġ āƿendan þā sīdan on Ƿicipedie, oþþe ēac maċian nīƿe. Ƿicipedie hæfð āne ġerēgolliċan sīdehād for eallum sīdum on þǣre ƿīsdōmbōce. [[Flocc:Wikipǣdia]] [[Flocc:Wikimedian geweorc]] m88um6ishnkfc8s4lws7tsk5apmvg7w 231130 231124 2026-07-22T18:17:16Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 231130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|right|frameless|181x181px]] '''Ƿicipǣdia''' ({{lang-en|Ƿikipǣdia}}) biþ [[Ƿīsdōmbōc]] on fela geþēodum, þe ǣghƿā mæġ ādihtan. Āfēdaþ þūsendu brȳcera him ætgædere mid þǣre wiki hȳrlingum, and ƿreþaþ þæt [[unfeohsēcende]] [[Wikimedia Staþol|Ƿicimedia Staþol]] hit. Mid þǣm gecẏndum ġeƿrita þe sind geƿunelīċe gefunden on ƿīsdōmbōcum, hēo hæfþ ƿīsdōm þe man ceann geƿunelīċe findan in [[gēarbōc]]um, [[stedenabōc]]um, and [[tīdgewrit|tīdgeƿrit]]um; and hēo āscrifþ [[nīwe tīding|nīƿe tīding]]e. Sēo ƿīsdōmbōc is on þām þrīehundfeoƿertigum and fēoƿertigum ġeþēoda þæs middanġeardes, þǣrinne þrīehundtƿa and fēoƿertiġ ġeþēoda sind nū tīde dōende and fēoƿertīene sind beloċen. Hēo is ġeƿriten and ġeheald fram ānre ġemǣnsċipe þāra selfƿillendra, þā sind cnāƿen sƿā Ƿicipedias. Brūċendas cunnon frēolīċe brūcan hīe, dǣlan hīe, and āƿendan hīe, būtan feohġẏlde. Hēo is ēac ān þāra mǣstan Ƿiciġeƿeorca. Folc cunnon ċēosan tō ġiefenne feoh þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole tō feohġiefanne Ƿicipedie and hire sƿeostorġeƿeorc. Hēo is openes innhæftes ƿebbhām. Þæt tæċð þæt ǣniġ mann mæġ āƿritan oþþe āƿendan hīe and macian āƿendunge on hīe, ġif hīe folgiað þā ġerēgla for āƿritunge oþþe āƿendunge. Ƿicipedie is āgen ānre Americanisċe ġeƿeorce, þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole, sēo is on [[Sanct Francisburg]] on [[California|Cælifornlande]]. Þæs Ƿicipedie nama is ān ġādrian þāra tƿēġra ƿorda, Ƿici and "encyclopedia", ān Nīƿe Latīnisċ ƿord for "ƿīsdōmbōc". Ƿicipedie ƿæs ongunnen on þone nigoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, fram Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger sƿā dǣl ǣnre ǣrre onlīne ƿīsdōmbōce ġenamod Nupedia. On þone fīftēoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, Ƿicipedie ƿeard ānsund ƿebbhām hire āġnes. Hēo is ān Ƿici sēo brūcð þæt ġeƿeorc MediaWici, ġelīc eallum ōðrum Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðoles ġeƿeorcum. Ǣniġ þæs þe ƿille mæġ āƿendan þā sīdan on Ƿicipedie, oþþe ēac maċian nīƿe. Ƿicipedie hæfð āne ġerēgolliċan sīdehād for eallum sīdum on þǣre ƿīsdōmbōce. [[Flocc:Wikipǣdia]] [[Flocc:Wikimedian geweorc]] 35xu9m3icfuy91dcrim6jzzuv97yj4t 231133 231130 2026-07-22T18:24:40Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|right|frameless|181x181px]] '''Ƿicipǣdia''' ({{lang-en|Ƿikipǣdia}}) biþ [[Ƿīsdōmbōc]] on fela geþēodum, þe ǣghƿā mæġ ādihtan. Āfēdaþ þūsendu brȳcera him ætgædere mid þǣre wiki hȳrlingum, and ƿreþaþ þæt [[unfeohsēcende]] [[Wikimedia Staþol|Ƿicimedia Staþol]] hit. Mid þǣm gecẏndum ġeƿrita þe sind geƿunelīċe gefunden on ƿīsdōmbōcum, hēo hæfþ ƿīsdōm þe man ceann geƿunelīċe findan in [[Ġēarbōc|ġēarbōcum]], [[stedenabōc]]um, and [[tīdgewrit|tīdgeƿrit]]um; and hēo āscrifþ [[nīwe tīding|nīƿe tīding]]e. Sēo ƿīsdōmbōc is on þām þrīehundfeoƿertigum and fēoƿertigum ġeþēoda þæs middanġeardes, þǣrinne þrīehundtƿa and fēoƿertiġ ġeþēoda sind nū tīde dōende and fēoƿertīene sind beloċen. Hēo is ġeƿriten and ġeheald fram ānre ġemǣnsċipe þāra selfƿillendra, þā sind cnāƿen sƿā Ƿicipedias. Brūċendas cunnon frēolīċe brūcan hīe, dǣlan hīe, and āƿendan hīe, būtan feohġẏlde. Hēo is ēac ān þāra mǣstan Ƿiciġeƿeorca. Folc cunnon ċēosan tō ġiefenne feoh þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole tō feohġiefanne Ƿicipedie and hire sƿeostorġeƿeorc. Hēo is openes innhæftes ƿebbhām. Þæt tæċð þæt ǣniġ mann mæġ āƿritan oþþe āƿendan hīe and macian āƿendunge on hīe, ġif hīe folgiað þā ġerēgla for āƿritunge oþþe āƿendunge. Ƿicipedie is āgen ānre Americanisċe ġeƿeorce, þǣre Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðole, sēo is on [[Sanct Francisburg]] on [[California|Cælifornlande]]. Þæs Ƿicipedie nama is ān ġādrian