Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6995 232630 232350 2026-11-06T15:46:32Z Westseax 101624 Þis ġewrit wæs eft ġeworht, tō þon þæt hit þā onlīcnesse bet ācȳðde tōġēanes ōþrum oferlādum; wes frēo tō rihtanne. 232630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox land | ænglisc fullnama = Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes | nama = Ġeānod Cynedōm | agenspræce fullnama = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | biliþ = | biliþ gewrit = | fana = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg | fana gewrit = Fana | scild = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, both variants).svg | scild gewrit = Wǣpnscild | cwide = | ænglisc cwide = | anstefn = God Save the King<ref name="r1">"National Anthem", The Royal Family. https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem</ref> | ænglisc anstefn = [[God Save the King]] | landscite = Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg | landscite gewrit = | leodweard = Þinglic cynedōm on ǣ | ambihtlicu spræc = Englisc | folces gereord = | elles gereordas = Scottisc<br />Ūlstres Scottisc<br />Wēalisc<br />Cornisc<br />Scottisc Gaelisc<br />Īrisc<br />Brittisc Tācnspræc<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r3">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme</ref> | steall = | heafodstol = [[Lunden]] | mæste burg = | breges titul = Cyning | brego = [[Carl III Bretta Cyning|Carl III]] | ealdormannes titul = Formaþeġn | ealdorman = Andy Burnham | leodweardes heafod = | wyrþingdæg = | bradnes = 244,376 km²<ref name="r9" /> | menniscu = 66,912,637 (2021)<ref name="r4" /> | þiccnes = 273.8/km² | geleafan = 46.6% Crīstendōm; 37.6% nān ġeleafa; 6.0% Īslam; 1.6% Hindūdōm; 2.2% ōþre; 5.9% nān ġecȳþed (2021)<ref name="r5">"Table 07: UK07 - Religion by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> | GDP getæl = 4.268 bīlion USD (2026)<ref name="r10" /> | GDP ælcum heafde = 61,108 USD<ref name="r10" /> | landesforþbæro = | feoh = Sterlinges pund (£) | tidgyrdel = UTC+0 | tidgyrdel 2 = UTC+1 | sundorricehad = | webbnamena tægl = .uk | feorspræcan forerim = +44 | wægnplatung = }} Þæt '''Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes''' ('''Ġeānod Cynedōm''', ēac '''Bryten''') is land on norþwestan Eurōpe, ūt of þǣre fæstlandes mearce. Man nemneþ "Bryten" on mislicum wīsum: ''The Guardian'' and ''The Telegraph'' healdaþ hit for ān word mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme; gov.uk bōc lǣtt "UK" and "Ġeānod Cynedōm", ac "Brittisc ǣrendraca".<ref name="r14">"Guardian style guide: U", The Guardian, 23 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-style-guide-u</ref><ref name="r15">"Places", The Telegraph, 25 July 2025. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places/</ref><ref name="r16">"Style guide - A to Z - Guidance - GOV.UK", www.gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z#great-britain</ref> Hit hæfþ on him Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland (Mann, Garnesīġ and Gerseġ sind cyninges lēodland, nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes); þǣr wunodon ofer 69 mīliona manna on ġēare 2025. Hit hæfþ on him Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan dǣl Īralandes and māniġe lǣsse ēalond; his brǣdu is 244,376 km². Hit hæfþ landġemǣre wiþ Īraland and is ymbfangen mid Ātlantiscum Sǣ, Norþsǣ, Englisce Sǣ, Celtiscum Sǣ and Īriscum Sǣ; hit āgnaþ ēac þā lēodland and þā Brittiscan ofersǣwisċan lēodland. Lunden is hēafodburg and mǣste burg Englalandes and þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Eadenburg, Cardiff and Belfeast sind hēafodburga Scotlandes, Wēala and Norþīralandes. Þā Brittiscan Īgland wæron āhwǣr wunode of þǣre niwan stānealdre tīde. Rōmāne ongunnon þæt land oferwinnan on ġēare 43 æfter Crīste; hīe gewiton on ġēarum 383–410; Engle and Seaxe ongunnon hēr eardian ymbe 450; Normanne gewunnon Englaland on ġēare 1066. Þæs cyninges anweald wearð lǣsse on þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare, ǣrest þurh þā Englisce burhwar. Englaland and Scotland wurdon ġeānode be þǣre Ġeānunge on ġēare 1707, and wæs Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten. Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ on ġēare 1800 ġeīcton þæt Cynedōm Īralandes tō, and ġewrohton þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten and Īralandes on ġēare 1801. Mǣst eall Īraland ġewāt on ġēare 1922 and wæs Īrisc Frēoland; sēo ǣ ymbe cyninglicne and þinglicne naman on ġēare 1927 ġewrōhte þone nū ġīet Ġeānodan Cynedōm. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land þe cræftas bræc and þære worulde mǣste miht on mǣstum dǣle þæs nigonteoðan and þæs ǣrestan tīman þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares, ǣrest on þǣre ''Pax Britannica'' tīde (1815–1914). Þæt Brittisce Rīċe lǣdde þone nigonteoðan hundġēares welan þurh landbūnes bliss, cēapes ġemiht, cræftes miht, cræft and Lundenes ūpstīġ tō ealles ānes fēohgemōtes. On þǣm twēntigum ġēarum hit ymbfēng ymbe fēorðan dǣl þære worulde landes and folces, þæt mǣste rīċe on stǣre. Þā twā woruldġewinn dǣrdon Brytene and þā ūtlendiscan ġewītton ealle wīdgielle. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and folcrīċe mid unġewriten ġesetnesse (Þinges ǣ, dōmas, þēawas)<ref name="r17">"What is the UK Constitution?", The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution</ref> and þrim dōmstōwum: Englaland and Wēalas, Scotland, Norþīraland. Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland hæbbaþ āgen rīċu and þing mid ġedǣlede mihte. Hit is āþenod land mid snotorum welan, an þǣra mǣstena on feohġemēte and frēom ūtfēringe. Swā āgen cernelwǣpna land mid ān þǣra hēāhstena wīgfēoh hit hæfþ ān þǣra strangestena here on Eurōpe. Brittisc þēaw is wīde mǣre, ǣrest on Angelcynnes folce and on Ġemǣnum Welan, and his ǣ and rīċe ġeformodon māniġe fyrnra landa. Hit is mǣre miht and ġeferræden manigra ūtlendiscra ġesamnunga. == Naman == Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707 ġeānodon Englaland and Scotland "tō ānum rīċe on naman Mǣre Bryten" (þā Ǣ on 1800 sprǣcon "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes").<ref name="r18">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706", Scots History Online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html Barnett, Hilaire; Jago, Robert, "Constitutional & Administrative Law", Routledge, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165</ref> "Ġeānod Cynedōm" wæs hwīlum ġenotod for Cynedōme Mǣran Bryten, þæs ambihtlic nama 1707–1800 wæs "Mǣre Bryten".<ref name="r19">"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); Gascoigne, Bamber, "History of Great Britain (from 1707)", History World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07</ref> Æfter Īralandes tōdǣle and Īriscum Frēolandes frēodōme on 1922 wæs sē nama on 1927 ġeændrod tō "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes".<ref name="r20">Cottrell, P., "The Irish Civil War 1922–23", Bloomsbury USA, 2008. https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573</ref> Þēah þe hīe frēo sind, þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes fēower dǣlas man wīde hǣt landu;<ref name="r21">S. Dunn; H. Dawson, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements", ISO 3166-2, International Organization for Standardization, 15 December 2011. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf</ref> þæs ealdormannes webbstede sprǣc "landu on lande".<ref name="r22">"Countries within a country", Prime Minister's Office, 10 January 2003. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823</ref> NUTS 1 rīmcræft hǣt Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland "scīra";<ref name="r23">"Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics". http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml "13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession". http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession</ref> Norþīraland is ēac ġecīged "mearc".<ref name="r24">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 Murphy, Dervla, "A Place Apart", Penguin, 1979</ref> Þæt word þe man for Norþīraland ċīest "mæg beon ġewinnful".<ref name="r25">Whyte, John; FitzGerald, "Interpreting Northern Ireland", Clarendon Press, 1991</ref> "Mǣre Bryten" tācnaþ þæt ēalond, oþþe ġeþēodlīċe Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tōgædere;<ref name="r26">"Guardian Unlimited Style Guide", Guardian News and Media Limited, 19 December 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html "BBC style guide (Great Britain)", BBC News, 19 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g "Key facts about the United Kingdom", Government, citizens and rights, HM Government. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517</ref> hit is hwīlum frēolīċ ġelīċnes tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r27">New Oxford American Dictionary: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> "Englaland" is hwīlum on woh ġenotod for þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mǣst fram ūtanlendiscum.<ref name="r28">"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — George Mikes, "How To Be An Alien", Penguin, 1946 "England OR United Kingdom (UK)? | Vocabulary | EnglishClub", englishclub.com. https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm</ref> "Bryten" is ān word mid Mǣre Bryten,<ref name="r29">"Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary", dictionary.cambridge.org. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain "Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries", Oxford Dictionaries – English. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain</ref><ref name="r30">"Britain definition and meaning", collinsdictionary.com, Collins English Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain</ref> hwīlum mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r31">"Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners", learnersdictionary.com, Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormannes bōc ċīest "Ġeānod Cynedōm" būtan ǣrendracum (ġeændrodum fram "Ġeānod Cynedōm" tō "Brittisc" on 1961),<ref name="r32">"'Cold U.K.' Becomes British", The Times, 21 October 1961</ref><ref name="r33">"Style guide: A to Z", UK Government, 21 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z</ref> ac ōþre ealdormannes gewritu underfōþ bēgen naman.<ref name="r34">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, "Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom", gov.uk, UK Government, 17 May 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines</ref> Þæt Ġeānode Cynedōmes Ēacan Nama-Gesamnung underfēhþ "Ġeānod Cynedōm" and "Mǣre Bryten" ac ealneġe "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r34" /> Sēo BBC hwīlum nōtode "Bryten" for Mǣre Bryten ānum; hire nū bōc cwiþþ ānlīċe þæt "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r35">"BBC News style guide – Names", BBC Academy, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 "Alphabetical checklist", BBC News, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551</ref> "Brittisc" tācnaþ Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣnu and, on ǣ, þā ċierlīċan hyrdrǣdenne and þēodscipe.<ref name="r36">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D., "Constitutional and administrative law", Pearson Longman, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36</ref> Fyrnlīċe hit ymbfēng þæt Rīċe and þone Ġemǣnan Wela; þā Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormenn hit nōtodon ānlīċe on 1961 æfter þæt hīe lēafe ǣrest āscodon æt Estrēċe, Cenedan and Nīwan Sǣlande.<ref name="r37">Curran, James; Ward, "The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire", Melbourne University Publishing, 2010</ref><ref name="r38">Ward, Stuart, "Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain", Cambridge University Press, 2023</ref> Mannum ċīesaþ hīe sylfe Brittisce, Englisce, Scottisce, Wēalisce, Norþīrisce oþþe Īrisce,<ref name="r39">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?", Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010, ARK&nbsp;– Access Research Knowledge, 2010. http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html</ref> oþþe ġedāl þǣra.<ref name="r40">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 Schrijver, Frans, "Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom", Amsterdam University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275</ref> == Stǣr == === Ǣr þǣre Ġeānunge === [[File:Stonehenge2007 07 30.jpg|thumb|Stānhenge, Wiltūnscīr: stānhring, stānas ymbe 4 m hēa]] Cro-Magnon ġesǣton þæt land on ġewealdum fram ymbe 30,000 wintra;<ref name="r41">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] ". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> stǣdlīċ eardung ġewāt of þǣre īsa ġewitenes ymbe 11,500 wintra.<ref name="r42">"A 12,000-year story - revealing the history of settlers in Britain from the end of the Ice Age to the present day | University of Oxford", ox.ac.uk, 9 February 2018. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-02-09-12000-year-story-revealing-history-settlers-britain-end-ice-age-present-day</ref> On ende ǣr stǣre þæt folc belamp mǣst tō Īnsulǣre Celtiscre cyþþe, hit ymbfēng Brittisce Bryten and Gaelisce Īraland.<ref name="r43">Koch, John T., "Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, 2006. https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128</ref> Rōmāna oferwinnung fram 43 æfter Crīste and 400 wintra rīċes ofer sūþan Bryten ēodon æfter Engla and Seaxna infare, sē þā Brittiscan landscīre dydon tō Wēalum, Cornwalum and, hwīle, Þǣm Ealdan Norþe (norþ Englaland, sūþ Scotland).<ref name="r44">Davies, "The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales", University of Wales Press, 2008</ref> Mǣst eall Angelseaxna land wearð tō Englalandes rīċe on þǣm tēoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r45">"Short Athelstan biography". https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml</ref> Gaelisce sprecendas on norþwestan Brytene (hefiġlīċe infarenne fram norþēastan Īralande on þǣm fīftan hundġēare)<ref name="r46">Mackie, J.D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin, 1991. https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 Campbell, Ewan, "Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots", Canongate, 1999</ref> ġeānodon mid Peohtum and ġewrohton Scotlandes rīċe on þǣm nigoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r47">Haigh, Christopher, "The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland", Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30</ref> [[File:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Fotograf þǣra baða, ġeswutelende ān rihtlic stōw grēnes wæteres ymbfangen mid geolum stāncotum mid swēorum. On þǣm bæce is þæs mynstres torr.|Rōmāniscu baþu, Bæþ, Sumorsǣte: wel ġeheald Rōmānisc stōw]] Normanne ġefōran on Englaland on 1066, nāman micel dǣl Wēala, oferwunnon mǣst eall Īraland and wurdon ġeċīgde on Scotland, and brōhton Norþfrencisc ġewealdlīċe and Normannisce þēawas;<ref name="r48">Ganshof, F.L., "Feudalism", University of Toronto, 1996. https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5</ref> sēo Engla-Normannisce ealdormanna stīġ hæfde mǣre gebrēad and wearð þonne ġemǣnsum mid ēðellīċum þēawum.<ref name="r49">Chibnall, Marjorie, "The Debate on the Norman Conquest", Manchester University Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115</ref> Mīdelealdre Engla cyningas ġeendodon þā oferwinnunge Wēala ac ne ġeānodon Scotland, þe on 1320 ġewitnode hire frēodōm on Arbroaþes Cȳþnesse, on ġewinne mid Englalande fēawum ġewinnlēasum.<ref name="r50">"The Declaration of Arbroath", NMS, 3 June 2023. https://www.nms.ac.uk/past-exhibitions/the-declaration-of-arbroath</ref> Mǣre Cartan (1215) wæs þæt ǣreste gewrit þe cwæþ þæt nān ealdordōm is būtan ǣ and þæt ċierlas habbaþ ġehealdene rihta.<ref name="r51">"Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ "The contents of Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ "Magna Carta Key Facts", Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts</ref> Engla cyningas, þe āgnodon Frencisc landu and ċēasdon Frencisce cynehelm, gefuhton on Frankland, ǣrest on þǣm Hundġēara Ġewinne; Scotta cyningas wæron ġeāmǣnode mid Franclande.<ref name="r52">Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] . BBC History.</ref> Þā Ġeændrung brōhte godcundlīċ ġewinn and Mōtstānlīċe cirican on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r53">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] , Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Sēo Englisce Ġeændrung ġeændrode þeodscipe, ġesetnesse, cwealmcynn and þēawas on þǣm siexteoðan hundġēare, ġewrōhte Engla Cirican, ġescēop Englisce þēodlīċe ġecynd and lytlum ġeændrode ġeleafan.<ref name="r54">"English Reformation c1527-1590", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/</ref> Wēalas wearð eallunga ġeīced tō Englalande;<ref name="r55">"British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors", 5 November 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml</ref> Īraland wearð cynedōm on āgenre ġeānunge mid Englisce cynehelme.<ref name="r56">Nicholls, Mark, "A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms", Blackwell, 1999. https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich</ref> On þǣre seofontēoðan hundġēares Ūlstres Plantunge, sē Cynehelm nōm þǣra Gaeliscra Rōmiscra eorla land and sealde hit Mōtstānlīcum ġesettum of Englalande and Scotlande.<ref name="r57">Canny, Nicholas P., "Making Ireland British, 1580–1650", Oxford University Press, 2003. https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann</ref> [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Iacob 6 and 1, cyning Scotlandes 1567–1625, Englalandes and Īralandes 1603–1625]] Þā Cynehelma Ġeānung cōm on ġēare 1603 þā Iacob 6 of Scotlande ġeerfode Engliscne and Īriscne þrymsetl and ferde his hīred tō Lundene; þā þrēo rīċu wunodon tōdǣlede, healdende hira āgen þing, dōmas and cirican.<ref name="r58">Ross, D. (2002). ''Chronology of Scottish History''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. ; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. .</ref> Wiþ þǣre mīdre seofontēoðan hundġēares ġeþīode ġewinnu, on þǣm Englisc Burhwarena Ġewinne, lǣddon tō Carles 1 cwalu and tō þǣre scortan frēoriċes þæs Ġemǣnan Welan Englalandes, Scotlandes and Īralandes.<ref name="r59">"English Civil Wars". https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars; "Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660", Archontology.org, 14 March 2010. http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php</ref> Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge, þǣre Tōwesenne, þǣre Wuldorlīcan Ġeedwyrpe 1688, þǣre Rihtboce 1689 (Englaland) and þǣre Frēoclāmes Ǣ 1689 (Scotland) ġeēodon ġewealdlīcne cyningdōm and Rōmiscne ġeerfe; cynedōm on ǣ and þinglīc rīċe weox.<ref name="r60">Lodge, Richard, "The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)", Read Books, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC</ref> Sēo Cynelicu Ġesamnung (1660) tihte tō cræfte; sǣmiht and fērendlīcu fandung brōhton landu, ǣrest on Norþ-Amerīcan and Karibiscum.<ref name="r61">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy", Royal Navy History, Institute of Naval History. http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two; Canny, Nicholas, "The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC</ref> Æfter āwrecenum ġeānungum on 1606, 1667 and 1689, þā ġefandung on 1705 ġeworhte þā Ġeānunge (1706), ġefæstnode fram bēgum þingum. === Englalandes and Scotlandes Ġeānung === [[File:Articles of Union between England and Scotland 28 Jan 1707.png|thumb|Ġeānunge Gewrit betwux Englalande and Scotlande, 28 Æfterran Ġēolan 1707]] Þæt Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten wearð ġeworht on 1 Þrimilces 1707 þurh þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707.<ref name="r62">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm; "Acts of Union 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny; "Treaty (act) of Union 1706", Scottish History online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html</ref> Ġeþēodlīċ rīċe wearð ġeworht under Roberte Walpole, ''de facto'' ǣrestum formaþeġne 1721–1742. Iacobitisce ūpārīsunga sōhton tō ġeedniwianne þā Rōmiscan Stuartes mǣġþe ongēan Hannovres mǣġþe; þā Iacobitas forluron æt Culloden on 1746, æfter þǣm þā Hēahlendisce wurdon nīedlīċe ġemǣnsumode þurh ende clanes ealdres frēodōmes. Þā Norþ-Amerīcan landu bræcon ūt on þǣre Amerīcāniscan Frēodōmes Gewinne and wurdon þā Ġeānodan Rīċu; rīċes wilnung ēode tō Asian, ǣrest Indean.<ref name="r63">Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] , p. 73.</ref> Brittiscan cēapmenn lǣddon þone Atlantiscan þēowcēap, mǣst 1662–1807, þā Brittisce oþþe Brittisc-landisce scipu bǣron nēah 3.3 mīliona Africāna, mǣst tō Karibiscum plantunga and ēac tō Norþ-Amerīcan.<ref name="r64">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12</ref><ref name="r65">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, US, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15</ref> Æfter ofercwealdnesse þæs ǣfestan þingmǣnes þā þing forbēad þone cēap on 1807 and þēowdōm on þǣm Rīċe on 1833; Bryten lǣdde wīdgielle ǣfestnesse þurh forbōd on African and ġeþingu.<ref name="r66">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] . BBC Devon. 2007.; Lovejoy, Paul E., "Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa", Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290</ref> === Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes === [[File:Victoria in her Coronation robes.