Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6995 232749 232630 2026-11-08T00:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 56 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 232749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox land | ænglisc fullnama = Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes | nama = Ġeānod Cynedōm | agenspræce fullnama = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | biliþ = | biliþ gewrit = | fana = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg | fana gewrit = Fana | scild = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, both variants).svg | scild gewrit = Wǣpnscild | cwide = | ænglisc cwide = | anstefn = God Save the King<ref name="r1">"National Anthem", The Royal Family. https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem</ref> | ænglisc anstefn = [[God Save the King]] | landscite = Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg | landscite gewrit = | leodweard = Þinglic cynedōm on ǣ | ambihtlicu spræc = Englisc | folces gereord = | elles gereordas = Scottisc<br />Ūlstres Scottisc<br />Wēalisc<br />Cornisc<br />Scottisc Gaelisc<br />Īrisc<br />Brittisc Tācnspræc<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r3">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme</ref> | steall = | heafodstol = [[Lunden]] | mæste burg = | breges titul = Cyning | brego = [[Carl III Bretta Cyning|Carl III]] | ealdormannes titul = Formaþeġn | ealdorman = Andy Burnham | leodweardes heafod = | wyrþingdæg = | bradnes = 244,376 km²<ref name="r9" /> | menniscu = 66,912,637 (2021)<ref name="r4" /> | þiccnes = 273.8/km² | geleafan = 46.6% Crīstendōm; 37.6% nān ġeleafa; 6.0% Īslam; 1.6% Hindūdōm; 2.2% ōþre; 5.9% nān ġecȳþed (2021)<ref name="r5">"Table 07: UK07 - Religion by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> | GDP getæl = 4.268 bīlion USD (2026)<ref name="r10" /> | GDP ælcum heafde = 61,108 USD<ref name="r10" /> | landesforþbæro = | feoh = Sterlinges pund (£) | tidgyrdel = UTC+0 | tidgyrdel 2 = UTC+1 | sundorricehad = | webbnamena tægl = .uk | feorspræcan forerim = +44 | wægnplatung = }} Þæt '''Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes''' ('''Ġeānod Cynedōm''', ēac '''Bryten''') is land on norþwestan Eurōpe, ūt of þǣre fæstlandes mearce. Man nemneþ "Bryten" on mislicum wīsum: ''The Guardian'' and ''The Telegraph'' healdaþ hit for ān word mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme; gov.uk bōc lǣtt "UK" and "Ġeānod Cynedōm", ac "Brittisc ǣrendraca".<ref name="r14">"Guardian style guide: U", The Guardian, 23 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-style-guide-u</ref><ref name="r15">"Places", The Telegraph, 25 July 2025. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places/</ref><ref name="r16">"Style guide - A to Z - Guidance - GOV.UK", www.gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z#great-britain</ref> Hit hæfþ on him Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland (Mann, Garnesīġ and Gerseġ sind cyninges lēodland, nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes); þǣr wunodon ofer 69 mīliona manna on ġēare 2025. Hit hæfþ on him Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan dǣl Īralandes and māniġe lǣsse ēalond; his brǣdu is 244,376 km². Hit hæfþ landġemǣre wiþ Īraland and is ymbfangen mid Ātlantiscum Sǣ, Norþsǣ, Englisce Sǣ, Celtiscum Sǣ and Īriscum Sǣ; hit āgnaþ ēac þā lēodland and þā Brittiscan ofersǣwisċan lēodland. Lunden is hēafodburg and mǣste burg Englalandes and þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Eadenburg, Cardiff and Belfeast sind hēafodburga Scotlandes, Wēala and Norþīralandes. Þā Brittiscan Īgland wæron āhwǣr wunode of þǣre niwan stānealdre tīde. Rōmāne ongunnon þæt land oferwinnan on ġēare 43 æfter Crīste; hīe gewiton on ġēarum 383–410; Engle and Seaxe ongunnon hēr eardian ymbe 450; Normanne gewunnon Englaland on ġēare 1066. Þæs cyninges anweald wearð lǣsse on þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare, ǣrest þurh þā Englisce burhwar. Englaland and Scotland wurdon ġeānode be þǣre Ġeānunge on ġēare 1707, and wæs Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten. Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ on ġēare 1800 ġeīcton þæt Cynedōm Īralandes tō, and ġewrohton þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten and Īralandes on ġēare 1801. Mǣst eall Īraland ġewāt on ġēare 1922 and wæs Īrisc Frēoland; sēo ǣ ymbe cyninglicne and þinglicne naman on ġēare 1927 ġewrōhte þone nū ġīet Ġeānodan Cynedōm. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land þe cræftas bræc and þære worulde mǣste miht on mǣstum dǣle þæs nigonteoðan and þæs ǣrestan tīman þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares, ǣrest on þǣre ''Pax Britannica'' tīde (1815–1914). Þæt Brittisce Rīċe lǣdde þone nigonteoðan hundġēares welan þurh landbūnes bliss, cēapes ġemiht, cræftes miht, cræft and Lundenes ūpstīġ tō ealles ānes fēohgemōtes. On þǣm twēntigum ġēarum hit ymbfēng ymbe fēorðan dǣl þære worulde landes and folces, þæt mǣste rīċe on stǣre. Þā twā woruldġewinn dǣrdon Brytene and þā ūtlendiscan ġewītton ealle wīdgielle. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and folcrīċe mid unġewriten ġesetnesse (Þinges ǣ, dōmas, þēawas)<ref name="r17">"What is the UK Constitution?", The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution</ref> and þrim dōmstōwum: Englaland and Wēalas, Scotland, Norþīraland. Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland hæbbaþ āgen rīċu and þing mid ġedǣlede mihte. Hit is āþenod land mid snotorum welan, an þǣra mǣstena on feohġemēte and frēom ūtfēringe. Swā āgen cernelwǣpna land mid ān þǣra hēāhstena wīgfēoh hit hæfþ ān þǣra strangestena here on Eurōpe. Brittisc þēaw is wīde mǣre, ǣrest on Angelcynnes folce and on Ġemǣnum Welan, and his ǣ and rīċe ġeformodon māniġe fyrnra landa. Hit is mǣre miht and ġeferræden manigra ūtlendiscra ġesamnunga. == Naman == Þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707 ġeānodon Englaland and Scotland "tō ānum rīċe on naman Mǣre Bryten" (þā Ǣ on 1800 sprǣcon "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes").<ref name="r18">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706", Scots History Online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |date=2019-05-27 }} Barnett, Hilaire; Jago, Robert, "Constitutional & Administrative Law", Routledge, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165</ref> "Ġeānod Cynedōm" wæs hwīlum ġenotod for Cynedōme Mǣran Bryten, þæs ambihtlic nama 1707–1800 wæs "Mǣre Bryten".<ref name="r19">"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); Gascoigne, Bamber, "History of Great Britain (from 1707)", History World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07</ref> Æfter Īralandes tōdǣle and Īriscum Frēolandes frēodōme on 1922 wæs sē nama on 1927 ġeændrod tō "Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Norþīralandes".<ref name="r20">Cottrell, P., "The Irish Civil War 1922–23", Bloomsbury USA, 2008. https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573</ref> Þēah þe hīe frēo sind, þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes fēower dǣlas man wīde hǣt landu;<ref name="r21">S. Dunn; H. Dawson, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements", ISO 3166-2, International Organization for Standardization, 15 December 2011. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf</ref> þæs ealdormannes webbstede sprǣc "landu on lande".<ref name="r22">"Countries within a country", Prime Minister's Office, 10 January 2003. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2008-09-09 }}</ref> NUTS 1 rīmcræft hǣt Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland "scīra";<ref name="r23">"Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics". http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045523/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |date=2014-12-24 }} "13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession". http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194604/http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |date=2014-01-03 }}</ref> Norþīraland is ēac ġecīged "mearc".<ref name="r24">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 Murphy, Dervla, "A Place Apart", Penguin, 1979</ref> Þæt word þe man for Norþīraland ċīest "mæg beon ġewinnful".<ref name="r25">Whyte, John; FitzGerald, "Interpreting Northern Ireland", Clarendon Press, 1991</ref> "Mǣre Bryten" tācnaþ þæt ēalond, oþþe ġeþēodlīċe Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tōgædere;<ref name="r26">"Guardian Unlimited Style Guide", Guardian News and Media Limited, 19 December 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html "BBC style guide (Great Britain)", BBC News, 19 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g "Key facts about the United Kingdom", Government, citizens and rights, HM Government. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |date=2012-10-15 }}</ref> hit is hwīlum frēolīċ ġelīċnes tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r27">New Oxford American Dictionary: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> "Englaland" is hwīlum on woh ġenotod for þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mǣst fram ūtanlendiscum.<ref name="r28">"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — George Mikes, "How To Be An Alien", Penguin, 1946 "England OR United Kingdom (UK)? | Vocabulary | EnglishClub", englishclub.com. https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm</ref> "Bryten" is ān word mid Mǣre Bryten,<ref name="r29">"Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary", dictionary.cambridge.org. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain "Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries", Oxford Dictionaries – English. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |date=2016-09-26 }}</ref><ref name="r30">"Britain definition and meaning", collinsdictionary.com, Collins English Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain</ref> hwīlum mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r31">"Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners", learnersdictionary.com, Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormannes bōc ċīest "Ġeānod Cynedōm" būtan ǣrendracum (ġeændrodum fram "Ġeānod Cynedōm" tō "Brittisc" on 1961),<ref name="r32">"'Cold U.K.' Becomes British", The Times, 21 October 1961</ref><ref name="r33">"Style guide: A to Z", UK Government, 21 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z</ref> ac ōþre ealdormannes gewritu underfōþ bēgen naman.<ref name="r34">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, "Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom", gov.uk, UK Government, 17 May 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines</ref> Þæt Ġeānode Cynedōmes Ēacan Nama-Gesamnung underfēhþ "Ġeānod Cynedōm" and "Mǣre Bryten" ac ealneġe "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r34" /> Sēo BBC hwīlum nōtode "Bryten" for Mǣre Bryten ānum; hire nū bōc cwiþþ ānlīċe þæt "Mǣre Bryten" ne belimpþ tō Norþīralande.<ref name="r35">"BBC News style guide – Names", BBC Academy, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 "Alphabetical checklist", BBC News, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551</ref> "Brittisc" tācnaþ Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣnu and, on ǣ, þā ċierlīċan hyrdrǣdenne and þēodscipe.<ref name="r36">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D., "Constitutional and administrative law", Pearson Longman, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36</ref> Fyrnlīċe hit ymbfēng þæt Rīċe and þone Ġemǣnan Wela; þā Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ealdormenn hit nōtodon ānlīċe on 1961 æfter þæt hīe lēafe ǣrest āscodon æt Estrēċe, Cenedan and Nīwan Sǣlande.<ref name="r37">Curran, James; Ward, "The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire", Melbourne University Publishing, 2010</ref><ref name="r38">Ward, Stuart, "Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain", Cambridge University Press, 2023</ref> Mannum ċīesaþ hīe sylfe Brittisce, Englisce, Scottisce, Wēalisce, Norþīrisce oþþe Īrisce,<ref name="r39">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?", Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010, ARK&nbsp;– Access Research Knowledge, 2010. http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html</ref> oþþe ġedāl þǣra.<ref name="r40">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 Schrijver, Frans, "Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom", Amsterdam University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275</ref> == Stǣr == === Ǣr þǣre Ġeānunge === [[File:Stonehenge2007 07 30.jpg|thumb|Stānhenge, Wiltūnscīr: stānhring, stānas ymbe 4 m hēa]] Cro-Magnon ġesǣton þæt land on ġewealdum fram ymbe 30,000 wintra;<ref name="r41">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] ". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> stǣdlīċ eardung ġewāt of þǣre īsa ġewitenes ymbe 11,500 wintra.<ref name="r42">"A 12,000-year story - revealing the history of settlers in Britain from the end of the Ice Age to the present day | University of Oxford", ox.ac.uk, 9 February 2018. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-02-09-12000-year-story-revealing-history-settlers-britain-end-ice-age-present-day</ref> On ende ǣr stǣre þæt folc belamp mǣst tō Īnsulǣre Celtiscre cyþþe, hit ymbfēng Brittisce Bryten and Gaelisce Īraland.<ref name="r43">Koch, John T., "Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, 2006. https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128</ref> Rōmāna oferwinnung fram 43 æfter Crīste and 400 wintra rīċes ofer sūþan Bryten ēodon æfter Engla and Seaxna infare, sē þā Brittiscan landscīre dydon tō Wēalum, Cornwalum and, hwīle, Þǣm Ealdan Norþe (norþ Englaland, sūþ Scotland).<ref name="r44">Davies, "The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales", University of Wales Press, 2008</ref> Mǣst eall Angelseaxna land wearð tō Englalandes rīċe on þǣm tēoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r45">"Short Athelstan biography". https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml</ref> Gaelisce sprecendas on norþwestan Brytene (hefiġlīċe infarenne fram norþēastan Īralande on þǣm fīftan hundġēare)<ref name="r46">Mackie, J.D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin, 1991. https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 Campbell, Ewan, "Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots", Canongate, 1999</ref> ġeānodon mid Peohtum and ġewrohton Scotlandes rīċe on þǣm nigoðan hundġēare.<ref name="r47">Haigh, Christopher, "The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland", Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30</ref> [[File:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg|thumb|alt=Fotograf þǣra baða, ġeswutelende ān rihtlic stōw grēnes wæteres ymbfangen mid geolum stāncotum mid swēorum. On þǣm bæce is þæs mynstres torr.|Rōmāniscu baþu, Bæþ, Sumorsǣte: wel ġeheald Rōmānisc stōw]] Normanne ġefōran on Englaland on 1066, nāman micel dǣl Wēala, oferwunnon mǣst eall Īraland and wurdon ġeċīgde on Scotland, and brōhton Norþfrencisc ġewealdlīċe and Normannisce þēawas;<ref name="r48">Ganshof, F.L., "Feudalism", University of Toronto, 1996. https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5</ref> sēo Engla-Normannisce ealdormanna stīġ hæfde mǣre gebrēad and wearð þonne ġemǣnsum mid ēðellīċum þēawum.<ref name="r49">Chibnall, Marjorie, "The Debate on the Norman Conquest", Manchester University Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115</ref> Mīdelealdre Engla cyningas ġeendodon þā oferwinnunge Wēala ac ne ġeānodon Scotland, þe on 1320 ġewitnode hire frēodōm on Arbroaþes Cȳþnesse, on ġewinne mid Englalande fēawum ġewinnlēasum.<ref name="r50">"The Declaration of Arbroath", NMS, 3 June 2023. https://www.nms.ac.uk/past-exhibitions/the-declaration-of-arbroath</ref> Mǣre Cartan (1215) wæs þæt ǣreste gewrit þe cwæþ þæt nān ealdordōm is būtan ǣ and þæt ċierlas habbaþ ġehealdene rihta.<ref name="r51">"Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ "The contents of Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ "Magna Carta Key Facts", Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts</ref> Engla cyningas, þe āgnodon Frencisc landu and ċēasdon Frencisce cynehelm, gefuhton on Frankland, ǣrest on þǣm Hundġēara Ġewinne; Scotta cyningas wæron ġeāmǣnode mid Franclande.<ref name="r52">Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] . BBC History.</ref> Þā Ġeændrung brōhte godcundlīċ ġewinn and Mōtstānlīċe cirican on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r53">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] , Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Sēo Englisce Ġeændrung ġeændrode þeodscipe, ġesetnesse, cwealmcynn and þēawas on þǣm siexteoðan hundġēare, ġewrōhte Engla Cirican, ġescēop Englisce þēodlīċe ġecynd and lytlum ġeændrode ġeleafan.<ref name="r54">"English Reformation c1527-1590", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/</ref> Wēalas wearð eallunga ġeīced tō Englalande;<ref name="r55">"British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors", 5 November 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml</ref> Īraland wearð cynedōm on āgenre ġeānunge mid Englisce cynehelme.<ref name="r56">Nicholls, Mark, "A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms", Blackwell, 1999. https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich</ref> On þǣre seofontēoðan hundġēares Ūlstres Plantunge, sē Cynehelm nōm þǣra Gaeliscra Rōmiscra eorla land and sealde hit Mōtstānlīcum ġesettum of Englalande and Scotlande.<ref name="r57">Canny, Nicholas P., "Making Ireland British, 1580–1650", Oxford University Press, 2003. https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann</ref> [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Iacob 6 and 1, cyning Scotlandes 1567–1625, Englalandes and Īralandes 1603–1625]] Þā Cynehelma Ġeānung cōm on ġēare 1603 þā Iacob 6 of Scotlande ġeerfode Engliscne and Īriscne þrymsetl and ferde his hīred tō Lundene; þā þrēo rīċu wunodon tōdǣlede, healdende hira āgen þing, dōmas and cirican.<ref name="r58">Ross, D. (2002). ''Chronology of Scottish History''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. ; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. .</ref> Wiþ þǣre mīdre seofontēoðan hundġēares ġeþīode ġewinnu, on þǣm Englisc Burhwarena Ġewinne, lǣddon tō Carles 1 cwalu and tō þǣre scortan frēoriċes þæs Ġemǣnan Welan Englalandes, Scotlandes and Īralandes.<ref name="r59">"English Civil Wars". https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars; "Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660", Archontology.org, 14 March 2010. http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php</ref> Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge, þǣre Tōwesenne, þǣre Wuldorlīcan Ġeedwyrpe 1688, þǣre Rihtboce 1689 (Englaland) and þǣre Frēoclāmes Ǣ 1689 (Scotland) ġeēodon ġewealdlīcne cyningdōm and Rōmiscne ġeerfe; cynedōm on ǣ and þinglīc rīċe weox.<ref name="r60">Lodge, Richard, "The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)", Read Books, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC</ref> Sēo Cynelicu Ġesamnung (1660) tihte tō cræfte; sǣmiht and fērendlīcu fandung brōhton landu, ǣrest on Norþ-Amerīcan and Karibiscum.<ref name="r61">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy", Royal Navy History, Institute of Naval History. http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two; Canny, Nicholas, "The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC</ref> Æfter āwrecenum ġeānungum on 1606, 1667 and 1689, þā ġefandung on 1705 ġeworhte þā Ġeānunge (1706), ġefæstnode fram bēgum þingum. === Englalandes and Scotlandes Ġeānung === [[File:Articles of Union between England and Scotland 28 Jan 1707.png|thumb|Ġeānunge Gewrit betwux Englalande and Scotlande, 28 Æfterran Ġēolan 1707]] Þæt Cynedōm Mǣran Bryten wearð ġeworht on 1 Þrimilces 1707 þurh þā Ġeānunge Ǣ 1707.<ref name="r62">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm; "Acts of Union 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny; "Treaty (act) of Union 1706", Scottish History online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |date=2019-05-27 }}</ref> Ġeþēodlīċ rīċe wearð ġeworht under Roberte Walpole, ''de facto'' ǣrestum formaþeġne 1721–1742. Iacobitisce ūpārīsunga sōhton tō ġeedniwianne þā Rōmiscan Stuartes mǣġþe ongēan Hannovres mǣġþe; þā Iacobitas forluron æt Culloden on 1746, æfter þǣm þā Hēahlendisce wurdon nīedlīċe ġemǣnsumode þurh ende clanes ealdres frēodōmes. Þā Norþ-Amerīcan landu bræcon ūt on þǣre Amerīcāniscan Frēodōmes Gewinne and wurdon þā Ġeānodan Rīċu; rīċes wilnung ēode tō Asian, ǣrest Indean.<ref name="r63">Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] , p. 73.</ref> Brittiscan cēapmenn lǣddon þone Atlantiscan þēowcēap, mǣst 1662–1807, þā Brittisce oþþe Brittisc-landisce scipu bǣron nēah 3.3 mīliona Africāna, mǣst tō Karibiscum plantunga and ēac tō Norþ-Amerīcan.<ref name="r64">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12</ref><ref name="r65">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, US, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15</ref> Æfter ofercwealdnesse þæs ǣfestan þingmǣnes þā þing forbēad þone cēap on 1807 and þēowdōm on þǣm Rīċe on 1833; Bryten lǣdde wīdgielle ǣfestnesse þurh forbōd on African and ġeþingu.<ref name="r66">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] . BBC Devon. 2007.; Lovejoy, Paul E., "Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa", Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290</ref> === Ġeānod Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes === [[File:Victoria in her Coronation robes.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Victoria on cynelicum hrægle]] Mǣre Bryten and Īraland þurhlǣddon ǣlc Ġeānunge Ǣ on 1800, ġewyrcende þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm Mǣran Brytene and Īralandes on 1 Æfterran Ġēolan 1801.<ref name="r67">"The Act of Union", Act of Union Virtual Library. http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act</ref> Æfter Francrīċes forlorenesse on þǣm Ġeedwyrplīcum and Napoleōniscum Gewinnum (1792–1815) sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð sǣfaru and rīċes hēafodland, Lunden þære worulde mǣste burg fram ymbe 1830.<ref name="r68">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. .</ref> Sēo ''Pax Britannica'' (1815–1914) dyde þæt Rīċe tō ealles woruldes ealdre and "woruldweardas".<ref name="r69">Mathias, P., "The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914", Routledge, 2001; Ferguson, Niall, "Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power", Basic Books, 2004. https://archive.org/details/empire00nial</ref><ref name="r70">McDougall, Walter A., "20th-century international relations", 4 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155</ref><ref name="r71">Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. .</ref><ref name="r72">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC</ref> Bryten gefeaht on þǣm Krimean Gewinne (1853–1856) ġeīcod mid Ottomanum Rīċe wiþ Russlande;<ref name="r73">Benn, David Wedgwood, "The Crimean War and its lessons for today", International Affairs, March 2012</ref> æfter þǣre Indiscan Ūpārīsunge 1857 Palmerstones rīċe nōm onsundrum ealdordōm ofer Indea. Cēapes ġemiht sealde ġeweald ofer feohġemētum swā Ēastasian and Lǣdenlandum Amerīcan.<ref name="r74">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC; Marshall, P.J., "The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC</ref> On Victorian tīman (1837–1901) wæs frēo cēap and ''laissez-faire'' ġecoren. Fram þǣre Miclan Ġeedwyrplīcan Ǣ (1832) wearð þæt cyres wīdra; sēo 1884 Ġeedwyrplīc Ǣ under Gladstone forġeaf cyre mǣstum wǣpnedmannum. Rǣd folces weaxung and burhfaru brōhte ġesettnesse and welan styrunga.<ref name="r75">Tompson, Richard S., "Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present", Facts on File, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63</ref> Ende nigonteoðan hundġēares Hīwlīce rīċu (Disraeli, Salisbury) ġeīcton þæt Rīċe on Africa, hēoldon "mǣre ānsetlnesse" fram Eurōpiscum ġeānungum and healdon Russland on Middelasian (þone Miclan Plegan).<ref name="r76">Fromkin, David, "The Great Game in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 1980. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512</ref> Cenede, Estrēċe and Nīwe Sǣland wurdon āgen-rīċsiende landu.<ref name="r77">Hosch, William L., "World War I: People, Politics, and Power", Britannica Educational Publishing, 2009</ref> Cræftes ealdordōm wearð ġeweald fram Þēodlande and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ymbe 1900.<ref name="r78">Zarembka, Paul, "Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid", Emerald Group Publishing, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1</ref> Sēo Edwardiscu tīd (1901–1910) brōhte ġemǣne bōte and Īrisc āgenrīċe tō ġeearnunge; Lǣborlic wearð on 1900 of ġeferscipum and ġewiselīcum ġesamnungum; wīfmenn fōrdon ċierlīċe cyre for wīfum.