þāra tƿēġra ƿorda, Ƿici and "encyclopedia", ān Nīƿe Latīnisċ ƿord for "ƿīsdōmbōc". Ƿicipedie ƿæs ongunnen on þone nigoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, fram Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger sƿā dǣl ǣnre ǣrre onlīne ƿīsdōmbōce ġenamod Nupedia. On þone fīftēoþan dæġ Æfterra Ȝēola þæs tū þūsend and ān ġēares, Ƿicipedie ƿeard ānsund ƿebbhām hire āġnes. Hēo is ān Ƿici sēo brūcð þæt ġeƿeorc MediaWici, ġelīc eallum ōðrum Ƿiciġemǣnsċipes Staðoles ġeƿeorcum. Ǣniġ þæs þe ƿille mæġ āƿendan þā sīdan on Ƿicipedie, oþþe ēac maċian nīƿe. Ƿicipedie hæfð āne ġerēgolliċan sīdehād for eallum sīdum on þǣre ƿīsdōmbōce. [[Flocc:Wikipǣdia]] [[Flocc:Wikimedian geweorc]] lwvn4uasxl6y0nlywy38gi04v86axey 0 15184 231095 203127 2026-07-21T22:08:41Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Indian Ocean-CIA WFB Map.png|right|thumb|250px|Indisċ Gārsecg]] Se '''Indisċa Gārsecg''' is þridda gārsecg þǣre ƿorulde on micelnesse - hē hafaþ nēan fīftan dǣl þǣre ƿorulde ƿæteres þe sīe on eorðan brādnesse. Be him sind [[Asia]] be norðan, [[Affrica]] be ƿestan, [[Australia]] be ēastan, and se [[Suþgarsecg]] be sūðan. Hē is ān dǣl þǣre ƿorulde þæs fullan gārsecges. Se gārsecg is nēan 10,000 þūsendmetera brād fram sūðernum ende Affrican ōþ sūðerne ende Australie, and his andƿlitan brǣdo is 73,556,000 fēoƿerscētra þūsendmetera, ēac þǣm Rēadan Sǣƿe and þǣm Persican Flēote. Australia bedǣleþ þone Indiscan Gārsecg fram þǣm [[Sericus Garsecg|Sericus Gārsecge]]e, þǣrof mōt [[Tasmania]] þæt īegland se gemæro bēon, and in þǣm ƿestdǣle is his mearc sēo [[Gōdes Hopan Næs]], and ofer þire is se [[Atlantisc Gārsecg|Atlantisca Gārsecg]]. ==Rīcu þæs Garsecges== {| |- |[[Ymele:Flag of Mauritius.svg|75px|Mauritius]] |[[Ymele:Flag of Seychelles.svg|75px|Sescellīega]] |[[Ymele:Flag of Comoros.svg|75px|Comoros Īega]] |[[Ymele:Flag of Maldives.svg|75px|Maldifīega]] |[[Ymele:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|75px|Þā Frenciscan Sūðernan Land]] |[[Ymele:Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|75px|Bryttisca Indisca Garsecg Landscipe]] |} [[Flocc:Indisc Gārsecg]] [[Flocc:Gārsecgas]] 0miytz24i280bbxi2ry9ndk82s8h077 14 16658 231077 180211 2026-07-21T06:53:03Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 231077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|right|75px|Grēnenæsīegane Fāna]] [[Flocc:Land on Affrice]] h9jva6gbyysf1j45cy0uvi860natvcg 0 18268 231085 227349 2026-07-21T14:25:53Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Constitution_of_the_United_States,_page_1.jpg with [[File:Constitution_of_the_United_States_-_DPLA_-_9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3_(page_1).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR 231085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|right|thumb|200px|Forma tramet one of the original copy of þāra Grundgesetnesse]] Sēo '''Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American''' ({{lang-en|Constitution of the United States of America}}) is sēo ealdru ǣ þāra [[Geānedu Rīcu American|Geānedra Rīca American]].<ref>Maier, 2010, p 35</ref> Eall riht in þæm rīcum stent under þisse ǣ and sceall gerisnian þærmid. Þēos Grundgesetnes hæfþ , and hēo hæfþ gewyrht on manigum þēodra grundgesetnessum. Sēo Grundgesetnes wæs in his fruman gewrite seofen mālas, þā settedon forþ þā endebyrdnesse þæs þēodiscan lēodweardes. His forma þrēo mālas staþoledon fæste [[wealdbedælung|wealdbedælunglār]], þærbe þæs [[Þoftscipes lēodweard þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Þoftscipes lēodweard]] is bedæled in þrie bogas: *Se [[Gemōt þāra Geānedra Rīca American|ǣlagla]], se is se Gemōt þærof sind tū þing, be naman þæt [[Senatus þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Senatus]] and þæt [[Spelienda Hūs þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Spelienda Hūs]]; *Se [[Þoftscipes Lēodweard þāra Geānedra Rīca American|frumenda]], se is se [[Foresittend þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Foresittend]]; and *Se dōmlica, þærof sind se [[Ealdordōmærn þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Ealdordōmærn]] and fyrðre geþoftscipes rihtærn. Sēo Grundgesetnes in his fruman timbre is on fēower trametum þā sind [[bōcfel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html|title=Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper|date=August 15, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ==Word== Se form þrēo word sind "We the people", se is "We se folc" and man hycgð ðe swylce word asēðað þe þāra Geānedra Rīca lēodweard gestandeþ to þegnienne his burgmenn. Þēos Grundgesetnes wæs sēo forma gesetnes of its kind, adopted be þæs folces spelum for brādum and brǣdendum þēode. Hēo is areaht, beēaned and forþgegangen be miclum gesetnesshēap and manigum rihtdōmum. Se [[Fēowerþa Mǣl þære Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Fēowerþa Mǣl]], se [[Fifta Mǣl þære Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Fifta Mǣl]] and se [[Siexta Mǣl þære Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Siexta Mǣl]] staþolaþ þā lāre of [[geþoftfæstnes]]se. He sceawaþ þā riht and glemen þāra [[Rīcu þāra Geānedra Rīca American|rīcu]] and hiera lēodwearda in midwist mid þæm gædes lēodwearde. Se [[Sēofenþa Mǣl þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Sēofenþa Mǣl]] gestaðoleþ þone rihtgang þærbe mōtan þā [[Þrēotīene Landbūnessa|þrēotīene rīcu]] fæstnian þā Grundgesetnes. ==Betrunga== Siððan ðe sēo Grundgesetnes weard frumfull in 1789 hæfþ man hie [[Amendments to þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American|bētredon]] on sēofen and twentig cyrrum<ref>{{cite book |author= United States Senate |title= The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation |chapter= Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America |chapterurl= http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/pdf/GPO-CONAN-1992-7.pdf |format= PDF |year= 1992 |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |page= 25 n.2 |isbn= 9780160632686}}</ref> mētlice þan weax þæt rīce and þēod and in nīwum yldum.<ref name=senategov>{{cite web|title=Constitution Day|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/ConstitutionDay.htm|website=Senate.gov|publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=September 10, 2016}}</ref> Betrunga þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca Amenican sindon gerwiten on þæm gewrite æt hsi ende. ===Se Rihtgewrit=== In folclicre sprǣce hattan þā ǣrrestan tiene betrunga se [[Rihtgewrit|Rihtgewrit þāra Geānedra Rīca American]], and þās betrunga giefaþ sundor weard of mannes syndrige frēodōme and rihte and hie settað bond on þæs lēodwerades cræfte. ===Æfterweardu betrunga=== Onmang þæm sēofentiene later amendments, se micla dæl expand mannes riht and freoðowaru. Elleswīse hie address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures. ==Frūman== {{reflist}} {{Grundgesetnes þara GRA}} {{aganflocc}} [[Flocc:Riht þāra Geānedra Rīca American]] hr6hhf1a7ar1bqgxf750pgwfoe8ch5o 0 18392 231088 188628 2026-07-21T15:23:32Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg with [[File:Bill_of_Rights_-_DPLA_-_a65f6d0b6210c18d17c596908ebcf270_(page_1).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonize the na 231088 wikitext text/x-wiki Sēo '''Siexta Gebētung''' þære [[Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American]] is in þæm [[Rihtgewrit þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Rihtgewrit]] and þēos gebētung setteþ forþ riht be scyldigunge. He wæs gecewed in þæm [[Mōt þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Gemōte]] in 1789. Se [[Ealdorrihtærn þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Ealdorrihtærn]] hæfþ gedēmed þe þisse gebētunge weardaþ menn in eallum rīcum þæs Gædes þurh þā [[Fēowertēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American|Fēowertēoþa Gebētunge]]. ==Gewrit== [[Ymele:Bill of Rights - DPLA - a65f6d0b6210c18d17c596908ebcf270 (page 1).jpg|right|200px|thumb|Se Rihtgewrit in þǣm Ðēodlican Gewrithorde]] Sēo '''Siexta Gebētung''' segþ: :In eallum