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Victoria on cynelicum hrægle]] Mǣre Bryten and Īraland þurhlǣddon ǣlc Ġeānunge Ǣ on 1800, ġewyrcende þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes on 1 Æfterran Ġēolan 1801.<ref name="r67">"The Act of Union", Act of Union Virtual Library. http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act</ref> Æfter Francrīċes forlorenesse on þǣm Ġeedwyrplīcum and Napoleōniscum Gewinnum (1792–1815) sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð sǣfaru and rīċes hēafodland, Lunden þære worulde mǣste burg fram ymbe 1830.<ref name="r68">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. .</ref> Sēo ''Pax Britannica'' (1815–1914) dyde þæt Rīċe tō ealles woruldes ealdre and "woruldweardas".<ref name="r69">Mathias, P., "The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914", Routledge, 2001; Ferguson, Niall, "Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power", Basic Books, 2004. https://archive.org/details/empire00nial</ref><ref name="r70">McDougall, Walter A., "20th-century international relations", 4 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155</ref><ref name="r71">Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. .</ref><ref name="r72">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC</ref> Bryten gefeaht on þǣm Krimean Gewinne (1853–1856) ġeīcod mid Ottomanum Rīċe wiþ Russlande;<ref name="r73">Benn, David Wedgwood, "The Crimean War and its lessons for today", International Affairs, March 2012</ref> æfter þǣre Indiscan Ūpārīsunge 1857 Palmerstones rīċe nōm onsundrum ealdordōm ofer Indea. Cēapes ġemiht sealde ġeweald ofer feohġemētum swā Ēastasian and Lǣdenlandum Amerīcan.<ref name="r74">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC; Marshall, P.J., "The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC</ref> On Victorian tīman (1837–1901) wæs frēo cēap and ''laissez-faire'' ġecoren. Fram þǣre Miclan Ġeedwyrplīcan Ǣ (1832) wearð þæt cyres wīdra; sēo 1884 Ġeedwyrplīc Ǣ under Gladstone forġeaf cyre mǣstum wǣpnedmannum. Rǣd folces weaxung and burhfaru brōhte ġesettnesse and welan styrunga.<ref name="r75">Tompson, Richard S., "Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present", Facts on File, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63</ref> Ende nigonteoðan hundġēares Hīwlīce rīċu (Disraeli, Salisbury) ġeīcton þæt Rīċe on Africa, hēoldon "mǣre ānsetlnesse" fram Eurōpiscum ġeānungum and healdon Russland on Middelasian (þone Miclan Plegan).<ref name="r76">Fromkin, David, "The Great Game in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 1980. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512</ref> Cenede, Estrēċe and Nīwe Sǣland wurdon āgen-rīċsiende landu.<ref name="r77">Hosch, William L., "World War I: People, Politics, and Power", Britannica Educational Publishing, 2009</ref> Cræftes ealdordōm wearð ġeweald fram Þēodlande and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ymbe 1900.<ref name="r78">Zarembka, Paul, "Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid", Emerald Group Publishing, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1</ref> Sēo Edwardiscu tīd (1901–1910) brōhte ġemǣne bōte and Īrisc āgenrīċe tō ġeearnunge; Lǣborlic wearð on 1900 of ġeferscipum and ġewiselīcum ġesamnungum; wīfmenn fōrdon ċierlīċe cyre for wīfum.<ref name="r79">Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref> === Woruldġewinn and Īralandes tōdǣl === [[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Ġemynd-dæġes ċrancas ġelēgde æt þǣm Cenotaph, Lunden]] [[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|Spitfire and Hurricane, Brytenes Gefeohtes Ġemynd-flyht]] Bryten wæs ān ealdor þǣra ġeānodra þe oferwonn þā Midlandlīcan Mihta on þǣm Ǣrestan Woruldġewinne (1914–1918), feohtende mid Francrīċe, Russlande and (fram 1917) þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ofer þæt Rīċe and Eurōpe, ǣrest on Westfrontan.<ref name="r80">Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. .</ref><ref name="r81">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. .</ref> Gravwīg ofslōg mǣst ān cynn wera; Bryten drēfde 2.5 mīliona wundode and ġeendode mid mǣrum þēodlīcum ġeldum.<ref name="r81" /> Sēo Ǣ þæs Folces ġeþingþes 1918 forġeaf cyre eallum fulwæstmum weran and mǣstum fulwæstmum wīfum.<ref name="r81" /> Bryten ġeānode on þǣm Folcgemōtes Ealdorrǣde and underfēng ġewealdu ofer ǣr Þēodisce and Ottomanisce landu; under Lloyd George þæt Rīċe cōm tō his mǣstan brǣdu, fīfta dǣl þære worulde landes and fēorða dǣl his folces.<ref name="r82">Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. .</ref> Ymbe þā mīdre twēntigoðan hundġēares mǣst folc mihte hīeran BBC hlūdstefn;<ref name="r83">"100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough", Ofcom, 15 June 2020. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio</ref><ref name="r84">Linfoot, Matthew, "History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio</ref> fandung sēonde ongann 1929 and sēo ǣreste gesettan BBC Sēonde Ambiht 1936.<ref name="r85">"History of the BBC: 1920s", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s</ref> Īrisc folccȳþ and Āgenrīċes ġewinnu lǣddon tō þæs ēalondes tōdǣle on 1921;<ref name="r86">SR&O 1921/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> ġewinn on þǣm þe nū is Norþīraland ēode Ġēolan 1920–Ġēolan 1922. Sē Īrisca Frēoland wearð frēo (landes hād 1922, eallunga frēodōm 1931); Norþīraland wunode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r87">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921", CAIN Web Service. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm</ref> Sēo Efenlīc Cyres Ǣ 1928 forġeaf wīfum cyres efenlīcnesse. Sē Micla Slege cōm on 1926. Sēo Micle Wǣdlnes (1929–1932) brōhte wǣdlunge nēah 3 mīliona, unfrēode and ġewinn; ġemǣnu rīċe wearð ġeworht on 1931.<ref name="r88">Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. .</ref> Bryten wunode welig, wel gewǣpned miht on þǣre woruldes weorces midle;<ref name="r89">Edgerton, David, "Britain's War Machine", Penguin, 2012. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html; "Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War", Reviews in History. https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114</ref> hit ēode on þone Ōþerne Woruldġewinn æfter Þēodlandes infare on Pōlen 1939 and, mid his rīċe, feaht fortōðan æfter þæt his Eurōpiscan ġeānan feollon.<ref name="r89" /> On 1940 sēo Lyftfyrd (RAF) ofercōm þā Þēodiscan ''Luftwaffe'' on Brytenes Gefeohte; burga drēfdon þone Blitz. Bryten, þā Ġeānodan Rīċu and þæt Sōwiet Rīċe ġeworhton þā Mǣran Ġeānunge on 1941. Mǣre sigeras cōmon on þǣm Atlantiscan Gefeohte, Norþ-African and Italian; Bryten wæs micel on þǣm Normandiscan landunge 1944; sē Here lǣdde þone Burmiscan færeld and sēo Pacificisc Flota gefeaht wiþ Iapan. Brittisce cræftmenn dydon tō þǣm Manhattan Weorce.<ref name="r90">Septimus H. Paul, "Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952", Ohio State U.P., 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1</ref> === Æfter þǣm twēntigoðan hundġēare === [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|Brittisc Rīċe on his hēahstan tīman on 1921]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs ān þǣra Þrēora Mǣrena þe ġeþōhton þā æfterġewinnlīcan worulde;<ref name="r91">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, "Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945", Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62; Kelly, Brian, "The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives", Indiana University of Pennsylvania. https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681</ref> hit āwrāt þā Cȳþnesse þǣra Ġeānodra Þēoda mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum, wearð āgen ān fæstlic mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and hēlp ġewyrcan þone Feohsealdgemōt, þā Woruldbancan and þā Norþsǣlīcan Ġeānunge (NATO).<ref name="r92">"The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR", Roosevelt Institute, 22 July 2010. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr; "Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference", The White House, 22 April 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press</ref> Wācod and bedēfed on þǣre Marshalles Ġeþōhte,<ref name="r93">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S.", The New York Times, 28 December 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html</ref> hit forfleah þone eallan ġewinn þe hergode Ēasteurōpe.<ref name="r94">Reynolds, David, "Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review", The Guardian, 17 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review</ref> Þæs Attlees Lǣborlican rīċes bōta ġeweald nāmon mǣre weorc and ġewyrhto, ġewrōhton ġemǣnne wēlan and sǣton þā Ġeþēodlīcan Hǣlþe Ambiht.<ref name="r95">Francis, Martin, "Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain", Manchester University Press, 1997</ref><ref name="r96">Lee, Stephen J., "Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995", Routledge, 1996. https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees</ref> Þā Landþēoda ġeearnunga and Brytene wācung dydon þæt āwending ūnforbūgendlīc;<ref name="r97">Brown, Judith, "The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC p. 319.</ref><ref name="r98">Louis, Wm. Roger, "Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization", I.B. Tauris, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC p. 337.</ref><ref name="r99">Abernethy, David, "The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980", Yale University Press, 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC p. 146.</ref> Indea and Pakistan wurdon frēo on 1947<ref name="r100">Larres, Klaus, "A companion to Europe since 1945", Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118</ref> and mǣst ealle ōþre landu binnan þrīm tīgum ġēara, manig ġeānode mid þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela.<ref name="r101">"Country List", Commonwealth Secretariat, 19 March 2009. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē þridda cernelrīċe (Weorc Hurricane, 1952); sēo Suez Wǣdlnes 1956 ġecȳþde his lǣssan stōwe. Ġemǣnan Welan infaru, tihted fram 1950um weorces lǣnes, dyde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mā mislicran and mā mislicran þēawum.<ref name="r102">Julios, Christina, "Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse", Ashgate, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84</ref> Fēohġemēt wæs behindan Francrīċe, Westþēodlande and Iapan. On 1969 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste folcrīċe tō lǣssanne þā cyres ealdre tō 18.<ref name="r103">Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds", Contemporary British History, 3 April 2021. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġestaþelode þā Westeurōpiscan Ġeānunge (1954) and þā EFTA (1960), ġewāt of EFTA tō ġeānianne mid þǣm Eurōpiscum Ġemǣnum on 1973 (1975 sprǣc: 67% tō wunianne),<ref name="r104">"1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum", BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm</ref> and wæs ġestaþelend þæs Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge on 1993. Þā Þrēaunga, folclic and wǣpnedlic ġewinn on Norþīralande fram ende 1960ra, man wēnþ ġeendod mid þǣre Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe 1998.<ref name="r105">Aughey, Arthur, "The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement", Routledge, 2005. https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Holland, Jack, "Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland", Henry Holt, 1999. https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. .</ref> Æfter 1970ra hindrunge and ġewinne, Thatchernes 1980ra Hīwlīce rīċe lǣdde feohlīc cræft, unġebindendnesse (þone 1986 Miclan Cnyll), sealde ūt ġemǣne weorc and cearf sealde.<ref name="r106">Dorey, Peter, "British politics since 1945", Blackwell, 1995</ref> On 1982 Argentina ġefōr on Sūþ Georgia and þā Falklandes Ēalond, ġewyrcende þone 10-wucan Falklandes Ġewinn, þone Bryten ġewann; þā ēalondes mannas ġefæstnodon Brittisc rīċe on 1983 spræce 2013. Norþsǣ ele feoh ġeīcte þone welan fram 1984.<ref name="r107">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart, "Applied Economics", Financial Times Press, 2007. http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf</ref> Gibraltar, micel wīgstōw,<ref name="r108">"Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain"</ref> ġewitnode ġemǣne ealdordōm mid Hispania on spræce 2002. Ġedǣlde rīċu wurdon ġesette for Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland on ende 20. hundġēares,<ref name="r109">Keating, Michael, "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom", Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1 January 1998</ref> æfter underfēnge þǣre Eurōpiscan Cȳþnesse Manna Rihta. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wunode mǣre miht mid fruman on þǣm Ġeānodum Þēodum and NATO.<ref name="r110">McCourt, David, "Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics", University of Michigan Press, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics</ref> === Ān and twēntigoða hundġēar === [[File:Johnson signed Brexit Withdrawal Agreement.jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson āwrītt þā Brexit ūtgangnesse ġeþingþe, 2020]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġefæstnode þā Ġeānodan Rīċu "wīg ongēan ege"<ref name="r111">McSmith, Andy, "The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq", Independent, 5 July 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html</ref> and gefeaht on Afganistan; þā Iraqes Gewinnes sendunge under Blair ġeċīgde þā mǣstan folcgewinnunge on Brytene.<ref name="r112">Adams, Tim, "'A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world?", The Observer, 11 February 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy</ref> Sēo Micle Wācung (2007–2010) slōg þone feohġemēt,<ref name="r113">"Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices)", Office for National Statistics, 20 December 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2</ref> and fyligde wāc weaxung and stillnes.<ref name="r114">Harari, Daniel, "Low growth: The economy's biggest challenge", House of Commons Library, 16 July 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/low-growth-the-economys-biggest-challenge/#:~:</ref><ref name="r115">Rees, Tom; Atkinson, "A Lost Decade Worse Than Japan's Threatens to Change UK Forever", Bloomberg News, 12 March 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/a-lost-decade-worse-than-japan-s-threatens-to-change-uk-forever</ref> Þā 2010 Cameron–Clegg ġeānung ġesette fǣsting tō cearfenne þā forlorenessa.<ref name="r116">"What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now?", BBC News, 7 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224</ref> On þǣre 2014 Scotta āgenrīċes spræce 55.3% curon tō wunianne on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r117">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> On 2016, 51.9% curon þone Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge tō forlǣtanne;<ref name="r118">Witte, Griff; Adam, "In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U.", The Washington Post, 24 June 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġewāt on 2020<ref name="r119">"Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union", BBC News, 1 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781</ref> and sēo Eurōpiscan Ġeānung–Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu fēng on 1 Þrimilces 2021.<ref name="r120">"The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement". https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en</ref><ref name="r121">"Free Trade Agreements EU-UK". https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1137</ref> Sēo COVID-19 ġewītnes slōg þone feohġemēt and þā lāre and hæfde wīde ġemǣne and þinglicē āhæfenes on 2020–2021;<ref name="r122">"Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK", gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/</ref><ref name="r123">"Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020", ons.gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020</ref><ref name="r124">Walker, Andrew, "Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD", BBC News, 10 June 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land tō nōtigenne ġefæstnodne COVID-19 sealfe, ġiefende ān þǣra swiftostena ūtsendunga.<ref name="r125">"Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination", NHS, 8 December 2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/</ref><ref name="r126">"Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved</ref> == Landgemǣre == [[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sǣgebrād þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes būtan Hetlande]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ymbfēhþ ymbe 244,376 km², þæt land 242,741 km².<ref name="r9">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, Office for National Statistics, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> Hē hæfþ mǣstne dǣl þǣra Brittiscra Īgland<ref name="r127">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> and ymbfēhþ Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan siexteoþan dǣl Īralandes and lǣsse ēalond.<ref name="r9" /> Hē līþ betweox þǣm Norþ-Ātlantiscan Sǣ and þǣre Norþsǣ; his sūþēast ġemǣre is binnan 35 km fram norþran Francrīċe ofer þā Englisce Sǣ.<ref name="r128">"United Kingdom", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom</ref> Mann, Gerseġ and Garnesīġ sind cyninges lēodland on ġeānunge mid þǣm cyninge, ac nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Bryten hīerþ hira ūtlandisce weorc. Mann līþ on þǣre Īriscan Sǣ betweox Mǣre Bryten and Īralande; þā Sǣs Ēalond līþ ūt of norþran Francrīċe. Sēo Cynelice Grēonwīces Wearde on Lundene ġesette þone Fruman Midbaugas, ġecoren on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Midbaugas Ġemōte 1884.<ref name="r129">ROG Learning Team, "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich", Royal Museums Greenwich, 23 August 2002. http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich</ref><ref name="r130">"Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be", Independent, 13 August 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm līþ betweox 49° and 61° norþ and 9° west and 2° ēast. Norþīraland hæfþ 499 km landġemǣre wiþ Īraland<ref name="r128" /> and 650 km sǣstrande.<ref name="r131">"Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum", Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum. https://library2.nics.gov.uk/pdf/dard/2014/EEUD.pdf</ref> Sǣstrand Mǣran Bryten and þǣra mǣstena ēalonda is nēah 31,368 km, þǣra Mǣre Bryten 17,820 km,<ref name="r132">Darkes, Giles, "How long is the UK coastline?", The British Cartographic Society, January 2008. http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749</ref> þēah þe ġemetu sind mislice.<ref name="r133">Weiner, Sophie, "Why it's Impossible to Accurately Measure a Coastline", Popular Mechanics, 3 March 2018. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/</ref> Sē Sǣ-ġeng (50 km, 38 km under wætere) is sē langesta under-wæteres ġang on worulde.<ref name="r134">"The Channel Tunnel", Eurotunnel. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure</ref> Fēower eorþlicu cynn wudu sind: Celtisce brādlēafwudas, Englisce Lāgland bōcwudas, Norþ-Ātlantisce wǣte ġemengde wudas and Caledonisce fyrwudas.<ref name="r135">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", BioScience, 2017</ref> Wudu þeahte 3.25 mīliona hektara on 2023, 13% þæs landes.<ref name="r136">"Woodland Statistics, Key findings", Forest Research. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/</ref> === Weder === Mǣst þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes is ġemetfæst, cōl mid genihtsumum rēne ġēares ymbhwyrft.<ref name="r128" /> Hǣto ne feallaþ oft under 0 C oþþe ofer 30 C.<ref name="r137">"Hottest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html; "Coldest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html</ref> Þā ūplandu Englalandes, Wēala, Norþīralandes and mǣstes Scotlandes habbaþ sǣlīce lytelmeorfeld weder; hēah Scotland is ċeald and norþlic, þā munta hæbbaþ ċeald.<ref name="r138">"English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version)", 9 August 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg</ref> Þā sūþwestenan windas brengaþ milde wǣte weder of þǣm Ātlantiscan Sǣ;<ref name="r128" /> þæt ēast is ġescylde and driġost, for þǣm þe mǣst rēn fielþ on þǣm westan. Þā streamas þe sind wearme fram Golfes Strēame ġiefaþ milde winter, wǣtost on þǣm westan and on hēhre eorþan. Sumor is wearmost on sūþēastan Englalande, ċealdost on norþan; hēh land hæfþ micele snāw on winter and on ǣrum lenctene.<ref name="r139">"Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)", UK Climate Projections, Met Office. http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152</ref> Sunnscīn wæs on mǣdele 1,339.7 tīda on ġēare 1971–2000<ref name="r140">"UK 1971–2000 averages", Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html</ref> and wexlaþ fram 1,200 tō nēah 1,580 tīda.<ref name="r141">"UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series", Met Office. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series</ref> Weoruldweder hæfþ swīðe unġefēlde þing; þrydda dǣl þǣra 2023 mettes pris-āstīġes wæs tō þǣm ġeteald.