<ref name="r79">Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref> === Woruldġewinn and Īralandes tōdǣl === [[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Ġemynd-dæġes ċrancas ġelēgde æt þǣm Cenotaph, Lunden]] [[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|Spitfire and Hurricane, Brytenes Gefeohtes Ġemynd-flyht]] Bryten wæs ān ealdor þǣra ġeānodra þe oferwonn þā Midlandlīcan Mihta on þǣm Ǣrestan Woruldġewinne (1914–1918), feohtende mid Francrīċe, Russlande and (fram 1917) þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ofer þæt Rīċe and Eurōpe, ǣrest on Westfrontan.<ref name="r80">Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. .</ref><ref name="r81">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. .</ref> Gravwīg ofslōg mǣst ān cynn wera; Bryten drēfde 2.5 mīliona wundode and ġeendode mid mǣrum þēodlīcum ġeldum.<ref name="r81" /> Sēo Ǣ þæs Folces ġeþingþes 1918 forġeaf cyre eallum fulwæstmum weran and mǣstum fulwæstmum wīfum.<ref name="r81" /> Bryten ġeānode on þǣm Folcgemōtes Ealdorrǣde and underfēng ġewealdu ofer ǣr Þēodisce and Ottomanisce landu; under Lloyd George þæt Rīċe cōm tō his mǣstan brǣdu, fīfta dǣl þære worulde landes and fēorða dǣl his folces.<ref name="r82">Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. .</ref> Ymbe þā mīdre twēntigoðan hundġēares mǣst folc mihte hīeran BBC hlūdstefn;<ref name="r83">"100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough", Ofcom, 15 June 2020. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio</ref><ref name="r84">Linfoot, Matthew, "History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio</ref> fandung sēonde ongann 1929 and sēo ǣreste gesettan BBC Sēonde Ambiht 1936.<ref name="r85">"History of the BBC: 1920s", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s</ref> Īrisc folccȳþ and Āgenrīċes ġewinnu lǣddon tō þæs ēalondes tōdǣle on 1921;<ref name="r86">SR&O 1921/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> ġewinn on þǣm þe nū is Norþīraland ēode Ġēolan 1920–Ġēolan 1922. Sē Īrisca Frēoland wearð frēo (landes hād 1922, eallunga frēodōm 1931); Norþīraland wunode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r87">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921", CAIN Web Service. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm</ref> Sēo Efenlīc Cyres Ǣ 1928 forġeaf wīfum cyres efenlīcnesse. Sē Micla Slege cōm on 1926. Sēo Micle Wǣdlnes (1929–1932) brōhte wǣdlunge nēah 3 mīliona, unfrēode and ġewinn; ġemǣnu rīċe wearð ġeworht on 1931.<ref name="r88">Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. .</ref> Bryten wunode welig, wel gewǣpned miht on þǣre woruldes weorces midle;<ref name="r89">Edgerton, David, "Britain's War Machine", Penguin, 2012. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html; "Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War", Reviews in History. https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114</ref> hit ēode on þone Ōþerne Woruldġewinn æfter Þēodlandes infare on Pōlen 1939 and, mid his rīċe, feaht fortōðan æfter þæt his Eurōpiscan ġeānan feollon.<ref name="r89" /> On 1940 sēo Lyftfyrd (RAF) ofercōm þā Þēodiscan ''Luftwaffe'' on Brytenes Gefeohte; burga drēfdon þone Blitz. Bryten, þā Ġeānodan Rīċu and þæt Sōwiet Rīċe ġeworhton þā Mǣran Ġeānunge on 1941. Mǣre sigeras cōmon on þǣm Atlantiscan Gefeohte, Norþ-African and Italian; Bryten wæs micel on þǣm Normandiscan landunge 1944; sē Here lǣdde þone Burmiscan færeld and sēo Pacificisc Flota gefeaht wiþ Iapan. Brittisce cræftmenn dydon tō þǣm Manhattan Weorce.<ref name="r90">Septimus H. Paul, "Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952", Ohio State U.P., 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1</ref> === Æfter þǣm twēntigoðan hundġēare === [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|Brittisc Rīċe on his hēahstan tīman on 1921]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs ān þǣra Þrēora Mǣrena þe ġeþōhton þā æfterġewinnlīcan worulde;<ref name="r91">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, "Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945", Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62; Kelly, Brian, "The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives", Indiana University of Pennsylvania. https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |date=2015-10-22 }}</ref> hit āwrāt þā Cȳþnesse þǣra Ġeānodra Þēoda mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum, wearð āgen ān fæstlic mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and hēlp ġewyrcan þone Feohsealdgemōt, þā Woruldbancan and þā Norþsǣlīcan Ġeānunge (NATO).<ref name="r92">"The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR", Roosevelt Institute, 22 July 2010. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125021103/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |date=2018-01-25 }}; "Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference", The White House, 22 April 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press</ref> Wācod and bedēfed on þǣre Marshalles Ġeþōhte,<ref name="r93">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S.", The New York Times, 28 December 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html</ref> hit forfleah þone eallan ġewinn þe hergode Ēasteurōpe.<ref name="r94">Reynolds, David, "Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review", The Guardian, 17 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review</ref> Þæs Attlees Lǣborlican rīċes bōta ġeweald nāmon mǣre weorc and ġewyrhto, ġewrōhton ġemǣnne wēlan and sǣton þā Ġeþēodlīcan Hǣlþe Ambiht.<ref name="r95">Francis, Martin, "Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain", Manchester University Press, 1997</ref><ref name="r96">Lee, Stephen J., "Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995", Routledge, 1996. https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees</ref> Þā Landþēoda ġeearnunga and Brytene wācung dydon þæt āwending ūnforbūgendlīc;<ref name="r97">Brown, Judith, "The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC p. 319.</ref><ref name="r98">Louis, Wm. Roger, "Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization", I.B. Tauris, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC p. 337.</ref><ref name="r99">Abernethy, David, "The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980", Yale University Press, 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC p. 146.</ref> Indea and Pakistan wurdon frēo on 1947<ref name="r100">Larres, Klaus, "A companion to Europe since 1945", Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118</ref> and mǣst ealle ōþre landu binnan þrīm tīgum ġēara, manig ġeānode mid þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela.<ref name="r101">"Country List", Commonwealth Secretariat, 19 March 2009. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē þridda cernelrīċe (Weorc Hurricane, 1952); sēo Suez Wǣdlnes 1956 ġecȳþde his lǣssan stōwe. Ġemǣnan Welan infaru, tihted fram 1950um weorces lǣnes, dyde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mā mislicran and mā mislicran þēawum.<ref name="r102">Julios, Christina, "Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse", Ashgate, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84</ref> Fēohġemēt wæs behindan Francrīċe, Westþēodlande and Iapan. On 1969 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste folcrīċe tō lǣssanne þā cyres ealdre tō 18.<ref name="r103">Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds", Contemporary British History, 3 April 2021. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġestaþelode þā Westeurōpiscan Ġeānunge (1954) and þā EFTA (1960), ġewāt of EFTA tō ġeānianne mid þǣm Eurōpiscum Ġemǣnum on 1973 (1975 sprǣc: 67% tō wunianne),<ref name="r104">"1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum", BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm</ref> and wæs ġestaþelend þæs Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge on 1993. Þā Þrēaunga, folclic and wǣpnedlic ġewinn on Norþīralande fram ende 1960ra, man wēnþ ġeendod mid þǣre Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe 1998.<ref name="r105">Aughey, Arthur, "The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement", Routledge, 2005. https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Holland, Jack, "Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland", Henry Holt, 1999. https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. .</ref> Æfter 1970ra hindrunge and ġewinne, Thatchernes 1980ra Hīwlīce rīċe lǣdde feohlīc cræft, unġebindendnesse (þone 1986 Miclan Cnyll), sealde ūt ġemǣne weorc and cearf sealde.<ref name="r106">Dorey, Peter, "British politics since 1945", Blackwell, 1995</ref> On 1982 Argentina ġefōr on Sūþ Georgia and þā Falklandes Ēalond, ġewyrcende þone 10-wucan Falklandes Ġewinn, þone Bryten ġewann; þā ēalondes mannas ġefæstnodon Brittisc rīċe on 1983 spræce 2013. Norþsǣ ele feoh ġeīcte þone welan fram 1984.<ref name="r107">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart, "Applied Economics", Financial Times Press, 2007. http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823124048/http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |date=2009-08-23 }}</ref> Gibraltar, micel wīgstōw,<ref name="r108">"Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain"</ref> ġewitnode ġemǣne ealdordōm mid Hispania on spræce 2002. Ġedǣlde rīċu wurdon ġesette for Scotland, Wēalas and Norþīraland on ende 20. hundġēares,<ref name="r109">Keating, Michael, "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom", Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1 January 1998</ref> æfter underfēnge þǣre Eurōpiscan Cȳþnesse Manna Rihta. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wunode mǣre miht mid fruman on þǣm Ġeānodum Þēodum and NATO.<ref name="r110">McCourt, David, "Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics", University of Michigan Press, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics</ref> === Ān and twēntigoða hundġēar === [[File:Johnson signed Brexit Withdrawal Agreement.jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson āwrītt þā Brexit ūtgangnesse ġeþingþe, 2020]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġefæstnode þā Ġeānodan Rīċu "wīg ongēan ege"<ref name="r111">McSmith, Andy, "The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq", Independent, 5 July 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html</ref> and gefeaht on Afganistan; þā Iraqes Gewinnes sendunge under Blair ġeċīgde þā mǣstan folcgewinnunge on Brytene.<ref name="r112">Adams, Tim, "'A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world?", The Observer, 11 February 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy</ref> Sēo Micle Wācung (2007–2010) slōg þone feohġemēt,<ref name="r113">"Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices)", Office for National Statistics, 20 December 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929150429/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |date=2015-09-29 }}</ref> and fyligde wāc weaxung and stillnes.<ref name="r114">Harari, Daniel, "Low growth: The economy's biggest challenge", House of Commons Library, 16 July 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/low-growth-the-economys-biggest-challenge/#:~:</ref><ref name="r115">Rees, Tom; Atkinson, "A Lost Decade Worse Than Japan's Threatens to Change UK Forever", Bloomberg News, 12 March 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/a-lost-decade-worse-than-japan-s-threatens-to-change-uk-forever</ref> Þā 2010 Cameron–Clegg ġeānung ġesette fǣsting tō cearfenne þā forlorenessa.<ref name="r116">"What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now?", BBC News, 7 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224</ref> On þǣre 2014 Scotta āgenrīċes spræce 55.3% curon tō wunianne on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r117">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> On 2016, 51.9% curon þone Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge tō forlǣtanne;<ref name="r118">Witte, Griff; Adam, "In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U.", The Washington Post, 24 June 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġewāt on 2020<ref name="r119">"Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union", BBC News, 1 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781</ref> and sēo Eurōpiscan Ġeānung–Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu fēng on 1 Þrimilces 2021.<ref name="r120">"The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement". https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en</ref><ref name="r121">"Free Trade Agreements EU-UK". https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1137</ref> Sēo COVID-19 ġewītnes slōg þone feohġemēt and þā lāre and hæfde wīde ġemǣne and þinglicē āhæfenes on 2020–2021;<ref name="r122">"Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK", gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/</ref><ref name="r123">"Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020", ons.gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020</ref><ref name="r124">Walker, Andrew, "Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD", BBC News, 10 June 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt ǣreste land tō nōtigenne ġefæstnodne COVID-19 sealfe, ġiefende ān þǣra swiftostena ūtsendunga.<ref name="r125">"Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination", NHS, 8 December 2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/</ref><ref name="r126">"Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved</ref> == Landgemǣre == [[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sǣgebrād þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes būtan Hetlande]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ymbfēhþ ymbe 244,376 km², þæt land 242,741 km².<ref name="r9">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, Office for National Statistics, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> Hē hæfþ mǣstne dǣl þǣra Brittiscra Īgland<ref name="r127">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> and ymbfēhþ Mǣre Bryten, þone norþēastan siexteoþan dǣl Īralandes and lǣsse ēalond.<ref name="r9" /> Hē līþ betweox þǣm Norþ-Ātlantiscan Sǣ and þǣre Norþsǣ; his sūþēast ġemǣre is binnan 35 km fram norþran Francrīċe ofer þā Englisce Sǣ.<ref name="r128">"United Kingdom", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |date=2021-01-09 }}</ref> Mann, Gerseġ and Garnesīġ sind cyninges lēodland on ġeānunge mid þǣm cyninge, ac nā dǣl þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes; Bryten hīerþ hira ūtlandisce weorc. Mann līþ on þǣre Īriscan Sǣ betweox Mǣre Bryten and Īralande; þā Sǣs Ēalond līþ ūt of norþran Francrīċe. Sēo Cynelice Grēonwīces Wearde on Lundene ġesette þone Fruman Midbaugas, ġecoren on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Midbaugas Ġemōte 1884.<ref name="r129">ROG Learning Team, "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich", Royal Museums Greenwich, 23 August 2002. http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich</ref><ref name="r130">"Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be", Independent, 13 August 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm līþ betweox 49° and 61° norþ and 9° west and 2° ēast. Norþīraland hæfþ 499 km landġemǣre wiþ Īraland<ref name="r128" /> and 650 km sǣstrande.<ref name="r131">"Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum", Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum. https://library2.nics.gov.uk/pdf/dard/2014/EEUD.pdf</ref> Sǣstrand Mǣran Bryten and þǣra mǣstena ēalonda is nēah 31,368 km, þǣra Mǣre Bryten 17,820 km,<ref name="r132">Darkes, Giles, "How long is the UK coastline?", The British Cartographic Society, January 2008. http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |date=2012-05-22 }}</ref> þēah þe ġemetu sind mislice.<ref name="r133">Weiner, Sophie, "Why it's Impossible to Accurately Measure a Coastline", Popular Mechanics, 3 March 2018. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/</ref> Sē Sǣ-ġeng (50 km, 38 km under wætere) is sē langesta under-wæteres ġang on worulde.<ref name="r134">"The Channel Tunnel", Eurotunnel. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure</ref> Fēower eorþlicu cynn wudu sind: Celtisce brādlēafwudas, Englisce Lāgland bōcwudas, Norþ-Ātlantisce wǣte ġemengde wudas and Caledonisce fyrwudas.<ref name="r135">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", BioScience, 2017</ref> Wudu þeahte 3.25 mīliona hektara on 2023, 13% þæs landes.<ref name="r136">"Woodland Statistics, Key findings", Forest Research. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/</ref> === Weder === Mǣst þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes is ġemetfæst, cōl mid genihtsumum rēne ġēares ymbhwyrft.<ref name="r128" /> Hǣto ne feallaþ oft under 0 C oþþe ofer 30 C.<ref name="r137">"Hottest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html; "Coldest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html</ref> Þā ūplandu Englalandes, Wēala, Norþīralandes and mǣstes Scotlandes habbaþ sǣlīce lytelmeorfeld weder; hēah Scotland is ċeald and norþlic, þā munta hæbbaþ ċeald.<ref name="r138">"English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version)", 9 August 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg</ref> Þā sūþwestenan windas brengaþ milde wǣte weder of þǣm Ātlantiscan Sǣ;<ref name="r128" /> þæt ēast is ġescylde and driġost, for þǣm þe mǣst rēn fielþ on þǣm westan. Þā streamas þe sind wearme fram Golfes Strēame ġiefaþ milde winter, wǣtost on þǣm westan and on hēhre eorþan. Sumor is wearmost on sūþēastan Englalande, ċealdost on norþan; hēh land hæfþ micele snāw on winter and on ǣrum lenctene.<ref name="r139">"Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)", UK Climate Projections, Met Office. http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152</ref> Sunnscīn wæs on mǣdele 1,339.7 tīda on ġēare 1971–2000<ref name="r140">"UK 1971–2000 averages", Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html</ref> and wexlaþ fram 1,200 tō nēah 1,580 tīda.<ref name="r141">"UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series", Met Office. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series</ref> Weoruldweder hæfþ swīðe unġefēlde þing; þrydda dǣl þǣra 2023 mettes pris-āstīġes wæs tō þǣm ġeteald.<ref name="r142">Smeeton, George, "Families hit by £605 food bill as extreme weather and energy crisis bites", Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, 28 November 2023. https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta of 180 on þǣm 2024 Ymbhwyrftes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r143">"2024 Environmental Performance Index", Environmental Performance Index. https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710023935/https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |date=2024-07-10 }}</ref> Ǣ biddeþ nān-lǣste gasa ūtgang bī 2050.<ref name="r144">Shepheard, Marcus, "UK net zero target", Institute for Government, 20 April 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050.</ref> === Landes hīw === [[File:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|Landes hīw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] '''Englaland''' is 53% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes (130,395 km²).<ref name="r145">"England&nbsp;– Profile", BBC News, 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm</ref> Mǣst lāgland,<ref name="r146">Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd, "United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online", Atlapedia.com. http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm</ref> mid ūplandum norþwestan þǣre Tees–Exe līne. Lāglandu: Cornwalas, Nīwe Wudu, Sūþdūna, Norfolkes Brōcas; ūplandu: Sēo Mēre Landes, Pennīnes, Eoforwīcscīres Dūna, Exmōr, Dartmōr. Mǣste ēa: Temes, Sæfern, Humber. Hēhste munt Scafell Pike (978 m); mǣste ēalond Wihtland. '''Scotland''' is 32% (78,772 km²),<ref name="r147">"Scotland Facts", Scotland Online Gateway. http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> mid nēah 800 ēalondum (Hebridas, Orcadas, Hetland)<ref name="r148">Winter, Jon, "The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands", Independent, 1 June 2000. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html</ref> and is þæt muntlicste land. Sēo Hēahlandu habbaþ mǣst muntas (Cairngorms, Loch Lomond and Trossachs, Ben Nevis 1,345 m,<ref name="r149">"Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller", Ordnance Survey Blog, Ordnance Survey, 18 March 2016. https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller</ref> þǣra Brittiscra Īgland hēhste stōw<ref name="r150">"Ben Nevis Weather", Ben Nevis Weather. http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924202417/http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |date=2018-09-24 }}</ref>). '''Wēalas''' is under 9% (20,779 km²),<ref name="r151">"Profile: Wales", BBC News, 9 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm</ref> mǣst muntlic, lǣs on sūþan. Snowdonia hæfþ Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa, 1,085 m), þone hēhstan Wēalisc munt.<ref name="r146" /> Hit hæfþ ofer 1,680 mīla sǣstrandes<ref name="r132" /> and ēalonda, mǣst Anglesey (''Ynys Môn''). '''Norþīraland''' (14,160 km²), tōdǣled fram Mǣran Brytene þurh þā Īriscan Sǣ and Norþ Ġeat, is mǣst hyllig. Hit hæfþ Lough Neagh (388 km², mǣste mere þǣra Brittiscra Īgland),<ref name="r152">"Geography of Northern Ireland", University of Ulster. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm</ref> Lough Erne (ofer 150 ēalond) and þone UNESCO-ġewriten Gīganta Weg. Hēhste munt: Slieve Donard, Mourne Munta (852 m).<ref name="r146" /> == Ealdordōm and þinglic rīċe == Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cynedōm on ǣ and þinglic folcrīċe<ref name="r153">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] . Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ |date=2021-01-09 }} CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> under Westmynstres wīsan.<ref name="r154">Stepan, Alfred; Linz, "Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies", Journal of Democracy, 2014. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html</ref> Hē is ānrǣd ġesamnod rīċe<ref name="r155">Lewer, Andrew, "The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed", New Statesman, 5 May 2021. https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed</ref><ref name="r156">"Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy", Centre for Cities. https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951</ref> mid ealdorlicum Þinge<ref name="r157">"Parliamentary Sovereignty", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty</ref> of þǣm ġecorenan Ġemǣnena Hūse, ġeceasenan Hlāforda Hūse and þǣm Cynehelme. Ealdordōm cymþ of þǣm Cynehelme, ān āgen hēafod þe sē cyning hielt, þurh þone Þing hæfþ hēahne ǣfæstne anweald ofer weorc and dōmas;<ref name="r158">Polly Botsford, "Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins", International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins</ref><ref name="r159">"Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)", The National Archives. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10</ref><ref name="r160">"Parliament", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role</ref> ǣlāre Maurice Sunkin cwæþ þæt sē Cynehelm ġefylþ "þæt on ōþrum stōwum bēo cernlic dǣl ġewritenre ġesetnesse". Cynelic ġeþafung is nēodful for ǣm.<ref name="r161">"Royal Assent", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent</ref> Sēo ungeboced ġesetnes bestent of ǣm, dōmbōcum, ġeþingum and þēawum;<ref name="r162">Carter, Sarah, "A Guide To the UK Legal System", University of Kent at Canterbury. http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603172102/http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |date=2012-06-03 }}</ref> sēo Hēah Dōmstōw ġecnāwþ underlicu ġewealdu: þinglic ealdordōm, ǣ rīċes, folcrīċe, healdan ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r163">See ''R (Miller) v Prime Minister'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] , [67] ff (rule of law), ''R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''R v Lyons'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] , [27] (international law).</ref> Cyning Carl 3 is cyning and rīċes hēafod þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes and 14 ōþra "Ġemǣnes Welan rīċa". Sē cyning hæfþ ealne weorclicne anweald swā þæs Cynehelmes ġeþwǣrung, "grundlic tō ǣ and weorce rīċes on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme",<ref name="r164">Robert Blackburn, "The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom", Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2022. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united</ref> ac māhta, ǣrest sē cynelica ġeweald, bēoþ ġemǣne ġenotode on ealdormanna rǣde. Sē cyning hæfþ "riht tō āscianne, riht tō tihtanne, and riht tō wǣrnanne"<ref name="r165">Bagehot, Walter (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> and ġeheald ġewealdu: nemnan þone formaþeġn (sē sceal habban Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe), forġiefan āgena weorþmynda, and on ealdlicum ġewealdum āfeorrian þone formaþeġn, forsacan āflīman oþþe ġeealdian, forhealdan cynelice ġeþafunge and forbēodan unrihtlic nōtung þæs wǣpnedes.