scyldigungum, sceall se betihtleda mann benugan þæt riht to spēdig ceac and openlic, be efnum ǣwdum þæs rīces and þæs læppan þærin wæs gedōn þæt scyld, swa swa is swylca læppa ǣfæstlice astiht, and to bēon gecȳðed of þæs tyhtlan and andweorces; to standan wiþ þā cȳðeras wiþ hine; to habban genēdelic forþgeong to he meaht abiddan cȳðeras on his healfe, and to habban the rǣdboran fultum for his forespræce. [[Ymele:Amendment_6.jpg|left|1500px|Crop þæs handgewritnan bewrit þæs Rihtgewrit of 1789 se ætywað þā Siexta Gebētunge]] {{clear}} ==Frūman== *[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html#6 Rihtgewrit: siexta Gebētung] {{Grundgesetnes þara GRA‎}} [[Flocc:Grundgesetnes þāra Geānedra Rīca American|6]] 10wa9ahu70hc71ykyx5in88s3y16ftv 0 18820 231087 208671 2026-07-21T15:09:29Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Spiderman.JPG with [[File:Madame_Tussauds_London_-_Spider-Man_statue.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)). 231087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Madame Tussauds London - Spider-Man statue.jpg|thumb|Spider-Man]] '''Spider-Man''' (mǣnþ on Englisce "Attorcuppmann") is lēasspellic hēahhæleþ þe wæs gesceapen fram wrītendadihtende Stan Lee and wrītendatiefrende Steve Ditko. [[flocc:Hēahhæleðas]] {{stycce}} 43s4sldu1g1eokux2oehe3nl31fhbfu 10 19354 231081 226394 2026-07-21T12:02:51Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 231081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Ispānia | flag alias = Flag of Spain.svg | flag alias-1506 = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1701 = Flag of Spain (1701–1760).svg | flag alias-1748 = Flag of Spain (1760–1785).svg | flag alias-1785 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1874 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1931 = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg | flag alias-1936 = Flag of the Bando Nacional (1936–1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Spain (1938–1945).svg | flag alias-1945 = Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg | flag alias-1977 = Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg | flag alias-civil = Flag of Spain (Civil).svg | flag alias-civil-1785 = BandMercante1785.svg | flag alias-navy=Naval Jack of Spain.svg | link alias-navy=Spanish Navy | flag alias-marines=Naval Jack of Spain.svg | link alias-marines=Spanish Navy Marines | link alias-army = Spanish Army | link alias-naval = Spanish Navy | link alias-basketball = Spain {{{mw|men's}}} national {{{age|}}} basketball team | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1506 | var2 = 1701 | var3 = 1748 | var4 = 1785 | var5 = 1873 | var6 = 1874 | var7 = 1931 | var8 = 1936 | var9 = 1938 | var10 = 1945 | var11 = 1977 | var12 = civil | var13 = civil-1785 | redir1 = ESP | redir2 = SPA | related1 = Spanish Republic | related2 = Spanish State | related3=Francoist Spain </noinclude> }} m2l3r0ngbavyy24weqbzktm929mxb4c 10 19373 231078 196630 2026-07-21T06:55:51Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 231078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Grēnenæs Īega | flag alias = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg | flag alias-1975 = Flag of Cape Verde (1975–1992).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1975 | redir1 = CPV | redir2 = Cabo Verde </noinclude> }} a6cg8atyav1p5jaz1yvcj0togwfw4rf 0 19692 231136 228496 2026-07-23T04:55:01Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:2007 newsagent London 383066058.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tīdġeƿriþec]] '''Tīdġewrit''' is oftost geƿrit se man sƿutoleþ tīdliċe, ƿiċ is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. Sƿẏlce ġeƿrites earnung is of ceapiƿunge, fram his agnum cēap, be foreaġolden underƿritenda ġeld, or þrēora combination. ==Tīdġeƿrita stǣr== Sēo ǣrroste bẏsen of tīdġeƿrit ƿæs ġeƿrit on Ġermanie be naman ''Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen'' (se is 'Ontmbrende Monaþliċe Mæðelcƿidas') and þes ƿæs tīdġeƿrit for sċopcræfte and ūþƿitigung, se man sƿutoleþ in 1663.