<ref name="r142">Smeeton, George, "Families hit by £605 food bill as extreme weather and energy crisis bites", Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, 28 November 2023. https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta of 180 on þǣm 2024 Ymbhwyrftes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r143">"2024 Environmental Performance Index", Environmental Performance Index. https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI</ref> Ǣ biddeþ nān-lǣste gasa ūtgang bī 2050.<ref name="r144">Shepheard, Marcus, "UK net zero target", Institute for Government, 20 April 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050.</ref> === Landes hīw === [[File:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|Landes hīw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] '''Englaland''' is 53% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes (130,395 km²).<ref name="r145">"England&nbsp;– Profile", BBC News, 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm</ref> Mǣst lāgland,<ref name="r146">Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd, "United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online", Atlapedia.com. http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm</ref> mid ūplandum norþwestan þǣre Tees–Exe līne. Lāglandu: Cornwalas, Nīwe Wudu, Sūþdūna, Norfolkes Brōcas; ūplandu: Sēo Mēre Landes, Pennīnes, Eoforwīcscīres Dūna, Exmōr, Dartmōr. Mǣste ēa: Temes, Sæfern, Humber. Hēhste munt Scafell Pike (978 m); mǣste ēalond Wihtland. '''Scotland''' is 32% (78,772 km²),<ref name="r147">"Scotland Facts", Scotland Online Gateway. http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html</ref> mid nēah 800 ēalondum (Hebridas, Orcadas, Hetland)<ref name="r148">Winter, Jon, "The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands", Independent, 1 June 2000. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html</ref> and is þæt muntlicste land. Sēo Hēahlandu habbaþ mǣst muntas (Cairngorms, Loch Lomond and Trossachs, Ben Nevis 1,345 m,<ref name="r149">"Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller", Ordnance Survey Blog, Ordnance Survey, 18 March 2016. https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller</ref> þǣra Brittiscra Īgland hēhste stōw<ref name="r150">"Ben Nevis Weather", Ben Nevis Weather. http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp</ref>). '''Wēalas''' is under 9% (20,779 km²),<ref name="r151">"Profile: Wales", BBC News, 9 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm</ref> mǣst muntlic, lǣs on sūþan. Snowdonia hæfþ Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa, 1,085 m), þone hēhstan Wēalisc munt.<ref name="r146" /> Hit hæfþ ofer 1,680 mīla sǣstrandes<ref name="r132" /> and ēalonda, mǣst Anglesey (''Ynys Môn''). '''Norþīraland''' (14,160 km²), tōdǣled fram Mǣran Brytene þurh þā Īriscan Sǣ and Norþ Ġeat, is mǣst hyllig. Hit hæfþ Lough Neagh (388 km², mǣste mere þǣra Brittiscra Īgland),<ref name="r152">"Geography of Northern Ireland", University of Ulster. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm</ref> Lough Erne (ofer 150 ēalond) and þone UNESCO-ġewriten Gīganta Weg. Hēhste munt: Slieve Donard, Mourne Munta (852 m).<ref name="r146" /> == Ealdordōm and þinglic rīċe == Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and þinglic folcrīċe<ref name="r153">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] . Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> under Westmynstres wīsan.<ref name="r154">Stepan, Alfred; Linz, "Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies", Journal of Democracy, 2014. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html</ref> Hē is ānrǣd ġesamnod rīċe<ref name="r155">Lewer, Andrew, "The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed", New Statesman, 5 May 2021. https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed</ref><ref name="r156">"Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy", Centre for Cities. https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951</ref> mid ealdorlicum Þinge<ref name="r157">"Parliamentary Sovereignty", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty</ref> of þǣm ġecorenan Ġemǣnena Hūse, ġeceasenan Hlāforda Hūse and þǣm Cynehelme. Ealdordōm cymþ of þǣm Cynehelme, ān āgen hēafod þe sē cyning hielt, þurh þone Þing hæfþ hēahne ǣfæstne anweald ofer weorc and dōmas;<ref name="r158">Polly Botsford, "Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins", International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins</ref><ref name="r159">"Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)", The National Archives. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10</ref><ref name="r160">"Parliament", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role</ref> ǣlāre Maurice Sunkin cwæþ þæt sē Cynehelm ġefylþ "þæt on ōþrum stōwum bēo cernlic dǣl ġewritenre ġesetnesse". Cynelic ġeþafung is nēodful for ǣm.<ref name="r161">"Royal Assent", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent</ref> Sēo ungeboced ġesetnes bestent of ǣm, dōmbōcum, ġeþingum and þēawum;<ref name="r162">Carter, Sarah, "A Guide To the UK Legal System", University of Kent at Canterbury. http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System</ref> sēo Hēah Dōmstōw ġecnāwþ underlicu ġewealdu: þinglic ealdordōm, ǣ rīċes, folcrīċe, healdan ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r163">See ''R (Miller) v Prime Minister'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] , [67] ff (rule of law), ''R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''R v Lyons'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] , [27] (international law).</ref> Cyning Carl 3 is cyning and rīċes hēafod þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes and 14 ōþra "Ġemǣnes Welan rīċa". Sē cyning hæfþ ealne weorclicne anweald swā þæs Cynehelmes ġeþwǣrung, "grundlic tō ǣ and weorce rīċes on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme",<ref name="r164">Robert Blackburn, "The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom", Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2022. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united</ref> ac māhta, ǣrest sē cynelica ġeweald, bēoþ ġemǣne ġenotode on ealdormanna rǣde. Sē cyning hæfþ "riht tō āscianne, riht tō tihtanne, and riht tō wǣrnanne"<ref name="r165">Bagehot, Walter (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> and ġeheald ġewealdu: nemnan þone formaþeġn (sē sceal habban Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe), forġiefan āgena weorþmynda, and on ealdlicum ġewealdum āfeorrian þone formaþeġn, forsacan āflīman oþþe ġeealdian, forhealdan cynelice ġeþafunge and forbēodan unrihtlic nōtung þæs wǣpnedes.<ref name="r166">David Torrance, "The Crown and the Constitution", House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf</ref> Sē formaþeġn is rīċes hēafod.<ref name="r167">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet", Public services all in one place, Directgov. http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444</ref> Rīċe, ġewissod fram þǣm Rǣde þone formaþeġn ċīest and lǣdþ, ġesetþ weorc, wīsaþ þēowdōm and þurh þone Ġeþwǣrnes Ġemōt sendeþ ġesetnessa and rǣdþ þǣm cyninge.<ref name="r168">Tim Durrant, "Cabinet", Institute for Government, 25 March 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet</ref><ref name="r169">"Parliament and Government", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/</ref><ref name="r170">Vernon Bogdanor, "The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative", Clarendon Press, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C</ref> Nēah ealle formaþeġnas wǣron Ǣresta Hlāford þæs Feohhūses, ealle sīþþan 1905;<ref name="r171">Blick, Andrew; Jones, "The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government", gov.uk, 1 January 2012. https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister</ref><ref name="r172">Brown, Jack, "The Prime Ministers", Hodder & Stoughton, 2020</ref> Ealdor for þǣm Þēodlicum Ambihte sīþþan 1968;<ref name="r173">"Minister for the Civil Service", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service</ref> Ealdor for þǣre Ġeānunge sīþþan 2019.<ref name="r174">Woodcock, Andrew, "Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union'", Independent, 26 July 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html; "Minister for the Union", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union</ref> Be þēawe sē formaþeġn is ġemǣnena þingmann and lǣdend þæs mǣstan ġesamnunga on Ġemǣnena Hūse, healdende ambiht þurh Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe.<ref name="r175">"The Cabinet Manual", gov.uk, October 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf</ref><ref name="r176">Norton, Philip, "Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution", Manchester University Press, 2020</ref> On 20 Hlīdmōnaþes 2026 sē formaþeġn is Andy Burnham, lǣdend þǣra Lǣboriscra. Þā þrēo lēodland and 14 Brittisce ofersǣwisce landu sind under Brittiscum cynehelmes ealdordōme.<ref name="r177">Palan, Rolen, "Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order", Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48</ref> Sēo 2026 V-Dem Folcrīċes Ġewritu funde folcrīċes hindrung on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r178">"Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?". https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf</ref> === Cyra === [[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Micel sandfāh hūs on Gotiscum wīsan wiþ brūne ēa. Þæt hūs hæfþ manige mǣre torras, ymbfōnde micelne clucġe-torr.|Westmynstres Healle, setl bēgra þinga hūsa]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ 650 cyrstōwa, ǣlc ċīest ānne þingmann þurh ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf cyre for oþ fīf ġēar.<ref name="r179">"General elections", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general</ref> Hīwlīce and Lǣboriscan habbaþ ealdordōm sīþþan þā 1920ra (twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnes); ōþre ġeferscipas wunnon setl ac næfre mā þonne ǣniġ þǣra.<ref name="r180">Raymond, C, "Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System", Queen's University Belfast, 2016. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf</ref> Þā 2020ra wǣcton þā twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnesse tō manig-ġeferscipes.<ref name="r181">"Sir John Curtice: Election results show politics in the UK has fragmented", BBC News, 8 May 2026. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8p4yn448vo</ref> === Landscīra tōdǣlungas === [[File:United Kingdom labelled map7 vector.svg|thumb|Þā fēower land þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] Scīra tōdǣlung ongann on Englalande and Scotlande on ǣrum mīdelealdre and ymbfēng Mǣre Bryten and Īraland ǣr nīwre tīde.<ref name="r182">Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> Ġecorene landsċīra rǣdas āwōcon þurh tōdǣlede Ǣ: Englaland and Wēalas 1888, Scotland 1889, Īraland 1898, for þǣm nis nān ġelīċ tōdǣlung ofer þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm<ref name="r183">United Nations Economic and Social Council, "Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names", UN Statistics Division, August 2007. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf</ref> and þā þrēo dōmstōwa sind tōdǣlede.<ref name="r184">Dewart, Megan, "The Scottish Legal System", Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ; "The justice system and the constitution", Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.</ref><ref name="r185">Barlow, I.M., "Metropolitan Government", Routledge, 1991</ref> '''Englaland''': ġemǣnu ġewealdung is ġewinnful; sēo hēahste dǣl is nigon rīmlice scīra.<ref name="r186">"Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network", Government Offices. http://www.gos.gov.uk/national</ref> Mǣre Lunden hæfþ ġecorenne ġesamnunge and burhgerēfan sīþþan 2000 (spræc 1998).<ref name="r187">"A short history of London government", Greater London Authority. http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp</ref> '''Scotland''': 32 rǣdscīra swīðe mislice brādnesse (Glasgow, Eadenburg, Aberdeen, Dundee sind āsundrode; Hēahland hæfþ þriddan dǣl þæs landes ac ǣnlīċe ofer 200,000 manna); 1,223 rǣdmenn.<ref name="r188">"STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007", Political Studies Association. http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf</ref> '''Wēalas''': 22 ānlīċe ealdormannscīra (Cardiff, Swansea, Newport) ġelǣde fram rǣdes ġecorenum lǣdende and rǣdgeþōhte; cyra ǣlċe fēower ġēar mid ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf.<ref name="r189">"Unitary authorities", Welsh Government, 2014. http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en</ref> '''Norþīraland''': sīþþan 2015, 11 landscīra rǣdas ġecorene mid ānum ġeferrǣdenum cyre mid lytlum māhtum (āscrēadung, hunda eġe, wyrttūnas, byrġenna),<ref name="r190">Devenport, Mark, "NI local government set for shake-up", BBC News, 18 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm</ref> forġiefende 26 landscīra fram 1973 under 2008 ealdormannes dōme.<ref name="r191">"Foster announces the future shape of local government", Northern Ireland Executive, 13 March 2008. http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm</ref> === Ġedǣlede māhta === [[File:Council of Nations and Regions (54059219744) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Keir Starmer mētt þā Ǣrestan Ealdormenn Scotlandes, Norþīralandes and Wēala]] Ġedǣlede māhta hæfþ sīþþan 1999 ġeseald Scotlande, Norþīralande and Wēalum āgen rīċu and þing for ġedǣldum þingum;<ref name="r192">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", United Kingdom Government. https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations; "Country Overviews: United Kingdom", Transport Research Knowledge Centre. http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm</ref> māhta sind mid Scottiscum Rīċe, Wēalisce Rīċe, Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and, on Englalande, strǣtlicum ealdormannum (Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm, ġeānode ealdordōmas, ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas).<ref name="r193">Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, "Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials", Oxford University Press, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3</ref> Þæt Scottisce Þing hæfþ þā wīdestan māhta, "an þǣra mihtigestena ġedǣldra þinga on worulde".<ref name="r194">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk. https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref><ref name="r195">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> Cynelice þing ne sind ġedǣlde, for þǣm under þinglicum ealdordōme Westmynster mihte on ġeþōhte ofġeān þæt Scottisce Þing, Senedd oþþe Norþīrisce Ġesamnung,<ref name="r196">Burrows, N., "Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998", The Modern Law Review, 1999; Elliot, M., "United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure", International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2004</ref> þēah þe sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 2016 and sēo Wēala Ǣ 2017 cweþaþ þā Scottiscan and Wēalisce rīċu "ǣfæst dǣl þǣra Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġesetnessa".<ref name="r197">"Scotland Act 2016", Gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.</ref><ref name="r198">"Wales Act 2017". https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted</ref> Ofġeān wæs þinglīċe swǣr for þǣm þe bēgen wǣron ġeworhte þurh sprǣce,<ref name="r199">Gamble, A., "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom", Publius, 2006</ref> and swǣrra on Norþīralande, þǣr ġedǣlde māhta restaþ on ġeþēodlicre ġeþingþe mid Īralande.<ref name="r200">Meehan, E., "The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme", Parliamentary Affairs, 1999</ref> Ān 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ þǣra ġedǣldra þinga feohlica māhta. ==== Englaland ==== Englaland hæfþ nān ġedǣlde rīċe oþþe þēodlic Þing;<ref name="r201">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 21 June 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.</ref> ġedǣlung tō landscīra ealdormannum ongann 1998.<ref name="r202">"Devolution explained", Local Government Association. https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained</ref> Sēo Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm (Burhhūs), ġesett æfter spræce 1998, hæfþ ġeriht ġecorenne burhgerēfan and Lundenes Ġesamnunge þe ofersihþ þone burhgerēfan. Ġeānode ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Ġemǣne Rǣde, Weorces Weaxunge and Getimbrunge 2009) ġeþafiaþ landscīra ealdormannum tō ġeānianne weorc and underfōn ġedǣlede weorc for wǣgum and feohlicum ġesetnessum;<ref name="r203">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 6 March 2023. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution</ref> ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Uplyftunge and Edniwunge 2023) sind ġelīċe ac ānlīċe ġewrohte þurh scīra rǣdas and ānlīċe ealdormannscīra.<ref name="r204">"Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities", Local Government Lawyer, 6 April 2023. https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities</ref> ==== Scotland ==== [[File:First Minister meets Prime Minister (53840421342).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Starmer mētt þone Ǣrestan Ealdormann John Swinney]] Sīþþan 1999 hæfþ Scotland ġedǣlde rīċe and Þing mid mihte ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre;<ref name="r205">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", parliament.scot, Scottish Parliament. https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref><ref name="r206">"Scotland's Parliament&nbsp;– powers and structures", BBC News, 8 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm</ref> hit hæfþ þā mǣstan ġedǣlde māhta, mid fullum ġeweald ofer lāre, ǣ and frīþ, feohġemēt, hǣlþe, cyra, Cynehelmes Eard Scotlandes, ġetimbrunge and hūs.<ref name="r207">"Devolved and Reserved Matters - Visit & Learn Scottish Parliament", 22 July 2017. http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> Þā Scotlandes Ǣ 2012 and 2016 ġeīcton gafoles māhta (full income gafol on weorces ġewinne, Landes and Getimbres Gafol, Fylþes Gafol, Sandes Gafol, Lyftfaru Gafol, Scotlandes Ġerihtu) and dǣlas þæs orþances (nīwlicu, ġeþwǣrnes, onlandes ele and gæs ġeleafa).<ref name="r208">"What the Scottish Government does", Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/</ref><ref name="r205" /> Sēo 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ feohlica māhta. Þæt Scottisce Rīċe is SNP lǣsse rīċe<ref name="r209">"Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads", Institute for Government, 26 April 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads</ref> ġelǣd fram Ǣrestum Ealdormanne John Swinney. On þǣre 2014 spræce 55.3% curon ongēan āgenrīċe, 44.7% for. Þæt āsundrode Scottisce Þing hæfþ 129 MSP, ġewyrcþ Scottisce ǣ and ġesihþ þæt rīċe þurh spræce, ġemǣnu gemōta and āscunge.<ref name="r208" /> ==== Wēalas ==== Wēalas hæfþ ġedǣlde rīċe and ǣ-ġesetnesse, þæt Senedd, sīþþan 1999. Senedd cyra nōtodon þone ēacan-ġeferan wīsan oþ 2026, þā ġesetnes ġeclysed-liste mid rīm-ġeþwǣrnesse hine āwrǣced and ġeferan wēoxon fram 60 tō 96 (16 siex-ġeferan cyrstōwa). Māhta sind lǣsse þonne Scotlandes;<ref name="r210">"Structure and powers of the Assembly", BBC News, 9 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm</ref> hit mæg ǣ settan ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre. Þæt Wēalisce Rīċe is Plaid Cymru lǣsse rīċe under Ǣrestum Ealdormanne Rhun ap Iorwerth. ==== Norþīraland ==== Ġedǣlung restaþ on þǣre 1998 Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe, sēo ġeendode þā 30-ġēara þinglice–þēodlice Þrēaunga, wæs ġefæstnod þurh spræce and ġesette māhta dǣl: þā Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and Ġesamnunge.<ref name="r211">"Good Friday Agreement: What is it?", BBC News, 3 April 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177</ref> Sēo Ġesamnung nōtaþ ānne ġeferrǣdenne cyre; māhta sind ġelīċe Scotlandes.<ref name="r212">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", GOV.UK, 8 May 2019. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland</ref> Sēo Ealdorrǣde is ġelǣd fram þǣre þinglicre–þēodlicre twām-ealdormanne;<ref name="r213">"Your Executive", Northern Ireland Executive, 25 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive</ref> sē Ǣresta Ealdorman and sē Ōþer Ǣresta Ealdorman sind ġemǣne rīċes hēafdu.<ref name="r214">"Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles?", BBC News, 15 May 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736</ref><ref name="r215">"Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code", 28 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code</ref> === Ūtlandisc ġeþingþu === [[File:Trump-Starmer bilateral 2025-02-27-16-07.jpg|thumb|Starmer and þæs Ġeānodan Rīċes ealdormann Donald Trump hrīnaþ handa, Solmōnaþ 2025]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ǣfæst mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and belimpþ tō NATO, AUKUS, þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela, G7, G20, OECD, WTO, Eurōpiscum Rǣde and OSCE.<ref name="r216">May, Theresa, "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50", 29 March 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50</ref> Sēo Brittisce Rǣd wircþ on ofer 100 landum. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ġīet mǣru miht mid mǣrum þinglicum, þēawlicum, feohlicum and wīglicum āhefedum.<ref name="r217">Paul, T.V.; Wirtz, "Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century", Stanford University Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59</ref><ref name="r218">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18023389</ref> Hē hæfþ "Syndrig Frēondscipe" mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and "Heortlic Ġeþingþu" mid Francrīċe, dǣlende cernelwǣpna cræft mid bēgum;<ref name="r219">Swaine, Jon, "Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown", The Telegraph, 13 January 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html</ref><ref name="r220">Kirchner, Emil Joseph; Sperling, "Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century", Routledge, 2007</ref> þæt Angelseaxisc-Portugalisc Ġeþingþu is þæt ealdoste ġebunden wīglic ġeþingþu on worulde. Mid Īralande hē dǣlþ þone Ġemǣne Færeldes Eard and wircþ þurh þā Brittisc-Īrisce Ealdorrǣde Ġesamnunge and þā Brittisc-Īrisce Rǣd. Cēap, ġeearnung, ġifu and wīglice ġewinnu ġeīcaþ his miht.<ref name="r221">The Committee Office, House of Commons, "DFID's expenditure on development assistance", UK Parliament, 19 February 2009. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm</ref> === Wīgfyrd === [[File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png|thumb|Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ofersǣwisce wīgstōwa and weorc]] Þā Brittiscan Wǣpned Fyrda sind sēo Cynelice Sǣfyrd and Cynelice Sǣmenn (Sǣ Ambiht), sē Brittisca Here and sēo Cynelice Lyftfyrd,<ref name="r222">"Ministry of Defence", Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home</ref> ġeweald fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ambihte and ġewissod fram þǣm Wīgrǣde ġelǣd fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ealdormanne. Sē cyning is Fyrdes Hēafod, þǣm þā mannas āþas swerian.<ref name="r223">"Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II", UK Parliament, 30 March 2012. http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen</ref> Hīe healdaþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm and ofersǣwisce landu, tēoþ woruldlicne frīþ and sceppaþ frīþweardas, and nimaþ dǣl on NATO (ġeclypod þone Ġeāpanedan Ġeþwǣrnes Cumpanie), þǣm Fīf Mihta Wīglicum Ġeþingþum, RIMPAC and ġewinnum. Ofersǣwisce wīcstōwa and tācna: Ascension Ēalond, Bahrain, Belize, Brunei, Cenede, Cypre, Diego Garcia, Falklandes Ēalond, Þēodland, Gibraltar, Kenya, Oman, Qatar, Singapore.<ref name="r224">"House of Commons Hansard", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0; "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002)", Publications.parliament.uk. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfde þone siexteoðan oþþe fīftan hēahstan wīgfēoh on worulde on 2025 (SIPRI, IISS);<ref name="r225">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2025", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2026. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2</ref><ref name="r226">"The Military Balance 2026: Global defence spending", IISS. https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/2026/the-military-balance-2026/global-defence-spending/</ref> 2024 wīgfēoh wæs ymbe 2.3% þæs feohġemētes.<ref name="r227">"Rishi Sunak vows to boost UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030", BBC News, 24 April 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171</ref> Æfter-Cealdes Ġewinnes rǣd wēnþ "þā swȳþestan fandunga" ġewurþaþ on ġesamnunge.<ref name="r228">''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref> === Ǣ and wītes dōm === [[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hēah Dōmstōw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, ġecyrrunge dōmstōw]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ nān āna ǣ-ġesetnesse, for þǣm þā 1706 Ġeānung ġehēold Scotlandes āsundrode ǣ;<ref name="r18" /> his þrēo ġesetnessa sind Englisc ǣ, Norþīrisc ǣ and Scottisc ǣ. Sēo Hēah Dōmstōw āwrǣce þā Hlāforda Ġecyrrunge-nefnde on Hāligmōnaþe 2009.<ref name="r229">"UK Supreme Court judges sworn in", BBC News, 1 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm; "Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", Department for Constitutional Affairs, July 2003. http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf</ref> Sē Ealdorrǣdes Dōmnefnd, mid þǣm sylfum limum, is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge-dōmstōw for māniġum Ġemǣnum Welum, ofersǣwiscum landum and cyninges lēodlandum.<ref name="r230">"Role of the JCPC", Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html</ref> Englisc ǣ (Englaland and Wēalas) and Norþīrisc ǣ sind ġemǣne ǣ-ġesetnessa,<ref name="r231">Bainham, Andrew, "The international survey of family law: 1996", Martinus Nijhoff, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298</ref> onginnende on mīdelealdre Englalande and ġrundlic manigum ǣ-ġesetnessum wīde.<ref name="r232">"Common Law", Britannica, 19 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law</ref> Englalandes and Wēala dōmstōwa sind ġelǣde fram þǣm Hēahum Dōmstōwum: Ġecyrrunge Dōmstōw, Hēah Dōmstōw Rihtes (ċierlīc) and Cynehelmes Dōmstōw (wītlic).<ref name="r233">"The Australian courts and comparative law", Australian Law Postgraduate Network. http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66</ref> Scottisc ǣ is ġemengd of ġemǣnre and ċierlicre ǣ; hēafod dōmstōwa sind Sittungdōmstōw (ċierlic)<ref name="r234">"Court of Session&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp</ref> and Hēah Rihtes Dōmstōw (wītlic);<ref name="r235">"High Court of Justiciary&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp</ref> þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Hēah Dōmstōw is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge dōmstōw for Scottiscre ǣ ċierlicum þingum.<ref name="r236">"House of Lords&nbsp;– Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm</ref> Þæt wītlice ǣ-ġesetnes hæfþ lǣsse ġeprīdede and dōmstōwa ġetēling for sumum misdǣdum.<ref name="r237">Lovett, Jo; Hales, "What can We Learn from Police Data About Timeliness in Rape and Serious Sexual Offence Investigations in England and Wales?", International Criminology, 2022</ref> Ġewritene misdǣda on Englalande and Wēalum rison 1981–1995 and fēollon 66% fram 1995 tō 2015.<ref name="r238">"Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015", UK Government Web Archive, Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf</ref> Weorces ǣ sylþ lǣstan lēan, tō lǣstan 28 dagas ġēarlices frēolses, cildes lēafe, ǣ-ġesett untrumnesse lēan and ealdorlēan. Ġelīċra-hādes weddung is ġeriht on Englalande, Scotlande and Wēalum sīþþan 2014 and Norþīralande sīþþan 2020;<ref name="r239">Wratten, Marcus, "Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage", PinkNews, 3 July 2023. https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/</ref> LGBT efenlicnes is ġeteald tō fyrstan.<ref name="r240">"The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023", Asher & Lyric, 5 June 2023. https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/</ref><ref name="r241">R. Flores, Andrew, "Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations", Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/</ref> Sīþþan Brexit, mǣst Ġeānodan Cynedōmes–Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge ġewinnu sind ġesehte þurh sprǣce, siþþan þurh dōm ġif bedēd, ġewunelīċe on þǣm PCA on Den Haag.<ref name="r120" /><ref name="r242">"Disputes under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement", Institute for Government, November 2021. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/disputes-trade-and-cooperation-agreement</ref><ref name="r243">"Sandeel fishing ban to remain in place", BBC, 2 May 2025. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgrwxxzxkjo</ref> Þā Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu nēodaþ "fulle ġemǣne ēawe and gōd ġetrūwþe" under ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r244">"Good Faith in Public Law", ox.ac.uk, 20 January 2022. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-20-good-faith-public-law</ref> Under þǣm Windlēasan Wīsan, Norþīralandes þing þe nēodiaþ Eurōpiscre ǣ ġecnāwunge gāþ tō þǣm ECJ, þēah sē Stormontes Gescylde mæg forbēodan nīwe Eurōpiscan ġesetnessa. == Feohġemēt == [[File:Bank junction - 2020-09-20 (2).jpg|thumb|Cyre of Lundene fram Bank Junction; Lunden is Eurōpes mǣste feohmiðdel]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ swīðe ġewuxen ġemǣne cēapes feohġemēt.<ref name="r245">Thane, Pat, "The Origins of the British Welfare State", The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2019</ref><ref name="r246">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, "Applied Economics", 16 July 2011. http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf</ref> Heahnes GDP wæs ymbe £2.819 bīlion on 2025,<ref name="r10">"World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition)", www.imf.org, International Monetary Fund, 13 October 2026. https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)</ref> fīfta mǣste on worulde and ōþer on Eurōpe. Sterling is sēo fēorþe mǣste ġecēapode feoh and fēorþe mǣste weard-feoh æfter þǣm dolore, euro and yen,<ref name="r247">"World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves", IMF Data. https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175</ref> healdende hēahne wurþ þurh langne stillnesse and nān eald ġeændrunge. Sīþþan 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is sē fēorþa mǣsta ūtsendend<ref name="r248">"Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD?end=2024&most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> and infōrend<ref name="r249">"Imports of goods and services (current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> ġōda and weorces. Þēah þe hē hæfþ ān þǣra hēahstena OECD ġemǣne ungelīcnessa,<ref name="r250">Francis-Devine, Brigid, "House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK.", UK Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/</ref><ref name="r251">"Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data", theOECD. http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm</ref> his Weorces Ġeþinges rīm is swīðe hēah, ēac ġeþwǣrod ungelīcnesse. On 2025 weorclēast wæs 4.7%<ref name="r252">Labiak, Mitchell; Smith, "UK jobs market weakens as unemployment rate rises", www.bbc.com, 17 July 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg754negn75o</ref> and ġewisse GDP for ǣlcum hēafde weaxung 1.1%.<ref name="r253">"GDP quarterly national accounts, UK", Office for National Statistics, 2026. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/quarterlynationalaccounts/octobertodecember2025</ref> Þæt HM Feohhūs, ġelǣd fram þǣm Scatthyrde, wīsaþ ġemǣne feoh and feohġemētes rǣd; þæt Ambiht for Cēape and Handele ymbfēhþ cēap, handel and weorc. Þā Engla Banc is sēo ealdor banc and sylþ sterlinges sceattas and mynet; bancas on Scotlande and Norþīralande magon āgene sceattas sellan ġif hīe sind underlecgede mid genihtsumum Engla Bance sceattum. [[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|Engla Banc, ealdor banc þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] === Cræftas and þēnunga === [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|Concorde, ofer-hlūdlic lyftscip]] Þēnung wæs ymbe 80% GVA on 2023.<ref name="r254">Hutton, Georgina, "Industries in the UK", UK Parliament: House of Commons Library, 3 October 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sēo ōþre mǣste þēnunga ūtsendend on 2023<ref name="r255">"Service exports (BoP, current US$)", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false</ref> and mǣste nētto-ūtsendend feohlicra þēnunga on 2024.<ref name="r256">"UK leads world in financial services trade surplus", TheCityUK, 15 January 2025. https://www.thecityuk.com/news/uk-leads-world-in-financial-services-trade-surplus/</ref> Lunden hæfþ 37.8% þæs ġeþēodlicre feoh-wexles ymbhwyrftes (2022),<ref name="r257">"BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2025 – UK Data", Bank of England, 30 September 2025. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2025/september/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets</ref> is Eurōpe mǣste burglic feohġemēt<ref name="r258">Florida, Richard, "The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations", Bloomberg, 16 March 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations</ref> and mid Nīwan Eoforwīce sēo burg mǣst ġeānod mid þǣm ġeþēodlicum feohġemēte;<ref name="r259">"World Cities 2024", GaWC. https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/</ref> hēo wæs ōþer on þǣm 2025 Ġeþēodlicra Feohmidla Rīmbēc, Eadenburg (þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ōþer feohmiddel) 29.<ref name="r260">"GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance", www.longfinance.net. https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/</ref> Cræft on 2024 wæs þæt tēoðe mǣste on worulde and þæt fēorþe on Eurōpe be ūtfōre;<ref name="r261">"World Bank Open Data", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> hit ġewrōhte 8% þæs weorces folces and 8.6% þæs ūtfōres æt ende 2024.<ref name="r262">"Manufacturing industries: Economic indicators", House of Commons Library, 22 May 2025. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn05206/</ref> On 2017 þā Ēast and West Midlandes hæfdon þā hēahstan cræftes weorces dǣlas (12.6% and 11.8%), Lunden þone lǣstan (2.8%).<ref name="r263">Hennik Research. [http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf ''Annual Manufacturing Report: 2017'' (Dec. 2016)]</ref> Ġefēr is ġemǣre;<ref name="r264">Chan, Kelvin, "King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy", fortune.com, 25 April 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/</ref> ġescēpnessa cræftas wǣron 5.9% GVA on 2019<ref name="r265">"DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added</ref> and £111 þūsend mīliona on 2018.<ref name="r266">"UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour</ref> Lloyd's of London is sēo mǣste ġeþicgan and oferġeþicgan cēapstōw on worulde;<ref name="r267">"Lloyd's of London – value proposition", Lloyd's of London. https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder</ref> WPP is on þǣra mǣstra cȳþnessa cēapes;<ref name="r268">"Rankings 2025 - Creative 100", WARC. https://www.warc.com/creative/rankings/creative-100</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is on þǣm lǣdendestan cēapstōwum on Eurōpe and his mǣsta ēac-cēapes feohġemēt, mid nytlicre ġiefe ofer US$2 bīlion on 2023, Eurōpes ōþer mǣsta.<ref name="r269">"Retail", great.gov.uk. https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/</ref><ref name="r270">"Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$)", World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true</ref> John Lewis is þæt mǣste weorcmanna-āgen Brittisc weorc.<ref name="r271">"Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us". https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/</ref> Wægna ūtfōr is £47 þūsend mīliona (12% þǣra ġōda ūtfōres); 2024 weorc wæs 779,584 fērenda and 125,649 cēaplicra wægna, 8 of 10 ūtsende.<ref name="r272">"SMMT Motor Industry Facts 2025", SMMT, 15 May 2025. https://www.smmt.co.uk/smmt-motor-industry-facts-2025/</ref> Naman sind Mini, Jaguar, Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Range Rover;<ref name="r273">"Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2", Auto Express, 19 November 2020. https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2</ref> 1.59 mīliona orþancas wǣron getimbrod on 2024 and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þridda mǣsta orþanca ūtsendend on 2023.<ref name="r274">"Combustion Engines", OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines</ref> Wægna plega is ymbe £10 þūsend mīliona on ġēare;<ref name="r275">"UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary</ref> seofon of endleofan Formula One ġeferscipa sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes. Lyftcræft is þæt ōþer mǣste on worulde, ymbhwyrft ymbe £30 þūsend mīliona;<ref name="r276">"United Kingdom - Country Commercial Guide: Aerospace and Defense", International Trade Administration, 3 November 2023. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-aerospace-and-defense</ref><ref name="r277">Tovey, Alan, "Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings", The Telegraph, 29 June 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its</ref> steorrancræft wæs wyrþ £17.5 þūsend mīliona 2020/21 mid ymbe 48,800 weorca,<ref name="r278">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", UKspace, 27 March 2023. https://www.ukspace.org/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-17-5-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow/</ref><ref name="r279">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", gov.uk, 29 March 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-175-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōmes Steorrancræftes Ambiht cwæþ on 2023 þæt hē ġiefþ £1.6 þūsend mīliona on steorrancræftes weorcum.<ref name="r280">"New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power</ref> Landbūnes weorc is fæstlīc, wel ġewēaldod and nytlic, sellende ymbe 60% þæs mettes nēode (73% ēðellicra cynna) mid 0.9% weorcmanna (292,000); ymbe twā þriddan nīetenu, ān þriddan æcerland.<ref name="r281">"UK Food Security Index 2024", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024;"Agricultural workforce in England at 1 June 2023", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023</ref> Fiscnoþ is lǣsse ac ġemǣne, mid tō lǣstan 49% þurh ġecynd ġefangen on 2020;<ref name="r282">"Sustainable fisheries: fish stocks harvested within safe limits", JNCC. https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b2-sustainable-fisheries</ref> sǣlicre ġecynde weorþ wæs ġeteald £211 þūsend mīliona on 2021.<ref name="r283">"Marine accounts, natural capital, UK: 2021", ONS, 6 April 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/marineaccountsnaturalcapitaluk/2021</ref> Wēaldend sind col, ele, gæs, tin, cealc-stān, īsenmalm, sealt, clǣg, cealc, gypsum, lēad, flint and æcerland.<ref name="r284">"Coal", BGS Minerals UK. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html</ref> === Cræft and orþanc === [[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|Cambridge Cræftes Pearroc; sē Cambridge ġesamnung is Eurōpes mǣste smēaunge cræftes and wīsdōmes ġesamnung]] Englaland and Scotland lǣddon þā Wīsdōmes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare; sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm lǣdde þā Cræftes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm eahtateoðan.<ref name="r285">Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. .</ref><ref name="r286">Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336.</ref> Mǣre menn: Isaac Newton (ǣ þæs styrunga, hefignes),<ref name="r287">Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] . Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. .</ref> Charles Darwin (ġecynd þurh ġecynd cyre), James Clerk Maxwell (ealdlic leohtcræft) and Stephen Hawking (heofoncræft, dǣl-hefignes, sweart holu).<ref name="r288">Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] . London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. .</ref> Þæt Ambiht for Wīsdōme, Nīwnesse and Cræfte wīsaþ wīsdōmes and cræftes weorc. Hēahscōla wircaþ wīsdōmes lāndas tō ġeānianne mid cræfte.<ref name="r289">Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. .</ref> On 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġeworhte 6.0% þǣra woruldlicra wīsdōmes ġewrita and 8.8% þǣra ġecīgunga (fēorþa and þridda hēahste betwux G7 and Brazil, Chīna, Indea, Russland, Sūþ Korea) and wæs ǣrest for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<ref name="r290">"International comparison of the UK research base, 2025", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġewritu sind þā Cynelicre Ġesamnunge, ''Nature'', ''British Medical Journal'' and ''The Lancet''.<ref name="r291">McCook, Alison, "Is peer review broken?", The Scientist, 2006. http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm</ref> Be 2024 sē cræftes dǣl wæs US$1.2 bīlion wyrþ, mā þonne Frencisc and Þēodisc dǣlas tōgædere;<ref name="r292">Greenberg, Elizabeth, "UK Innovation Economy Worth a Combined $1.2 trillion", Digit News, 14 January 2025. https://www.digit.fyi/uk-innovation-economy-worth-a-combined-1-2-trillion/</ref> Cambridge wæs ǣrest on worulde for āwreccenne gesǣlige cræftes ġestaþelas.<ref name="r293">"UK tech sector retains #1 spot in Europe and #3 in world as sector resilience brings continued growth", gov.uk, 21 December 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-tech-sector-retains-1-spot-in-europe-and-3-in-world-as-sector-resilience-brings-continued-growth</ref> Sēo orþanc-ġerǣdes cræft is Eurōpes mǣste be wyrþe<ref name="r294">"UK AI sector most valuable in Europe, new report reveals", Holyrood, 11 June 2024. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,uk-ai-sector-most-valuable-in-europe-new-report-reveals</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta wīde on Stanfordes 2026 ġerǣdes ġewrite<ref name="r295">"Which countries are leading in AI? | Stanford HAI", hai.stanford.edu. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/global-vibrancy-tool</ref> and siexta on þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Nīwnesse Rīmbēc 2025 and 2026.