<ref name="r166">David Torrance, "The Crown and the Constitution", House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf</ref> Sē formaþeġn is rīċes hēafod.<ref name="r167">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet", Public services all in one place, Directgov. http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444</ref> Rīċe, ġewissod fram þǣm Rǣde þone formaþeġn ċīest and lǣdþ, ġesetþ weorc, wīsaþ þēowdōm and þurh þone Ġeþwǣrnes Ġemōt sendeþ ġesetnessa and rǣdþ þǣm cyninge.<ref name="r168">Tim Durrant, "Cabinet", Institute for Government, 25 March 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet</ref><ref name="r169">"Parliament and Government", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/</ref><ref name="r170">Vernon Bogdanor, "The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative", Clarendon Press, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C</ref> Nēah ealle formaþeġnas wǣron Ǣresta Hlāford þæs Feohhūses, ealle sīþþan 1905;<ref name="r171">Blick, Andrew; Jones, "The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government", gov.uk, 1 January 2012. https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister</ref><ref name="r172">Brown, Jack, "The Prime Ministers", Hodder & Stoughton, 2020</ref> Ealdor for þǣm Þēodlicum Ambihte sīþþan 1968;<ref name="r173">"Minister for the Civil Service", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service</ref> Ealdor for þǣre Ġeānunge sīþþan 2019.<ref name="r174">Woodcock, Andrew, "Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union'", Independent, 26 July 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html; "Minister for the Union", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union</ref> Be þēawe sē formaþeġn is ġemǣnena þingmann and lǣdend þæs mǣstan ġesamnunga on Ġemǣnena Hūse, healdende ambiht þurh Ġemǣnena ġetrūwþe.<ref name="r175">"The Cabinet Manual", gov.uk, October 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf</ref><ref name="r176">Norton, Philip, "Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution", Manchester University Press, 2020</ref> On 20 Hlīdmōnaþes 2026 sē formaþeġn is Andy Burnham, lǣdend þǣra Lǣboriscra. Þā þrēo lēodland and 14 Brittisce ofersǣwisce landu sind under Brittiscum cynehelmes ealdordōme.<ref name="r177">Palan, Rolen, "Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order", Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48</ref> Sēo 2026 V-Dem Folcrīċes Ġewritu funde folcrīċes hindrung on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme.<ref name="r178">"Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?". https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf</ref> === Cyra === [[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Micel sandfāh hūs on Gotiscum wīsan wiþ brūne ēa. Þæt hūs hæfþ manige mǣre torras, ymbfōnde micelne clucġe-torr.|Westmynstres Healle, setl bēgra þinga hūsa]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ 650 cyrstōwa, ǣlc ċīest ānne þingmann þurh ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf cyre for oþ fīf ġēar.<ref name="r179">"General elections", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general</ref> Hīwlīce and Lǣboriscan habbaþ ealdordōm sīþþan þā 1920ra (twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnes); ōþre ġeferscipas wunnon setl ac næfre mā þonne ǣniġ þǣra.<ref name="r180">Raymond, C, "Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System", Queen's University Belfast, 2016. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf</ref> Þā 2020ra wǣcton þā twā-ġeferscipes ġesetnesse tō manig-ġeferscipes.<ref name="r181">"Sir John Curtice: Election results show politics in the UK has fragmented", BBC News, 8 May 2026. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8p4yn448vo</ref> === Landscīra tōdǣlungas === [[File:United Kingdom labelled map7 vector.svg|thumb|Þā fēower land þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] Scīra tōdǣlung ongann on Englalande and Scotlande on ǣrum mīdelealdre and ymbfēng Mǣre Bryten and Īraland ǣr nīwre tīde.<ref name="r182">Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> Ġecorene landsċīra rǣdas āwōcon þurh tōdǣlede Ǣ: Englaland and Wēalas 1888, Scotland 1889, Īraland 1898, for þǣm nis nān ġelīċ tōdǣlung ofer þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm<ref name="r183">United Nations Economic and Social Council, "Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names", UN Statistics Division, August 2007. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf</ref> and þā þrēo dōmstōwa sind tōdǣlede.<ref name="r184">Dewart, Megan, "The Scottish Legal System", Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ; "The justice system and the constitution", Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.</ref><ref name="r185">Barlow, I.M., "Metropolitan Government", Routledge, 1991</ref> '''Englaland''': ġemǣnu ġewealdung is ġewinnful; sēo hēahste dǣl is nigon rīmlice scīra.<ref name="r186">"Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network", Government Offices. http://www.gos.gov.uk/national</ref> Mǣre Lunden hæfþ ġecorenne ġesamnunge and burhgerēfan sīþþan 2000 (spræc 1998).<ref name="r187">"A short history of London government", Greater London Authority. http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |date=2008-04-21 }}</ref> '''Scotland''': 32 rǣdscīra swīðe mislice brādnesse (Glasgow, Eadenburg, Aberdeen, Dundee sind āsundrode; Hēahland hæfþ þriddan dǣl þæs landes ac ǣnlīċe ofer 200,000 manna); 1,223 rǣdmenn.<ref name="r188">"STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007", Political Studies Association. http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310194256/http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |date=2011-03-10 }}</ref> '''Wēalas''': 22 ānlīċe ealdormannscīra (Cardiff, Swansea, Newport) ġelǣde fram rǣdes ġecorenum lǣdende and rǣdgeþōhte; cyra ǣlċe fēower ġēar mid ǣrest-ofer-þone-stæf.<ref name="r189">"Unitary authorities", Welsh Government, 2014. http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310210146/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |date=2015-03-10 }}</ref> '''Norþīraland''': sīþþan 2015, 11 landscīra rǣdas ġecorene mid ānum ġeferrǣdenum cyre mid lytlum māhtum (āscrēadung, hunda eġe, wyrttūnas, byrġenna),<ref name="r190">Devenport, Mark, "NI local government set for shake-up", BBC News, 18 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm</ref> forġiefende 26 landscīra fram 1973 under 2008 ealdormannes dōme.<ref name="r191">"Foster announces the future shape of local government", Northern Ireland Executive, 13 March 2008. http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |date=2008-07-25 }}</ref> === Ġedǣlede māhta === [[File:Council of Nations and Regions (54059219744) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Keir Starmer mētt þā Ǣrestan Ealdormenn Scotlandes, Norþīralandes and Wēala]] Ġedǣlede māhta hæfþ sīþþan 1999 ġeseald Scotlande, Norþīralande and Wēalum āgen rīċu and þing for ġedǣldum þingum;<ref name="r192">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", United Kingdom Government. https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations; "Country Overviews: United Kingdom", Transport Research Knowledge Centre. http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |date=2010-04-04 }}</ref> māhta sind mid Scottiscum Rīċe, Wēalisce Rīċe, Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and, on Englalande, strǣtlicum ealdormannum (Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm, ġeānode ealdordōmas, ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas).<ref name="r193">Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, "Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials", Oxford University Press, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3</ref> Þæt Scottisce Þing hæfþ þā wīdestan māhta, "an þǣra mihtigestena ġedǣldra þinga on worulde".<ref name="r194">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk. https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref><ref name="r195">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> Cynelice þing ne sind ġedǣlde, for þǣm under þinglicum ealdordōme Westmynster mihte on ġeþōhte ofġeān þæt Scottisce Þing, Senedd oþþe Norþīrisce Ġesamnung,<ref name="r196">Burrows, N., "Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998", The Modern Law Review, 1999; Elliot, M., "United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure", International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2004</ref> þēah þe sēo Scotlandes Ǣ 2016 and sēo Wēala Ǣ 2017 cweþaþ þā Scottiscan and Wēalisce rīċu "ǣfæst dǣl þǣra Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġesetnessa".<ref name="r197">"Scotland Act 2016", Gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.</ref><ref name="r198">"Wales Act 2017". https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted</ref> Ofġeān wæs þinglīċe swǣr for þǣm þe bēgen wǣron ġeworhte þurh sprǣce,<ref name="r199">Gamble, A., "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom", Publius, 2006</ref> and swǣrra on Norþīralande, þǣr ġedǣlde māhta restaþ on ġeþēodlicre ġeþingþe mid Īralande.<ref name="r200">Meehan, E., "The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme", Parliamentary Affairs, 1999</ref> Ān 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ þǣra ġedǣldra þinga feohlica māhta. ==== Englaland ==== Englaland hæfþ nān ġedǣlde rīċe oþþe þēodlic Þing;<ref name="r201">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 21 June 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.</ref> ġedǣlung tō landscīra ealdormannum ongann 1998.<ref name="r202">"Devolution explained", Local Government Association. https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830152450/https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained |date=2024-08-30 }}</ref> Sēo Mǣre Lundenes Ealdordōm (Burhhūs), ġesett æfter spræce 1998, hæfþ ġeriht ġecorenne burhgerēfan and Lundenes Ġesamnunge þe ofersihþ þone burhgerēfan. Ġeānode ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Ġemǣne Rǣde, Weorces Weaxunge and Getimbrunge 2009) ġeþafiaþ landscīra ealdormannum tō ġeānianne weorc and underfōn ġedǣlede weorc for wǣgum and feohlicum ġesetnessum;<ref name="r203">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 6 March 2023. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution</ref> ġeānode scīra ealdordōmas (Ǣ for Uplyftunge and Edniwunge 2023) sind ġelīċe ac ānlīċe ġewrohte þurh scīra rǣdas and ānlīċe ealdormannscīra.<ref name="r204">"Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities", Local Government Lawyer, 6 April 2023. https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities</ref> ==== Scotland ==== [[File:First Minister meets Prime Minister (53840421342).jpg|thumb|Ealdormann Starmer mētt þone Ǣrestan Ealdormann John Swinney]] Sīþþan 1999 hæfþ Scotland ġedǣlde rīċe and Þing mid mihte ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre;<ref name="r205">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", parliament.scot, Scottish Parliament. https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref><ref name="r206">"Scotland's Parliament&nbsp;– powers and structures", BBC News, 8 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm</ref> hit hæfþ þā mǣstan ġedǣlde māhta, mid fullum ġeweald ofer lāre, ǣ and frīþ, feohġemēt, hǣlþe, cyra, Cynehelmes Eard Scotlandes, ġetimbrunge and hūs.<ref name="r207">"Devolved and Reserved Matters - Visit & Learn Scottish Parliament", 22 July 2017. http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> Þā Scotlandes Ǣ 2012 and 2016 ġeīcton gafoles māhta (full income gafol on weorces ġewinne, Landes and Getimbres Gafol, Fylþes Gafol, Sandes Gafol, Lyftfaru Gafol, Scotlandes Ġerihtu) and dǣlas þæs orþances (nīwlicu, ġeþwǣrnes, onlandes ele and gæs ġeleafa).<ref name="r208">"What the Scottish Government does", Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/</ref><ref name="r205" /> Sēo 2020 Ǣ ġetihþ feohlica māhta. Þæt Scottisce Rīċe is SNP lǣsse rīċe<ref name="r209">"Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads", Institute for Government, 26 April 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads</ref> ġelǣd fram Ǣrestum Ealdormanne John Swinney. On þǣre 2014 spræce 55.3% curon ongēan āgenrīċe, 44.7% for. Þæt āsundrode Scottisce Þing hæfþ 129 MSP, ġewyrcþ Scottisce ǣ and ġesihþ þæt rīċe þurh spræce, ġemǣnu gemōta and āscunge.<ref name="r208" /> ==== Wēalas ==== Wēalas hæfþ ġedǣlde rīċe and ǣ-ġesetnesse, þæt Senedd, sīþþan 1999. Senedd cyra nōtodon þone ēacan-ġeferan wīsan oþ 2026, þā ġesetnes ġeclysed-liste mid rīm-ġeþwǣrnesse hine āwrǣced and ġeferan wēoxon fram 60 tō 96 (16 siex-ġeferan cyrstōwa). Māhta sind lǣsse þonne Scotlandes;<ref name="r210">"Structure and powers of the Assembly", BBC News, 9 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm</ref> hit mæg ǣ settan ofer eall þæt nis ġehealden Westmynstre. Þæt Wēalisce Rīċe is Plaid Cymru lǣsse rīċe under Ǣrestum Ealdormanne Rhun ap Iorwerth. ==== Norþīraland ==== Ġedǣlung restaþ on þǣre 1998 Gōdan Frīgedæges Ġeþingþe, sēo ġeendode þā 30-ġēara þinglice–þēodlice Þrēaunga, wæs ġefæstnod þurh spræce and ġesette māhta dǣl: þā Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde and Ġesamnunge.<ref name="r211">"Good Friday Agreement: What is it?", BBC News, 3 April 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177</ref> Sēo Ġesamnung nōtaþ ānne ġeferrǣdenne cyre; māhta sind ġelīċe Scotlandes.<ref name="r212">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", GOV.UK, 8 May 2019. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland</ref> Sēo Ealdorrǣde is ġelǣd fram þǣre þinglicre–þēodlicre twām-ealdormanne;<ref name="r213">"Your Executive", Northern Ireland Executive, 25 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive</ref> sē Ǣresta Ealdorman and sē Ōþer Ǣresta Ealdorman sind ġemǣne rīċes hēafdu.<ref name="r214">"Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles?", BBC News, 15 May 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736</ref><ref name="r215">"Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code", 28 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code</ref> === Ūtlandisc ġeþingþu === [[File:Trump-Starmer bilateral 2025-02-27-16-07.jpg|thumb|Starmer and þæs Ġeānodan Rīċes ealdormann Donald Trump hrīnaþ handa, Solmōnaþ 2025]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ǣfæst mann on þǣm Ġeānodra Þēoda Frīðgemōte and belimpþ tō NATO, AUKUS, þǣm Ġemǣnan Wela, G7, G20, OECD, WTO, Eurōpiscum Rǣde and OSCE.<ref name="r216">May, Theresa, "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50", 29 March 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50</ref> Sēo Brittisce Rǣd wircþ on ofer 100 landum. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is ġīet mǣru miht mid mǣrum þinglicum, þēawlicum, feohlicum and wīglicum āhefedum.<ref name="r217">Paul, T.V.; Wirtz, "Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century", Stanford University Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59</ref><ref name="r218">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18023389</ref> Hē hæfþ "Syndrig Frēondscipe" mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and "Heortlic Ġeþingþu" mid Francrīċe, dǣlende cernelwǣpna cræft mid bēgum;<ref name="r219">Swaine, Jon, "Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown", The Telegraph, 13 January 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html</ref><ref name="r220">Kirchner, Emil Joseph; Sperling, "Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century", Routledge, 2007</ref> þæt Angelseaxisc-Portugalisc Ġeþingþu is þæt ealdoste ġebunden wīglic ġeþingþu on worulde. Mid Īralande hē dǣlþ þone Ġemǣne Færeldes Eard and wircþ þurh þā Brittisc-Īrisce Ealdorrǣde Ġesamnunge and þā Brittisc-Īrisce Rǣd. Cēap, ġeearnung, ġifu and wīglice ġewinnu ġeīcaþ his miht.<ref name="r221">The Committee Office, House of Commons, "DFID's expenditure on development assistance", UK Parliament, 19 February 2009. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm</ref> === Wīgfyrd === [[File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png|thumb|Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ofersǣwisce wīgstōwa and weorc]] Þā Brittiscan Wǣpned Fyrda sind sēo Cynelice Sǣfyrd and Cynelice Sǣmenn (Sǣ Ambiht), sē Brittisca Here and sēo Cynelice Lyftfyrd,<ref name="r222">"Ministry of Defence", Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home</ref> ġeweald fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ambihte and ġewissod fram þǣm Wīgrǣde ġelǣd fram þǣm Wīgrǣdes Ealdormanne. Sē cyning is Fyrdes Hēafod, þǣm þā mannas āþas swerian.<ref name="r223">"Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II", UK Parliament, 30 March 2012. http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen</ref> Hīe healdaþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm and ofersǣwisce landu, tēoþ woruldlicne frīþ and sceppaþ frīþweardas, and nimaþ dǣl on NATO (ġeclypod þone Ġeāpanedan Ġeþwǣrnes Cumpanie), þǣm Fīf Mihta Wīglicum Ġeþingþum, RIMPAC and ġewinnum. Ofersǣwisce wīcstōwa and tācna: Ascension Ēalond, Bahrain, Belize, Brunei, Cenede, Cypre, Diego Garcia, Falklandes Ēalond, Þēodland, Gibraltar, Kenya, Oman, Qatar, Singapore.<ref name="r224">"House of Commons Hansard", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0; "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002)", Publications.parliament.uk. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfde þone siexteoðan oþþe fīftan hēahstan wīgfēoh on worulde on 2025 (SIPRI, IISS);<ref name="r225">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2025", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2026. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2</ref><ref name="r226">"The Military Balance 2026: Global defence spending", IISS. https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/2026/the-military-balance-2026/global-defence-spending/</ref> 2024 wīgfēoh wæs ymbe 2.3% þæs feohġemētes.<ref name="r227">"Rishi Sunak vows to boost UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030", BBC News, 24 April 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171</ref> Æfter-Cealdes Ġewinnes rǣd wēnþ "þā swȳþestan fandunga" ġewurþaþ on ġesamnunge.<ref name="r228">''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref> === Ǣ and wītes dōm === [[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hēah Dōmstōw þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, ġecyrrunge dōmstōw]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ nān āna ǣ-ġesetnesse, for þǣm þā 1706 Ġeānung ġehēold Scotlandes āsundrode ǣ;<ref name="r18" /> his þrēo ġesetnessa sind Englisc ǣ, Norþīrisc ǣ and Scottisc ǣ. Sēo Hēah Dōmstōw āwrǣce þā Hlāforda Ġecyrrunge-nefnde on Hāligmōnaþe 2009.<ref name="r229">"UK Supreme Court judges sworn in", BBC News, 1 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm; "Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", Department for Constitutional Affairs, July 2003. http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf</ref> Sē Ealdorrǣdes Dōmnefnd, mid þǣm sylfum limum, is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge-dōmstōw for māniġum Ġemǣnum Welum, ofersǣwiscum landum and cyninges lēodlandum.<ref name="r230">"Role of the JCPC", Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114165910/http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |date=2014-01-14 }}</ref> Englisc ǣ (Englaland and Wēalas) and Norþīrisc ǣ sind ġemǣne ǣ-ġesetnessa,<ref name="r231">Bainham, Andrew, "The international survey of family law: 1996", Martinus Nijhoff, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298</ref> onginnende on mīdelealdre Englalande and ġrundlic manigum ǣ-ġesetnessum wīde.<ref name="r232">"Common Law", Britannica, 19 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law</ref> Englalandes and Wēala dōmstōwa sind ġelǣde fram þǣm Hēahum Dōmstōwum: Ġecyrrunge Dōmstōw, Hēah Dōmstōw Rihtes (ċierlīc) and Cynehelmes Dōmstōw (wītlic).<ref name="r233">"The Australian courts and comparative law", Australian Law Postgraduate Network. http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66</ref> Scottisc ǣ is ġemengd of ġemǣnre and ċierlicre ǣ; hēafod dōmstōwa sind Sittungdōmstōw (ċierlic)<ref name="r234">"Court of Session&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731094308/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |date=2008-07-31 }}</ref> and Hēah Rihtes Dōmstōw (wītlic);<ref name="r235">"High Court of Justiciary&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912204821/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |date=2008-09-12 }}</ref> þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Hēah Dōmstōw is sēo hēahste ġecyrrunge dōmstōw for Scottiscre ǣ ċierlicum þingum.<ref name="r236">"House of Lords&nbsp;– Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm</ref> Þæt wītlice ǣ-ġesetnes hæfþ lǣsse ġeprīdede and dōmstōwa ġetēling for sumum misdǣdum.<ref name="r237">Lovett, Jo; Hales, "What can We Learn from Police Data About Timeliness in Rape and Serious Sexual Offence Investigations in England and Wales?", International Criminology, 2022</ref> Ġewritene misdǣda on Englalande and Wēalum rison 1981–1995 and fēollon 66% fram 1995 tō 2015.<ref name="r238">"Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015", UK Government Web Archive, Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221317/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |date=2023-03-16 }}</ref> Weorces ǣ sylþ lǣstan lēan, tō lǣstan 28 dagas ġēarlices frēolses, cildes lēafe, ǣ-ġesett untrumnesse lēan and ealdorlēan. Ġelīċra-hādes weddung is ġeriht on Englalande, Scotlande and Wēalum sīþþan 2014 and Norþīralande sīþþan 2020;<ref name="r239">Wratten, Marcus, "Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage", PinkNews, 3 July 2023. https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/</ref> LGBT efenlicnes is ġeteald tō fyrstan.<ref name="r240">"The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023", Asher & Lyric, 5 June 2023. https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/</ref><ref name="r241">R. Flores, Andrew, "Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations", Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/</ref> Sīþþan Brexit, mǣst Ġeānodan Cynedōmes–Eurōpiscan Ġeānunge ġewinnu sind ġesehte þurh sprǣce, siþþan þurh dōm ġif bedēd, ġewunelīċe on þǣm PCA on Den Haag.<ref name="r120" /><ref name="r242">"Disputes under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement", Institute for Government, November 2021. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/disputes-trade-and-cooperation-agreement</ref><ref name="r243">"Sandeel fishing ban to remain in place", BBC, 2 May 2025. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgrwxxzxkjo</ref> Þā Cēapes and Weorces Ġeþingþu nēodaþ "fulle ġemǣne ēawe and gōd ġetrūwþe" under ġeþēodlicre ǣ.<ref name="r244">"Good Faith in Public Law", ox.ac.uk, 20 January 2022. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-20-good-faith-public-law</ref> Under þǣm Windlēasan Wīsan, Norþīralandes þing þe nēodiaþ Eurōpiscre ǣ ġecnāwunge gāþ tō þǣm ECJ, þēah sē Stormontes Gescylde mæg forbēodan nīwe Eurōpiscan ġesetnessa. == Feohġemēt == [[File:Bank junction - 2020-09-20 (2).jpg|thumb|Cyre of Lundene fram Bank Junction; Lunden is Eurōpes mǣste feohmiðdel]] Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ swīðe ġewuxen ġemǣne cēapes feohġemēt.<ref name="r245">Thane, Pat, "The Origins of the British Welfare State", The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2019</ref><ref name="r246">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, "Applied Economics", 16 July 2011. http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf</ref> Heahnes GDP wæs ymbe £2.819 bīlion on 2025,<ref name="r10">"World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition)", www.imf.org, International Monetary Fund, 13 October 2026. https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)</ref> fīfta mǣste on worulde and ōþer on Eurōpe. Sterling is sēo fēorþe mǣste ġecēapode feoh and fēorþe mǣste weard-feoh æfter þǣm dolore, euro and yen,<ref name="r247">"World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves", IMF Data. https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512202858/https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |date=2016-05-12 }}</ref> healdende hēahne wurþ þurh langne stillnesse and nān eald ġeændrunge. Sīþþan 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is sē fēorþa mǣsta ūtsendend<ref name="r248">"Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD?end=2024&most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> and infōrend<ref name="r249">"Imports of goods and services (current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> ġōda and weorces. Þēah þe hē hæfþ ān þǣra hēahstena OECD ġemǣne ungelīcnessa,<ref name="r250">Francis-Devine, Brigid, "House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK.", UK Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/</ref><ref name="r251">"Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data", theOECD. http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm</ref> his Weorces Ġeþinges rīm is swīðe hēah, ēac ġeþwǣrod ungelīcnesse. On 2025 weorclēast wæs 4.7%<ref name="r252">Labiak, Mitchell; Smith, "UK jobs market weakens as unemployment rate rises", www.bbc.com, 17 July 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg754negn75o</ref> and ġewisse GDP for ǣlcum hēafde weaxung 1.1%.