<ref>[http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ History of magazines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: Magazine Designing ({{lang-en.on}}</ref> ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' ('Ðæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit') ƿæs ǣrreste ġesƿutoled in 1731 in [[Lunden|Lundne]] and he ƿæs se forma gemǣne-interest tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær/> Ēadƿēard adihtede ''Þæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit'' under his binaman "Sẏlvanus Urban" and he ƿæs se forma man þe nẏttede þæt Nīƿænglisċe ƿord "magazine" for his ġeƿrit æfter the analogy of a military storehouse.<ref>''OED'', ''s.v.'' "Magazine", and {{cite web |url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com}}</ref> In 1842, Herbert Ingram staðolde ''The Illustrated London News'' ('Sēo Biliþberendu Lunden Tīdung') and þes ġeƿrit ƿæs se ǣrresta biliþberenda tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær>[https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines The History of Magazines]: ''Magazines.com'' ({{lang-en.on}})</ref> ==Glēsing== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Gewrit]] o8api18imiticjrk7ywopzxc1vywnd9 231137 231136 2026-07-23T04:55:28Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:2007 newsagent London 383066058.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tīdġeƿriþec]] '''Tīdġewrit''' is oftost geƿrit se man sƿutoleþ tīdliċe, ƿiċ is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. Sƿẏlċe ġeƿrites earnung is of ceapiƿunge, fram his agnum ċēap, be foreaġolden underƿritenda ġeld, or þrēora combination. ==Tīdġeƿrita stǣr== Sēo ǣrroste bẏsen of tīdġeƿrit ƿæs ġeƿrit on Ġermanie be naman ''Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen'' (se is 'Ontmbrende Monaþliċe Mæðelcƿidas') and þes ƿæs tīdġeƿrit for sċopcræfte and ūþƿitigung, se man sƿutoleþ in 1663.<ref>[http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ History of magazines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: Magazine Designing ({{lang-en.on}}</ref> ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' ('Ðæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit') ƿæs ǣrreste ġesƿutoled in 1731 in [[Lunden|Lundne]] and he ƿæs se forma gemǣne-interest tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær/> Ēadƿēard adihtede ''Þæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit'' under his binaman "Sẏlvanus Urban" and he ƿæs se forma man þe nẏttede þæt Nīƿænglisċe ƿord "magazine" for his ġeƿrit æfter the analogy of a military storehouse.<ref>''OED'', ''s.v.'' "Magazine", and {{cite web |url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com}}</ref> In 1842, Herbert Ingram staðolde ''The Illustrated London News'' ('Sēo Biliþberendu Lunden Tīdung') and þes ġeƿrit ƿæs se ǣrresta biliþberenda tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær>[https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines The History of Magazines]: ''Magazines.com'' ({{lang-en.on}})</ref> ==Glēsing== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Gewrit]] ei003xh4dbh357y5xyflr8oybd68v8e 231138 231137 2026-07-23T04:57:40Z ~2026-40985-50 141132 /* */ 231138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:2007 newsagent London 383066058.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tīdġeƿriþec]] '''Tīdġeƿrit''' is oftost geƿrit se man sƿutoleþ tīdliċe, ƿiċ is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. Sƿẏlċe ġeƿrites earnung is of ceapiƿunge, fram his agnum ċēap, be foreaġolden underƿritenda ġeld, or þrēora combination. ==Tīdġeƿrita stǣr== Sēo ǣrroste bẏsen of tīdġeƿrit ƿæs ġeƿrit on Ġermanie be naman ''Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen'' (se is 'Ontmbrende Monaþliċe Mæðelcƿidas') and þes ƿæs tīdġeƿrit for sċopcræfte and ūþƿitigung, se man sƿutoleþ in 1663.