<ref name="r296">"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025", WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-kingdom</ref><ref name="r297">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, "Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2025. https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html</ref><ref name="r298">World Intellectual Property Organization, "WIPO Global Innovation Index 2026: Switzerland, Sweden, US, Republic of Korea and Singapore Top Ranking; AI Reshaping Innovation Investments as Deep Science Startups Top $7.6 Trillion", www.wipo.int, September 29, 2026. https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2026/article_0014.html</ref><ref name="r299">World Intellectual Property Organization, "Global Innovation Index 2026: Powering Entrepreneurs at the Frontier of Science", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2026-09-29. https://tind.wipo.int/record/59194</ref> === Færeld === [[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|Swift ēast-strǣte īsenweġes færeld, Northumberland]] [[File:London City Airport Sunset.jpg|thumb|Lyftscip āstīgende æt Lundenes Burglyftstōwe]] Færeld ride on þǣre winstran; fērlēng and ðrǣd ġemet nōtiaþ mīla, ġierda and mīla on tīde; wægnas habbaþ riht-handlic stīran. Þæt ġebrǣdde weġnet hæfþ 29,145 mīla mǣra wega, 2,173 mīla mōtweġa and 213,750 mīla ġeweġodra wega.<ref name="r128" /> Sēo M25 ymb Lundene is þæt mǣste and bysgeste ymbweġ on worulde.<ref name="r300">Moran, Joe, "Reading the Everyday", Routledge, 16 November 2005. https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora</ref> Þǣr wǣron 41.7 mīliona ġeārihtra wægna on 2024.<ref name="r301">"General facts and figures about roads and road use". https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility</ref> Þæt īsenweġa net is 10,072 mīla. Brittisc Īsenweġ wæs āgenlīce āgen 1994–1997, ġefylġed þurh hrædlicne færeldes weaxunge; Mǣre Brittiscan Īsenweġas is ġeplanod ealdormannlic nefnd tō ofersēonne Mǣran Bryten īsenweġ. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs eahtoða betwux Eurōpiscum īsenweġum on þǣm 2017 Eurōpiscan Īsenweġes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r302">Sylvain Duranton; Agnès Audier, "The 2017 European Railway Performance Index", Boston Consulting Group, 18 April 2017. https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx</ref> Eurostar rīdeþ Lunden–Pārīs<ref name="r303">"London to Paris Trains", Eurostar. https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris</ref> þurh þone Sǣ-ġeng (23.5 mīla, sē langesta under-sǣ ġang on worulde);<ref name="r304">"Channel Tunnel, Tunnel, Europe", Britannica, 10 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel</ref> LeShuttle bærþ wægnas. Sēo Elizabeth līne, ġenemned for Cwēne Elizabeth 2 on 2016, wearð opened on 2022.<ref name="r305">"Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled", BBC News, 2 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051; Leftly, Mark, "Crossrail delayed to save £1bn", Independent, 29 August 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html</ref><ref name="r306">"Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen", Transport for London. https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen</ref> Hēah Swiftnes 2 (under timbrunge sīþþan 2019) ġeānaþ Lundene and Birmingham, mid mōglicre norþlicre ġeīcunge and swiftnessum oþ 225 mīla on tīde.<ref name="r307">"What is HS2", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2</ref><ref name="r308">"HS2 Trains", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/</ref> Þǣr wǣron 4 þūsend mīliona bus ġefēra on 2023, 1.8 þūsend mīliona on Lundene;<ref name="r309">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 Domestic Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-domestic-travel</ref> sē rēada twā-ġedeorfan bus is tācn Lundenes and Englalandes.<ref name="r310">"Our Collection", icons.org.uk. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html</ref> Lundenes net rīdeþ ofer 6,800 wucan-dagas færelda on ofer 700 wegum for ymbe 6 mīliona farendra, Eurōpes mǣste.<ref name="r311">[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref> Brittisce lyftstōwa ġeēodon nēah 292.5 mīliona farendra on 2024; mǣste wǣron Heathrow (83.9 mīliona), Gatwick (43.2 mīliona) and Manchester (30.8 mīliona).<ref name="r312">"Size of Reporting Airports 2024", Civil Aviation Authority. https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/11910/4d230d1f-dab6-4c1a-992a-431b9cca89a2/16918</ref> Heathrow, 15 mīla west fram Lundene, is sēo ōþre bysgeste lyftstōw on worulde and hæfþ þā mǣstan ġeþēodlicran farendan; hēo is hnitu for Brittiscum Lyftweġum and Virgin Atlantic.<ref name="r313">"Heathrow 'needs a third runway'", BBC News, 25 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm; "Statistics: Top 30 World airports", Airports Council International, July 2008. http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf</ref><ref name="r314">"BMI being taken over by Lufthansa", BBC News, 29 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm</ref> On 2023, 18.3 mīliona farendra fērdon ġeþēodlīċe þurh īsenweġ and 18.1 mīliona ofer sǣ.<ref name="r315">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 International Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-international-travel</ref> === Orþanc === On 2021 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē fēowerteoða mǣsta orþanc-brūcend and twā-and-twēntigoða mǣsta wyrhta;<ref name="r316">"United Kingdom Energy Profile", U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR</ref> BP and Shell, twā of þǣm siex mǣstum ele and gæs ġeferscipum, sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r317">Mason, Rowena, "Let the battle begin over black gold", The Telegraph, 24 October 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html; Heath, Michael, "RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term", Bloomberg, 26 November 2010. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html</ref> [[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Wind-wyrhtan æt Ardrossan, Scotland]] Nīwlicu orþancas ġeaf 51% Ġeānodan Cynedōmes lēohtes on 2024; wind wæs sēo mǣste wylle mid 30%.<ref name="r318">"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2024 Review", NESO. https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þone mǣstan sǣ wind-tūn on worulde, ūt of Eoforwīcscīre.<ref name="r319">"Wind energy in the UK: June 2021", UK Government, 14 June 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021</ref> On 2023 nigon cernelwǣpna weorc ġeafon ymbe 15% lēohtes, mid twām under timbrunge and mā ġeplanode;<ref name="r320">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx</ref><ref name="r321">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association, April 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html</ref><ref name="r322">"Nuclear energy: What you need to know", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know</ref> cernelwǣpna ġeaf ymbe 25% on þǣm endum 1990ra. Þæt rīċe fēhþ on lǣsse ġemetfæste cernelweorc and bryne-ġerǣdes smēaunge, and ġeþingode on ende 2023 mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ġeþingþe on bryne "tō ġewyrcenne cræftlic net-ġeara bryne weorc oþ 2040".<ref name="r323">Belderbos, Harriet, "UKAEA implementing the UK's fusion energy strategy", Open Access Government, 7 March 2024. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ukaea-implementing-the-uks-fusion-energy-strategy/174384/;"UK nuclear fusion reactor sets new world record for energy output". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2415909-uk-nuclear-fusion-reactor-sets-new-world-record-for-energy-output/</ref> On ende 2023 sǣ ġeheald wæs 1.1 þūsend mīliona tunnena ele-efenwyrþes ġeprōfodes and ġelīclices gæses and 2.3 þūsend mīliona boe ele;<ref name="r324">"UK Oil and Gas Reserves and Resources", North Sea Transition Authority. https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes gæs ūtgang is ymbe fēower sīþum lǣsse þonne infōrena LNG, be þǣm ġewissere.<ref name="r325">"North Sea oil and gas claims fact-checked", BBC, 22 January 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67945281</ref> Sē ǣfterra col ġewyrcende weorc ġeendode on Hlīdmōnaþe 2024.<ref name="r318" /> Nān scīfer-gæs brecing weorþeþ þēah micel ġeheald, for ġecynd ġeortrūwunge.<ref name="r326">"UK's last fracking wells to be filled with cement despite dwindling gas stocks", City AM, 29 January 2025. https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/</ref> === Wæter and sewere === Infær tō ġebēttum wætere and sewere is eallum;<ref name="r327">"Sewage Treatment in the UK", assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, DEFRA, March 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf</ref> 96% hūsa wǣron on þǣm sewere net on 2022. Ġemǣne wæteres oþbrēdung wæs 16,406 mīliona tunnena on dæġ on 2007.<ref name="r328">"Environment Agency". http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx</ref> Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ 10 āgenlice landscīra wæter and sewere ġeferscipas and 13 lǣssa "wæter-ānlīċe" ġeferscipas; Scotland hæfþ ġemǣne Scottisc Wæter and Norþīraland ġemǣne Norþīrisc Wæter.<ref name="r329">"About Us", niwater.com. https://www.niwater.com/about</ref> == Folcrīm == [[File:Elderly British Couple.jpg|thumb|Ealde Brittisc ġemaca; ymbe 24% manna on Englalande and Wēalum sind 60 oþþe ealdre]] Þæt 2021 rīm on Scotlande wæs ġelǣt tō 2022 for COVID-19; sēo ONS ġeteald þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes folces on 2021 66,912,637 swilce eall dǣlas wǣron ġetealde on 21 Hrēðmōnaþes 2021.<ref name="r4">"Table 06: UK06 - Ethnic group by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þæt fēorþe mǣste folc on Eurōpe and þæt twā-and-twēntigoðe mǣste on worulde. Ġebyrdu drifon weaxunge on 2012–2013 and nētto ġeþēodlic faru on 2014–2015;<ref name="r330">"Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015", Office for National Statistics, 23 June 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest</ref> 2001–2011 weaxung wæs on mǣdele 0.7% on ġēare.<ref name="r331">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021", Office for National Statistics, 21 December 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2021</ref> Folc wæs ymbe 69.5 mīliona on mīdum 2025, mid þǣre slāwestan weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332">Hymas, Charles; Corfe, "UK population growth slumps to lowest in 30 years", The Telegraph, 1 October 2026. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/10/01/uk-population-growth-lowest-three-decades/</ref> Be 2011, ofer 100 ġēar, þæs dǣles on ġēarum 0–14 fēoll fram 31% tō 18% and þæs dǣles on ġēarum 65+ rās fram 5% tō 16%.<ref name="r331" /> Mīdel ġēara wæs 41.7 on 2018.<ref name="r128" /> Þæt 2021 rīm sealde Scotlande 5.48 mīliona, Wēalum 3.1 mīliona, Norþīralande 1.9 mīliona.<ref name="r331" /> Englaland hæfde 56 mīliona on 2021, ymbe 84% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, and 434 manna/km² on mīdum 2021, on þǣm þicgestum landum on worulde, ġesamnode on Lundene<ref name="r333">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389</ref><ref name="r334">"United Kingdom - Country Profile | OpenFactBook World Factbook", openfactbook.org. https://openfactbook.org/countries/united-kingdom/</ref> and þǣm sūþēastan.<ref name="r335">Khan, Urmee, "England is most crowded country in Europe", The Telegraph, 16 September 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html</ref> Mǣre Lundenes burgland is þæt mǣste on Westeurōpe, 14.9 mīliona on 2024.<ref name="r336">"Major Agglomerations". http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Englalandes folc be scīre (2021)<ref name="r9" /> |- ! rowspan=2 | Scīr ! colspan=2 | Landes brādnes ! colspan=2 | Folc ! rowspan=2 | Þiccnes (/km²) |- ! (km²) ! (%) ! Menn ! (%) |- | Norþēast || 8,581 || 6% || 2,683,040 || 5% || 313 |- | Norþwest || 14,108 || 11% || 7,516,113 || 13% || 533 |- | Eoforwīcscīr and Humber || 15,404 || 12% || 5,541,262 || 10% || 360 |- | Ēast Midlandes || 15,624 || 12% || 4,934,939 || 9% || 316 |- | West Midlandes || 12,998 || 10% || 6,021,653 || 11% || 463 |- | Ēast Englalandes || 19,116 || 15% || 6,398,497 || 11% || 335 |- | Mǣre Lunden || 1,572 || 1% || 8,866,180 || 15% || 5,640 |- | Sūþēast || 19,072 || 15% || 9,379,833 || 16% || 492 |- | Sūþwest || 23,836 || 18% || 5,764,881 || 10% || 242 |- ! Englaland ! 130,310 ! 100% ! 57,106,398 ! 100% ! 438 |} Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġebyrdes rīm wæs 1.53 on 2021,<ref name="r337">"Vital statistics: population and health reference tables", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables</ref> micel under þǣm 1964 ġebyrdes hēahstan 2.95,<ref name="r338">Boseley, Sarah, "The question: What's behind the baby boom?", The Guardian, 14 July 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women</ref> þǣm 1815 hēahstan 6.02<ref name="r339">Roser, Max, "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR</ref> and þǣm ġeedniwunge rīme 2.1. On 2011, 47.3% ġebyrda wǣron tō ungeweddedum wīfum.<ref name="r340">[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> ONS 2015: 1.7% þǣra þe sind 16+ ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġelīċhādlīce, wīflīce oþþe twihādlīce (2.0% wera, 1.5% wīfa); 4.5% andswarodon "ōþer", "iċ nāt" oþþe nān andswaru.<ref name="r341">"Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC", Office for National Statistics, 5 October 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015</ref> Smēaung fram 2001–2008 ġeteald 65,000–300,000 ġewend-hādlicra manna.<ref name="r342">"Research report 27: Trans research review", equalityhumanrights.com. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review</ref> === Cynn === Ēðelfolc Bryttas wǣron fyrnlīċe ġeþōht cuman of folcum þe ġesǣton ǣr þǣm twelftan hundġēare: Celtas, Rōmāne, Angelseaxe, Norþmenn and Normanne; þā Wēalas magon bēon þæt ealdoste folc.<ref name="r343">"Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests", BBC News, 19 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735</ref> Nān-hwīt infærenda hæfþ lange stǣre: Liverpoolen hæfþ þæs landes ealdoste sweartne folc (of tō lǣstan þǣm 1730um)<ref name="r344">Winder, Robert, "Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain", Little, Brown Book, 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94; Costello, Ray, "Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918", Picton Press, 2001</ref> and Eurōpes ealdoste Chīniscne ġemǣnscipe (nigonteoðan hundġēar).<ref name="r345">"Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community", Chambré Hardman Trust. http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369</ref> On 2021, 83.1% wǣron hwīte, 8.6% Asiscu oþþe Asiscu Brittisce, 3.7% Sweartu oþþe Sweartu Brittisce, 2.7% ġemengde and 2.0% ōþre.<ref name="r4" /> Mislicnes is wīde: 46.2% Lundenes wæs of nān-hwītre lǣssan folce on 2021,<ref name="r346">"Regional ethnic diversity", Office for National Statistics, 22 December 2022. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/</ref> ongēan under 10% on þǣm Sūþwestan, Norþēastan, Wēalum,<ref name="r346" /> Scotlande<ref name="r347">"Ethnicity", National Records of Scotland, 4 February 2025. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/ethnicity/</ref> and Norþīralande.<ref name="r348">"MS-B01: Ethnic group", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx</ref> === Faru === [[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|Ūtlandisc ġeborene folc be ġeburh-lande, Ēastermōnaþ 2007–Hrēþmōnaþ 2008]] [[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|Ġeteald Brittisce ċierlas wunigende ofersǣwisce be lande, 2006]] Infaru ġeīcþ þæt folc;<ref name="r349">"Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high", London Evening Standard, 21 August 2008. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html</ref><ref name="r350">"Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing?", BBC News, 23 May 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695</ref> cumenda and þǣra ġebyrda cild on Brytene wǣron ymbe healf þæs weaxunge on 1991–2001. On 2014, 27% libbendra ġebyrda wǣron tō mōdrum ġeborene ūtlendisce.<ref name="r351">"Births in England and Wales: 2014", Office for National Statistics, 15 July 2015. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html</ref> Ċierlīcunga hlīfodon on ymbe 208,000 on 2013 (hēahste sīþþan 1962), fallende tō ymbe 125,800 on 2014; 2009–2013 on mǣdele 195,800 on ġēare. Hēahste fruman on 2024: Pakistan, Indea, Nigeria, Philippinas, Bangladesh, Italia, Turcland, Rūmenia, Iran. Sylnessa tō wunianne (āgen ǣfæst eardung būtan ċierlīcnesse)<ref name="r352">Blinder, Scott, "Settlement in the UK", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 11 June 2014. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk</ref> wǣron ymbe 154,700 on 2013.<ref name="r353">Blinder, Scott, "Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 27 March 2015. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf</ref> Nētto faru wæs ymbe 860,000 on 2023 (infaru 1.326 mīliona, ūtfaru 466,000), wæs 431,000 on 2024 (948,000 in, 517,000 ūt)<ref name="r354">"Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2024", gov.uk, 22 May 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2024</ref> and fēoll tō 222,900 on þǣm 12 mōnþum tō mīdum 2025, ġiefende þā lǣstan folces weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332" /> Ūtfaru wæs micel on þǣm nigonteoðan hundġēare: 1815–1930 ymbe 11.4 mīliona fērdon of Brytene and 7.3 mīliona of Īralande;<ref name="r355">Hammar, Tomas, "European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study", Cambridge University Press, 1985. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/european-immigration-policy/10B639425685B0C101619FA11522C409</ref><ref name="r356">Richards, Eric, "The genesis of international mass migration: The British case, 1750-1900", Manchester University Press, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7rj2</ref> ǣr ende þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares sume 300 mīliona manna Brittisces and Īrisces cynnes wunodon wīde.<ref name="r356" /> On 2006 tō lǣstan 5.5 mīliona on Brytene ġeborene wunodon ūtlendisce, mǣst on Estrēċe, Hispania, þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Cenede.<ref name="r357">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration", Institute for Public Policy Research, 11 December 2006. http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509</ref><ref name="r358">"Brits Abroad: world overview", BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm; Casciani, Dominic, "5.5&nbsp;m Britons 'opt to live abroad'", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm</ref><ref name="r359">"Brits Abroad: Country-by-country", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm</ref> === Spræc === Englisc is þæt ''de facto'' ambihtlic and mǣst ġesprecene spræc;<ref name="r360">"English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights", Directgov. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519</ref><ref name="r361">Mac Sithigh, Daithí, "Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland", Common Law World Review, 17 May 2018. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm tēoþ hit wīde.<ref name="r362">British Council "British Council &#124; the UK's international culture and education organisation". https://www.britishcouncil.org/ (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref name="r363">"About BBC Learning English", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene</ref> Brittisc Englisc hæfþ syndriġe þing and manige dīalecta and stefnan; Þēawlic Ġecwēdnes is fyrnlīċe ġeānod mid ġelǣredum sūþenglisce sprecendum.<ref name="r364">"British English Pronunciations", OED. https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/?tl=true</ref> Landlicu dīalecta: Scottisc, Wēalisc and Norþīrisc Englisc; wīdlicu hīwa ymbfōþ Brummie, Cockney, Geordie, Mancunian, Scouse, Westlandes, Eoforwīcscīres and Mislicne Lundenes Englisc.<ref name="r365">"10 British dialects you need to know", EF. https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/british-dialects-you-need-to-know/</ref> [[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|Tweġe-sprǣcne wilcuman tācn on Newry, Īrisc–Englisc]] Þrēo ēðel Celtisce sprǣca sind ġesprecene: Wēalisc, Īrisc and Scottisc Gaelisc. Cornisc, forþweardod swā ǣreste spræc on ende þæs eahtateoðan hundġēares, is ġeedniwod mid fēawum ōþre-sprǣce sprecendum.<ref name="r366">Track, Robert Lawrence; Stockwell, Peter, "Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts", Routledge, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63; "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm; "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm</ref><ref name="r2">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1</ref> On 2021, 538,300 manna ġēara 3+ on Wēalum (17.8%) sprǣcon Wēalisc<ref name="r367">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021)", gov.wales, 6 December 2022. https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html</ref> and ymbe 200,000 Wēalisce sprecendas wunodon on Englalande.<ref name="r368">Wynn Thomas, Peter, "Welsh today", Voices, BBC, March 2007. https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml</ref> On 2021, 12.4% on Norþīralande hæfdon sum Īrisc and 10.4% sum Ūlstres Scottisc.<ref name="r369">"Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland". https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf</ref> On 2001, ofer 92,000 manna on Scotlande (lytlum under 2%) hæfdon sum Gaelisc, ymbfōn 72% on þǣm Ūterum Hebridum;<ref name="r370">"Scotland's Census 2001&nbsp;– Gaelic Report", General Register Office for Scotland. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html</ref> cild leorniende Wēalisc oþþe Gaelisc wexaþ.<ref name="r371">"Local UK languages 'taking off'", BBC News, 12 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm</ref> Scottisc (of ǣrum norþlicum mīdelenglisce) and Ūlstres Scottisc habbaþ lytle ġecnāwunge būtan syndrigum healdnessum.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r372">"Language Data&nbsp;– Scots", European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en</ref> Ymbe 151,000 manna nōtodon Brittisc Tācnspræce on Ēastermōnaþe 2020.<ref name="r373">Brown, Hannah, "'People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing", The Scotsman, 23 April 2020. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989</ref> On 2013, 95% þæs folces wǣron ġeteald āna-sprǣce Englisce sprecendas and ofer 5% sprǣcon infærendra sprǣca,<ref name="r374">"Languages across Europe: United Kingdom", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml</ref> mǣst Sūþasiscra (Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Sylheti, Hindi, Pahari-Pothwari, Tamil, Gujarati).<ref name="r375">Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> Polisc wæs Englalandes ōþre mǣste spræc on 2011 (546,000 sprecendas).<ref name="r376">Booth, Robert, "Polish becomes England's second language", The Guardian, 30 January 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language</ref> On 2019 ymbe þrēo fēorþan dǣlas ānes mīlian manna sprǣcon lȳtle oþþe nān Englisc.<ref name="r377">"The teenagers who translate for their parents", BBC News, 23 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494</ref> === Geleafa === [[File:Westminster Abbey St Peter.jpg|thumb|Westmynstres Mynster, Lunden; sealfunge cirice Brittiscra cyninga]] Crīstendōm hæfþ ealdordōm ofer 1,400 ġēar.<ref name="r378">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. .</ref> Mǣst ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġīet Crīstne, ac ġemǣne cirican sēcunge is swīðe ġefeallen sīþþan mīdum twēntigoðan hundġēare<ref name="r379">Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> þā hwīle infaru and folces ġeændrung ġeīcton Īslam and ōþre ġeleafan,<ref name="r380">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. .</ref> lǣdende ġewrītras tō cweþenne þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mislice-ġeleaflicne,<ref name="r381">Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. .</ref> weorold-licne<ref name="r382">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. .</ref> oþþe æfter-Crīsten.<ref name="r383">Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. .</ref> 2021 rīm, Englaland and Wēalas: Crīsten 46.2%, Īslam 6.5%, Hindūdōm 1.7%, Sikhdōm 0.9%, Buddhdōm 0.5%, Iūdēadōm 0.5%, ōþer 0.6%, nān ġeleafa 37.2%, nān andswaru 6.0%.<ref name="r384">Roskams, Michael, "Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021", Office for National Statistics, 29 November 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021</ref> Norþīraland: Rōmisc 42.3%, Mōtstānlic oþþe ōþer Crīsten 37.7%, ōþre ġeleafan 1.3%, nān ġeleafa 17.4%, nān ġecȳþed 1.6%.<ref name="r385">"MS-B19: Religion", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b19.xlsx</ref> Scotland (2022): nān ġeleafa 51.1%, Scotlandes Cirice 20.4%, Rōmisc 13.3%, ōþer Crīsten 5.1%, Mūslim 2.2%, Hindū 0.6%, ōþer 1.2%, nān ġecȳþed 6.2%.<ref name="r386">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", National Records of Scotland, 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-reports/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> On 2007 Tearfund smēaunge ān Brit of tēn sōhte cirican wucenlīċe.<ref name="r387">"United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church", News.adventist.org, 4 April 2007. http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html</ref> Betwux 2001 and 2011 rīmum Crīsten ġecīgung fēoll 12% þā hwīle nān ġeleafa fealdode; Mūslimas wēoxon mǣst, tō ymbe 5%.<ref name="r388">Philby, Charlotte, "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today", Independent, 12 December 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html</ref> Þā Englisce Cirice is ġesett on Englalande, hæfþ ġeþingþe on Þinge, and sē cyning is hire Hēah Wealdend.<ref name="r389">"The History of the Church of England", The Church of England, 2004. http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/</ref><ref name="r390">"Queen and Church of England", British Monarchy Media Centre. http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp</ref> Þā Scottisce Cirice is þēodlic cirice, frēo fram rīċes ġeweald; sē cyning is ġemǣne mann and swerþ æt ūpstīge "tō healdenne and ġewissienne þone Mōtstānlīcan Ġeleafan and Rǣdesmannes Cirican Ġeweald".<ref name="r391">"Queen and the Church", The British Monarchy (Official Website). http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx</ref><ref name="r2" /><ref name="r392">"Our structure", churchofscotland.org.uk, 22 February 2010. https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure</ref> Sēo Cirice on Wēalum wæs ġeoferd on 1920 and sēo Cirice on Īralande on 1870, for þǣm Norþīraland hæfþ nān ġesette cirican.<ref name="r393">Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. .</ref> Ġeteald dǣlas Crīstenra (2001): 62% Englisc, 13.5% Rōmisc, 6% Rǣdesmannlic, 3.4% Metodistisc.<ref name="r394">Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. .</ref> === Lār === Lār is ġedǣled, mid āsundrodre wīsan on ǣlcum lande. Ymbe 38% þæs folces habbaþ hēahscōles oþþe scōle ġrāde, Eurōpes hēahste dǣl. Oxnaford and Cantwarabrycg ġewunelīċe standaþ ǣrest wīde.<ref name="r395">"The Most Educated Countries in the World", Yahoo Finance, 24 September 2012. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1; "And the World's Most Educated Country Is...", 27 September 2012. https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/</ref><ref name="r396">"The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024", 25 September 2023. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking</ref><ref name="r397">"QS World University Rankings 2024". https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024</ref> Lāres ġeldas wexlaþ: Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ ġefæstne hēahne ġēarlicne ġeld for Brittiscum ċierlum, ġoldene þurh gafol ānlīċe fram þǣm þe sind ofer hlēwunge;<ref name="r398">"Repaying your student loan", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/repaying-your-student-loan/what-you-pay</ref> Norþīraland and Scotland tācnaþ ǣrest-lǣrenum lǣsse oþþe nān ġeldas. Sume NHS lāra habbaþ sealde; ǣlc læce wæs cweþen on 2017 tō bēon ġeholpen mid £230,000 on lārunge.<ref name="r399">"Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans", UCAS, 20 October 2014. https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans</ref><ref name="r400">"More undergraduate medical education places", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places</ref> On PISA 2022 Brittisce 15-ġēara cild wǣron fēowerteoðe on rǣdunge, rīmcræfte and wīsdōme, on mǣdele 494 ongēan OECD 478.<ref name="r401">"PISA 2022 UK Results", OECD, 4 December 2023. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11</ref> === Hǣlþ === [[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Elizabeth Hēahscōle Hǣlþhūs, Glasgow, NHS Scotland]] Ġemǣnu ġemǣnlīċ ġefeoh hǣlþ ongann mid þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Hǣlþe Ambihte on 1948,<ref name="r402">"The foundation of the NHS", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/the-foundation-of-the-nhs/</ref> swā ġelīcod þæt hit is ġeċīged "þēodlic ġeleafa".<ref name="r403">Gill, Martha, "To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith", The Observer, 9 July 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75</ref><ref name="r404">"Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre", religionmediacentre.org.uk, 14 April 2020. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/</ref> Hǣlþ is ġedǣled: NHS Englaland, NHS Scotland, Hǣlþ and Ġemǣne Lār on Norþīralande and NHS Wēalas, mid āgenre hǣlþe ēac ġeofian. Hǣlþ is eallum ǣfæstum wunigendum, mǣst frēo on þearfe and ġeald of ġemǣnum gafole. Sēo WHO rǣfde þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġeofe fīftēoðe on Eurōpe and eahtatēoðe wīde on 2000.<ref name="r405">Haden, "The world health report 2000&nbsp;– Health systems: improving performance", World Health Organization, 2000. https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl; World Health Organization, "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", New York University. http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf</ref> Feoh hæfþ swīðe weaxen sīþþan 1979.<ref name="r406">Fisher, Peter, "The NHS from Thatcher to Blair", NHS Consultants Association. http://www.healthp.org/node/71</ref> OECD 2018 rīm (rīmende sume ġemǣne lāre) sette þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes feoh on £3,121 for mann;<ref name="r407">"Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients", Health Service Journal, 24 September 2019. https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article?</ref> on 2017 hit wæs £2,989, nēah OECD mīdele.<ref name="r408">"How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries?", Office of National Statistics, 29 August 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes wīsan sind sēo Ealdorlicu Læcewāle, sēo Wīfhǣlþes and Cildhǣlþes Wāle and sēo Cynelice Scōle; ġewealdlicnes is mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Rīċe (Englaland), Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde, Scottiscum Rīċe and Wēalisce Rīċe.<ref name="r409">"'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS", BBC News, 28 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm; Triggle, Nick, "NHS now four different systems", BBC News, 2 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm</ref> == Þēaw == Ġeānodan Cynedōmes þēaw ġeswutelaþ his ēalondes hād, stǣr and ġeānunge fēower landa, ǣlc healdende syndriġe þēawas, ġewunan and tācna. Brittisc āhefenes is ġesewen on þǣre spræce, þēawe and ǣ fyrnra landa, ǣrest þā Ġeānodan Rīċu, Estrēċe, Cenede, Nīwe Sǣland and Īraland, ān ġemǣne þēaw ġeċīged Angelcynnes Þēaw.<ref>Ferguson, 2004, p. 307</ref> Mǣst fyrnra landa sind Ġemǣnes Welan landu mid ġemǣnum Brittiscum ġeerfe.<ref name="r410">"The Commonwealth", New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/peace-rights-and-security/the-commonwealth/</ref><ref name="r411">"Commonwealth of Nations", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/</ref><ref name="r412">Mazrui, Ali Al Amin; Taylor, "Anglo-African Commonwealth", Pergamon, 1967</ref> Ān 2024 wīdlic ġeprōfung rǣfde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm þriddan on "Mǣstum Āhefendum Landum", æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Chīnan.<ref name="r413">"Most Influential Countries", U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries</ref> === Bōccræft and plegung === Brittisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm, Mann and þā Sǣs Ēalond, mǣst on Englisce. Ān rēcord 669 mīliona līchamlicra bōca wǣron ġeseald on 2022.<ref name="r414">"UK publishing industry reports record-breaking year in 2022", The Guardian, 17 April 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/17/uk-publishing-industry-reports-record-breaking-year-in-2022</ref> Cilda ǣrendwrītras sind Daniel Defoe, Rudyard Kipling, Lewis Carroll, Beatrix Potter, A. A. Milne, Enid Blyton, J. R. R. Tolkien, Roald Dahl, Terry Pratchett and J. K. Rowling, þæs ''Harry Potter'' is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōca rǣw æfre.<ref name="r415">"Best-selling Book Series Of All Time", Wordsrated, 20 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/best-selling-book-series-of-all-time-statistics/</ref> William Shakespeare is ġemǣnlīċe ġeteald þæt mǣste plegscop and Englalandes þēodlic scop;<ref name="r416">"William Shakespeare (English author)", Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare; "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html; "William Shakespeare", TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William</ref> Brittisc plega hæfþ lifode sīþþan þǣre Edniwunge, mid wyrtruman of Rōmāna tīman. Ōþre Englisce mǣre menn: Geoffrey Chaucer (''The Canterbury Tales''), William Wordsworth and þā Rōmantisce scopas, Charles Dickens, H. G. Wells, George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ian Fleming. Agatha Christie is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōcwrītere on stǣre.<ref name="r417">"Mystery of Christie's success is solved", The Telegraph, 19 December 2005. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html</ref> Twelf of þǣm ǣrestan 25 on BBC ġeþēodlicre rǣdendra ġeprōfunge of 100 Brittiscra bōca wǣron fram wīfum (George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Mary Shelley, Jane Austen, Doris Lessing, Zadie Smith).<ref name="r418">Ciabattari, Jane, "The 25 greatest British novels", BBC Culture, December 2015. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels</ref> Scottisc bōccræft: Arthur Conan Doyle, Walter Scott, J. M. Barrie, Robert Louis Stevenson (''Treasure Island'' ġescēop sǣrēafera ġesēon), þēodlic scop Robert Burns, Scottiscra Edniwunge wrītras Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn, and Ian Rankin and Iain Banks. Eadenburg wæs UNESCO ǣreste Bōccræftes Burg.<ref name="r419">"Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature", Unesco, 2004. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh</ref> Wēalisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ Brytenes ealdost cūþ lēoþ, ''Y Gododdin'' (ende siexteoðan hundġēares, Cumbrisc oþþe Ealdwēalisc), mid þǣre ealdostan ġemynde Arþūres þæs cyninges;<ref name="r420">"Early Welsh poetry", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml</ref> Geoffrey of Monmouth fēordode þā sagan.<ref name="r421">Lang, Andrew, "History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne", Wildside Press, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC</ref> Dafydd ap Gwilym (''fl.'' 1320–1370) is ġeteald ān þǣra mǣstra scopa Eurōpes on his tīman.<ref name="r422">"Dafydd ap Gwilym", Academi.org, 2011. http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng</ref> Daniel Owen ġeīcte þā ǣreste Wēalisce spræce nīwe sagu, ''Rhys Lewis'' (1885). Englisc-Wēalisce scopas: Dylan Thomas and R. S. Thomas (Nobeles nemnod 1996); twēntigoðan hundġēares sagwrītras Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts.<ref name="r423">"True birthplace of Wales's literary hero", BBC News, 5 December 1999. http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm</ref><ref name="r424">"Kate Roberts: Biography", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml</ref> Norþīralandes ġemǣneste wrītere is on Belfeast ġeborene C. S. Lewis (''The Chronicles of Narnia'').<ref name="r425">"The Chronicles of Narnia Book Series Statistics", Wordsrated, 19 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-series-statistics/</ref> Īrisce wrītras fram þǣre tīde þe Īraland wæs on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Oscar Wilde,<ref name="r426">Varty, Anne, "A Preface to Oscar Wilde", Routledge, 2014; "Oscar Wilde", Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde</ref> Bram Stoker (''Dracula'')<ref name="r427">Moss, Joyce, "British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–)", Gale Group, 2001. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286</ref> and George Bernard Shaw.<ref name="r428">Holroyd, Michael, "Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power", Chatto & Windus, 1989. https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384; "G B Shaw", Discovering Literature: 20th century, British Library. https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw</ref> Ūtlendisce ġeborene wrītras þe ferdon tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Joseph Conrad,<ref name="r429">Middleton, Tim, "Joseph Conrad", Routledge, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159</ref> T. S. Eliot,<ref name="r430">Cooper, John Xiros, "The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot", Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111</ref> Kazuo Ishiguro,<ref name="r431">Sim, Wai-chew, "Kazuo Ishiguro", Routledge, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201</ref> Salman Rushdie<ref name="r432">"Salman Rushdie", Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765</ref> and Ezra Pound.<ref name="r433">Campbell, James, "Home from home", The Guardian, 17 May 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3; Nadel, Ira, "Ezra Pound: A Literary Life", Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90</ref> === Wīsdōm === Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cūþ for Brittiscum Fandungwīsdōme (ān þæt ġeprōfod wīsdōm is ġelīc) and Scottiscum "ġemǣnes andġites" wīsdōme.<ref name="r434">Fieser, James, "A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins", Thoemmes Press, 2000. http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf</ref> Fandungwīsan: John Locke, George Berkeley (Īrisc, ġecīged Brittisc for þǣm Īraland wæs þā on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme) and David Hume; Scottisc scōl: Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Hamilton. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (''Utilitarianism'') fēordodon þone nytlicnesse wīsdōm.<ref name="r435">Palmer, Michael, "Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook", Lutterworth Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66; Scarre, Geoffrey, "Utilitarianism", Routledge, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82</ref> === Cȳþnessa === Sēo BBC (ġestaþelod 1922) is þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣne ġefeoh hlīdend and sēo ealdoste and mǣste on worulde,<ref name="r436">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html</ref><ref name="r437">"Digital license", Prospect. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654</ref><ref name="r438">"About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC", BBC Online. https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml</ref> ġefeohod on lande þurh sēonde lēafe.<ref name="r439">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline, 13 August 2009. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html; "TV Licence Fee: facts & figures", BBC Press Office, April 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml</ref> Sē BBC Woruldlic Ǣrend is sē mǣsta ġeþēodlica hlīdend on worulde, on mā þonne 40 sprǣcum.<ref name="r440">"Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc". https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf</ref><ref name="r441">"News in your language – BBC News", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages; "BBC World Service", Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about</ref> ITV wealdeþ 11 of þǣm 15 landlicra hlīdenda þæs ITV Nettes;<ref name="r442">"Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", ITV.com. http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies</ref> Sky is ōþer micel plegere.<ref name="r443">"Direct Broadcast Satellite Television", News Corporation. http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html</ref> Ǣrendbōca: ''Daily Mail'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Telegraph'', ''The Times'', ''Financial Times''.<ref name="r444">"ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008", The Guardian, 10 October 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing</ref> Mōnaþbōca mid wīdre ūtdǣlunge: ''The Spectator'', ''The Economist'', ''New Statesman'', ''Radio Times''. [[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|MediaCityUK, Salford, Mǣre Manchester, micel cȳþnessa weorces miðdel]] Lunden hæfþ ealdordōm ofer Brittisce cȳþnessa; MediaCityUK on Manchester is ēac þēodlic miðdel, and Eadenburg, Glasgow and Cardiff sind ġeċīgde for Scotland and Wēalas.<ref name="r445">William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. , pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> Bōcġemaking hæfþ ymbhwyrft ymbe £20 þūsend mīliona and fēt 167,000.<ref name="r446">"Publishing", Department of Culture, Media and Sport. http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx</ref> On 2015 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ūtġeaf 2,710 bōca for ǣlcum mīlion eardigendra, þā mǣstan on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r447">"Annual Report 2015–2016", internationalpublishers.org, International Publishers Association, 2016. https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf</ref> On 2010, 82.5% wǣron Webbnotendas, þā hēahste dǣl on þǣm 20 landum mid mǣstum notendum.<ref name="r448">"Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes plegcræft is Eurōpes mǣste; sīþþan 2022 his cēap is Eurōpes mǣste be sealdum, ǣr Þēodlande,<ref name="r449">Dring, Christopher, "European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022", GamesIndustry.biz, 12 January 2023. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021</ref> and sē þridda mǣsta wyrhta on worulde æfter Iapan and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum.<ref name="r450">"About the UK Video Games Industry", TIGA. https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry</ref> === Ēawlicu cræftas === [[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|''Angel of the North'' fram Antony Gormley, tācn Norþ Englalandes]] Mǣre cræftmenn: Rōmantiscan William Blake, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, J. M. W. Turner; hīwwyrhtan Joshua Reynolds and Lucian Freud; landhīwwyrhtan Thomas Gainsborough and L. S. Lowry; Cræfta and Handcræfta fruman William Morris; Francis Bacon; Folclicu cræftmenn Peter Blake, Richard Hamilton, David Hockney; orþances cræftes fruman Art & Language;<ref name="r451">Tate, "Art & Language – Art Term | Tate", Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language</ref> Gilbert and George; Howard Hodgkin; stānhēawras Antony Gormley, Anish Kapoor, Henry Moore. Sēo Saatchi Gallery tihte "Geonge Brittisce Cræftmenn" ende 1980ra and 1990ra, ymbfōnde Damien Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracey Emin, Mark Wallinger, Steve McQueen, Sam Taylor-Wood and þā Chapman brōþra. Sēo Cynelice Scōl on Lundene is micel tihtend ēawlicra cræfta. Mǣre cræftes scōla: University of the Arts London (siex scōla, ymbfōnde Central Saint Martins and Chelsea), Goldsmiths, Slade (UCL), Glasgow School of Art, Royal College of Art, Ruskin School (Oxnaford); sēo Courtauld Institute lǣdeþ cræftes stǣre lāre. Mǣre hūsa: National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern (sēo ġesewenest nīwe cræftes hūs on worulde, ymbe 4.7 mīliona ġesēonde on ġēare).<ref name="r452">Bayley, Stephen, "The startling success of Tate Modern", The Times, 24 April 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece</ref> === Sang === [[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|Þā Proms, ċierlīces sanges wynn æt Royal Albert Hall, ġeband tō Henry Wood]] Folcsanges þēawas: Englisc (sangwīsa lēoþa, landes dances sang mid bælgcræfte and fīþelum);<ref name="r453">"Songs of England". https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/songs-of-england</ref> Scottisc (bælgpīpan and fīþelan, līflic dances wīsan);<ref name="r454">"The influence of traditional Scottish Music". https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/events/music-festivals/traditional-folk</ref> Wēalisc (hearpan, stefne hlosnung, oft on Wēalisc);<ref name="r455">"Celtic connections: the story of folk music in Wales", 17 February 2020. https://www.wales.com/culture-and-sport/music-and-performance/roots-and-shoots-welsh-folk-music</ref> Norþīrisc (fīþelan and flēotan, Scottisc–Īrisc ġemengnes).<ref name="r456">"Why you should experience traditional music in Ireland". https://www.ireland.com/en-us/magazine/music/traditional-music/</ref> Tudor Edniwunge sang: Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, William Byrd, Orlando Gibbons, John Dowland. Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge Henry Purcell lǣdde Englisc þēaw masquera, antifona and sanga, ġefylġed fram Thomas Arne. Handeles ''Zadok the Priest'' (for Georges 2 sealfunge) wearð þæt þēawlic sealfunge sang for cyningum; his ǣrendsanga swā ''Messiah'' wǣron on Englisc.<ref name="r457">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", UK Parliament, 20 July 2009. http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm; Andrews, John, "Handel all'inglese", Playbill, 14 April 2006. http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html</ref> On þǣm ǣfterran nigonteoðan hundġēare Arthur Sullivan and W. S. Gilbert āwrītan Savoye operan and Edward Elgar sang wīde. Æfter þǣm sangeras tugon of eorþe and folcsange: Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten (frum nīwes Brittiscres opera). Æfter wīge: Peter Maxwell Davies (Orcadas), Harrison Birtwistle (sagan), John Tavener (ǣwfæst).<ref name="r458">Iemperley, Nicholas, "Great Britain", 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236; Banfield, Stephen; Russell, "England (i)", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044; Lewis, Geraint; Davies, "Wales", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108; Elliott, Kenneth; Collinson, "Scotland", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113; White, Harry; Carolan, "Ireland", 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901; "British 20th century composers", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1</ref> Nīwe ċierlīce singeras ymbfōþ Alfie Boe, Bryn Terfel, Katherine Jenkins, Michael Ball, Roderick Williams, Russell Watson, Sarah Brightman; fīþelan Nicola Benedetti and Nigel Kennedy.<ref name="r459">"30 of the greatest violinists on record", Gramophone, 21 June 2022. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record;"Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century", Classic FM, 1 January 2020. https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/;"Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation?", Classic FM, 6 May 2023. https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/;"Michael Ball", English National Opera, 23 February 2024. https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/;"Alfie Bow", Classic FM. https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/;"Sarah Brightman facts", Smooth Radio, 11 July 2023. https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/</ref> "Folclic sang" ongann on Brytene on mīdum 1950um of rock and roll ġemengd mid "nīwum geoguþe sange";<ref name="r460">R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref> þā Beatles and Rolling Stones lǣddon folclic sang tō forman on ǣrum 1960um.<ref name="r461">"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.</ref> Birmingham is ēðel þæs hefigan meteles (Black Sabbath, 1960ra).<ref name="r462">Allsop, Laura, "Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal", CNN, 1 July 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html Bentley, David, "Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal", Birmingham Post, 4 June 2013. http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445</ref> Brittisce ġeferscipas wǣron fruman hearda rock,<ref name="r463">"The Rolling Stones | Biography & History", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography</ref> raga rock, hefiges metel,<ref name="r464">Tom Larson, "History of Rock and Roll", Kendall/Hunt Pub., 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183</ref> steorra rock, glam rock,<ref name="r465">"Glam Rock". http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html</ref> Gothic rock,<ref name="r466">"NME Originals: Goth", NME, 2004. https://www.nme.com/originals/4</ref> psychedelic rock<ref name="r467">"Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800</ref> and punk rock,<ref name="r468">Charles M. Young, "Rock is Sick and Living in London", 20 October 1977. https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/a-report-on-the-sex-pistols-119989/</ref> and fēordodon neo soul and dubstep.<ref name="r469">Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; Goldman, Vivien, "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol", NPR, 31 January 2012. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol</ref> Lǣdende Brittisce rappas sind Stormzy, Kano, Yxng Bane, Ramz, Little Simz and Skepta.<ref name="r470">"5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018-8097878/</ref> [[File:The SSE Hydro arena - geograph.org.uk - 6725739.jpg|thumb|OVO Hydro, Glasgow, hūs for 14,500]] Þā Beatles sind sēo mǣste ġesealde ġeferscipe (ofer 1 þūsend mīliona ġesealdra) and wīde ġesewen swā sēo mǣste āhefende on folcsange.<ref name="r471">"1960–1969", EMI Group. http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/#</ref><ref name="r472">"Paul At Fifty", 8 June 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html</ref><ref name="r473">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''The Guinness Book of Records'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref name="r474">"Beatles a big hit with downloads", Belfast Telegraph, 25 November 2010. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html</ref> Þā Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Bee Gees and Elton John ǣlc ġesealdon 200 mīliona oþþe mā disca.<ref name="r475">"British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2", EMI, 2 February 2009. http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe; Khan, Urmee, "Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream", The Telegraph, 17 July 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html; Alleyne, Richard, "Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite", The Telegraph, 19 April 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html; "Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy'", BBC News, 11 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm; Holton, Kate, "Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal", Reuters, 17 January 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117; Walker, Tim, "Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees", Independent, 12 May 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html</ref> Brit Awards (BPI) Ūtstandende Ġifu ġeearnodon þā Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, þā Police and Fleetwood Mac (Brittisc-Amerīcisc).<ref name="r476">[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> Nīwe ġeþēodlice ġeferscipas: George Michael, Oasis, Spice Girls, Radiohead, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, Robbie Williams, Amy Winehouse, Susan Boyle, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Lewis Capaldi, One Direction, Harry Styles, Dua Lipa.<ref name="r477">"Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most", Consequence of Sound, 12 January 2020. https://consequence.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career/; Paul, Larisha, "10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen", 16 July 2020. https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews-9419436/; Corner, Lewis, "Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011", Digital Spy, 16 February 2012. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html; Magliola, Anna Sky, "Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar", PlanetRadio.co.uk, 30 November 2022. https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/; "Dua Lipa, 77.5M Monthly listeners", Spotify, 6 May 2024. https://open.spotify.com/artist/6M2wZ9GZgrQXHCFfjv46we</ref> On 2024 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt þridda mǣste sanges cēap on worulde æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Iapan;<ref name="r478">Paine, Andre, "IFPI report reveals EU risks falling behind in global market - UK still among top music exporters", Music Week, 10 September 2024. https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/ifpi-report-reveals-eu-risks-falling-behind-in-global-market-uk-still-among-top-music-exporters/090424</ref> on 2021 hē wæs sēo ōþre mǣste sanges ūtsendend.<ref name="r479">Savage, Mark, "British music exports reach a record high", BBC, 16 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57486272</ref> Liverpoolen ġeferscipas hæfdon 54 ǣrestan sangas on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, þā mǣstan for hēafde on ǣlcre byrig.<ref name="r480">Hughes, Mark, "A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger", Independent, 14 January 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS</ref> Glasgow wearð UNESCO Sanges Burg on 2008.<ref name="r481">"Glasgow gets city of music honour", BBC News, 20 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm</ref> Manchester sprǣdde acid house and, fram mīdum 1990um, Britpop; Lunden and Bristol sind ġeband tō fruman drum and bass and trip hop.<ref name="r482">"Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass", Red Bull, 25 June 2020. https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music</ref> Brittisc dances sang wēox of sweartum Brittiscum Sound System þēawe and þǣm 1960–70 Nīwes Ealdres Færend styrunge,<ref name="r483">"Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music", Dazed, 3 August 2023. https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing</ref> mid Chicagan house and Detroit techno āhefenne. Ende 1980ra rave þēaw and Acid House wurdon ġemǣne þurh plegdiscas (Smart E's ''Sesame's Treet'', þæs Prodigy ''Charly'')<ref name="r484">"Rave", Oxford Music Online, 20 January 2001. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave</ref> and þone Balearic sang of Ibiza, lǣdende tō UK Garage, Speed Garage, Drum and bass, Jungle, Trance and Dubstep. Āhefende ġeferscipas: 808 State, Orbital, þā Prodigy, Underworld, Roni Size, Leftfield, Massive Attack, Groove Armada, Fatboy Slim, Faithless, Basement Jaxx, Chemical Brothers, Disclosure, Calvin Harris, Fred Again;<ref name="r485">"Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed", 19 January 2012. http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed;"Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House?", The Guardian, 26 February 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details</ref> DJs: Judge Jules, Pete Tong, Carl Cox, Paul Oakenfold, John Digweed, Sasha.<ref name="r486">"Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003". http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp</ref> === Sēonde plegan === Alfred Hitchcock (''Vertigo'', ġeteald fram sumum rǣdendum sēo bēste sēondplega æfre)<ref name="r487">"Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'", BBC News, 2 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948</ref> and David Lean (''Lawrence of Arabia'') sind betwux þǣm mǣstum ġeherġodum wīsan;<ref name="r488">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors", British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html</ref> nīwe wīsan ymbfōþ Christopher Nolan, Sam Mendes, Steve McQueen, Richard Curtis, Danny Boyle, Tony Scott, Ridley Scott.<ref name="r489">"The 24 Best British Directors of All Time", Movieweb, 13 May 2023. https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/</ref><ref name="r490">"Top 22 U.K. Film Directors", IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/</ref><ref name="r491">"5 of the best ... Richard Curtis films", The Times, 17 April 2024. https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/5-of-the-best-richard-curtis-films-tzxx9fv2h</ref><ref name="r492">"The UK's top 50 film directors", Televisual, 23 May 2012. https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/</ref> Twā þǣra mǣstra feoh-ġefēra, ''Harry Potter'' and ''James Band'', sind Brittisce.<ref name="r493">"Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise", The Guardian, 11 September 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling</ref> On 2019 Brittisce sēondplegan ġeēodon ymbe £10.3 þūsend mīliona wīde, 28.7% þæs sēondhūses feos;<ref name="r494">"UK Film Industry Statistics 2023", 10 April 2023. https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġiefa wǣron £1.25 þūsend mīliona mid ymbe 176 mīliona infærenda.<ref name="r495">"The UK box office in 2019". https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf</ref> Þæs plegstōwa brādnes cōm tō 6.9 mīliona fēt on 2023, mid 1 mīlion ġeīced on ānum ġēare.<ref name="r496">"UK Film and Television Studios Market Report", Knight Frank. https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf</ref> Þā BAFTA Film Awards sind ġehealdene fram þǣre Brittiscan Ġesamnunge for Sēondplega and Sēonde.<ref name="r497">"Baftas fuel Oscars race", BBC News, 26 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm</ref> === Mete === [[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|Fisc and ċipsas mid lemone, tartar sealfe and mushy pēasan]] Brittisc mete ġeswutelaþ land, ġesettnesse, infaru, cēap and landbrūcnesse. Englisc mete is ġeċīged fram ānfealdnesse and ġetrūwþe on gōde wæstmas;<ref name="r498">Else, David, "Inghilterra", EDT srl, 2007</ref> sē Sunnandæġes bræd (oxan, lambes, hennes oþþe swīnes flǣsc mid wyrtum, Yorkshire pudding and gravy) is syndriġ, mid flǣsc-bacan and ġesodenum. Ān 2019 YouGov ġeprōfung funde ofer 80% lufiaþ þone Sunnandæġes bræd, Yorkshire pudding, fisc and ċipsas, crumpets and þone fullan Englisc morgenmete.<ref name="r499">"Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons", 11 June 2019. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ micele dīgle metas and wīsan (''The Good Food Guide'', ''Harden's''); on 2025, 197 mete-hūsa hæfdon Michelin Steorra, tēn mid þrim.<ref name="r500">"United Kingdom", Michelin Guide. https://guide.michelin.com/en/gb/restaurants/all-starred</ref> Ēacan metas sind ġemǣne; ǣfteren tēa onginneþ ymbe 1840.<ref name="r501">"The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea", The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea</ref> Ān Mǣdmōnaþes 2024 ġeprōfung funde 3% vegan, 6% vegetarisc, 13% flexitarisc.<ref name="r502">"Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)", YouGov.co.uk, 8 July 2024. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc</ref> Þæt Rīċe sprǣdde cūþnesse Indisces metes, ġewyrcende ġemengdu swā chicken tikka masala.<ref name="r503">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech", The Guardian, 19 April 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity; BBC E-Cyclopedia, "Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it", BBC, 20 April 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ manige gastropubs and wæs fruma bēora wīsan swā pale ale, India pale ale, bitter, brown ale, porter and stout; handcræft bēor and lǣsse bēorhūsas wēoxon swīðe on twām tīgum ġēara.<ref name="r504">"A guide to British Beer", Expatica. https://www.expatica.com/uk/lifestyle/food-drink/british-beer-469903/</ref> Ōþre drincas: Scottisc whisky, Englisc wīn, gin, pere, cider. === Plega === [[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|2023 FA Cup ende, Wembley Stadion, Manchester City ongēan Manchester United]] [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|Ald Weġ æt St Andrews, Scotland, ēðel þæs golfes]] Fōtbal, tennis, bord tennis, badminton, rugbi fīftēne, rugbi þrittēne, rugbi seofone, golf, boxing, netbal, wæter-polo, græs-hockey, billiards, darts, rōwing, rounders and cricket onguinnon oþþe wǣron wīde ġefēordode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mid manigum nīwum ǣ-bōcum ġesette on Victorian tīman. On 2012 sē IOC hēafod Jacques Rogge hine ċīgde "wīde ġecnāwen swā þæs nīwan plegan ēðel", þǣr plegmannscipe and fair play wǣron ǣrest āwritene and plega cōm on scōla lāre.<ref name="r505">"Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad", Olympic.org, 27 July 2012. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf</ref><ref name="r506">Mehaffey, John, "Unparalleled Sporting History", Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723</ref> Fōtbal is sēo ġemǣneste plega (2003 ġeprōfung).<ref name="r507">"Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport'", Ipsos-Mori, 22 December 2003. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx</ref> FIFA ġecnāwþ Englaland swā ēðel clubbes fōtbales; sēo Football Association is sēo ealdoste, and Ebenezer Cobb Morley āwrāt þā ǣ on 1863.<ref name="r508">Rudd, Alyson, "The father of football deserves much more", The Times, 7 April 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece; "Sheffield FC: 150 years of history", FIFA, 24 October 2007. https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html</ref> Ǣlc Hām Þēod hæfþ āgene ġesamnunge, þēodlic ġeferscipe and ġefeoh-wīsan and is mann on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Football Association Board mid FIFA. Sēo Premier League is sēo mǣste ġesewene fōtbal-ġefeoh on worulde.<ref name="r509">Ebner, Sarah, "History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief", The Times, 2 July 2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece</ref> Sē ǣresta ġeþēodlica plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 30 Blōtmōnaþes 1872.<ref name="r510">Mitchell, Paul, "The first international football match", BBC Sport Scotland, November 2005. https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml</ref> Þā fēower þēoda ġewunelīċe wunnon āsundrode ġeþēodlīċe.<ref name="r511">Harlow, Phil, "Why is there no GB Olympics football team?", BBC Sport, 5 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm</ref> Rugbi fīftēne wæs sēo ōþre ġemǣneste (2003).<ref name="r507" /> Hit wæs ġeworht æt Rugby Scōle, Warwickshire; sēo ǣreste ġeþēodlice plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 27 Hrēþmōnaþes 1871.<ref name="r512">"Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world", BBC News, 1 February 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757</ref><ref name="r513">Godwin, Terry; Rhys, "The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats", Guinness Superlatives, 1981</ref> Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas, Īraland, Francrīċe and Italia pleġaþ þā Siex Þēoda; ġesamnunga on Englalande, Scotlande, Wēalum and Īralande wīsiaþ hit āsundrode.<ref name="r514">Louw, Jaco; Nesbit, Derrick, "The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby", South Publishers, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95</ref> Ǣlc fēorþan ġēar ān ġemǣne Hām Þēoda ġeferscipe, þā Brittisc and Īrisc Lēon, fērþ tō Estrēċe, Nīwe Sǣlande and Sūþ Africa. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġehēold þā Sumorlīcan Olimpiscan Plegan on 1908, 1948 and 2012, eall on Lundene. Birmingham ġehēold þā 2022 Ġemǣnes Welan Plegan, þone seofoðan sīþ þe Ġeānodan Cynedōmes land hit ġehēold (Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tō lǣstan ānes ǣlċ).<ref name="r515">"The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022", The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/</ref> === Tācna === [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|Union Jack fanan on The Mall, Lunden]] Þæt fana is sē Union Flag (Union Jack).