<ref name="r253">"GDP quarterly national accounts, UK", Office for National Statistics, 2026. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/quarterlynationalaccounts/octobertodecember2025</ref> Þæt HM Feohhūs, ġelǣd fram þǣm Scatthyrde, wīsaþ ġemǣne feoh and feohġemētes rǣd; þæt Ambiht for Cēape and Handele ymbfēhþ cēap, handel and weorc. Þā Engla Banc is sēo ealdor banc and sylþ sterlinges sceattas and mynet; bancas on Scotlande and Norþīralande magon āgene sceattas sellan ġif hīe sind underlecgede mid genihtsumum Engla Bance sceattum. [[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|Engla Banc, ealdor banc þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes]] === Cræftas and þēnunga === [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|Concorde, ofer-hlūdlic lyftscip]] Þēnung wæs ymbe 80% GVA on 2023.<ref name="r254">Hutton, Georgina, "Industries in the UK", UK Parliament: House of Commons Library, 3 October 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sēo ōþre mǣste þēnunga ūtsendend on 2023<ref name="r255">"Service exports (BoP, current US$)", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false</ref> and mǣste nētto-ūtsendend feohlicra þēnunga on 2024.<ref name="r256">"UK leads world in financial services trade surplus", TheCityUK, 15 January 2025. https://www.thecityuk.com/news/uk-leads-world-in-financial-services-trade-surplus/</ref> Lunden hæfþ 37.8% þæs ġeþēodlicre feoh-wexles ymbhwyrftes (2022),<ref name="r257">"BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2025 – UK Data", Bank of England, 30 September 2025. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2025/september/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets</ref> is Eurōpe mǣste burglic feohġemēt<ref name="r258">Florida, Richard, "The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations", Bloomberg, 16 March 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations</ref> and mid Nīwan Eoforwīce sēo burg mǣst ġeānod mid þǣm ġeþēodlicum feohġemēte;<ref name="r259">"World Cities 2024", GaWC. https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/</ref> hēo wæs ōþer on þǣm 2025 Ġeþēodlicra Feohmidla Rīmbēc, Eadenburg (þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ōþer feohmiddel) 29.<ref name="r260">"GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance", www.longfinance.net. https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/</ref> Cræft on 2024 wæs þæt tēoðe mǣste on worulde and þæt fēorþe on Eurōpe be ūtfōre;<ref name="r261">"World Bank Open Data", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> hit ġewrōhte 8% þæs weorces folces and 8.6% þæs ūtfōres æt ende 2024.<ref name="r262">"Manufacturing industries: Economic indicators", House of Commons Library, 22 May 2025. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn05206/</ref> On 2017 þā Ēast and West Midlandes hæfdon þā hēahstan cræftes weorces dǣlas (12.6% and 11.8%), Lunden þone lǣstan (2.8%).<ref name="r263">Hennik Research. [http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf ''Annual Manufacturing Report: 2017'' (Dec. 2016)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192050/http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf |date=2017-01-31 }}</ref> Ġefēr is ġemǣre;<ref name="r264">Chan, Kelvin, "King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy", fortune.com, 25 April 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/</ref> ġescēpnessa cræftas wǣron 5.9% GVA on 2019<ref name="r265">"DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added</ref> and £111 þūsend mīliona on 2018.<ref name="r266">"UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour</ref> Lloyd's of London is sēo mǣste ġeþicgan and oferġeþicgan cēapstōw on worulde;<ref name="r267">"Lloyd's of London – value proposition", Lloyd's of London. https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder</ref> WPP is on þǣra mǣstra cȳþnessa cēapes;<ref name="r268">"Rankings 2025 - Creative 100", WARC. https://www.warc.com/creative/rankings/creative-100</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is on þǣm lǣdendestan cēapstōwum on Eurōpe and his mǣsta ēac-cēapes feohġemēt, mid nytlicre ġiefe ofer US$2 bīlion on 2023, Eurōpes ōþer mǣsta.<ref name="r269">"Retail", great.gov.uk. https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/</ref><ref name="r270">"Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$)", World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true</ref> John Lewis is þæt mǣste weorcmanna-āgen Brittisc weorc.<ref name="r271">"Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us". https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155249/https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/ |date=2023-12-02 }}</ref> Wægna ūtfōr is £47 þūsend mīliona (12% þǣra ġōda ūtfōres); 2024 weorc wæs 779,584 fērenda and 125,649 cēaplicra wægna, 8 of 10 ūtsende.<ref name="r272">"SMMT Motor Industry Facts 2025", SMMT, 15 May 2025. https://www.smmt.co.uk/smmt-motor-industry-facts-2025/</ref> Naman sind Mini, Jaguar, Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Range Rover;<ref name="r273">"Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2", Auto Express, 19 November 2020. https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184015/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 |date=2024-03-16 }}</ref> 1.59 mīliona orþancas wǣron getimbrod on 2024 and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þridda mǣsta orþanca ūtsendend on 2023.<ref name="r274">"Combustion Engines", OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines</ref> Wægna plega is ymbe £10 þūsend mīliona on ġēare;<ref name="r275">"UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary</ref> seofon of endleofan Formula One ġeferscipa sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes. Lyftcræft is þæt ōþer mǣste on worulde, ymbhwyrft ymbe £30 þūsend mīliona;<ref name="r276">"United Kingdom - Country Commercial Guide: Aerospace and Defense", International Trade Administration, 3 November 2023. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-aerospace-and-defense</ref><ref name="r277">Tovey, Alan, "Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings", The Telegraph, 29 June 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its</ref> steorrancræft wæs wyrþ £17.5 þūsend mīliona 2020/21 mid ymbe 48,800 weorca,<ref name="r278">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", UKspace, 27 March 2023. https://www.ukspace.org/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-17-5-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow/</ref><ref name="r279">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", gov.uk, 29 March 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-175-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōmes Steorrancræftes Ambiht cwæþ on 2023 þæt hē ġiefþ £1.6 þūsend mīliona on steorrancræftes weorcum.<ref name="r280">"New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power</ref> Landbūnes weorc is fæstlīc, wel ġewēaldod and nytlic, sellende ymbe 60% þæs mettes nēode (73% ēðellicra cynna) mid 0.9% weorcmanna (292,000); ymbe twā þriddan nīetenu, ān þriddan æcerland.<ref name="r281">"UK Food Security Index 2024", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024;"Agricultural workforce in England at 1 June 2023", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023</ref> Fiscnoþ is lǣsse ac ġemǣne, mid tō lǣstan 49% þurh ġecynd ġefangen on 2020;<ref name="r282">"Sustainable fisheries: fish stocks harvested within safe limits", JNCC. https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b2-sustainable-fisheries</ref> sǣlicre ġecynde weorþ wæs ġeteald £211 þūsend mīliona on 2021.<ref name="r283">"Marine accounts, natural capital, UK: 2021", ONS, 6 April 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/marineaccountsnaturalcapitaluk/2021</ref> Wēaldend sind col, ele, gæs, tin, cealc-stān, īsenmalm, sealt, clǣg, cealc, gypsum, lēad, flint and æcerland.<ref name="r284">"Coal", BGS Minerals UK. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html</ref> === Cræft and orþanc === [[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|Cambridge Cræftes Pearroc; sē Cambridge ġesamnung is Eurōpes mǣste smēaunge cræftes and wīsdōmes ġesamnung]] Englaland and Scotland lǣddon þā Wīsdōmes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm seofontēoðan hundġēare; sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm lǣdde þā Cræftes Ġeændrunge fram þǣm eahtateoðan.<ref name="r285">Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. .</ref><ref name="r286">Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336.</ref> Mǣre menn: Isaac Newton (ǣ þæs styrunga, hefignes),<ref name="r287">Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] . Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. .</ref> Charles Darwin (ġecynd þurh ġecynd cyre), James Clerk Maxwell (ealdlic leohtcræft) and Stephen Hawking (heofoncræft, dǣl-hefignes, sweart holu).<ref name="r288">Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] . London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. .</ref> Þæt Ambiht for Wīsdōme, Nīwnesse and Cræfte wīsaþ wīsdōmes and cræftes weorc. Hēahscōla wircaþ wīsdōmes lāndas tō ġeānianne mid cræfte.<ref name="r289">Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. .</ref> On 2022 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġeworhte 6.0% þǣra woruldlicra wīsdōmes ġewrita and 8.8% þǣra ġecīgunga (fēorþa and þridda hēahste betwux G7 and Brazil, Chīna, Indea, Russland, Sūþ Korea) and wæs ǣrest for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<ref name="r290">"International comparison of the UK research base, 2025", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġewritu sind þā Cynelicre Ġesamnunge, ''Nature'', ''British Medical Journal'' and ''The Lancet''.<ref name="r291">McCook, Alison, "Is peer review broken?", The Scientist, 2006. http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212737/http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |date=2013-01-16 }}</ref> Be 2024 sē cræftes dǣl wæs US$1.2 bīlion wyrþ, mā þonne Frencisc and Þēodisc dǣlas tōgædere;<ref name="r292">Greenberg, Elizabeth, "UK Innovation Economy Worth a Combined $1.2 trillion", Digit News, 14 January 2025. https://www.digit.fyi/uk-innovation-economy-worth-a-combined-1-2-trillion/</ref> Cambridge wæs ǣrest on worulde for āwreccenne gesǣlige cræftes ġestaþelas.<ref name="r293">"UK tech sector retains #1 spot in Europe and #3 in world as sector resilience brings continued growth", gov.uk, 21 December 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-tech-sector-retains-1-spot-in-europe-and-3-in-world-as-sector-resilience-brings-continued-growth</ref> Sēo orþanc-ġerǣdes cræft is Eurōpes mǣste be wyrþe<ref name="r294">"UK AI sector most valuable in Europe, new report reveals", Holyrood, 11 June 2024. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,uk-ai-sector-most-valuable-in-europe-new-report-reveals</ref> and sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs fīfta wīde on Stanfordes 2026 ġerǣdes ġewrite<ref name="r295">"Which countries are leading in AI? | Stanford HAI", hai.stanford.edu. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/global-vibrancy-tool</ref> and siexta on þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Nīwnesse Rīmbēc 2025 and 2026.<ref name="r296">"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025", WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-kingdom</ref><ref name="r297">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, "Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2025. https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html</ref><ref name="r298">World Intellectual Property Organization, "WIPO Global Innovation Index 2026: Switzerland, Sweden, US, Republic of Korea and Singapore Top Ranking; AI Reshaping Innovation Investments as Deep Science Startups Top $7.6 Trillion", www.wipo.int, September 29, 2026. https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2026/article_0014.html</ref><ref name="r299">World Intellectual Property Organization, "Global Innovation Index 2026: Powering Entrepreneurs at the Frontier of Science", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2026-09-29. https://tind.wipo.int/record/59194</ref> === Færeld === [[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|Swift ēast-strǣte īsenweġes færeld, Northumberland]] [[File:London City Airport Sunset.jpg|thumb|Lyftscip āstīgende æt Lundenes Burglyftstōwe]] Færeld ride on þǣre winstran; fērlēng and ðrǣd ġemet nōtiaþ mīla, ġierda and mīla on tīde; wægnas habbaþ riht-handlic stīran. Þæt ġebrǣdde weġnet hæfþ 29,145 mīla mǣra wega, 2,173 mīla mōtweġa and 213,750 mīla ġeweġodra wega.<ref name="r128" /> Sēo M25 ymb Lundene is þæt mǣste and bysgeste ymbweġ on worulde.<ref name="r300">Moran, Joe, "Reading the Everyday", Routledge, 16 November 2005. https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora</ref> Þǣr wǣron 41.7 mīliona ġeārihtra wægna on 2024.<ref name="r301">"General facts and figures about roads and road use". https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility</ref> Þæt īsenweġa net is 10,072 mīla. Brittisc Īsenweġ wæs āgenlīce āgen 1994–1997, ġefylġed þurh hrædlicne færeldes weaxunge; Mǣre Brittiscan Īsenweġas is ġeplanod ealdormannlic nefnd tō ofersēonne Mǣran Bryten īsenweġ. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs eahtoða betwux Eurōpiscum īsenweġum on þǣm 2017 Eurōpiscan Īsenweġes Weorces Rīmbēc.<ref name="r302">Sylvain Duranton; Agnès Audier, "The 2017 European Railway Performance Index", Boston Consulting Group, 18 April 2017. https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx</ref> Eurostar rīdeþ Lunden–Pārīs<ref name="r303">"London to Paris Trains", Eurostar. https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris</ref> þurh þone Sǣ-ġeng (23.5 mīla, sē langesta under-sǣ ġang on worulde);<ref name="r304">"Channel Tunnel, Tunnel, Europe", Britannica, 10 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel</ref> LeShuttle bærþ wægnas. Sēo Elizabeth līne, ġenemned for Cwēne Elizabeth 2 on 2016, wearð opened on 2022.<ref name="r305">"Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled", BBC News, 2 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051; Leftly, Mark, "Crossrail delayed to save £1bn", Independent, 29 August 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html</ref><ref name="r306">"Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen", Transport for London. https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen</ref> Hēah Swiftnes 2 (under timbrunge sīþþan 2019) ġeānaþ Lundene and Birmingham, mid mōglicre norþlicre ġeīcunge and swiftnessum oþ 225 mīla on tīde.<ref name="r307">"What is HS2", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190841/https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2/ |date=2022-06-21 }}</ref><ref name="r308">"HS2 Trains", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/</ref> Þǣr wǣron 4 þūsend mīliona bus ġefēra on 2023, 1.8 þūsend mīliona on Lundene;<ref name="r309">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 Domestic Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-domestic-travel</ref> sē rēada twā-ġedeorfan bus is tācn Lundenes and Englalandes.<ref name="r310">"Our Collection", icons.org.uk. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html</ref> Lundenes net rīdeþ ofer 6,800 wucan-dagas færelda on ofer 700 wegum for ymbe 6 mīliona farendra, Eurōpes mǣste.<ref name="r311">[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref> Brittisce lyftstōwa ġeēodon nēah 292.5 mīliona farendra on 2024; mǣste wǣron Heathrow (83.9 mīliona), Gatwick (43.2 mīliona) and Manchester (30.8 mīliona).<ref name="r312">"Size of Reporting Airports 2024", Civil Aviation Authority. https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/11910/4d230d1f-dab6-4c1a-992a-431b9cca89a2/16918</ref> Heathrow, 15 mīla west fram Lundene, is sēo ōþre bysgeste lyftstōw on worulde and hæfþ þā mǣstan ġeþēodlicran farendan; hēo is hnitu for Brittiscum Lyftweġum and Virgin Atlantic.<ref name="r313">"Heathrow 'needs a third runway'", BBC News, 25 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm; "Statistics: Top 30 World airports", Airports Council International, July 2008. http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf</ref><ref name="r314">"BMI being taken over by Lufthansa", BBC News, 29 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm</ref> On 2023, 18.3 mīliona farendra fērdon ġeþēodlīċe þurh īsenweġ and 18.1 mīliona ofer sǣ.<ref name="r315">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 International Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-international-travel</ref> === Orþanc === On 2021 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs sē fēowerteoða mǣsta orþanc-brūcend and twā-and-twēntigoða mǣsta wyrhta;<ref name="r316">"United Kingdom Energy Profile", U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR</ref> BP and Shell, twā of þǣm siex mǣstum ele and gæs ġeferscipum, sind Ġeānodan Cynedōmes.<ref name="r317">Mason, Rowena, "Let the battle begin over black gold", The Telegraph, 24 October 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html; Heath, Michael, "RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term", Bloomberg, 26 November 2010. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html</ref> [[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Wind-wyrhtan æt Ardrossan, Scotland]] Nīwlicu orþancas ġeaf 51% Ġeānodan Cynedōmes lēohtes on 2024; wind wæs sēo mǣste wylle mid 30%.<ref name="r318">"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2024 Review", NESO. https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þone mǣstan sǣ wind-tūn on worulde, ūt of Eoforwīcscīre.<ref name="r319">"Wind energy in the UK: June 2021", UK Government, 14 June 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021</ref> On 2023 nigon cernelwǣpna weorc ġeafon ymbe 15% lēohtes, mid twām under timbrunge and mā ġeplanode;<ref name="r320">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx</ref><ref name="r321">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association, April 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061431/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |date=2013-02-14 }}</ref><ref name="r322">"Nuclear energy: What you need to know", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know</ref> cernelwǣpna ġeaf ymbe 25% on þǣm endum 1990ra. Þæt rīċe fēhþ on lǣsse ġemetfæste cernelweorc and bryne-ġerǣdes smēaunge, and ġeþingode on ende 2023 mid þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum ġeþingþe on bryne "tō ġewyrcenne cræftlic net-ġeara bryne weorc oþ 2040".<ref name="r323">Belderbos, Harriet, "UKAEA implementing the UK's fusion energy strategy", Open Access Government, 7 March 2024. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ukaea-implementing-the-uks-fusion-energy-strategy/174384/;"UK nuclear fusion reactor sets new world record for energy output". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2415909-uk-nuclear-fusion-reactor-sets-new-world-record-for-energy-output/</ref> On ende 2023 sǣ ġeheald wæs 1.1 þūsend mīliona tunnena ele-efenwyrþes ġeprōfodes and ġelīclices gæses and 2.3 þūsend mīliona boe ele;<ref name="r324">"UK Oil and Gas Reserves and Resources", North Sea Transition Authority. https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes gæs ūtgang is ymbe fēower sīþum lǣsse þonne infōrena LNG, be þǣm ġewissere.<ref name="r325">"North Sea oil and gas claims fact-checked", BBC, 22 January 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67945281</ref> Sē ǣfterra col ġewyrcende weorc ġeendode on Hlīdmōnaþe 2024.<ref name="r318" /> Nān scīfer-gæs brecing weorþeþ þēah micel ġeheald, for ġecynd ġeortrūwunge.<ref name="r326">"UK's last fracking wells to be filled with cement despite dwindling gas stocks", City AM, 29 January 2025. https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/</ref> === Wæter and sewere === Infær tō ġebēttum wætere and sewere is eallum;<ref name="r327">"Sewage Treatment in the UK", assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, DEFRA, March 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf</ref> 96% hūsa wǣron on þǣm sewere net on 2022. Ġemǣne wæteres oþbrēdung wæs 16,406 mīliona tunnena on dæġ on 2007.<ref name="r328">"Environment Agency". http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125040346/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |date=2009-11-25 }}</ref> Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ 10 āgenlice landscīra wæter and sewere ġeferscipas and 13 lǣssa "wæter-ānlīċe" ġeferscipas; Scotland hæfþ ġemǣne Scottisc Wæter and Norþīraland ġemǣne Norþīrisc Wæter.<ref name="r329">"About Us", niwater.com. https://www.niwater.com/about</ref> == Folcrīm == [[File:Elderly British Couple.jpg|thumb|Ealde Brittisc ġemaca; ymbe 24% manna on Englalande and Wēalum sind 60 oþþe ealdre]] Þæt 2021 rīm on Scotlande wæs ġelǣt tō 2022 for COVID-19; sēo ONS ġeteald þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes folces on 2021 66,912,637 swilce eall dǣlas wǣron ġetealde on 21 Hrēðmōnaþes 2021.<ref name="r4">"Table 06: UK06 - Ethnic group by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ þæt fēorþe mǣste folc on Eurōpe and þæt twā-and-twēntigoðe mǣste on worulde. Ġebyrdu drifon weaxunge on 2012–2013 and nētto ġeþēodlic faru on 2014–2015;<ref name="r330">"Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015", Office for National Statistics, 23 June 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest</ref> 2001–2011 weaxung wæs on mǣdele 0.7% on ġēare.<ref name="r331">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021", Office for National Statistics, 21 December 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2021</ref> Folc wæs ymbe 69.5 mīliona on mīdum 2025, mid þǣre slāwestan weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332">Hymas, Charles; Corfe, "UK population growth slumps to lowest in 30 years", The Telegraph, 1 October 2026. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/10/01/uk-population-growth-lowest-three-decades/</ref> Be 2011, ofer 100 ġēar, þæs dǣles on ġēarum 0–14 fēoll fram 31% tō 18% and þæs dǣles on ġēarum 65+ rās fram 5% tō 16%.<ref name="r331" /> Mīdel ġēara wæs 41.7 on 2018.<ref name="r128" /> Þæt 2021 rīm sealde Scotlande 5.48 mīliona, Wēalum 3.1 mīliona, Norþīralande 1.9 mīliona.<ref name="r331" /> Englaland hæfde 56 mīliona on 2021, ymbe 84% þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes, and 434 manna/km² on mīdum 2021, on þǣm þicgestum landum on worulde, ġesamnode on Lundene<ref name="r333">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389</ref><ref name="r334">"United Kingdom - Country Profile | OpenFactBook World Factbook", openfactbook.org. https://openfactbook.org/countries/united-kingdom/</ref> and þǣm sūþēastan.<ref name="r335">Khan, Urmee, "England is most crowded country in Europe", The Telegraph, 16 September 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html</ref> Mǣre Lundenes burgland is þæt mǣste on Westeurōpe, 14.9 mīliona on 2024.<ref name="r336">"Major Agglomerations". http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Englalandes folc be scīre (2021)<ref name="r9" /> |- ! rowspan=2 | Scīr ! colspan=2 | Landes brādnes ! colspan=2 | Folc ! rowspan=2 | Þiccnes (/km²) |- ! (km²) ! (%) ! Menn ! (%) |- | Norþēast || 8,581 || 6% || 2,683,040 || 5% || 313 |- | Norþwest || 14,108 || 11% || 7,516,113 || 13% || 533 |- | Eoforwīcscīr and Humber || 15,404 || 12% || 5,541,262 || 10% || 360 |- | Ēast Midlandes || 15,624 || 12% || 4,934,939 || 9% || 316 |- | West Midlandes || 12,998 || 10% || 6,021,653 || 11% || 463 |- | Ēast Englalandes || 19,116 || 15% || 6,398,497 || 11% || 335 |- | Mǣre Lunden || 1,572 || 1% || 8,866,180 || 15% || 5,640 |- | Sūþēast || 19,072 || 15% || 9,379,833 || 16% || 492 |- | Sūþwest || 23,836 || 18% || 5,764,881 || 10% || 242 |- ! Englaland ! 130,310 ! 100% ! 57,106,398 ! 100% ! 438 |} Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġebyrdes rīm wæs 1.53 on 2021,<ref name="r337">"Vital statistics: population and health reference tables", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables</ref> micel under þǣm 1964 ġebyrdes hēahstan 2.95,<ref name="r338">Boseley, Sarah, "The question: What's behind the baby boom?", The Guardian, 14 July 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women</ref> þǣm 1815 hēahstan 6.02<ref name="r339">Roser, Max, "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR</ref> and þǣm ġeedniwunge rīme 2.1. On 2011, 47.3% ġebyrda wǣron tō ungeweddedum wīfum.