<ref>[http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ History of magazines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: Magazine Designing ({{lang-en.on}}</ref> ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' ('Ðæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit') ƿæs ǣrreste ġesƿutoled in 1731 in [[Lunden|Lundne]] and he ƿæs se forma gemǣne-interest tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær/> Ēadƿēard adihtede ''Þæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit'' under his binaman "Sẏlvanus Urban" and he ƿæs se forma man þe nẏttede þæt Nīƿænglisċe ƿord "magazine" for his ġeƿrit æfter the analogy of a military storehouse.<ref>''OED'', ''s.v.'' "Magazine", and {{cite web |url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com}}</ref> In 1842, Herbert Ingram staðolde ''The Illustrated London News'' ('Sēo Biliþberendu Lunden Tīdung') and þes ġeƿrit ƿæs se ǣrresta biliþberenda tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær>[https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines The History of Magazines]: ''Magazines.com'' ({{lang-en.on}})</ref> ==Glēsing== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Gewrit]] f4i83gpm4megz6sevv18wjxl07pro4m 0 23184 231097 211449 2026-07-21T22:16:01Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stephenson_110_Planet,_1832.jpg|thumb|right|Æn stēamtrǣg in 1832.]] '''Stēamtrǣġ''' ({{lang-en|steam locomotive}}) is sēo hātweorðe [[trǣg]]. Hīe wæs gelōme brūcod betwēonan þæs geāres 1830 and 1970. Æfter þǣm ƿearþ oft brūcod dēosol and ǣlenge rēaƿegtrǣgas. Sēo ǣrest stēamtrǣg wearþ geƿorht fram Rīċardes Trevithick for an trǣgbricg brūcod for bewegen irne at Ān Isernƿeorc on ƿealas. Sēo stēamtrǣġ ƿirceaþ bī bǣninga ane fȳliscas sƿā sƿā col on ān gehātendum stōƿe ġenemned fȳrboc. Þæt ālīeþ hāte gās þe stīgeþ and fēraþ þurh tūban in ān cōlþēorf - ān bīg spacu mid ƿæter on. Þis hīetþ þæt ƿæter, ƿyrcende hātne stēam. Sēo stēam is þonne genumen þurh ǣnne ōþerne tūban tō ānum cyllindra. Sēo stēam þonne bẏreþ þone bǣþ, sēo eft bẏreþ ān iren rōd þe is getenge tō þǣm hƿēolcum, ƿyrcende þone stēamtrǣġ tō scūfan. Sēo stēam þonne stīgeþ ūt þurh þone ƿēoh. Stēamtrǣgas sind tō dæġe brūcade on manigum gestigendan landum þǣr þā rēawegas nǣron ārǣrede mid ǣlenge. [[Flocc:Trǣgas]] nj4dd91a4x0jz2ythjb02vg2asehrlb 231098 231097 2026-07-21T22:18:48Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stephenson_110_Planet,_1832.jpg|thumb|right|Æn stēamtrǣg in 1832.]] '''Stēamtrǣġ''' ({{lang-en|steam locomotive}}) is sēo hātweorðe [[trǣg]]. Hīe wæs gelōme brūcod betwēonan þæs geāres 1830 and 1970. Æfter þǣm ƿearþ oft brūcod dēosol and ǣlenge rēaƿegtrǣgas. Sēo ǣrest stēamtrǣg ƿearþ geƿorht fram Rīċardes Trevithick for an trǣgbricg brūcod for bewegen irne at Ān Isernƿeorc on Ƿealas. Sēo stēamtrǣġ ƿirceaþ bī bǣninga ane fȳliscas sƿā sƿā col on ān gehātendum stōƿe ġenemned fȳrboc. Þæt ālīeþ hāte gās þe stīgeþ and fēraþ þurh tūban in ān cōlþēorf - ān bīg spacu mid ƿæter on. Þis hīetþ þæt ƿæter, ƿyrcende hātne stēam. Sēo stēam is þonne genumen þurh ǣnne ōþerne tūban tō ānum cyllindra. Sēo stēam þonne bẏreþ þone bǣþ, sēo eft bẏreþ ān iren rōd þe is getenge tō þǣm hƿēolcum, ƿyrcende þone stēamtrǣġ tō scūfan. Sēo stēam þonne stīgeþ ūt þurh þone ƿēoh. Stēamtrǣgas sind tō dæġe brūcade on manigum gestigendan landum þǣr þā rēawegas nǣron ārǣrede mid ǣlenge. [[Flocc:Trǣgas]] 24zjspx2vlw8ix4zlhphha1x2q8tjkh 231099 231098 2026-07-21T22:22:27Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stephenson_110_Planet,_1832.jpg|thumb|right|Æn stēamtrǣg in 1832.]] '''Stēamtrǣġ''' ({{lang-en|steam locomotive}}) is sēo hātweorðe [[trǣg]]. Hīe wæs gelōme brūcod betwēonan þæs geāres 1830 and 1970. Æfter þǣm ƿearþ oft brūcod dēosol and ǣlenge rēaƿegtrǣgas. Sēo ǣrest stēamtrǣg ƿearþ geƿorht fram Rīċardes Trevithick for an trǣgbricg brūcod for bewegen irne at Ān Isernƿeorc on Ƿealas. Sēo stēamtrǣġ ƿirceaþ bī bǣninga ane fȳliscas sƿā sƿā col on ān gehātendum stōƿe ġenemned fȳrboc. Þæt ālīeþ hāte gās þe stīgeþ and fēraþ þurh tūban in ān cōlþēorf - ān bīg spacu mid ƿæter on. Þis hīetþ þæt ƿæter, ƿyrcende hātne stēam. Sēo stēam is þonne genumen þurh ǣnne ōþerne tūban tō ānum cyllindra. Sēo stēam þonne bẏreþ þone bǣþ, sēo eft bẏreþ ān iren rōd þe is getenge tō þǣm hƿēolcum, ƿyrcende þone stēamtrǣġ tō scūfan. Sēo stēam þonne stīgeþ ūt þurh þone ƿēoh. Stēamtrǣġas sind tō dæġe brūcade on manigum gestigendan landum þǣr þā rēaƿegas nǣron ārǣrede mid ǣlenge. [[Flocc:Trǣgas]] on1eut4n9v2o8j2zteseacutyib0oek 231100 231099 2026-07-21T22:23:52Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stephenson_110_Planet,_1832.jpg|thumb|right|Æn stēamtrǣġ in 1832.]]