<ref name="r516">"Union Jack or Union Flag?", The Flag Institute. https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag</ref> Hē wæs ġeworht on 1606 þurh þæt ofersettan þone fanan Englalandes (Sanct Georgius) on Scotlandes (Sanct Andreas) and ġeniwod on 1801 mid Sanct Patriciuses fanan.<ref name="r517">"college-of-arms.gov.uk", The College of Arms. https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> Wēalas nis ġetācnod for þǣm hit wæs ġeīced tō Englalande ǣr sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð ġeworht; ān nīwe ġeweorc ymbfōnde Wēalas wæs ġeræd on 2007.<ref name="r518">"Welsh dragon call for Union flag", BBC News, 27 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm</ref> Sē þēodlic lofsang is "God Save the King", mid "Queen" for "King" þonne sē cyning is wīf. Englaland, Wēalas and Scotland habbaþ āgene þēodlice tācna and fanan. Norþīraland hæfþ tācna, manige ġedǣlde mid Īriscum Frēolande, ac nān ambihtlicne fanan.<ref name="r519">Minahan, James, "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems", ABC-CLIO, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ</ref> Būtan þǣm Lēon and Ānhorne and þǣm Wēaliscan Dracan, sē bulldog is ġenotod and ġeswutelod mid þǣm Union Flag.<ref name="r520">Baker, Steve, "Picturing the Beast", University of Illinois Press, 2001</ref> Mǣre Bryten hæfþ ġelīcnessa: Britannia<ref name="r521">"Britannia on British Coins", Chard. http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html</ref><ref name="r522">"Britannia". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britannia</ref> and John Bull.<ref name="r523">"Who is John Bull", The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html</ref> == Niwu Ƿord == {{niwuword}} * Ġeānod Cynedōm (n.masc) - United Kingdom * þinglic (adj) - political, parliamentary * bīlion (n.neut) - trillion (10^12) * mīlion (n.neut) - million * ġeānung (n.fem) - union * ūpstīġ (n.masc) - rise, accession * feohġemēt (n.neut) - economy * folcrīċe (n.neut) - democracy, people's rule * cernelwǣpn (n.neut) - nuclear weapon * wīgfēoh (n.neut) - defence spending * webbstede (n.masc) - website * feohlic (adj) - financial, economic * cyrstōw (n.fem) - constituency * wītlic (adj) - criminal, penal * ċierlīcung (n.fem) - naturalisation * scatthyrde (n.masc) - Chancellor of the Exchequer * steorrancræft (n.masc) - space industry * cernelweorc (n.neut) - nuclear power plant * webbnotend (n.masc) - internet user * sēondplega (n.masc) - film, motion picture * fōtbal (n.masc) - football (soccer) * formaþeġn (n.masc) - Prime Minister * smēaung (n.fem) - research, scientific inquiry * lyftscip (n.neut) - airplane, aircraft * hēahscōl (n.fem) - university * sǣfyrd (n.fem) - navy * lyftfyrd (n.fem) - air force * friþweard (n.masc) - police officer == References == <references /> [[flocc:Niwlicu word]] kdvdmacc9wuzkat0soj9tdhvtajmu97 0 10245 232670 224903 2026-11-07T05:09:33Z EmausBot 11034 Fixing double redirect from [[Turcmannland]] to [[Tyrcmannland]] 232670 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tyrcmannland]] 2s00dlfbatuy9b3nbhkldaesrkrn4iu 0 13377 232653 190410 2026-11-06T20:00:45Z Rylesbourne 125148 232653 wikitext text/x-wiki :''{{for|niwe land and earda|Swǣfaland}}'' [[Biliþ:Modern Swabia-map.PNG|right|thumb|Todæges Sƿæfaland]] '''Sƿǣfe''' sind Germanisc folc. Hiera land in [[Þēodiscland|Germanie ]], '''Sƿǣfaland''', līð in þæs rīces sūðƿestdǣle. Sƿǣfas ƿǣron mǣre mǣgð in gēar dagum and be naman ''Suebi'' ƿrāt [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] ymbe sƿylcum folce. [[Tacitus]] segð ðe in his dagum rīcsodon Sƿǣfe in eallum norðernum ''Germanian''. Sƿǣfe giefaþ hiera naman to Sƿǣfaland on [[Germania|Germanie]] and stedum on [[Englaland|Englum]], tō bȳsene in þǣm lande sind [[Swǣfaham|Sƿǣfaham]] on [[Norþfolc]]e and [[Swǣfaham Bulbec|Sƿǣfaham Bulbec]] and [[Swǣfaham Prior|Sƿǣfaham Prior]] on [[Grantabrycgscīr]]e. In [[Europe|Europan]] in þǣm Middelyldum ƿæs Sƿǣfaland micel land: [[Baden]], [[Vorarlbeorg]], [[Lēohtenstān]], [[Elsass]] and [[Swissland|Sƿissland]]. [[Flocc:Þēodscland]] [[Flocc:Germanisc mægþ]] [[Flocc:Wīdsīð]] eegeic4n2p3lcybxbbkt7ad02hb0o0e 14 23766 232633 218968 2026-11-06T17:10:01Z Hogweard 485 232633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Sċīrbyrig þæs worulddǣl|Norðamerica]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican|Scirbyrig]] jyvazr45pzwn4luru8ne2kyp100ce8c 14 25023 232634 218961 2026-11-06T17:10:43Z Hogweard 485 232634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Byrig þāra worulddǣl|Nordamerica]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican|Byrig]] 66jzrmquaqu49getaqv0aur5v2nlvxo 14 25150 232631 219022 2026-11-06T17:08:50Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Middelamerican]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Middelamerican]] 219022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Norðamerican|Middelamerica]] [[Flocc:Middelamerica|Setlanmentan]] 2wetpnq8b3z0x5txc3um7zsgb4n5ses 14 25907 232646 223805 2026-11-06T19:49:44Z Rylesbourne 125148 232646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Underlandes on Þeodsclande]] [[Flocc:Rīcu on Europan þāra land|Þeodscland]] r2oiuw4groqnoba2mu40az9pw3j6xu9 0 25958 232656 222010 2026-11-06T20:41:07Z Rylesbourne 125148 232656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ƿīsbæþu |flocc = [[Hēafodburg|Ricehēafodburg]] |underrice = {{flag|Hetwaraland}} |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Stadtschloss Wiesbaden.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Wīsbæþu on Þeodsclande |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ƿīsbæþu''' ({{lang-de|Wiesbaden}}) is sēo [[hēafodburg]] and sēo mǣste ceaster þæs Þeodsclandes rīces [[Hetwaraland|Hetwaralande]]. [[Flocc:Byrig on Hetwaralande]] [[Flocc:Hēafodbyrig þāra rīcena Þeodsclandes]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande|Wisbaethu]] b8f4a3y7qqh9h7rhn1frk8minhbllfu 0 28754 232665 232516 2026-11-06T21:50:49Z Rylesbourne 125148 232665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Augustesburh |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Schwaben Bayern.svg}} [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Augsburg - Markt.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Ceapstow on middel Augustesburh |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Augustesburh''' ({{lang-de|Augsburg}}) oððe '''Augusburh''' is eald burh on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]]. Hēo līþ æt þǣra ēana Wertach and Lech ġemōte, and is ān þāra ealdostan burga on [[Þeodscland]]e. Sēo burg ƿæs ġestaþelod fram Rōmƿarum on þām ġēare 15 ǣr Crīstes ġebyrde, and ƿæs ġenemned [[Augusta Vindelicorum]] æfter þām cāsere Augusto. On middanealdum ƿearþ hēo micel ċēapstōƿ and ƿeligu burg, and ƿæs sƿīþe ġecūþ þurh þā Fugger-cynn and heora ċēapmannas. Þā mislīċan ġetimbru on hire middanburge befōþ middanealdlīċ ġildhūs, Sancte Marian dōmċiriċan of þǣre 11. hundgēarġetale, and Sancte Ulrīċes and Afran munucclāster mid īeplġelīċum stēpelhrofum. Þā mǣrostan ġetimbru of þǣre Ednīƿungtīde sind Augustesburhe rādhūs mid his Gyldenan Healle. Þæt Fuggerhūs is setl ānes ƿeligan peninghūsċynnes, and sēo Fuggerei is hūsġebyrd for þearfendum folce, ġetimbrod on þǣre 16. hundgēarġetale. [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Swǣfaland]] cvpxgwdp5c8afu2ggzgxxhvo0pfj9c9 0 28773 232658 232541 2026-11-06T21:08:56Z Rylesbourne 125148 232658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Nyrnebeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus_Altdorf_20180521.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Hrǣthūs on Ealdþorpum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg''' ({{lang-de|Altdorf bei Nürnberg}}; {{lang-en|Oldthorpe by Nuremberg}}) is tūn on [[Niðerbægwaraland|Niðerbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] 3rcjgek3ueivc5x8u39g9gsfwb70xhu 14 28814 232632 2026-11-06T17:08:50Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Middelamerican]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Middelamerican]] 232632 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Flocc:Tunstedas on Middelamerican]] kz1izywkoq5m8ckbi5jut2pnildbiwj 0 28815 232635 2026-11-06T19:39:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is scīr on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshȳta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande|Niderbaegwaraland]] 232635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is scīr on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshȳta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande|Niderbaegwaraland]] kq504u5dn1b6rt2bmasia1va3s2ptlk 232636 232635 2026-11-06T19:40:55Z Rylesbourne 125148 232636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is scīr on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande|Niderbaegwaraland]] n16ooa2lvx04dgi7c31cn6reqfxgz2o 232638 232636 2026-11-06T19:42:49Z Rylesbourne 125148 232638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is earda on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande|Niderbaegwaraland]] 8iao8wlk19cnox1cwuywp6vgqwe9nw3 232639 232638 2026-11-06T19:42:57Z Rylesbourne 125148 232639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is scīr on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande|Niderbaegwaraland]] n16ooa2lvx04dgi7c31cn6reqfxgz2o 232640 232639 2026-11-06T19:45:16Z Rylesbourne 125148 232640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His scīrburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderbaegwaraland]] rul08niz5x7f6vnx0xm09i5dggoa8yt 232648 232640 2026-11-06T19:52:16Z Rylesbourne 125148 232648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderbaegwaraland]] eru532co5758eksew7i7j6w73k1n9fg 14 28816 232637 2026-11-06T19:41:28Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande]] 232637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Scīra þāra Bægwaralande]] 3n6gplnp1kmdq370iwxuq665uaae2it 232641 232637 2026-11-06T19:45:27Z Rylesbourne 125148 232641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] if0jquldo527mw5pofrgk22s0faebk8 14 28817 232642 2026-11-06T19:46:03Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Þeodsclande þāra rīcu|Baegwaraland]] 232642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Þeodsclande þāra rīcu|Baegwaraland]] 1qn92jwgn45d2c9mubocdjxt5z70w48 14 28818 232643 2026-11-06T19:46:51Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Þeodsclande|Ricu]] 232643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Þeodsclande|Ricu]] dc222cvrprzguzcz5y1kmigs1p1sd38 14 28819 232644 2026-11-06T19:48:10Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Commons|Regions of Germany|Eardas on Þeodsclande}} [[Category:Underlandes on Þeodsclande]] [[Category:Eardas on Europan þāra landum|Þeodsclande]] 232644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons|Regions of Germany|Eardas on Þeodsclande}} [[Category:Underlandes on Þeodsclande]] [[Category:Eardas on Europan þāra landum|Þeodsclande]] q5m5476jojcx25kfrzf7ueacdurly4k 14 28820 232645 2026-11-06T19:49:34Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Underlandes on Europan|Þeodsclande]] [[Flocc:Þēodscland|Underlandes]] 232645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Underlandes on Europan|Þeodsclande]] [[Flocc:Þēodscland|Underlandes]] qm4f7ahgq2t901ebd7a46p5djk15y9w 10 28821 232647 2026-11-06T19:51:16Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Bægwarisc sprǣc|Bægƿarisc]]: {{lang|bar|''{{{1}}}''}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|, ''{{{2}}}''}}<noinclude> [[Flocc:Bysen Sprǣc|Bar]] </noinclude> 232647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bægwarisc sprǣc|Bægƿarisc]]: {{lang|bar|''{{{1}}}''}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|, ''{{{2}}}''}}<noinclude> [[Flocc:Bysen Sprǣc|Bar]] </noinclude> tr0qtlamghhbaw1g4q20de13rnwfnka 0 28822 232649 2026-11-06T19:54:24Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Sƿabland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. [[Flocc:Swabland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swabland]] 232649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Sƿabland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. [[Flocc:Swabland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swabland]] 8s3izgr97uqbfs6s4wvixzerzlat5c0 232652 232649 2026-11-06T19:58:15Z Rylesbourne 125148 Redirected page to [[Swǣfaland]] 232652 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Swǣfaland]] 5zv89ib1a7crmbivi4vwr9gsbzhml76 10 28823 232650 2026-11-06T19:55:27Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Swabisċ Þēodisċ sprǣċ|Sƿabisċ]]: {{lang|swg|''{{{1}}}''}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|, ''{{{2}}}''}}<noinclude> [[Flocc:Bysen Sprǣc|Swg]] </noinclude> 232650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Swabisċ Þēodisċ sprǣċ|Sƿabisċ]]: {{lang|swg|''{{{1}}}''}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|, ''{{{2}}}''}}<noinclude> [[Flocc:Bysen Sprǣc|Swg]] </noinclude> 4mvps4r7193rpb48xffv1gwrgodmimm 0 28824 232651 2026-11-06T19:58:09Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: :''{{for|ealdland|Sƿǣfe}}'' {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Sƿǣfaland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. [[Flocc:Swǣfaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swaefaland]] 232651 wikitext text/x-wiki :''{{for|ealdland|Sƿǣfe}}'' {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Sƿǣfaland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. [[Flocc:Swǣfaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swaefaland]] cb8debg9k7s83qrs3gksq2uedo8cc09 232657 232651 2026-11-06T20:52:13Z Rylesbourne 125148 232657 wikitext text/x-wiki :''{{for|ealdland|Sƿǣfe}}'' {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Sƿǣfaland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Swǣfaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swaefaland]] t7zimtpjfvdu1y4ihl53b43zqxt6v17 232662 232657 2026-11-06T21:43:37Z Rylesbourne 125148 232662 wikitext text/x-wiki :''{{for|ealdland|Sƿǣfe}}'' {{Earda}} '''Sƿǣfaland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Swǣfaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swaefaland]] mkdwktifoghzxufcr62q4hape24z68d 0 28825 232654 2026-11-06T20:01:02Z Rylesbourne 125148 Redirected page to [[Swǣfe]] 232654 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Swǣfe]] nbw5jbmie2bs0y4z5uhj1g95o6dkvz0 14 28826 232655 2026-11-06T20:01:19Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] 232655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] if0jquldo527mw5pofrgk22s0faebk8 10 28827 232659 2026-11-06T21:38:19Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upp... 232659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Upperfrancland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> 07ir94r8stmk6j21iqknjkpiqcsdw5j 232666 232659 2026-11-07T01:33:39Z Rylesbourne 125148 232666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Uppfrancland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> gbbd0dx9qq6h9z63zgm6ui9i908qxpk 232667 232666 2026-11-07T01:34:16Z Rylesbourne 125148 232667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Uppfrancland on Bægwarum|Uppfrancland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> 63ivewfbztf1bfvf52rxxed8t9etbwv 232668 232667 2026-11-07T02:02:17Z Rylesbourne 125148 232668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Upperfrancland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> 07ir94r8stmk6j21iqknjkpiqcsdw5j 232669 232668 2026-11-07T02:04:07Z Rylesbourne 125148 232669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancōnaland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Underbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Underfrancōnaland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Uppfrancōnaland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> cu0d60ufrogv0i6oiofxoxzf8c7bas3 10 28828 232660 2026-11-06T21:42:45Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Infobox |bodyclass = geography vcard; |bodystyle = font-size:88%; |headerstyle= background:#d3d3d3; |aboveclass = adr |abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em; background:#d3d3d3; |name = Earda |above = {{PAGENAME}} |subheader = '''Scir{{#switch:{{#property:P17}} |Geaned Cynerice=&#32;þæs Geanedan Cynerices |Irland Cynewise=&#32;on Irlande þære Cynewisan |}}''' |titlestyle = |subheaderstyle = text-align:center;... 232660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |bodyclass = geography vcard; |bodystyle = font-size:88%; |headerstyle= background:#d3d3d3; |aboveclass = adr |abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em; background:#d3d3d3; |name = Earda |above = {{PAGENAME}} |subheader = '''Scir{{#switch:{{#property:P17}} |Geaned Cynerice=&#32;þæs Geanedan Cynerices |Irland Cynewise=&#32;on Irlande þære Cynewisan |}}''' |titlestyle = |subheaderstyle = text-align:center; background:#cddeff; |title = |labelstyle = |datastyle = | data1 = {{#if:{{{biliþ|}}}|[[Ymele:{{{biliþ}}}|center|240px]]|{{#if:{{#property:p18}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p18}}|center|border|240px]]}}}} | data2 = {{#if:{{{biliþ gewrit|}}}|<div class="center">{{{biliþ gewrit}}}</div>}} |header4 = | label4 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p41}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p41}}|center|border|125px]]}}</div> | data4 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p94}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p94}}|80px|center|]]}}</div> | label5 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p41}}|Fana}}</div> | data5 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p94}}|Geatwe}}</div> | label6 = | data6 = | label11 = | data11 = ---- | label17 = {{#if:{{#property:p36}}|Scirburg}} | data17 = {{#if:{{#property:p36}}|[[{{#property:p36}}]]}} |label23 = Bradnes |data23 = {{#property:P2046}} |label24 = Menniscu |data24 = {{#property:P1082}} | header38 = Landscite | data39 = [[Ymele:{{#if:{{{landscite|}}}|{{{landscite}}}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |ps=1 |maxvals=1 |P242}}}}|center|250px]] |belowstyle = background:#efefef; |below = {{#if: {{#property:p373}}|[[Ymele:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=|Logo Wikimedia Commons]] '''[[c:Category:{{#property:p373}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]'''&nbsp;[[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]}} }} <noinclude> {{doc}} [[Flocc:Cyþþubox|Earda]] </noinclude> nyhkvsu3kbu1y8q2l2spykdmer6ugbe 232661 232660 2026-11-06T21:43:11Z Rylesbourne 125148 232661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |bodyclass = geography vcard; |bodystyle = font-size:88%; |headerstyle= background:#d3d3d3; |aboveclass = adr |abovestyle = padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em; background:#d3d3d3; |name = Earda |above = {{PAGENAME}} |subheader = '''Earda{{#switch:{{#property:P17}} |Geaned Cynerice=&#32;þæs Geanedan Cynerices |Irland Cynewise=&#32;on Irlande þære Cynewisan |}}''' |titlestyle = |subheaderstyle = text-align:center; background:#cddeff; |title = |labelstyle = |datastyle = | data1 = {{#if:{{{biliþ|}}}|[[Ymele:{{{biliþ}}}|center|240px]]|{{#if:{{#property:p18}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p18}}|center|border|240px]]}}}} | data2 = {{#if:{{{biliþ gewrit|}}}|<div class="center">{{{biliþ gewrit}}}</div>}} |header4 = | label4 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p41}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p41}}|center|border|125px]]}}</div> | data4 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p94}}|[[Ymele:{{#property:p94}}|80px|center|]]}}</div> | label5 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p41}}|Fana}}</div> | data5 = <div class="center">{{#if:{{#property:p94}}|Geatwe}}</div> | label6 = | data6 = | label11 = | data11 = ---- | label17 = {{#if:{{#property:p36}}|Eardburh}} | data17 = {{#if:{{#property:p36}}|[[{{#property:p36}}]]}} |label23 = Bradnes |data23 = {{#property:P2046}} |label24 = Menniscu |data24 = {{#property:P1082}} | header38 = Landscite | data39 = [[Ymele:{{#if:{{{landscite|}}}|{{{landscite}}}|{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |ps=1 |maxvals=1 |P242}}}}|center|250px]] |belowstyle = background:#efefef; |below = {{#if: {{#property:p373}}|[[Ymele:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=|Logo Wikimedia Commons]] '''[[c:Category:{{#property:p373}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]'''&nbsp;[[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]}} }} <noinclude> {{doc}} [[Flocc:Cyþþubox|Earda]] </noinclude> f6lxc89v5jvb95u5x8bjmngffqw8tvu 0 28829 232663 2026-11-06T21:47:20Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Earda}} '''Oferpælāt''' ({{lang-de|Oberpfalz}}; {{lang-bar|Obapfoiz}}; {{lang-en|Upper Palatinate}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Regenceaster]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Oferpælāt|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Oferpaelat]] 232663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Oferpælāt''' ({{lang-de|Oberpfalz}}; {{lang-bar|Obapfoiz}}; {{lang-en|Upper Palatinate}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Regenceaster]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Oferpælāt|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Oferpaelat]] dqregk5wjp17djyvnj4mzqmzpvkao0s 14 28830 232664 2026-11-06T21:49:44Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] 232664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] if0jquldo527mw5pofrgk22s0faebk8