<ref name="r340">[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> ONS 2015: 1.7% þǣra þe sind 16+ ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġelīċhādlīce, wīflīce oþþe twihādlīce (2.0% wera, 1.5% wīfa); 4.5% andswarodon "ōþer", "iċ nāt" oþþe nān andswaru.<ref name="r341">"Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC", Office for National Statistics, 5 October 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015</ref> Smēaung fram 2001–2008 ġeteald 65,000–300,000 ġewend-hādlicra manna.<ref name="r342">"Research report 27: Trans research review", equalityhumanrights.com. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706020643/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |date=2015-07-06 }}</ref> === Cynn === Ēðelfolc Bryttas wǣron fyrnlīċe ġeþōht cuman of folcum þe ġesǣton ǣr þǣm twelftan hundġēare: Celtas, Rōmāne, Angelseaxe, Norþmenn and Normanne; þā Wēalas magon bēon þæt ealdoste folc.<ref name="r343">"Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests", BBC News, 19 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735</ref> Nān-hwīt infærenda hæfþ lange stǣre: Liverpoolen hæfþ þæs landes ealdoste sweartne folc (of tō lǣstan þǣm 1730um)<ref name="r344">Winder, Robert, "Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain", Little, Brown Book, 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94; Costello, Ray, "Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918", Picton Press, 2001</ref> and Eurōpes ealdoste Chīniscne ġemǣnscipe (nigonteoðan hundġēar).<ref name="r345">"Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community", Chambré Hardman Trust. http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369</ref> On 2021, 83.1% wǣron hwīte, 8.6% Asiscu oþþe Asiscu Brittisce, 3.7% Sweartu oþþe Sweartu Brittisce, 2.7% ġemengde and 2.0% ōþre.<ref name="r4" /> Mislicnes is wīde: 46.2% Lundenes wæs of nān-hwītre lǣssan folce on 2021,<ref name="r346">"Regional ethnic diversity", Office for National Statistics, 22 December 2022. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/</ref> ongēan under 10% on þǣm Sūþwestan, Norþēastan, Wēalum,<ref name="r346" /> Scotlande<ref name="r347">"Ethnicity", National Records of Scotland, 4 February 2025. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/ethnicity/</ref> and Norþīralande.<ref name="r348">"MS-B01: Ethnic group", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx</ref> === Faru === [[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|Ūtlandisc ġeborene folc be ġeburh-lande, Ēastermōnaþ 2007–Hrēþmōnaþ 2008]] [[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|Ġeteald Brittisce ċierlas wunigende ofersǣwisce be lande, 2006]] Infaru ġeīcþ þæt folc;<ref name="r349">"Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high", London Evening Standard, 21 August 2008. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html</ref><ref name="r350">"Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing?", BBC News, 23 May 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695</ref> cumenda and þǣra ġebyrda cild on Brytene wǣron ymbe healf þæs weaxunge on 1991–2001. On 2014, 27% libbendra ġebyrda wǣron tō mōdrum ġeborene ūtlendisce.<ref name="r351">"Births in England and Wales: 2014", Office for National Statistics, 15 July 2015. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html</ref> Ċierlīcunga hlīfodon on ymbe 208,000 on 2013 (hēahste sīþþan 1962), fallende tō ymbe 125,800 on 2014; 2009–2013 on mǣdele 195,800 on ġēare. Hēahste fruman on 2024: Pakistan, Indea, Nigeria, Philippinas, Bangladesh, Italia, Turcland, Rūmenia, Iran. Sylnessa tō wunianne (āgen ǣfæst eardung būtan ċierlīcnesse)<ref name="r352">Blinder, Scott, "Settlement in the UK", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 11 June 2014. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk</ref> wǣron ymbe 154,700 on 2013.<ref name="r353">Blinder, Scott, "Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 27 March 2015. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916052200/http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |date=2015-09-16 }}</ref> Nētto faru wæs ymbe 860,000 on 2023 (infaru 1.326 mīliona, ūtfaru 466,000), wæs 431,000 on 2024 (948,000 in, 517,000 ūt)<ref name="r354">"Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2024", gov.uk, 22 May 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2024</ref> and fēoll tō 222,900 on þǣm 12 mōnþum tō mīdum 2025, ġiefende þā lǣstan folces weaxunge sīþþan 1998 būtan 2020.<ref name="r332" /> Ūtfaru wæs micel on þǣm nigonteoðan hundġēare: 1815–1930 ymbe 11.4 mīliona fērdon of Brytene and 7.3 mīliona of Īralande;<ref name="r355">Hammar, Tomas, "European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study", Cambridge University Press, 1985. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/european-immigration-policy/10B639425685B0C101619FA11522C409</ref><ref name="r356">Richards, Eric, "The genesis of international mass migration: The British case, 1750-1900", Manchester University Press, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7rj2</ref> ǣr ende þæs twēntigoðan hundġēares sume 300 mīliona manna Brittisces and Īrisces cynnes wunodon wīde.<ref name="r356" /> On 2006 tō lǣstan 5.5 mīliona on Brytene ġeborene wunodon ūtlendisce, mǣst on Estrēċe, Hispania, þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Cenede.<ref name="r357">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration", Institute for Public Policy Research, 11 December 2006. http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509</ref><ref name="r358">"Brits Abroad: world overview", BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm; Casciani, Dominic, "5.5&nbsp;m Britons 'opt to live abroad'", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm</ref><ref name="r359">"Brits Abroad: Country-by-country", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm</ref> === Spræc === Englisc is þæt ''de facto'' ambihtlic and mǣst ġesprecene spræc;<ref name="r360">"English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights", Directgov. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |date=2012-10-15 }}</ref><ref name="r361">Mac Sithigh, Daithí, "Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland", Common Law World Review, 17 May 2018. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf</ref> sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm tēoþ hit wīde.<ref name="r362">British Council "British Council &#124; the UK's international culture and education organisation". https://www.britishcouncil.org/ (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref name="r363">"About BBC Learning English", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene</ref> Brittisc Englisc hæfþ syndriġe þing and manige dīalecta and stefnan; Þēawlic Ġecwēdnes is fyrnlīċe ġeānod mid ġelǣredum sūþenglisce sprecendum.<ref name="r364">"British English Pronunciations", OED. https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/?tl=true</ref> Landlicu dīalecta: Scottisc, Wēalisc and Norþīrisc Englisc; wīdlicu hīwa ymbfōþ Brummie, Cockney, Geordie, Mancunian, Scouse, Westlandes, Eoforwīcscīres and Mislicne Lundenes Englisc.<ref name="r365">"10 British dialects you need to know", EF. https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/british-dialects-you-need-to-know/</ref> [[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|Tweġe-sprǣcne wilcuman tācn on Newry, Īrisc–Englisc]] Þrēo ēðel Celtisce sprǣca sind ġesprecene: Wēalisc, Īrisc and Scottisc Gaelisc. Cornisc, forþweardod swā ǣreste spræc on ende þæs eahtateoðan hundġēares, is ġeedniwod mid fēawum ōþre-sprǣce sprecendum.<ref name="r366">Track, Robert Lawrence; Stockwell, Peter, "Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts", Routledge, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63; "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222193410/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/157.htm |date=2005-02-22 }}; "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226052008/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/HTML/148.htm |date=2011-02-26 }}</ref><ref name="r2">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424092331/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |date=2020-04-24 }}</ref> On 2021, 538,300 manna ġēara 3+ on Wēalum (17.8%) sprǣcon Wēalisc<ref name="r367">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021)", gov.wales, 6 December 2022. https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html</ref> and ymbe 200,000 Wēalisce sprecendas wunodon on Englalande.<ref name="r368">Wynn Thomas, Peter, "Welsh today", Voices, BBC, March 2007. https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml</ref> On 2021, 12.4% on Norþīralande hæfdon sum Īrisc and 10.4% sum Ūlstres Scottisc.<ref name="r369">"Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland". https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf</ref> On 2001, ofer 92,000 manna on Scotlande (lytlum under 2%) hæfdon sum Gaelisc, ymbfōn 72% on þǣm Ūterum Hebridum;<ref name="r370">"Scotland's Census 2001&nbsp;– Gaelic Report", General Register Office for Scotland. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html</ref> cild leorniende Wēalisc oþþe Gaelisc wexaþ.<ref name="r371">"Local UK languages 'taking off'", BBC News, 12 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm</ref> Scottisc (of ǣrum norþlicum mīdelenglisce) and Ūlstres Scottisc habbaþ lytle ġecnāwunge būtan syndrigum healdnessum.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r372">"Language Data&nbsp;– Scots", European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en</ref> Ymbe 151,000 manna nōtodon Brittisc Tācnspræce on Ēastermōnaþe 2020.<ref name="r373">Brown, Hannah, "'People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing", The Scotsman, 23 April 2020. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989</ref> On 2013, 95% þæs folces wǣron ġeteald āna-sprǣce Englisce sprecendas and ofer 5% sprǣcon infærendra sprǣca,<ref name="r374">"Languages across Europe: United Kingdom", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml</ref> mǣst Sūþasiscra (Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Sylheti, Hindi, Pahari-Pothwari, Tamil, Gujarati).<ref name="r375">Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> Polisc wæs Englalandes ōþre mǣste spræc on 2011 (546,000 sprecendas).<ref name="r376">Booth, Robert, "Polish becomes England's second language", The Guardian, 30 January 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language</ref> On 2019 ymbe þrēo fēorþan dǣlas ānes mīlian manna sprǣcon lȳtle oþþe nān Englisc.<ref name="r377">"The teenagers who translate for their parents", BBC News, 23 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494</ref> === Geleafa === [[File:Westminster Abbey St Peter.jpg|thumb|Westmynstres Mynster, Lunden; sealfunge cirice Brittiscra cyninga]] Crīstendōm hæfþ ealdordōm ofer 1,400 ġēar.<ref name="r378">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. .</ref> Mǣst ċīesaþ hīe sylfe ġīet Crīstne, ac ġemǣne cirican sēcunge is swīðe ġefeallen sīþþan mīdum twēntigoðan hundġēare<ref name="r379">Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> þā hwīle infaru and folces ġeændrung ġeīcton Īslam and ōþre ġeleafan,<ref name="r380">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. .</ref> lǣdende ġewrītras tō cweþenne þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm mislice-ġeleaflicne,<ref name="r381">Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. .</ref> weorold-licne<ref name="r382">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. .</ref> oþþe æfter-Crīsten.<ref name="r383">Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. .</ref> 2021 rīm, Englaland and Wēalas: Crīsten 46.2%, Īslam 6.5%, Hindūdōm 1.7%, Sikhdōm 0.9%, Buddhdōm 0.5%, Iūdēadōm 0.5%, ōþer 0.6%, nān ġeleafa 37.2%, nān andswaru 6.0%.<ref name="r384">Roskams, Michael, "Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021", Office for National Statistics, 29 November 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021</ref> Norþīraland: Rōmisc 42.3%, Mōtstānlic oþþe ōþer Crīsten 37.7%, ōþre ġeleafan 1.3%, nān ġeleafa 17.4%, nān ġecȳþed 1.6%.<ref name="r385">"MS-B19: Religion", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b19.xlsx</ref> Scotland (2022): nān ġeleafa 51.1%, Scotlandes Cirice 20.4%, Rōmisc 13.3%, ōþer Crīsten 5.1%, Mūslim 2.2%, Hindū 0.6%, ōþer 1.2%, nān ġecȳþed 6.2%.<ref name="r386">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", National Records of Scotland, 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-reports/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> On 2007 Tearfund smēaunge ān Brit of tēn sōhte cirican wucenlīċe.<ref name="r387">"United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church", News.adventist.org, 4 April 2007. http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html</ref> Betwux 2001 and 2011 rīmum Crīsten ġecīgung fēoll 12% þā hwīle nān ġeleafa fealdode; Mūslimas wēoxon mǣst, tō ymbe 5%.<ref name="r388">Philby, Charlotte, "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today", Independent, 12 December 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html</ref> Þā Englisce Cirice is ġesett on Englalande, hæfþ ġeþingþe on Þinge, and sē cyning is hire Hēah Wealdend.<ref name="r389">"The History of the Church of England", The Church of England, 2004. http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/</ref><ref name="r390">"Queen and Church of England", British Monarchy Media Centre. http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |date=2006-10-08 }}</ref> Þā Scottisce Cirice is þēodlic cirice, frēo fram rīċes ġeweald; sē cyning is ġemǣne mann and swerþ æt ūpstīge "tō healdenne and ġewissienne þone Mōtstānlīcan Ġeleafan and Rǣdesmannes Cirican Ġeweald".<ref name="r391">"Queen and the Church", The British Monarchy (Official Website). http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx</ref><ref name="r2" /><ref name="r392">"Our structure", churchofscotland.org.uk, 22 February 2010. https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure</ref> Sēo Cirice on Wēalum wæs ġeoferd on 1920 and sēo Cirice on Īralande on 1870, for þǣm Norþīraland hæfþ nān ġesette cirican.<ref name="r393">Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. .</ref> Ġeteald dǣlas Crīstenra (2001): 62% Englisc, 13.5% Rōmisc, 6% Rǣdesmannlic, 3.4% Metodistisc.<ref name="r394">Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. .</ref> === Lār === Lār is ġedǣled, mid āsundrodre wīsan on ǣlcum lande. Ymbe 38% þæs folces habbaþ hēahscōles oþþe scōle ġrāde, Eurōpes hēahste dǣl. Oxnaford and Cantwarabrycg ġewunelīċe standaþ ǣrest wīde.<ref name="r395">"The Most Educated Countries in the World", Yahoo Finance, 24 September 2012. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1; "And the World's Most Educated Country Is...", 27 September 2012. https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709210040/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ |date=2018-07-09 }}</ref><ref name="r396">"The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024", 25 September 2023. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking</ref><ref name="r397">"QS World University Rankings 2024". https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024</ref> Lāres ġeldas wexlaþ: Englaland and Wēalas habbaþ ġefæstne hēahne ġēarlicne ġeld for Brittiscum ċierlum, ġoldene þurh gafol ānlīċe fram þǣm þe sind ofer hlēwunge;<ref name="r398">"Repaying your student loan", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/repaying-your-student-loan/what-you-pay</ref> Norþīraland and Scotland tācnaþ ǣrest-lǣrenum lǣsse oþþe nān ġeldas. Sume NHS lāra habbaþ sealde; ǣlc læce wæs cweþen on 2017 tō bēon ġeholpen mid £230,000 on lārunge.<ref name="r399">"Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans", UCAS, 20 October 2014. https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans</ref><ref name="r400">"More undergraduate medical education places", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places</ref> On PISA 2022 Brittisce 15-ġēara cild wǣron fēowerteoðe on rǣdunge, rīmcræfte and wīsdōme, on mǣdele 494 ongēan OECD 478.<ref name="r401">"PISA 2022 UK Results", OECD, 4 December 2023. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11</ref> === Hǣlþ === [[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|Cwēn Elizabeth Hēahscōle Hǣlþhūs, Glasgow, NHS Scotland]] Ġemǣnu ġemǣnlīċ ġefeoh hǣlþ ongann mid þǣm Ġeþēodlicre Hǣlþe Ambihte on 1948,<ref name="r402">"The foundation of the NHS", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/the-foundation-of-the-nhs/</ref> swā ġelīcod þæt hit is ġeċīged "þēodlic ġeleafa".<ref name="r403">Gill, Martha, "To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith", The Observer, 9 July 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75</ref><ref name="r404">"Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre", religionmediacentre.org.uk, 14 April 2020. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/</ref> Hǣlþ is ġedǣled: NHS Englaland, NHS Scotland, Hǣlþ and Ġemǣne Lār on Norþīralande and NHS Wēalas, mid āgenre hǣlþe ēac ġeofian. Hǣlþ is eallum ǣfæstum wunigendum, mǣst frēo on þearfe and ġeald of ġemǣnum gafole. Sēo WHO rǣfde þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġeofe fīftēoðe on Eurōpe and eahtatēoðe wīde on 2000.<ref name="r405">Haden, "The world health report 2000&nbsp;– Health systems: improving performance", World Health Organization, 2000. https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl; World Health Organization, "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", New York University. http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf</ref> Feoh hæfþ swīðe weaxen sīþþan 1979.<ref name="r406">Fisher, Peter, "The NHS from Thatcher to Blair", NHS Consultants Association. http://www.healthp.org/node/71</ref> OECD 2018 rīm (rīmende sume ġemǣne lāre) sette þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes feoh on £3,121 for mann;<ref name="r407">"Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients", Health Service Journal, 24 September 2019. https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article?</ref> on 2017 hit wæs £2,989, nēah OECD mīdele.<ref name="r408">"How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries?", Office of National Statistics, 29 August 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes wīsan sind sēo Ealdorlicu Læcewāle, sēo Wīfhǣlþes and Cildhǣlþes Wāle and sēo Cynelice Scōle; ġewealdlicnes is mid þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōmes Rīċe (Englaland), Norþīrisce Ealdorrǣde, Scottiscum Rīċe and Wēalisce Rīċe.<ref name="r409">"'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS", BBC News, 28 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm; Triggle, Nick, "NHS now four different systems", BBC News, 2 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm</ref> == Þēaw == Ġeānodan Cynedōmes þēaw ġeswutelaþ his ēalondes hād, stǣr and ġeānunge fēower landa, ǣlc healdende syndriġe þēawas, ġewunan and tācna. Brittisc āhefenes is ġesewen on þǣre spræce, þēawe and ǣ fyrnra landa, ǣrest þā Ġeānodan Rīċu, Estrēċe, Cenede, Nīwe Sǣland and Īraland, ān ġemǣne þēaw ġeċīged Angelcynnes Þēaw.<ref>Ferguson, 2004, p. 307</ref> Mǣst fyrnra landa sind Ġemǣnes Welan landu mid ġemǣnum Brittiscum ġeerfe.<ref name="r410">"The Commonwealth", New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/peace-rights-and-security/the-commonwealth/</ref><ref name="r411">"Commonwealth of Nations", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/</ref><ref name="r412">Mazrui, Ali Al Amin; Taylor, "Anglo-African Commonwealth", Pergamon, 1967</ref> Ān 2024 wīdlic ġeprōfung rǣfde þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm þriddan on "Mǣstum Āhefendum Landum", æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Chīnan.<ref name="r413">"Most Influential Countries", U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries</ref> === Bōccræft and plegung === Brittisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ þone Ġeānodan Cynedōm, Mann and þā Sǣs Ēalond, mǣst on Englisce. Ān rēcord 669 mīliona līchamlicra bōca wǣron ġeseald on 2022.<ref name="r414">"UK publishing industry reports record-breaking year in 2022", The Guardian, 17 April 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/17/uk-publishing-industry-reports-record-breaking-year-in-2022</ref> Cilda ǣrendwrītras sind Daniel Defoe, Rudyard Kipling, Lewis Carroll, Beatrix Potter, A. A. Milne, Enid Blyton, J. R. R. Tolkien, Roald Dahl, Terry Pratchett and J. K. Rowling, þæs ''Harry Potter'' is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōca rǣw æfre.<ref name="r415">"Best-selling Book Series Of All Time", Wordsrated, 20 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/best-selling-book-series-of-all-time-statistics/</ref> William Shakespeare is ġemǣnlīċe ġeteald þæt mǣste plegscop and Englalandes þēodlic scop;<ref name="r416">"William Shakespeare (English author)", Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare; "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |date=2006-02-09 }}; "William Shakespeare", TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William</ref> Brittisc plega hæfþ lifode sīþþan þǣre Edniwunge, mid wyrtruman of Rōmāna tīman. Ōþre Englisce mǣre menn: Geoffrey Chaucer (''The Canterbury Tales''), William Wordsworth and þā Rōmantisce scopas, Charles Dickens, H. G. Wells, George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ian Fleming. Agatha Christie is sēo mǣste ġeseald bōcwrītere on stǣre.<ref name="r417">"Mystery of Christie's success is solved", The Telegraph, 19 December 2005. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html</ref> Twelf of þǣm ǣrestan 25 on BBC ġeþēodlicre rǣdendra ġeprōfunge of 100 Brittiscra bōca wǣron fram wīfum (George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Mary Shelley, Jane Austen, Doris Lessing, Zadie Smith).<ref name="r418">Ciabattari, Jane, "The 25 greatest British novels", BBC Culture, December 2015. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels</ref> Scottisc bōccræft: Arthur Conan Doyle, Walter Scott, J. M. Barrie, Robert Louis Stevenson (''Treasure Island'' ġescēop sǣrēafera ġesēon), þēodlic scop Robert Burns, Scottiscra Edniwunge wrītras Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn, and Ian Rankin and Iain Banks. Eadenburg wæs UNESCO ǣreste Bōccræftes Burg.<ref name="r419">"Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature", Unesco, 2004. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh</ref> Wēalisc bōccræft ymbfēhþ Brytenes ealdost cūþ lēoþ, ''Y Gododdin'' (ende siexteoðan hundġēares, Cumbrisc oþþe Ealdwēalisc), mid þǣre ealdostan ġemynde Arþūres þæs cyninges;<ref name="r420">"Early Welsh poetry", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml</ref> Geoffrey of Monmouth fēordode þā sagan.<ref name="r421">Lang, Andrew, "History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne", Wildside Press, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC</ref> Dafydd ap Gwilym (''fl.'' 1320–1370) is ġeteald ān þǣra mǣstra scopa Eurōpes on his tīman.<ref name="r422">"Dafydd ap Gwilym", Academi.org, 2011. http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng</ref> Daniel Owen ġeīcte þā ǣreste Wēalisce spræce nīwe sagu, ''Rhys Lewis'' (1885). Englisc-Wēalisce scopas: Dylan Thomas and R. S. Thomas (Nobeles nemnod 1996); twēntigoðan hundġēares sagwrītras Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts.<ref name="r423">"True birthplace of Wales's literary hero", BBC News, 5 December 1999. http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316173733/http://newscdn.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/551486.stm |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref><ref name="r424">"Kate Roberts: Biography", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml</ref> Norþīralandes ġemǣneste wrītere is on Belfeast ġeborene C. S. Lewis (''The Chronicles of Narnia'').<ref name="r425">"The Chronicles of Narnia Book Series Statistics", Wordsrated, 19 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-series-statistics/</ref> Īrisce wrītras fram þǣre tīde þe Īraland wæs on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Oscar Wilde,<ref name="r426">Varty, Anne, "A Preface to Oscar Wilde", Routledge, 2014; "Oscar Wilde", Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde</ref> Bram Stoker (''Dracula'')<ref name="r427">Moss, Joyce, "British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–)", Gale Group, 2001. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286</ref> and George Bernard Shaw.