<nowiki> </nowiki>'''Stēamtrǣġ''' ({{lang-en|steam locomotive}}) is sēo hātweorðe [[trǣg]]. Hīe wæs gelōme brūcod betwēonan þæs geāres 1830 and 1970. Æfter þǣm ƿearþ oft brūcod dēosol and ǣlenge rēaƿegtrǣgas. Sēo ǣrest stēamtrǣg ƿearþ geƿorht fram Rīċardes Trevithick for an trǣgbricg brūcod for bewegen irne at Ān Isernƿeorc on Ƿealas. Sēo stēamtrǣġ ƿirceaþ bī bǣninga ane fȳliscas sƿā sƿā col on ān gehātendum stōƿe ġenemned fȳrboc. Þæt ālīeþ hāte gās þe stīgeþ and fēraþ þurh tūban in ān cōlþēorf - ān bīg spacu mid ƿæter on. Þis hīetþ þæt ƿæter, ƿyrcende hātne stēam. Sēo stēam is þonne genumen þurh ǣnne ōþerne tūban tō ānum cyllindra. Sēo stēam þonne bẏreþ þone bǣþ, sēo eft bẏreþ ān iren rōd þe is getenge tō þǣm hƿēolcum, ƿyrcende þone stēamtrǣġ tō scūfan. Sēo stēam þonne stīgeþ ūt þurh þone ƿēoh. Stēamtrǣġas sind tō dæġe brūcade on manigum gestigendan landum þǣr þā rēaƿegas nǣron ārǣrede mid ǣlenge. [[Flocc:Trǣgas]] to1qnr4psfe2zf9a8teojj6a18toqxt 0 25290 231111 219500 2026-07-21T23:04:45Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Ikon of King St. Alfred the Great.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ælfredes Cẏninges gelicnes]] '''Cẏning''' is ealdor ƿealdend ofer micle rīċe and his folċe. In geardagum anwaldede cẏning his rīċe. Nu oftost ricsode se cẏning mid riht þæt gemætgeþ his geƿild mid [[witenagemot]]e. Cẏningas habbað hiera cẏnedomas be irferihte oððe be ƿigsigore, oððæt ðe stærlice ƿæron gearcẏningas and cẏningas be gecorensċipe. [[Flocc:Cyningas|Cyningas]] empvfdq7kdh8co0xljevgmnz4035xmi 231112 231111 2026-07-21T23:05:47Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Ikon of King St. Alfred the Great.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ælfredes Cẏninges gelicnes]] '''Cẏning''' is ealdor ƿealdend ofer micle rīċe and his folċe. In geardagum anƿaldede cẏning his rīċe. Nu oftost ricsode se cẏning mid riht þæt gemætgeþ his geƿild mid [[witenagemot]]e. Cẏningas habbað hiera cẏnedomas be irferihte oððe be ƿigsigore, oððæt ðe stærlice ƿæron gearcẏningas and cẏningas be gecorensċipe. [[Flocc:Cyningas|Cyningas]] 9bmcpuo7vopkycuzly7mf94u22fp3mr 10 26838 231080 225059 2026-07-21T08:03:17Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 231080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Swēoland | flag alias = Flag_of_Sweden.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | border-naval = | link alias-naval = | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = SWE | redir2 = SWE </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> p0ag5y89kbgjjnf720ipbyj6fq2bcxf 0 27507 231086 227542 2026-07-21T14:54:05Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Laredo.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · as per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 231086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Larēodo |flocc = [[Scirburg]] |underrice = {{flag|Texas}} |scir = [[Ymele:Flag of Laredo.svg|23px|border]] [[Webbsċīr (Texas)|Ƿebb]] |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Laredo Downtown.