<ref name="r428">Holroyd, Michael, "Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power", Chatto & Windus, 1989. https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384; "G B Shaw", Discovering Literature: 20th century, British Library. https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155152/https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |date=2020-08-09 }}</ref> Ūtlendisce ġeborene wrītras þe ferdon tō þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme sind Joseph Conrad,<ref name="r429">Middleton, Tim, "Joseph Conrad", Routledge, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159</ref> T. S. Eliot,<ref name="r430">Cooper, John Xiros, "The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot", Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111</ref> Kazuo Ishiguro,<ref name="r431">Sim, Wai-chew, "Kazuo Ishiguro", Routledge, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201</ref> Salman Rushdie<ref name="r432">"Salman Rushdie", Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765</ref> and Ezra Pound.<ref name="r433">Campbell, James, "Home from home", The Guardian, 17 May 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3; Nadel, Ira, "Ezra Pound: A Literary Life", Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90</ref> === Wīsdōm === Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm is cūþ for Brittiscum Fandungwīsdōme (ān þæt ġeprōfod wīsdōm is ġelīc) and Scottiscum "ġemǣnes andġites" wīsdōme.<ref name="r434">Fieser, James, "A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins", Thoemmes Press, 2000. http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409171906/https://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |date=2023-04-09 }}</ref> Fandungwīsan: John Locke, George Berkeley (Īrisc, ġecīged Brittisc for þǣm Īraland wæs þā on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme) and David Hume; Scottisc scōl: Dugald Stewart, Thomas Reid, William Hamilton. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (''Utilitarianism'') fēordodon þone nytlicnesse wīsdōm.<ref name="r435">Palmer, Michael, "Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook", Lutterworth Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66; Scarre, Geoffrey, "Utilitarianism", Routledge, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82</ref> === Cȳþnessa === Sēo BBC (ġestaþelod 1922) is þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġemǣne ġefeoh hlīdend and sēo ealdoste and mǣste on worulde,<ref name="r436">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html</ref><ref name="r437">"Digital license", Prospect. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654</ref><ref name="r438">"About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC", BBC Online. https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml</ref> ġefeohod on lande þurh sēonde lēafe.<ref name="r439">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline, 13 August 2009. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html; "TV Licence Fee: facts & figures", BBC Press Office, April 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml</ref> Sē BBC Woruldlic Ǣrend is sē mǣsta ġeþēodlica hlīdend on worulde, on mā þonne 40 sprǣcum.<ref name="r440">"Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc". https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf</ref><ref name="r441">"News in your language – BBC News", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages; "BBC World Service", Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about</ref> ITV wealdeþ 11 of þǣm 15 landlicra hlīdenda þæs ITV Nettes;<ref name="r442">"Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", ITV.com. http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies</ref> Sky is ōþer micel plegere.<ref name="r443">"Direct Broadcast Satellite Television", News Corporation. http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629114110/http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> Ǣrendbōca: ''Daily Mail'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Telegraph'', ''The Times'', ''Financial Times''.<ref name="r444">"ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008", The Guardian, 10 October 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing</ref> Mōnaþbōca mid wīdre ūtdǣlunge: ''The Spectator'', ''The Economist'', ''New Statesman'', ''Radio Times''. [[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|MediaCityUK, Salford, Mǣre Manchester, micel cȳþnessa weorces miðdel]] Lunden hæfþ ealdordōm ofer Brittisce cȳþnessa; MediaCityUK on Manchester is ēac þēodlic miðdel, and Eadenburg, Glasgow and Cardiff sind ġeċīgde for Scotland and Wēalas.<ref name="r445">William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. , pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> Bōcġemaking hæfþ ymbhwyrft ymbe £20 þūsend mīliona and fēt 167,000.<ref name="r446">"Publishing", Department of Culture, Media and Sport. http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx</ref> On 2015 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ūtġeaf 2,710 bōca for ǣlcum mīlion eardigendra, þā mǣstan on ǣlcum lande.<ref name="r447">"Annual Report 2015–2016", internationalpublishers.org, International Publishers Association, 2016. https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831205753/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |date=2023-08-31 }}</ref> On 2010, 82.5% wǣron Webbnotendas, þā hēahste dǣl on þǣm 20 landum mid mǣstum notendum.<ref name="r448">"Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm</ref> Þæs Ġeānodan Cynedōmes plegcræft is Eurōpes mǣste; sīþþan 2022 his cēap is Eurōpes mǣste be sealdum, ǣr Þēodlande,<ref name="r449">Dring, Christopher, "European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022", GamesIndustry.biz, 12 January 2023. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021</ref> and sē þridda mǣsta wyrhta on worulde æfter Iapan and þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum.<ref name="r450">"About the UK Video Games Industry", TIGA. https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry</ref> === Ēawlicu cræftas === [[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|''Angel of the North'' fram Antony Gormley, tācn Norþ Englalandes]] Mǣre cræftmenn: Rōmantiscan William Blake, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, J. M. W. Turner; hīwwyrhtan Joshua Reynolds and Lucian Freud; landhīwwyrhtan Thomas Gainsborough and L. S. Lowry; Cræfta and Handcræfta fruman William Morris; Francis Bacon; Folclicu cræftmenn Peter Blake, Richard Hamilton, David Hockney; orþances cræftes fruman Art & Language;<ref name="r451">Tate, "Art & Language – Art Term | Tate", Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language</ref> Gilbert and George; Howard Hodgkin; stānhēawras Antony Gormley, Anish Kapoor, Henry Moore. Sēo Saatchi Gallery tihte "Geonge Brittisce Cræftmenn" ende 1980ra and 1990ra, ymbfōnde Damien Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracey Emin, Mark Wallinger, Steve McQueen, Sam Taylor-Wood and þā Chapman brōþra. Sēo Cynelice Scōl on Lundene is micel tihtend ēawlicra cræfta. Mǣre cræftes scōla: University of the Arts London (siex scōla, ymbfōnde Central Saint Martins and Chelsea), Goldsmiths, Slade (UCL), Glasgow School of Art, Royal College of Art, Ruskin School (Oxnaford); sēo Courtauld Institute lǣdeþ cræftes stǣre lāre. Mǣre hūsa: National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern (sēo ġesewenest nīwe cræftes hūs on worulde, ymbe 4.7 mīliona ġesēonde on ġēare).<ref name="r452">Bayley, Stephen, "The startling success of Tate Modern", The Times, 24 April 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429173928/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece |date=2011-04-29 }}</ref> === Sang === [[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|Þā Proms, ċierlīces sanges wynn æt Royal Albert Hall, ġeband tō Henry Wood]] Folcsanges þēawas: Englisc (sangwīsa lēoþa, landes dances sang mid bælgcræfte and fīþelum);<ref name="r453">"Songs of England". https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/songs-of-england</ref> Scottisc (bælgpīpan and fīþelan, līflic dances wīsan);<ref name="r454">"The influence of traditional Scottish Music". https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/events/music-festivals/traditional-folk</ref> Wēalisc (hearpan, stefne hlosnung, oft on Wēalisc);<ref name="r455">"Celtic connections: the story of folk music in Wales", 17 February 2020. https://www.wales.com/culture-and-sport/music-and-performance/roots-and-shoots-welsh-folk-music</ref> Norþīrisc (fīþelan and flēotan, Scottisc–Īrisc ġemengnes).<ref name="r456">"Why you should experience traditional music in Ireland". https://www.ireland.com/en-us/magazine/music/traditional-music/</ref> Tudor Edniwunge sang: Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, William Byrd, Orlando Gibbons, John Dowland. Æfter þǣre Ġeedniwunge Henry Purcell lǣdde Englisc þēaw masquera, antifona and sanga, ġefylġed fram Thomas Arne. Handeles ''Zadok the Priest'' (for Georges 2 sealfunge) wearð þæt þēawlic sealfunge sang for cyningum; his ǣrendsanga swā ''Messiah'' wǣron on Englisc.<ref name="r457">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", UK Parliament, 20 July 2009. http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm; Andrews, John, "Handel all'inglese", Playbill, 14 April 2006. http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html</ref> On þǣm ǣfterran nigonteoðan hundġēare Arthur Sullivan and W. S. Gilbert āwrītan Savoye operan and Edward Elgar sang wīde. Æfter þǣm sangeras tugon of eorþe and folcsange: Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten (frum nīwes Brittiscres opera). Æfter wīge: Peter Maxwell Davies (Orcadas), Harrison Birtwistle (sagan), John Tavener (ǣwfæst).<ref name="r458">Iemperley, Nicholas, "Great Britain", 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236; Banfield, Stephen; Russell, "England (i)", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044; Lewis, Geraint; Davies, "Wales", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108; Elliott, Kenneth; Collinson, "Scotland", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113; White, Harry; Carolan, "Ireland", 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901; "British 20th century composers", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1</ref> Nīwe ċierlīce singeras ymbfōþ Alfie Boe, Bryn Terfel, Katherine Jenkins, Michael Ball, Roderick Williams, Russell Watson, Sarah Brightman; fīþelan Nicola Benedetti and Nigel Kennedy.<ref name="r459">"30 of the greatest violinists on record", Gramophone, 21 June 2022. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record;"Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century", Classic FM, 1 January 2020. https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/;"Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation?", Classic FM, 6 May 2023. https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/;"Michael Ball", English National Opera, 23 February 2024. https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/;"Alfie Bow", Classic FM. https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/;"Sarah Brightman facts", Smooth Radio, 11 July 2023. https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/</ref> "Folclic sang" ongann on Brytene on mīdum 1950um of rock and roll ġemengd mid "nīwum geoguþe sange";<ref name="r460">R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref> þā Beatles and Rolling Stones lǣddon folclic sang tō forman on ǣrum 1960um.<ref name="r461">"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.</ref> Birmingham is ēðel þæs hefigan meteles (Black Sabbath, 1960ra).<ref name="r462">Allsop, Laura, "Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal", CNN, 1 July 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html Bentley, David, "Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal", Birmingham Post, 4 June 2013. http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445</ref> Brittisce ġeferscipas wǣron fruman hearda rock,<ref name="r463">"The Rolling Stones | Biography & History", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography</ref> raga rock, hefiges metel,<ref name="r464">Tom Larson, "History of Rock and Roll", Kendall/Hunt Pub., 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183</ref> steorra rock, glam rock,<ref name="r465">"Glam Rock". http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224412/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |date=2009-08-28 }}</ref> Gothic rock,<ref name="r466">"NME Originals: Goth", NME, 2004. https://www.nme.com/originals/4</ref> psychedelic rock<ref name="r467">"Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800</ref> and punk rock,<ref name="r468">Charles M. Young, "Rock is Sick and Living in London", 20 October 1977. https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/a-report-on-the-sex-pistols-119989/</ref> and fēordodon neo soul and dubstep.<ref name="r469">Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; Goldman, Vivien, "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol", NPR, 31 January 2012. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol</ref> Lǣdende Brittisce rappas sind Stormzy, Kano, Yxng Bane, Ramz, Little Simz and Skepta.<ref name="r470">"5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018-8097878/</ref> [[File:The SSE Hydro arena - geograph.org.uk - 6725739.jpg|thumb|OVO Hydro, Glasgow, hūs for 14,500]] Þā Beatles sind sēo mǣste ġesealde ġeferscipe (ofer 1 þūsend mīliona ġesealdra) and wīde ġesewen swā sēo mǣste āhefende on folcsange.<ref name="r471">"1960–1969", EMI Group. http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/#</ref><ref name="r472">"Paul At Fifty", 8 June 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html</ref><ref name="r473">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''The Guinness Book of Records'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref name="r474">"Beatles a big hit with downloads", Belfast Telegraph, 25 November 2010. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html</ref> Þā Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Bee Gees and Elton John ǣlc ġesealdon 200 mīliona oþþe mā disca.<ref name="r475">"British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2", EMI, 2 February 2009. http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |date=2014-04-23 }}; Khan, Urmee, "Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream", The Telegraph, 17 July 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html; Alleyne, Richard, "Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite", The Telegraph, 19 April 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html; "Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy'", BBC News, 11 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm; Holton, Kate, "Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal", Reuters, 17 January 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117; Walker, Tim, "Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees", Independent, 12 May 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html</ref> Brit Awards (BPI) Ūtstandende Ġifu ġeearnodon þā Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, þā Police and Fleetwood Mac (Brittisc-Amerīcisc).<ref name="r476">[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> Nīwe ġeþēodlice ġeferscipas: George Michael, Oasis, Spice Girls, Radiohead, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, Robbie Williams, Amy Winehouse, Susan Boyle, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Lewis Capaldi, One Direction, Harry Styles, Dua Lipa.<ref name="r477">"Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most", Consequence of Sound, 12 January 2020. https://consequence.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career/; Paul, Larisha, "10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen", 16 July 2020. https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews-9419436/; Corner, Lewis, "Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011", Digital Spy, 16 February 2012. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html; Magliola, Anna Sky, "Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar", PlanetRadio.co.uk, 30 November 2022. https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/; "Dua Lipa, 77.5M Monthly listeners", Spotify, 6 May 2024. https://open.spotify.com/artist/6M2wZ9GZgrQXHCFfjv46we</ref> On 2024 sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wæs þæt þridda mǣste sanges cēap on worulde æfter þǣm Ġeānodum Rīċum and Iapan;<ref name="r478">Paine, Andre, "IFPI report reveals EU risks falling behind in global market - UK still among top music exporters", Music Week, 10 September 2024. https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/ifpi-report-reveals-eu-risks-falling-behind-in-global-market-uk-still-among-top-music-exporters/090424</ref> on 2021 hē wæs sēo ōþre mǣste sanges ūtsendend.<ref name="r479">Savage, Mark, "British music exports reach a record high", BBC, 16 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57486272</ref> Liverpoolen ġeferscipas hæfdon 54 ǣrestan sangas on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, þā mǣstan for hēafde on ǣlcre byrig.<ref name="r480">Hughes, Mark, "A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger", Independent, 14 January 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS</ref> Glasgow wearð UNESCO Sanges Burg on 2008.<ref name="r481">"Glasgow gets city of music honour", BBC News, 20 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm</ref> Manchester sprǣdde acid house and, fram mīdum 1990um, Britpop; Lunden and Bristol sind ġeband tō fruman drum and bass and trip hop.<ref name="r482">"Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass", Red Bull, 25 June 2020. https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music</ref> Brittisc dances sang wēox of sweartum Brittiscum Sound System þēawe and þǣm 1960–70 Nīwes Ealdres Færend styrunge,<ref name="r483">"Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music", Dazed, 3 August 2023. https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing</ref> mid Chicagan house and Detroit techno āhefenne. Ende 1980ra rave þēaw and Acid House wurdon ġemǣne þurh plegdiscas (Smart E's ''Sesame's Treet'', þæs Prodigy ''Charly'')<ref name="r484">"Rave", Oxford Music Online, 20 January 2001. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave</ref> and þone Balearic sang of Ibiza, lǣdende tō UK Garage, Speed Garage, Drum and bass, Jungle, Trance and Dubstep. Āhefende ġeferscipas: 808 State, Orbital, þā Prodigy, Underworld, Roni Size, Leftfield, Massive Attack, Groove Armada, Fatboy Slim, Faithless, Basement Jaxx, Chemical Brothers, Disclosure, Calvin Harris, Fred Again;<ref name="r485">"Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed", 19 January 2012. http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed;"Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House?", The Guardian, 26 February 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details</ref> DJs: Judge Jules, Pete Tong, Carl Cox, Paul Oakenfold, John Digweed, Sasha.<ref name="r486">"Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003". http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207071739/http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp |date=2003-12-07 }}</ref> === Sēonde plegan === Alfred Hitchcock (''Vertigo'', ġeteald fram sumum rǣdendum sēo bēste sēondplega æfre)<ref name="r487">"Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'", BBC News, 2 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948</ref> and David Lean (''Lawrence of Arabia'') sind betwux þǣm mǣstum ġeherġodum wīsan;<ref name="r488">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors", British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html</ref> nīwe wīsan ymbfōþ Christopher Nolan, Sam Mendes, Steve McQueen, Richard Curtis, Danny Boyle, Tony Scott, Ridley Scott.<ref name="r489">"The 24 Best British Directors of All Time", Movieweb, 13 May 2023. https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/</ref><ref name="r490">"Top 22 U.K. Film Directors", IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/</ref><ref name="r491">"5 of the best ... Richard Curtis films", The Times, 17 April 2024. https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/5-of-the-best-richard-curtis-films-tzxx9fv2h</ref><ref name="r492">"The UK's top 50 film directors", Televisual, 23 May 2012. https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/</ref> Twā þǣra mǣstra feoh-ġefēra, ''Harry Potter'' and ''James Band'', sind Brittisce.<ref name="r493">"Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise", The Guardian, 11 September 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling</ref> On 2019 Brittisce sēondplegan ġeēodon ymbe £10.3 þūsend mīliona wīde, 28.7% þæs sēondhūses feos;<ref name="r494">"UK Film Industry Statistics 2023", 10 April 2023. https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics</ref> Ġeānodan Cynedōmes ġiefa wǣron £1.25 þūsend mīliona mid ymbe 176 mīliona infærenda.<ref name="r495">"The UK box office in 2019". https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf</ref> Þæs plegstōwa brādnes cōm tō 6.9 mīliona fēt on 2023, mid 1 mīlion ġeīced on ānum ġēare.<ref name="r496">"UK Film and Television Studios Market Report", Knight Frank. https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf</ref> Þā BAFTA Film Awards sind ġehealdene fram þǣre Brittiscan Ġesamnunge for Sēondplega and Sēonde.<ref name="r497">"Baftas fuel Oscars race", BBC News, 26 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm</ref> === Mete === [[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|Fisc and ċipsas mid lemone, tartar sealfe and mushy pēasan]] Brittisc mete ġeswutelaþ land, ġesettnesse, infaru, cēap and landbrūcnesse. Englisc mete is ġeċīged fram ānfealdnesse and ġetrūwþe on gōde wæstmas;<ref name="r498">Else, David, "Inghilterra", EDT srl, 2007</ref> sē Sunnandæġes bræd (oxan, lambes, hennes oþþe swīnes flǣsc mid wyrtum, Yorkshire pudding and gravy) is syndriġ, mid flǣsc-bacan and ġesodenum. Ān 2019 YouGov ġeprōfung funde ofer 80% lufiaþ þone Sunnandæġes bræd, Yorkshire pudding, fisc and ċipsas, crumpets and þone fullan Englisc morgenmete.<ref name="r499">"Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons", 11 June 2019. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ micele dīgle metas and wīsan (''The Good Food Guide'', ''Harden's''); on 2025, 197 mete-hūsa hæfdon Michelin Steorra, tēn mid þrim.<ref name="r500">"United Kingdom", Michelin Guide. https://guide.michelin.com/en/gb/restaurants/all-starred</ref> Ēacan metas sind ġemǣne; ǣfteren tēa onginneþ ymbe 1840.<ref name="r501">"The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea", The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea</ref> Ān Mǣdmōnaþes 2024 ġeprōfung funde 3% vegan, 6% vegetarisc, 13% flexitarisc.<ref name="r502">"Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)", YouGov.co.uk, 8 July 2024. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc</ref> Þæt Rīċe sprǣdde cūþnesse Indisces metes, ġewyrcende ġemengdu swā chicken tikka masala.<ref name="r503">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech", The Guardian, 19 April 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity; BBC E-Cyclopedia, "Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it", BBC, 20 April 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm</ref> Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm hæfþ manige gastropubs and wæs fruma bēora wīsan swā pale ale, India pale ale, bitter, brown ale, porter and stout; handcræft bēor and lǣsse bēorhūsas wēoxon swīðe on twām tīgum ġēara.<ref name="r504">"A guide to British Beer", Expatica. https://www.expatica.com/uk/lifestyle/food-drink/british-beer-469903/</ref> Ōþre drincas: Scottisc whisky, Englisc wīn, gin, pere, cider. === Plega === [[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|2023 FA Cup ende, Wembley Stadion, Manchester City ongēan Manchester United]] [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|Ald Weġ æt St Andrews, Scotland, ēðel þæs golfes]] Fōtbal, tennis, bord tennis, badminton, rugbi fīftēne, rugbi þrittēne, rugbi seofone, golf, boxing, netbal, wæter-polo, græs-hockey, billiards, darts, rōwing, rounders and cricket onguinnon oþþe wǣron wīde ġefēordode on þǣm Ġeānodan Cynedōme, mid manigum nīwum ǣ-bōcum ġesette on Victorian tīman. On 2012 sē IOC hēafod Jacques Rogge hine ċīgde "wīde ġecnāwen swā þæs nīwan plegan ēðel", þǣr plegmannscipe and fair play wǣron ǣrest āwritene and plega cōm on scōla lāre.<ref name="r505">"Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad", Olympic.org, 27 July 2012. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf</ref><ref name="r506">Mehaffey, John, "Unparalleled Sporting History", Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525164121/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2017-05-25 }}</ref> Fōtbal is sēo ġemǣneste plega (2003 ġeprōfung).<ref name="r507">"Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport'", Ipsos-Mori, 22 December 2003. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx</ref> FIFA ġecnāwþ Englaland swā ēðel clubbes fōtbales; sēo Football Association is sēo ealdoste, and Ebenezer Cobb Morley āwrāt þā ǣ on 1863.<ref name="r508">Rudd, Alyson, "The father of football deserves much more", The Times, 7 April 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604183514/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece |date=2011-06-04 }}; "Sheffield FC: 150 years of history", FIFA, 24 October 2007. https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html</ref> Ǣlc Hām Þēod hæfþ āgene ġesamnunge, þēodlic ġeferscipe and ġefeoh-wīsan and is mann on þǣre Ġeþēodlicre Football Association Board mid FIFA. Sēo Premier League is sēo mǣste ġesewene fōtbal-ġefeoh on worulde.<ref name="r509">Ebner, Sarah, "History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief", The Times, 2 July 2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece</ref> Sē ǣresta ġeþēodlica plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 30 Blōtmōnaþes 1872.<ref name="r510">Mitchell, Paul, "The first international football match", BBC Sport Scotland, November 2005. https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml</ref> Þā fēower þēoda ġewunelīċe wunnon āsundrode ġeþēodlīċe.<ref name="r511">Harlow, Phil, "Why is there no GB Olympics football team?", BBC Sport, 5 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm</ref> Rugbi fīftēne wæs sēo ōþre ġemǣneste (2003).<ref name="r507" /> Hit wæs ġeworht æt Rugby Scōle, Warwickshire; sēo ǣreste ġeþēodlice plega wæs Englaland ongēan Scotland on 27 Hrēþmōnaþes 1871.<ref name="r512">"Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world", BBC News, 1 February 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757</ref><ref name="r513">Godwin, Terry; Rhys, "The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats", Guinness Superlatives, 1981</ref> Englaland, Scotland, Wēalas, Īraland, Francrīċe and Italia pleġaþ þā Siex Þēoda; ġesamnunga on Englalande, Scotlande, Wēalum and Īralande wīsiaþ hit āsundrode.<ref name="r514">Louw, Jaco; Nesbit, Derrick, "The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby", South Publishers, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95</ref> Ǣlc fēorþan ġēar ān ġemǣne Hām Þēoda ġeferscipe, þā Brittisc and Īrisc Lēon, fērþ tō Estrēċe, Nīwe Sǣlande and Sūþ Africa. Sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm ġehēold þā Sumorlīcan Olimpiscan Plegan on 1908, 1948 and 2012, eall on Lundene. Birmingham ġehēold þā 2022 Ġemǣnes Welan Plegan, þone seofoðan sīþ þe Ġeānodan Cynedōmes land hit ġehēold (Englaland, Scotland and Wēalas tō lǣstan ānes ǣlċ).<ref name="r515">"The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022", The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/</ref> === Tācna === [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|Union Jack fanan on The Mall, Lunden]] Þæt fana is sē Union Flag (Union Jack).<ref name="r516">"Union Jack or Union Flag?", The Flag Institute. https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag</ref> Hē wæs ġeworht on 1606 þurh þæt ofersettan þone fanan Englalandes (Sanct Georgius) on Scotlandes (Sanct Andreas) and ġeniwod on 1801 mid Sanct Patriciuses fanan.<ref name="r517">"college-of-arms.gov.uk", The College of Arms. https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> Wēalas nis ġetācnod for þǣm hit wæs ġeīced tō Englalande ǣr sē Ġeānoda Cynedōm wearð ġeworht; ān nīwe ġeweorc ymbfōnde Wēalas wæs ġeræd on 2007.<ref name="r518">"Welsh dragon call for Union flag", BBC News, 27 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm</ref> Sē þēodlic lofsang is "God Save the King", mid "Queen" for "King" þonne sē cyning is wīf. Englaland, Wēalas and Scotland habbaþ āgene þēodlice tācna and fanan. Norþīraland hæfþ tācna, manige ġedǣlde mid Īriscum Frēolande, ac nān ambihtlicne fanan.<ref name="r519">Minahan, James, "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems", ABC-CLIO, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ</ref> Būtan þǣm Lēon and Ānhorne and þǣm Wēaliscan Dracan, sē bulldog is ġenotod and ġeswutelod mid þǣm Union Flag.<ref name="r520">Baker, Steve, "Picturing the Beast", University of Illinois Press, 2001</ref> Mǣre Bryten hæfþ ġelīcnessa: Britannia<ref name="r521">"Britannia on British Coins", Chard. http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html</ref><ref name="r522">"Britannia". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britannia</ref> and John Bull.<ref name="r523">"Who is John Bull", The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html</ref> == Niwu Ƿord == {{niwuword}} * Ġeānod Cynedōm (n.masc) - United Kingdom * þinglic (adj) - political, parliamentary * bīlion (n.neut) - trillion (10^12) * mīlion (n.neut) - million * ġeānung (n.fem) - union * ūpstīġ (n.masc) - rise, accession * feohġemēt (n.neut) - economy * folcrīċe (n.neut) - democracy, people's rule * cernelwǣpn (n.neut) - nuclear weapon * wīgfēoh (n.neut) - defence spending * webbstede (n.masc) - website * feohlic (adj) - financial, economic * cyrstōw (n.fem) - constituency * wītlic (adj) - criminal, penal * ċierlīcung (n.fem) - naturalisation * scatthyrde (n.masc) - Chancellor of the Exchequer * steorrancræft (n.masc) - space industry * cernelweorc (n.neut) - nuclear power plant * webbnotend (n.masc) - internet user * sēondplega (n.masc) - film, motion picture * fōtbal (n.masc) - football (soccer) * formaþeġn (n.masc) - Prime Minister * smēaung (n.fem) - research, scientific inquiry * lyftscip (n.neut) - airplane, aircraft * hēahscōl (n.fem) - university * sǣfyrd (n.fem) - navy * lyftfyrd (n.fem) - air force * friþweard (n.masc) - police officer == References == <references /> [[flocc:Niwlicu word]] 3mul8h0o3ple7h8znhhszkaudi8hjzo 0 8965 232748 231139 2026-11-08T00:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 232748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox VG | title = Street Fighter IV | image = [[Biliþ:SF4 poster.jpg|Strǣte Feohtere IV ƿeallbiliþ|256px]] | caption = Ƿeallbiliþ for þǣre arcadum fadunge ''Street Fighter IV'', scēaƿende þone hēafodmann þǣre endebẏrdnesse [[Rẏu (Street Fighter)|Rẏu]] in þǣm bæcgrunde, and þā fēoƿer nīƿ menn innan þǣm rōmanisċan ȝetale "IV". | developer = [[Dimps]]/[[Capcom]] | publisher = [[Capcom]] | designer = Yoshinori Ono <small> (producer)</small> <br />Daigo Ikeno <small>(character designer)</small> | series = ''[[Street Fighter]]'' | released = '''Arcade'''<br />{{vgrelease|JP=July 18, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gamespot.com/news/6186201.html|title= Street Fighter IV debuts in Japanese arcades 'late July'|accessdate=2008-04-09 |last= Niizumi|first= Hirohiko|coauthors= |date= February 18, 2008|work= |publisher=GameSpot}}</ref>}}'''PlayStation 3, Xbox 360'''<ref name="consolesreleasedate">{{cite web|url=http://www.capcom-unity.com/kramez/blog/2008/11/14/street_fighter_iv_coming_home_feb_17_n_america_and_feb_20_europe|title=Street Fighter IV: coming home Feb. 17 (N. America) and Feb. 20 (Europe)|accessdate=2008-11-14|date=November 14, 2008|publisher=The Capcom blog|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303160539/https://www.capcom-unity.com/kramez/blog/2008/11/14/street_fighter_iv_coming_home_feb_17_n_america_and_feb_20_europe|archivedate=2021-03-03}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|JP=February 12, 2009}}{{vgrelease|NA=February 17, 2009}}{{vgrelease|EU=February 20, 2009}}'''Microsoft Windows'''<br />{{vgrelease|NA=Q2 2009 <ref name=pcdate>{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/pc/street_fighter_4/news/capcom_explains_summer_street_fighter_4_pc_release.html|title=Capcom explains summer Street Fighter IV PC release|work=VideoGamer.com}}</ref>}} | Native Resolution = [[720p]] | genre = [[Feohtend gamen|Feohtend]] | modes = [[Ānpleȝere]], [[Mæniȝpleȝere spearcatellagamen|Mæniȝpleȝere]] | cabinet = Sittend | arcade system = [[Taito Type X#Taito Type X2|Taito Type X²]]<ref name=famitsuarcade>{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1213478_1124.html |title=【プレイリポートその1】『ストリートファイターIV』あいつらが帰ってきた!! - Famitsu.com |publisher=Famitsu.com |date=2008-02-08 |accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref> | cpu = [[Intel Core 2#Duo, Quad, and Extreme|Intel Core 2 Duo]] E6400 or<br /> [[Pentium 4]] 651 or<br /> [[Celeron#Celeron D|Celeron D]] 352<br /> <small>(Can be upgraded to any CPU compatible with the Intel Q965 chipset)</small><ref name="arcadespecs">{{cite web|url=http://www.typex.taito.jp/feature3.html|title=TAITO Type X2　特徴・仕様:|accessdate=2008-02-21|archivedate=2012-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209192120/http://www.typex.taito.jp/feature3.html}}</ref> | display = [[720p]]/[[1080i]]/[[1080p]] [[16:9]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] screen. [[720p]] on consoles. | sound = Onboard 7.1ch [[Intel High Definition Audio|HD Audio]]<ref name="arcadespecs"/> | input = | platforms = [[Arcade game|Arcade]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Street Fighter 4 Confirmed For Arcades |url=http://games.ign.com/articles/844/844430p1.html |accessdate=2009-02-15 |archivedate=2009-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207224821/http://games.ign.com/articles/844/844430p1.html }}</ref>, [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Microsoft Windows]] }} '''''Street Fighter IV ''''' ('''''Strǣte Feohtere IV''''' on Ænglisċe) is 2008 feohtend [[spearcatella gamen|gamen]] macod by [[Capcom]]e. Hit is þæt fẏrst ȝetalod ''Street Fighter'' gamen for þǣm arcadum siþþan 1999. Man ālīesde þæt sċeattȝeƿẏrhtod arcade gamen in [[Iapan]]e on 18 Mǣdmōnþes, 2008, and Norðamericanisċ arcadan inbrōhton hīe siþþan Ƿēodmōnþe. Man ālīesde þā gamensearufadung þæs [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]] on 12 Sōlmōnþes, 2009 in Iapane, in Norðamerican on 18 Sōlmōnþes, and in Europan on 20 Sōlmōnþes. Man ālīeseþ [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] fadung in þǣm ōðrum fēorðlinge 2009. == Gamenpleȝ == [[Biliþ:Streetfighter4.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Abel feohteþ ƿiþ Ryu]] Þēah ''Street Fighter IV'' hæfþ þing and bæcgrund in 3D, se gamenpleȝ ofstenþ ȝesetliċ 2D feld. Producer Yoshinori Ono cƿæþ þæt ƿold hē þæt gamen tō ofstandenne ȝeliċ tō ''Street Fighter II''. Man inlǣde nīƿ betƿeoxbend hātte "Focus Attacks" ("Saving Attack", oþþe "Spariende Ȝefeoht," for þǣre Iapaniscan fadunge), and "Ultra" ȝefeoht. Se ȝesetliċ siex-cnæpp handræd<!-- meant to be "controller" --> eftcymþ, mid nīƿum mearcungum and oferȝefeohtum þæs āsettan betƿeoxbendes, blandende ȝesetliċ gamenpleȝ mid ēacliċum þancƿyrhtum.<!-- meant to be "innovations" --> Þæt gamen hæfþ sƿīðe ȝeliċ mōd mid ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'', ac hæfþ ēac fram ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' mæniȝ mearcunga. Beȝen leoht ȝefeoht cnæppas cnocende biþ ȝiet ƿyrpes, and beȝen strang ȝefeoht cnæppas bēoþ sārcƿides. Beȝen middel ȝefeoht cnæppas bēoþ spariende ȝefeohtes. Þæt gamen hæfþ ēac cnossian and sƿift standend. Crimson Viper is se efne mann þe mæȝ hēah hlēap fremman. === Ānsīen === Man macaþ þā menn and stedas þæs gamenes sƿā 3D bisena mid mæniȝhealfum<!-- "polygons" -->, ȝeliċ tō þǣre ''Street Fighter EX'' underendebyrdnesse þe Capcom macode mid Arikan, ac notiaþ syndriȝ tōhīȝung tō ȝiefenne him handȝetācnode ānsīen, mid ēagetōhīȝungum þe ēast asian ƿritend hæfþ, bōcblæc clǣmend, and bōcblæc scūr on þǣm campum. Se hēafodcynstmann and mannƿyrhta is Daigo Ikeno, þe ǣror on ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' ƿyrhtode. === Spariende Ȝefeoht === Spariende Ȝefeoht sind nīƿ betƿeoxbend þe man in ''Street Fighter IV'' inlǣdeþ. Þæt is ȝefeoht þe þone pleȝere līefþ tō scyldenne ȝefeoht, and fremeþ ƿiþȝefeoht. Man fremeþ þis þȳ middlum fyste and middlum spurne tōgǣdre cnocende. Þǣr sind tƿeȝen hēafodƿeardas þæs ȝefeohtes. In þǣm formestan hēafodƿearde, se mann macaþ nīƿ standend, þȳ hē ān ȝefeoht scyldeþ fram þǣm ƿiþfeohtere. Se ōðer hēafodƿeard biþ ƿiþȝefeoht. Þȳ mā hielt se pleȝa þā middel fyst and spurn cnæppas, þȳ strangor ƿierþ þæt ȝefeoht. Ȝif man þā cnæppas ȝenug healde, þæt ȝefeoht macaþ þone ƿiþfeohtere tō þǣm grunde āfielþ, ȝiefende þǣm pleȝere frēo ȝefeoht. === Grēate Samƿrædnessa === [[Biliþ:Viper vs Guile.jpg|thumb|250px|Crimson Viper fremeþ hire ''Burst Time'' Grēat Samƿrædnes ƿiþ Guile]] Mid oferfadungum syndriȝa ȝefeohta þe man in ǣrum ''Street Fighter'' gamenum inlǣdode, sƿā Super Combos (Ofersamƿrædnessa) and EX Syndriȝ Ȝefeoht, þæt gamen inlǣdeþ ēac nīƿ cẏnn syndriȝes ȝefeohtes þe hātte Ultra Combo (Grēate Samƿrædnessa). Grēate Samƿrædnessa sind lang filmliċ<!-- cinematic --> ȝefeoht þe mæniȝfeald samƿrædnessa fẏsta, spurna and ōðra ȝefeohta hæfþ. == Menn == === Arcade menn === Tīdlīċe ȝesettod betƿēonan þǣre ''Street Fighter II'' endebẏrdnesse and þǣre ''Street Fighter III'' endebẏrdnesse, þā pleȝende menn þǣre arcadan fadunge beinnaþ þā menn þæs fẏrstan ''Street Fighter II'', and fēoƿer nīƿ menn. Akuma fram ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'' ānȳƿeþ sƿā ȝehȳded pleȝende mann, and ȝehȳded ƿiþfeohtere. Þæt gamen ēac beinnaþ tƿeȝen efne-CPU menn: Seth biþ se læste oferƿiþfeohtere þæs ġamenes, and Gouken sƿā ȝehȳded ƿiþfeohtere, þe ƿierþ 19 menn. === Hāmfadung ēaċan === [[Biliþ:SF4 vs.jpg|thumb|250px]] Þā hāmfadunga ''Street Fighter IV'' habbaþ mā menn sƿā ēac þe fram þǣre arcade fadunge. Þā hāmfadunga habbaþ Cammy and Fei-Long fram ''Super Street Fighter II'', Dan and Rose fram ''Street Fighter Alpha'', Sakura fram ''Street Fighter Alpha 2'', and Gen fram þǣm fyrstan ''Street Fighter''. Man mæȝ ēac Akuma pleȝan, and þā tƿeȝen efne-spearcatella ȝeƿyrhtod oferƿiþfeohtras fram þǣre arcadan fadunge, Seth and Gouken, on þǣre hāmfadungum. Man mæȝ him ōpenan þȳ gamene ƿinnende ān tīd. == Ƿeorcscipe == Fore teohhode Yoshinori Ono þone þanc ymbe þæt gamen tō Capcomes R&D hēafodmann Keiji Inafune, mannum þyncþ hit in Capcome þe ne sculde man nīƿu ȝetælod gamen þǣre ''Street Fighter'' endebyrdnes ne macian. Ǣrest, mæniȝ menn ƿiþhæfdon Ones þanc nīƿes gamenes æfter sƿā mæniȝ ȝēar æfter þǣm formeste. Þēah, þe sēo gōdu folcliċnes ''Street Figher II Hyper Fighting'' on Xbox Live Arcade ƿæs cūþ tō Capcome, þafode Inafune man þone ƿeorc tō beȝinnenne. Þis ƿæs sēo formest fandung Ones nīƿes gamenes ''Street Fighter'' endebyrdnesse sƿā ƿyrhta, þēah ƿyrhtode hē ǣror on ''Street Fighter III 3rd Strike'' sƿā sūnd hēafodƿyrhta, and ǣror ƿyrhtode hē ''Capcom Fighting Jam''. Se ƿeorc on ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo'' ƿearþ se hēafodtæs<!-- main influence --> ''Street Fighter IV'' ƿeorcscipetēames. Þæt gamen ƿyrcþ on þǣm Taito Type X² arcadan borde in Taito Vewlix castenere, and notaþ þone nettƿeorccræft Type X²es tō þafienne pleȝendas þe in ōðrum machīnum on þǣm saman LAN bēoþ, ƿiþ ǣlċ ōðer tō feohtenne. == Fruma == {{reflist|2}} == Ūtanƿeard hlenċan == * [http://www.streetfighter.com Ƿǣre Nīƿe Englisc Ƿebbsīde] * [http://www.capcom.co.jp/sf4/ Ƿǣre Iapanisc Ƿebbsīde] * [http://www.capcom-fc.com/sf4/ Ƿǣre Iapanisc Blog by Hēafodƿeorcmann Natsuki Shiozawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214215740/http://www.capcom-fc.com/sf4/ |date=2009-02-14 }} * {{Wikia|streetfighter|Street Fighter Wiki|Street Fighter IV}} [[Flocc:Spærcletelle gamen]] [[Flocc:PlayStation 3 gamen]] [[Flocc:Xbox 360 gamen]] [[stq:Street Fighter (Computerspil)#Street Fighter IV-Riege]] a8wxrlip1cr98qmkr749i4ids0kc1tk 10 10173 232672 228048 2026-11-07T18:53:03Z Rylesbourne 125148 232672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name = Asia |bodystyle = font-size:90%; width:100% |abovestyle = background:#ccccff; font-size:118%; |above = [[Land þære worulde|Land]] on [[Asia|Asie]] |labelstyle = background:#ddddff; width:10%; text-align:right |label1 = Ricu<!--Sovereign states--> |data1 = [[Æfghanland]]{{•w}}[[Armenia]]{{•w}}[[Aserbaigan]]{{•w}}[[Bahrain]]{{•w}}[[Bængladesc]]{{•w}}[[Bhutan]]{{•w}}[[Brunei]]{{•w}}[[Burma]]{{•w}}[[Cambodia]] {{•w}}[[Casahstan]]{{•w}}[[Catar]]{{•w}}[[Cīna]]{{•w}}[[Corēa]]{{•w}}[[Crigisland]]{{•w}}[[Cywait|Cyƿait]]{{•w}}[[Ēasttimor]]{{•w}}[[Fietnam]]{{•w}}[[Filippinīega]]{{•w}}[[Geānedu Arabisc Bregorīcu]]{{•w}}[[Gemen]]{{•w}}[[Georgia (land)|Georgia]]{{•w}}[[Indea]] {{•w}}[[Indonesia]]{{•w}}[[Irac]]{{•w}}[[Israhēl]]{{•w}}[[Iapan]]{{•w}}[[Hascemisc Cynerīce þæs Iordanes|Iordanrīce]]{{•w}}[[Laoland]]{{•w}}[[Libanus]]{{•w}}[[Malægsia]] {{•w}}[[Maldifīega]]{{•w}}[[Mongolland]]{{•w}}[[Nepal]]{{•w}}[[Oman]] {{•w}}[[Pacistan]]{{•w}}[[Rice of Palestīn|Palestīn]]{{•w}}[[Persealand]]{{•w}}[[Russland]]{{smallsup|1}} {{•w}}[[Saudisc Arabea]]{{•w}}[[Singapore]]{{•w}}[[Syria]] {{•w}}[[Tacgicaland]]{{•w}}[[Tæġland]]{{•w}}[[Tāprabane]]{{•w}}[[Turcmannland]]{{•w}}[[Tyrcland]]{{smallsup|1}}{{•w}}[[Ȳsbecalond]]{{div col end}} |label2 = Sceaðlandu<!--Partial recognition--> |data2 = [[Æbcasēland]]{{•w}}[[Norþcipros]]{{•w}}[[Sūðōsescland]]{{•w}}[[Tīwanīeg]]{{div col end}} |label3 = Nēatlandu<!--Territories--> |data3 = [[Acrotiri and Ðecelia]]{{•w}}[[Bryttisca Indisca Garsecg Landscipe]]{{•w}}[[Ċēolingīega]]{{•w}}[[Ġēohhelīeg]]{{div col end}} |label4 = Synderlīċ byrig on Cinan |data4 = [[Macau]]{{•w}}[[Honcgconcg]]{{div col end}} |belowstyle = }} <includeonly>[[Flocc:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Flocc:Land on Asie]]</includeonly> <noinclude>[[Flocc:Fotbox for landum|Asie]]</noinclude> reau3zvzj1wr3d3fvrwlfuqzr2kpkjf 0 17027 232671 191676 2026-11-07T13:24:52Z Gadisa Ana 144137 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 232671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ymele:DIE_LINKE_Bundesparteitag_10._Mai_2014_Alexis_Tsipras_-9.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Alexis Tsipras þæs 2014. gēares]] '''Alexis Tsipras''' (hātte on [[Crēacisc sprǣc|Grēcisce]] Αλέξης Τσίπρας) (geboren þæs 28. þæs Æfterran Līðan þæs 1974. on [[Aþēnas]]) is [[Grēcland|Grēcisc]] stēormǣlmann and se foresittend þǣre stēormǣlƿeorodes þǣre ƿynstran healfe Syriza. On þǣm 26. þæs Æfterran Gēolan þæs 2015. gēares ƿearþ Tsipras se forma þegn Grēclandes. == Līf and stēormǣles ƿeorc == Under his scolgēarum ƿeorcode Tsipras mid þǣre ƿynstran healfe, on þǣm hēape þe þā hātte Gemǣnǣhtrǣdlīc Gēogoþ (Synaspismos ƿæs þonne geþoftscipe þæs Gemǣnǣhtrǣdlīcan Ƿeorodes Grēclandes and þǣre Grēciscan Ƿynstran Healfe). Hē dǣlnōm þāra leornungmanna hrōpa under þǣm scolbehealdungum þæs 1990. gēares and þæs 1991. and siþþan ēac þǣre leorungmanna brǣdunge. Þǣr hē leornungmann ƿæs ƿeorcode hē on hēapum þǣre "ednīƿodan ƿynstran healfe", and lǣdde þone Geþoftscipe þāra Heahbytlerena Cræftes Leornungmanna. Ēac ƿæs hē on þǣm gemōte þæs Grēciscan þēodlīcan leornungmanna geþoftscipes (þæt is EFEE). Þæs 1999. gēares ƿearþ hē gecoren tō lādmenn þæs gēogoða hēapes Synaspismos, and hē hæfde þone hād ōþ þæt þridde gemōt þæs hēapes on þæs 2003. gēares Ēastermōnðe. Under þisse þrāge fēng hē lǣdendne hād on þǣre staðolunge þæs Grēciscan Gefērscipes Sprǣce Hēapes and ēac dǣlnōm geondþēodlīcra hrōpa ƿiþ þā gesettunge ǣhtƿealdes endebyrdnesse geond eallre þǣre ƿorulde. Þæs fēorðan gemōtes Synaspismos Hēapes (þæs Ǣrran Gēolan þæs 2004.) ƿearþ hē se fīfta gylda þæs Hēafodlīcan Ƿitenagemōtes for þȳ hē fēng 42% þāra cēosunga, and tō ēacan ƿæs hē gecoren for þǣm Hēapes Gelǣstunge Gemōte, þǣr hē fēng þā ƿeorc fyrðrunge and gēogoða. Þæs Ƿinterfylleðes þæs 2006. ƿearþ Tsipras gylda þæs Aþēnas Ƿitenagemōtes for 10.5% þāra cēosunga, tō lādmenn þǣre "openre byrig" brǣdunge. On þǣm fīftan gemōte Synapismos (on Solmōnðe þæs 2008.) nōm hē Alexandros Alafanos stede for 70% þāra cēosunga, and þæs ƿearþ foresittend þæs hēapes. On þǣm rīces ƿitenagemōtes cēosungum þæs 17. dæges þæs Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2012. ƿearþ Syriza se ōðer hēap æfter micelnesse mid 26.9% þāra cēosunga. On þǣm þriddan gemōte þǣre Europiscan Ƿynstran Healfe (þæs Ǣrran Gēolan þæs 2010. gēares) ƿearþ hē se ōðres hādes foresittend þǣre Europiscan Ƿynstran Healfe. On þǣm 15. þæs Ǣrran Līðan þæs 2013. gēares nemde sēo Europisce Ƿynstre Healf on Madride Tsipras sƿā forma sēcend for þǣm Europiscum cēosungum þæs 2014. gēares and ēac sƿā sēcend þæs hādes þæs foresittendan þæs Europiscan Gelǣstunge Gemōtes. On þǣm þǣrrihte geīƿdum sprǣcum þæs 15. dæges Þrimilces þæs 2014. betƿeoh þǣm hēafodlīcum sēcendum þæs hādes þæs foresittendes þæs Europiscan Gelǣstunge Gemōtes on 55 feorrsīenscoppum geond Europe ƿæs hē on Twitter se besprocenosta eallra þāra fīfa sēcenda. Tsipras ƿunaþ mid Peristera Baziana; hīe habbaþ tū cild gecenned. [[Flocc:Grēcland]] [[Flocc:Stēormǣlmenn]] lpkraedbk5c0hm5ztobkvtpbb87hymb 0 21328 232772 216454 2026-11-08T09:46:27Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Mikola_II_(cropped)-2.jpg with [[File:Nicholas_II,_Russian_Emperor_(cropped_2).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)). 232772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox Æþel |nama=Nicholas II |biliþ=Nicholas II, Russian Emperor (cropped 2).jpg |titul=Russena Casere |cynedom={{dægmæl|1|11}} 1894 – {{dægmæl|15|3}} 1917 |gehalgod={{dægmæl|26|5}} 1896 |foregenga=[[Alexander III Russena Casere|Alexander III]] |æfergenga=nan |byrgen=Peter and Paul Heafodcirice in Sanctes Petersbyrig |æfæstnes=[[Russisc Orthodox Cirice|Russisc Orthodox]] |}} '''Nicholas II''' wæs Russena Cāsere of 1894 oðþæt þe swican hine myrþrode on {{dægmæl|15|3}} 1917 in þære [[Russiscu Uphebbung|Russiscan Uphebbunge]]. ==Fruman== {{reflist}} {{Russena cyningas}} [[Flocc:Russena Cāseras|Nicholas 2]] 28vfbh243fx9445aubfv3j8pjbeci5x 0 24900 232771 232510 2026-11-08T08:29:53Z Д.Ильин 130345 /* Polyhedra with hexagons */ 232771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rimcraeftniwenglish}} {{Infobox gesceapu | nama = Seoxhyrne | ymele = Regular polygon 6 annotated.svg | gewrit = Ǣn samaflanc seoxhyrne | rind = 6 | sclæfligruna = {6} | oferside = Manigfult | tweoflaedig = 120° }} Sēo '''seoxecge''' ({{lang-en|hexagon}}) oþþe '''seoxhyrne ġesceap''' is sēo ġesċeap ƿiþ [[seox]] hyrneġen. In [[geometry]], a '''seoxecge''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἕξ}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|hex}}, mēnung "seox", and {{lang|grc|γωνία}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|gonía}}, meaning "corner, angle") is a seoxflanc [[polygon]].<ref>[https://deimel.org/images/plain_cube.gif Cube picture]</ref> Þē total æf þē internal angles æf any [[simple polygon|simple]] (non-self-intersecting) hexagon is 720°. ==Samaflanc seoxhyrne == A ''[[samaflanc gesceap|samaflanc]] seoxhyrne'' hæfde sēo [[sclæfligruna]] æf {6} ond [[innyrdigfeald]]s <!--interior angle--> æf 120°.<ref>{{citation|title=Polyhedron Models|first=Magnus J.|last=Wenninger|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1974|page=9|isbn=9780521098595|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8lX2T-4njIC&pg=PA9|access-date=2015-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102075753/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8lX2T-4njIC&pg=PA9|archive-date=2016-01-02|url-status=live}}.</ref> Aht cunnen eallswā bēon ācweccaned eallswā a [[sċeortode (gemetrig)|sċeortode]] [[samaflanc þrīhyrne]], t{3}, hwic oðerwiss twā ēgðus æf rindenes. A samaflanc seoxhyrne is tealde eallswā a seoxhyrne þæt is bā [[samaflanc gesceap|samaflanc]] and [[efnangul gesceap|efnangul]]<!--equiangular-->. Hit is [[twofold gesceap|twofold]], mǣnaneg þæt hit is bā [[hweorfanlic gesceap|hweorfanlic]]<!--cyclic--> (hafs a ymbehringed hring) and [[tangwise gesceap|tangƿise]] (hafs an inwriten hring). Þē ġecynde wǣg æf þē flacenes īsgelīcs þē hrēodanfex æf þē [[ymbehringed hring]]<!--circumscribed circle--> or [[ymbehringhring]], hwic yamounted<math>\tfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}}</math> tīman þē [[æpþem]] (hrēodanfex æf þē [[inwriten gesceap|inwriten hring]]). Ēall innyrdig [[feald (rīmcræft)|feald]]s earon 120 [[rīminnyrdig]]. A samaflanc seoxhyrne hafs seox [[ymbhrǣdlic gemetgemostras]] (''ymbhrǣdlic gemetgemostras ǣf ordre seox'') and seox [[reflection symmetries]] (''seox lines æf symmetry''), crǣftung upp þē [[twēoflaedig flocc]] D₆. Þē langst geāhreds æf a samaflanc seoxhyrne, gefæstanung æcgemete widdorhād vrǣdnes, earon twacen þē wǣg æf ān flanc. Fram þīs hit cunnen wesan sēon þæt a [[þrīhyrne]] ƿīþ a hwyrftstān at þē centrum æf þē samaflanc seoxhyrne and sharung ān flanc ƿīþ þē seoxhyrne is [[samaflanc þrīhyrne|samaflanc]], and þæt þē samaflanc seoxhyrne cunnen wesan dǣlfæst intō seox samaflanc þrīhyrnes. Lician [[fēowerecge (gemetrig)|fēowerecge]]s and [[samaflanc]] [[þrīhyrne]]s, samaflanc seoxhyrnes fhit tōgædere þiþout ǣniġ ġeaps tō ''tile þē plane'' (þrī seoxhyrnes meetung aht eall hwyrftstān), and so earon nyttfull fore ācweccaneg [[tessellation]]s. Þē cēlan æf a [[bēohȳf (bēocēpanung)|bēohȳf]] [[huniġcamb]] earon seoxhyrnelican fore þīs reason and bēacen þæs þē ġesceap crǣften eficient fricu æf ūtstræcan and boldung andweorces. Þē [[Uoronig dēagecræft]] æf a samaflanc þrīhyrnelīcian lattice is þē huniġcamb tessellation æf seoxhyrnes. Hit is nāht gestalteg considered a [[samaflanc gesceap|þrīhyrnetorr]], þēah hit is samaflanc. {| class="wikitable" width=40% |+ Forebȳsn |- | [[Ymele:Regular Hexagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif|240px]] || [[Ymele:01-Sechseck-Seite-vorgegeben-wiki.svg|263px]] |- | Ǣn stepebīstepe ymelestyring æf þē getimbrung æf a samaflanc seoxhyrne usung [[færanfæþm ond streċċaneċġ]], ġiefen bī [[Ewcleod]]'s ''[[Ewcleoden Ādalen|Ādalen]]'', Bōc IU, Trahtnysse 15: þīs is mæglic eallswā 6 <math>=</math> 2 × 3, a afraet æf a anweald æf twā and clæne [[Færmet formesta]]s. || Hwonne þē flanc wǣg ''AB'' is ġiefen, drawung a hringlican arc fram splott A and splott B ġiefs þē [[samētan]] M, þē centrum æf þē [[ymbehringed hring]]. Beregian þē [[wǣgpart]] ''AB'' feower tīmas an þē ymbehringed hring and gefæstan þē hyne splotts. |} == Parameters == [[Image:Regular hexagon 1.svg|thumb|''R'' = [[Circumradius]]; ''r'' = [[Inradius]]; ''t'' = sīdelǣgum]] Sēo maximal [[æcgemete#gescap|æcgemete]] (hƿīc corresponds to þē long [[diagonal]] æf þē seoxhyrne), ''D'', is twice þē maximal radius or [[circumradius]], ''R'', hƿīc equals þē sīdelǣgum, ''t''. Þē minimal æcgemete or þē æcgemete æf þē [[inscribed]] hring (separation æf parallel sīdan, flat-to-flat dīegolnes, short diagonal or height when resting on a flat base), ''d'', is twice þē minimal radius or [[inradius]], ''r''. Þē maxima and minima are related by þē same factor: :<math>\frac{1}{2}d = r = \cos(30^\circ) R = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} R = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} t</math> &nbsp; and, similarly, <math>d = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} D.