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Larēodo on Texas. |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Larēodo''' ({{lang-en|Laredo}}) is a burg on þē G.R. ricū æf [[Texas]] ond [[scirburg]] of [[Webbsċīr (Texas)|Webbsċīr]], on þæt norþēasīde of the [[Grœndā ēa]] on Sūþtexas, acros fram [[Nīwelarēodo]], [[Tǣmawlēpas]], [[Mexico]]. Gestaðelod on 1755, Larēodo grōwe fram a þorp tō sēo [[heafodburg]] of þæs scortlifod [[Grœndā seo Cynewīse]] to se micelmǣst inland port on se Mexicanisc riculīne. Laredo's gȳconōmēg is fyrstfeld based on interricum dǣlungs wīþ Mexico, and as a micel hubbe for þrī landes of faren: land, rahl, and lyftlād. Se burg is on þæt sūðerne end of I-35, hwīc fǣstenes macian Nōrðmexicō þurh Interricum 35 as a micel pāþ for dǣlungs þurhut se G.R. Hit hæfeþ feower interricum brycges and an rahlwǣg brycg. {{USPopulusCities}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Texum]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Webbsċīre (Texas)]] [[Flocc:Sċīrbyrig on Texum]] aheyfj8yotmow82ie0tu61xo1tetiyn 0 27699 231113 229826 2026-07-22T02:39:03Z ~2026-41004-11 141112 /* */ 231113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione gen. Il Grecchetto - Noah mit den Tieren vor der Arche - GG 1645 - Kunsthistorisches Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Noe]] '''Noe''' ƿæs, be [[Biblioþēce]], an æftercẏn of [[Seþ]], sunu þæs [[Adam]]. His spell stent on þǣre bōc þe hātte [[Genesis]], and is ānra þāra mǣst gecūþra saga on [[Crīstendōm|crīstenum]] ġelēafan. Þēos saga is oft ġetald sƿā sōþre ġedōn, ac hēo hæfþ ġelīcnesse mẏþa and folcġedƿimores. == Sēo saga be þǣm flōde == Be þǣre bibliscan lār [[God]] sæde Noe þæt hē sċeolde timbran micel sċip, þæt [[arc]] ġehāten, tō gehealdanne hine sylfne, his ƿīf, and his þrēo bearn, Sem, Ham, and Japheth, mid heora ƿīfum, and ēac ælc cyn landes deora and fugela. Folc Noe bẏsmrode, ac hē ġehẏrsumode þǣre bebode. On Noes six hund ƿintra līfe, on ðǣm oðrum mōnþe and on ðone seofonteoðan dæġ, asprungon, be þǣre saga, ealle ƿẏllspringas ðǣre miclan nẏwelnẏsse, and hit rinde feowertiġ daga and feowertiġ nihta ofer eorðan. Æfter langre tīde gesƿaċ se ren, þā ƿæteru ætglidon, and þæt arc landode on Ararat muntum. Noe and his mǣgðe þā ut ēodon, and hi gesāƿon renboga, þone þe se God, be lār, set tō behāte. == Æfter þǣm flōde == Be þǣre ilcan saga Noes mǣgð and ealle nẏtenu eft eorðan gefẏldon. Þæt mihte nānre wīsan ġelimpan būtan þurh sibbe mid sibbe, þæt is þurh ġehæftnesse nāhġenġra mǣga. == Biblisċ cita == Biblisc cita ([[Genesis]]):<ref>The Old English Version of The Heptateuch, Aelfric’s Treatise on the Old and New Testament, and his Preface to Genesis</ref> <blockquote>7. 1. And God cƿæð to him: Gang in to ðam arce ⁊ eal ðin hiƿræden, ðe iċ ġeseah soðlice rihtƿisne ætforan me on þisre mægðe. 2. Nim in to ðe of eallum clænum nẏtenum seofan ⁊ seofau aegðres gecẏndes ⁊ of unclænum tƿam ⁊ tƿam. 3. ⁊ of fugelcẏnne seofan ⁊ seofan ægðres gecẏndes, ⁊ sæd si gehealden ofer ealre eorðan bradnẏsse! 4. Iċ soðliċe sende ren nu enbe seofan niht ofer eorðan feowertiġ daga ⁊ feowertiġ nihta togædere ⁊ iċ adẏlegie ealle ða edƿiste, ðe iċ ƿorhte ofer eorðan bradnẏsse. 5. Noe ða dẏde ealle ða ðinge ðe him God bebead. <br> 8. 1 ⁊ God ða gemunde Noes fare ⁊ ðæra nẏtena ðe him mid ƿæron, ⁊ asende ƿind ofer eorðan, ⁊ ða ƿæteru ƿurdon geƿanode. 2. ⁊ ða ƿylspringa ðært miclan nẏƿelnẏsse ƿurdon fordẏtte ⁊ ðære heofonan ƿæterðeotan, ⁊ se ren ƿearð forboden. 18. Noe ða ut eode of ðan arċe, ⁊ hi ealle ofer eorðan.</blockquote> == Sōþfæstnes be ðære niƿan ƿīsdome == Þēos saga is folċes fantasiġ and mẏþ, nā sōþ ġedōn. Noes līf, þæt hē sīe six hund ƿintra lange, ne ġelīcþ nānre ġesēon ne ġecẏndelīċum cræfte. Sƿelċra aldordōmes and sƿelċes flōdes is nān andġitlic ġetācnung on þǣre ƿorulde, ac mānað tō ġelēafan, nā tō ƿīsdōme. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Eald Gecȳþnes]] [[Flocc:Genesis]] 7szqtrha7hnlq86t88upoaqwgzs88ob 1 28441 231074 2026-07-20T23:53:59Z ~2026-40852-62 141078 Nīwe tramet: t grdbx gfxdg kcv kopgpf,vf lvmnrkvflg 231074 wikitext text/x-wiki t grdbx gfxdg kcv kopgpf,vf lvmnrkvflg 2parmb34tdyavsaqbtkafithjtuicpu 0 28442 231135 2026-07-23T03:44:48Z Rylesbourne 125148 Redirected page to [[Dottatiger]] 231135 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dottatiger]] rjb53ll4opzsicpqmbjnh7j9yv6g6jz 0 28443 231140 2026-07-23T05:21:28Z PK2 6637 Redirected page to [[Heafodtramet]] 231140 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Heafodtramet]] lykgbi8xil7rxy4hi5vdl3g6pdj7atz