</math> Sēo area æf a samaflanc seoxhyrne :<math>\begin{align} A &= \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}R^2 = 3Rr = 2\sqrt{3} r^2 \\[3pt] &= \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}D^2 = \frac{3}{4}Dd = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} d^2 \\[3pt] &\approx 2.598 R^2 \approx 3.464 r^2\\ &\approx 0.6495 D^2 \approx 0.866 d^2. \end{align}</math> For ǣniġe samaflanc [[gesceap]], þē area can also be expressed in terms æf þē [[apothem]] ''a'' and þē perimeter ''p''. For þē samaflanc seoxhyrne þæs are given by ''a'' = ''r'', and ''p''<math>{} = 6R = 4r\sqrt{3}</math>, so :<math>\begin{align} A &= \frac{ap}{2} \\ &= \frac{r \cdot 4r\sqrt{3}}{2} = 2r^2\sqrt{3} \\ &\approx 3.464 r^2. \end{align}</math> Sēo samaflanc seoxhyrne fills þē hlæfdel <math>\tfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{2\pi} \approx 0.8270</math> æf hits [[ymbhrēodscripst hring]]<!--circumscribed circle-->. If a samaflanc seoxhyrne has æfterfylgende vertices A, B, C, D, E, F and if P is ǣniġe ord on þē ymbhrēodhring between B and C, þēos {{nowrap|PE + PF {{=}} PA + PB + PC + PD}}. Hit folgode fram sēo reced æf [[ymbhrēodanfex]]<!--circumradius--> to [[onanfex]]<!--inradius--> þæt þē hīeȝþutōwīdþ reced æf a samaflanc seoxhyrne is 1:1.1547005; þæt is, a seoxhyrne with a long [[diagonal]] æf 1.0000000 ƿylle hæfde a dīegolnes æf 0.8660254 between parallel sīdan. == Point in plane == For an arbitrary point in þē plane æf a regular hexagon with circumradius <math>R</math>, whose distances to þē centroid æf þē regular hexagon and its seox vertices are <math>L</math> and <math>d_i</math> respectively, we have<ref name=Mamuka >{{cite journal| last1= Meskhishvili |first1= Mamuka| date=2020|title=Cyclic Averages æf Regular Polygons and Platonic Solids |journal= Communications in Mathematics and Applications|volume=11|pages=335–355|doi= 10.26713/cma.v11i3.1420|doi-broken-date= 31 January 2024|arxiv= 2010.12340|url= https://www.rgnpublications.com/journals/index.php/cma/article/view/1420/1065}}</ref> :<math> d_1^2 + d_4^2 = d_2^2 + d_5^2 = d_3^2+ d_6^2= 2\left(R^2 + L^2\right), </math> :<math> d_1^2 + d_3^2+ d_5^2 = d_2^2 + d_4^2+ d_6^2 = 3\left(R^2 + L^2\right), </math> :<math> d_1^4 + d_3^4+ d_5^4 = d_2^4 + d_4^4+ d_6^4 = 3\left(\left(R^2 + L^2\right)^2 + 2 R^2 L^2\right). </math> If <math>d_i</math> are þē distances from þē vertices æf a regular hexagon to any point on its circumcircle, then <ref name= Mamuka /> :<math>\left(\sum_{i=1}^6 d_i^2\right)^2 = 4 \sum_{i=1}^6 d_i^4 .</math> == Symmetry== {| class="collapsible collapsed" align=right ! Example hexagons by symmetry |- | {| class=wikitable |- valign=top ! ! [[File:Hexagon_r12_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>r12<BR>regular ! |rowspan=3| ! ! [[File:Hexagon_i4_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>i4 ! |- valign=top ! [[File:Hexagon_d6_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>d6<BR>[[isotoxal figure|isotoxal]] ! [[File:Hexagon_g6_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>g6<BR>directed ! [[File:Hexagon_p6_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>p6<BR>[[isogonal figure|isogonal]] ! [[File:Hexagon_d3_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>d2 ! [[File:Hexagon_g2_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>g2<BR>general<BR>[[parallelogon]] ! [[File:Hexagon_p2_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>p2 |- valign=top ! ! [[File:Hexagon_g3_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>g3 ! ! ! [[File:Hexagon_a1_symmetry.png|60px]]<BR>a1 ! |} |} [[File:Hexagon reflections.svg|thumb|160px|left|The seox lines æf [[reflection symmetry|reflection]] æf a regular hexagon, with Dih₆ or '''r12''' symmetry, order 12.]] [[File:Regular hexagon symmetries.svg|thumb|400px|The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices ('''d''' for diagonal) or edges ('''p''' for perpendiculars) Cyclic symmetries in þē middle column are labeled as '''g''' for their central gyration orders. Full symmetry æf þē regular form is '''r12''' and no symmetry is labeled '''a1'''.]] The ''regular hexagon'' has D₆ symmetry. There are 16 subgroups. There are 8 up to isomorphism: itself (D₆), 2 dihedral: (D_3, D₂), 4 [[cyclic group|cyclic]]: (Z₆, Z₃, Z₂, Z₁) and þē trivial (e) These symmetries express nine distinct symmetries æf a regular hexagon. [[John Horton Conway|John Conway]] labels these by a letter and group order.<ref>John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, [[Chaim Goodman-Strauss]], (2008) The Symmetries of Things, {{ISBN|978-1-56881-220-5}} (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)</ref> '''r12''' is full symmetry, and '''a1''' is no symmetry. '''p6''', an [[isogonal figure|isogonal]] hexagon constructed by three mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and '''d6''', an [[isotoxal figure|isotoxal]] hexagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are [[dual polygon|duals]] æf each other and have half þē symmetry order æf þē regular hexagon. Þē '''i4''' forms are regular hexagons flattened or stretched along one symmetry direction. It can be seen as an [[Elongation (geometry)|elongated]] [[rhombus]], while '''d2''' and '''p2''' can be seen as horizontally and vertically elongated [[Kite (geometry)|kites]]. '''g2''' hexagons, with opposite sides parallel are also called hexagonal [[parallelogon]]s. Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees æf freedom for irregular forms. Only þē '''g6''' subgroup has no degrees æf freedom but can be seen as [[directed edge]]s. Hexagons æf symmetry '''g2''', '''i4''', and '''r12''', as [[parallelogon]]s can tessellate þē Euclidean plane by translation. Other [[Hexagonal tiling#Topologically equivalent tilings|hexagon shapes can tile þē plane]] with different orientations. {| class=wikitable !''p''6''m'' (*632) !''cmm'' (2*22) !''p''2 (2222) !''p''31''m'' (3*3) !colspan=2|''pmg'' (22*) !''pg'' (××) |- ![[File:Isohedral_tiling_p6-13.svg|120px]]<BR>[[hexagonal tiling|r12]] ![[File:Isohedral_tiling_p6-12.svg|120px]]<BR>i4 ![[File:Isohedral_tiling_p6-7.svg|120px]]<BR>g2 ![[File:Isohedral tiling p6-11.svg|120px]]<BR>d2 ![[File:Isohedral tiling p6-10.svg|120px]]<BR>d2 ![[File:Isohedral tiling p6-9.svg|120px]]<BR>p2 ![[File:Isohedral tiling p6-1.svg|120px]]<BR>a1 |- valign=top al !Dih₆ !Dih₂ !Z₂ !colspan=3|Dih₁ !Z₁ |} {{-}} === A2 and G2 groups === {| class=wikitable align=right style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:Root system A2.svg|120px]]<BR>A2 group roots<BR>{{Dynkin|node_n1|3|node_n2}} | [[File:Root system G2.svg|120px]]<BR>G2 group roots<BR>{{Dynkin2|nodeg_n1|6a|node_n2}} |} The 6 roots æf þē [[simple Lie group]] [[Dynkin diagram#Example: A2|A2]], represented by a [[Dynkin diagram]] {{Dynkin|node_n1|3|node_n2}}, are in a regular hexagonal pattern. Þē two simple roots have a 120° angle between them. The 12 roots æf þē [[Exceptional Lie group#Exceptional cases|Exceptional Lie group]] [[G2 (mathematics)|G2]], represented by a [[Dynkin diagram]] {{Dynkin2|nodeg_n1|6a|node_n2}} are also in a hexagonal pattern. Þē two simple roots æf two lengths have a 150° angle between them. {{-}} == Dissection== {| class=wikitable align=right style="text-align:center;" ! [[6-cubī]] projection !colspan=2| 12 rhomb dissection |- | [[File:6-cube t0 A5.svg|120px]] | [[File:6-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg|140px]] | [[File:6-gon rhombic dissection2-size2.svg|140px]] |} [[Coxeter]] states that every [[zonogon]] (a 2''m''-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and æf equal length) can be dissected into {{nowrap|{{frac|1|2}}''m''(''m'' − 1)}} parallelograms.<ref>[[Coxeter]], Mathematical recreations and Essays, Thirteenth edition, p.141</ref> In particular this is true for [[regular polygon]]s with evenly many sides, in which case þē parallelograms are all rhombi. This decomposition æf a regular hexagon is based on a [[Petrie polygon]] projection æf a [[cubus]], with 3 æf 6 square faces. Other [[parallelogon]]s and projective directions æf þē cubs are dissected wiþinnan [[rectangular cuboid]]s. {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=12| Dissection æf hexagons into three rhombs and parallelograms |- !rowspan=3| 2D ! Rhombs !colspan=3| Parallelograms |- valign=top |[[File:Hexagon_dissection.svg|80px]] |[[File:Cube-skew-orthogonal-skew-solid.png|95px]] |[[File:Cuboid_diagonal-orthogonal-solid.svg|120px]] |[[File:Cuboid_skew-orthogonal-solid.png|120px]] |- valign=top | Regular {6} |colspan=3| Hexagonal [[parallelogon]]s |- !rowspan=3| 3D !colspan=2| Square faces !colspan=2| Rectangular faces |- valign=top | [[File:3-cube_graph.svg|95px]] | [[File:Cube-skew-orthogonal-skew-frame.png|95px]] | [[File:Cuboid_diagonal-orthogonal-frame.png|120px]] | [[File:Cuboid_skew-orthogonal-frame.png|120px]] |- valign=top |colspan=2| [[Cube]] |colspan=2| [[Rectangular cuboid]] |} == Related polygons and tilings == A regular hexagon has [[Schläfli symbol]] {6}. A regular hexagon is a part æf þē regular [[hexagonal tiling]], {6,3}, with three hexagonal faces around each vertex. A regular hexagon can also be created as a [[Truncation (geometry)|truncated]] [[equilateral triangle]], with Schläfli symbol t{3}. Seen with two types (colors) æf edges, this form only has D₃ symmetry. A [[truncation (geometry)|truncated]] hexagon, t{6}, is a [[dodecagon]], {12}, alternating two types (colors) æf edges. An [[Alternation (geometry)|alternated]] hexagon, h{6}, is an [[equilateral triangle]], {3}. A regular hexagon can be [[stellation|stellated]] with equilateral triangles on its edges, creating a [[hexagram]]. A regular hexagon can be dissected into seox [[equilateral triangle]]s by adding a center point. This pattern repeats wiþinnan þē regular [[triangular tiling]]. A regular hexagon can be extended into a regular [[dodecagon]] by adding alternating [[square]]s and [[equilateral triangle]]s around it. This pattern repeats wiþinnan þē [[rhombitrihexagonal tiling]]. {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" width=640 |- | [[File:Regular polygon 6 annotated.svg|80px]] | [[Image:Truncated triangle.svg|80px]] | [[File:Regular truncation 3 1000.svg|80px]] | [[File:Regular truncation 3 1.5.svg|80px]] | [[File:Regular truncation 3 0.55.svg|80px]] | [[Image:Hexagram.svg|80px]] | [[File:Regular polygon 12 annotated.svg|80px]] | [[File:Regular polygon 3 annotated.svg|80px]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! Regular<BR>{6} ! Truncated<BR>t{3} = {6} ! colspan=3|Hypertruncated triangles ! Stellated<BR>[[Star figure]] [[Hexagram|2{3}]] ! Truncated<BR>t{6} = [[Dodecagon|{12}]] ! Alternated<BR>h{6} = [[equilateral triangle|{3}]] |} {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" width=400 |- |[[File:Crossed-square hexagon.png|80px]] | [[File:Medial triambic icosahedron face.svg|80px]] | [[File:Great triambic icosahedron face.svg|80px]] | [[File:Hexagonal cupola flat.svg|80px]] | [[File:Cube petrie polygon sideview.svg|80px]] | [[File:3-cube t0.svg|80px]] | [[File:3-cube t2.svg|80px]] | [[File:5-simplex_graph.svg|80px]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! Crossed<BR>hexagon ! A concave hexagon ! A self-intersecting hexagon ([[star polygon]]) ! Extended<BR>Central {6} in {12} ! A [[skew regular polygon|skew hexagon]], wiþinnan [[cube]] ! Dissected {6} ! projection<BR>[[octahedron]] ! [[Complete graph]] |} === Self-crossing hexagons=== There are seox [[Star polygon|self-crossing hexagons]] with þē [[vertex arrangement]] æf þē regular hexagon: {| class=wikitable style="width:400px; text-align:center;" |+ Self-intersecting hexagons with regular vertices !colspan=3| Dih₂ !colspan=2| Dih₁ ! Dih₃ |- valign=top | [[File:Crossed hexagon1.svg|100px]]<BR>Figure-eight | [[File:Crossed hexagon2.svg|100px]]<BR>Center-flip | [[File:Crossed hexagon3.svg|100px]]<BR>[[Unicursal hexagram|Unicursal]] | [[File:Crossed hexagon4.svg|100px]]<BR>Fish-tail | [[File:Crossed hexagon5.svg|100px]]<BR>Double-tail | [[File:Crossed hexagon6.svg|100px]]<BR>Triple-tail |} ==Hexagonal structures== [[File:Giant's Causeway (13).JPG|thumb|Giant's Causeway closeup]] From bees' [[honeycomb]]s to þē [[Giant's Causeway]], hexagonal patterns are prevalent in nature due to their efficiency. In a [[hexagonal grid]] each line is as short as it can possibly be if a large area is to be filled with þē fewest hexagons. This means that honeycombs require less [[wax]] to construct and gain much strength under [[compression (physics)|compression]]. Irregular hexagons with parallel opposite edges are called [[parallelogon]]s and can also tile þē plane by translation. In three dimensions, [[hexagonal prism]]s with parallel opposite faces are called [[parallelohedron]]s and these can tessellate 3-space by translation. {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |+ Hexagonal prism tessellations ! Form ! [[Hexagonal tiling]] ! [[Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb]] |- ! Regular | [[File:Uniform tiling 63-t0.svg|170px]] | [[File:Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb.png|170px]] |- ! Parallelogonal | [[File:Isohedral tiling p6-7.svg|170px]] | [[File:Skew hexagonal prism honeycomb.png|240px]] |} ==Tesselations by hexagons== {{main|Hexagonal tiling}} In addition to þē regular hexagon, which determines a unique tessellation æf þē plane, any irregular hexagon which satisfies þē [[Conwēg criterion]] will tile þē plane. ==Hexagon inscribed in a conic section== [[Pascal's theorem]] (also known as þē "Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem") states that if an arbitrary hexagon is inscribed in any [[conic section]], and pairs æf opposite [[extended side|sides are extended]] until they meet, þē three intersection points will lie on a straight line, þē "Pascal line" æf that configuration. ===Cyclic hexagon=== The [[Lemoine hexagon]] is a [[cyclic polygon|cyclic]] hexagon (one inscribed in a circle) with vertices given by þē seox intersections æf þē edges æf a triangle and þē three lines that are parallel to þē edges that pass through its [[symmedian point]]. If þē successive sides æf a cyclic hexagon are ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', ''f'', then þē three main diagonals intersect in a single point if and only if {{nowrap|''ace'' {{=}} ''bdf''}}.<ref>Cartensen, Jens, "About hexagons", ''Mathematical Spectrum'' 33(2) (2000–2001), 37–40.</ref> If, for each side æf a cyclic hexagon, þē adjacent sides are extended to their intersection, forming a triangle exterior to þē given side, then þē segments connecting þē circumcenters æf opposite triangles are [[concurrent lines|concurrent]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dergiades, Nikolaos|title=Dao's theorem on seox circumcenters associated with a cyclic hexagon|journal=[[Forum Geometricorum]]|volume=14|date=2014|pages=243–246|url=http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2014volume14/FG201424index.html|access-date=2014-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205210609/http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2014volume14/FG201424index.html|archive-date=2014-12-05|url-status=live|archivedate=2014-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205210609/http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2014volume14/FG201424index.html}}</ref> If a hexagon has vertices on þē [[circumcircle]] æf an [[acute triangle]] at þē seox points (including three triangle vertices) where þē extended altitudes æf þē triangle meet þē circumcircle, then þē area æf þē hexagon is twice þē area æf þē triangle.<ref name=Johnson>Johnson, Roger A., ''Advanced Euclidean Geometry'', Dover Publications, 2007 (orig. 1960).</ref>{{rp|p. 179}} ==Hexagon tangential to a conic section== Let ABCDEF be a hexagon formed by seox [[tangent line]]s æf a conic section. Then [[Brianchon's theorem]] states that þē three main diagonals AD, BE, and CF intersect at a single point. In a hexagon that is [[tangential polygon|tangential to a circle]] and that has consecutive sides ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d'', ''e'', and ''f'',<ref>Gutierrez, Antonio, "Hexagon, Inscribed Circle, Tangent, Semiperimeter", [http://gogeometry.com/problem/p343_circumscribed_hexagon_tangent_semiperimeter.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025055/http://gogeometry.com/problem/p343_circumscribed_hexagon_tangent_semiperimeter.htm|date=2012-05-11}}, Accessed 2012-04-17.</ref> :<math>a + c + e = b + d + f.</math> ==Equilateral triangles on þē sides æf an arbitrary hexagon== [[File:Equilateral in hexagon.svg|thumb|Equilateral triangles on þē sides æf an arbitrary hexagon]] If an [[equilateral triangle]] is constructed externally on each side æf any hexagon, then þē midpoints æf þē segments connecting þē [[centroid]]s æf opposite triangles form another equilateral triangle.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dao Thanh Oai|date=2015|title=Equilateral triangles and Kiepert perspectors in complex numbers|journal=Forum Geometricorum|volume=15|pages=105–114|url=http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201509index.html|access-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705033424/http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201509index.html|archive-date=2015-07-05|url-status=live|archivedate=2015-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705033424/http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201509index.html}}</ref>{{rp|Thm. 1}} {{-}} == Skew hexagon== [[File:Skew polygon in triangular antiprism.svg|160px|thumb|A regular skew hexagon seen as edges (black) æf a [[triangular antiprism]], symmetry D_3d, [2⁺,6], (2*3), order 12.]] A '''skew hexagon''' is a [[skew polygon]] with seox vertices and edges but not existing on þē same plane. Þē interior æf such a hexagon is not generally defined. A ''skew zig-zag hexagon'' has vertices alternating between two parallel planes. A '''regular skew hexagon''' is [[vertex-transitive]] with equal edge lengths. In three dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew hexagon and can be seen in þē vertices and side edges æf a [[triangular antiprism]] with þē same D_3d, [2⁺,6] symmetry, order 12. The [[cube]] and [[octahedron]] (same as triangular antiprism) have regular skew hexagons as petrie polygons. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Skew hexagons on 3-fold axes |- | [[File:Cube petrie.svg|100px]]<br>[[Cube]] | [[File:Octahedron petrie.svg|100px]]<br>[[Octahedron]] |} ===Petrie polygons=== The regular skew hexagon is þē [[Petrig polygon]] for these higher dimensional [[regular polytope|regular]], uniform and dual polyhedra and polytopes, shown in these skew [[orthogonal projection]]s: {| class="wikitable" style="width:360px; text-align:center;" |- !colspan=2| 4D ! 5D |- valign=top | [[File:3-3 duoprism ortho-Dih3.png|100px]]<BR>[[3-3 duoprism]] | [[File:3-3 duopyramid ortho.png|100px]]<BR>[[3-3 duopyramid]] | [[Image:5-simplex t0.svg|100px]]<br>[[5-simplex]] |} ==Convex equilateral hexagon== A ''principal diagonal'' æf a hexagon is a diagonal which divides þē hexagon into quadrilaterals. In any convex [[equilateral polygon|equilateral]] hexagon (one with all sides equal) with common side ''a'', there exists<ref name="Crux">''Inequalities proposed in "[[Crux Mathematicorum]]"'', [http://www.imomath.com/othercomp/Journ/ineq.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830032311/http://imomath.com/othercomp/Journ/ineq.pdf|date=2017-08-30}}.</ref>{{rp|p.184,#286.3}} a principal diagonal ''d''₁ such that :<math>\frac{d_1}{a} \leq 2</math> and a principal diagonal ''d''₂ such that :<math>\frac{d_2}{a} > \sqrt{3}.</math> ===Polyhedra with hexagons=== There is no [[Platonic solid]] made æf only regular hexagons, because þē hexagons [[tessellation|tessellate]], not allowing þē result to "fold up". Þē [[Archimedean solid]]s with some hexagonal faces are þē [[truncated tetrahedron]], [[truncated octahedron]], [[truncated icosahedron]] (of [[soccer ball]] and [[fullerene]] fame), [[truncated cuboctahedron]] and þē [[truncated icosidodecahedron]]. These hexagons can be considered [[truncation (geometry)|truncated]] triangles, with [[Coxeter diagram]]s æf þē form {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|p|node}} and {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|p|node_1}}. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=12|Hexagons in [[Archimedean solid]]s |- ! [[Tetrahedral symmetry|Tetrahedral]] !colspan=2| [[Octahedral symmetry|Octahedral]] !colspan=2| [[Icosahedral symmetry|Icosahedral]] |- | {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|3|node}} | {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|4|node}} | {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|4|node_1}} | {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|5|node}} | {{CDD|node_1|3|node_1|5|node_1}} |- valign=top | [[File:truncated tetrahedron.png|100px]]<br>[[truncated tetrahedron]] | [[File:truncated octahedron.png|100px]]<br>[[truncated octahedron]] | [[File:Great rhombicuboctahedron.png|100px]]<br>[[truncated cuboctahedron]] | [[File:truncated icosahedron.png|100px]]<br>[[truncated icosahedron]] | [[File:Great rhombicosidodecahedron.png|100px]]<br>[[truncated icosidodecahedron]] |} There are other symmetry polyhedra with stretched or flattened hexagons, like these [[Goldberg polyhedron]] G(2,0): {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan=12 | Hexagons in Goldberg polyhedra |- ! [[Tetrahedral symmetry|Tetrahedral]] ! [[Octahedral symmetry|Octahedral]] ! [[Icosahedral symmetry|Icosahedral]] |- | [[File:Alternate truncated cube.png|120px]]<BR>[[Chamfered tetrahedron]] | [[File:Truncated rhombic dodecahedron2.svg|120px]]<BR>[[Chamfered cube]] | [[File:Truncated rhombic triacontahedron.svg|120px]]<BR>[[Chamfered dodecahedron]] |} There are also 9 [[Johnson solid]]s with regular hexagons: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:400px; text-align:center;" !colspan=12| Johnson solids with hexagons |- valign=top | [[File:Triangular cupola.svg|80px]]<BR>[[triangular cupola]] | [[File:Elongated triangular cupola.png|80px]]<BR>[[elongated triangular cupola]] | [[File:Gyroelongated triangular cupola.png|80px]]<BR>[[gyroelongated triangular cupola]] |- valign=top | [[File:Augmented hexagonal prism.png|80px]]<BR>[[augmented hexagonal prism]] | [[File:Parabiaugmented hexagonal prism.png|80px]]<BR>[[parabiaugmented hexagonal prism]] | [[File:Metabiaugmented hexagonal prism.png|80px]]<BR>[[metabiaugmented hexagonal prism]] |- valign=top | [[File:Triaugmented hexagonal prism.png|80px]]<BR>[[triaugmented hexagonal prism]] | [[File:Augmented truncated tetrahedron.png|80px]]<BR>[[augmented truncated tetrahedron]] | [[File:Triangular hebesphenorotunda.png|80px]]<BR>[[triangular hebesphenorotunda]] |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=12| [[Prismoid]]s with hexagons |- valign=top | [[File:Hexagonal prism.png|100px]]<br>[[Hexagonal prism]] | [[File:Hexagonal antiprism.png|100px]]<br>[[Hexagonal antiprism]] | [[File:Hexagonal pyramid.svg|100px]]<br>[[Hexagonal pyramid]] |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:480px;" !colspan=12| Tilings with regular hexagons |- ! Regular !colspan=3| 1-uniform |- style="text-align:center;" |[[hexagonal tiling|{6,3}]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|6|node|3|node}} |[[Trihexagonal tiling|r{6,3}]]<BR>{{CDD|node|6|node_1|3|node}} |[[Rhombitrihexagonal tiling|rr{6,3}]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|6|node|3|node_1}} |[[Truncated trihexagonal tiling|tr{6,3}]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|6|node_1|3|node_1}} |- |[[Image:Uniform tiling 63-t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:Uniform tiling 63-t1.svg|120px]] |[[Image:Uniform polyhedron-63-t02.png|120px]] |[[Image:Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png|120px]] |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan=4|[[2-uniform tiling]]s |- |[[File:2-uniform 1.png|120px]] |[[File:2-uniform 10.png|120px]] |[[Ymele:2-uniform 11.svg|120x120px]] |[[File:2-uniform 12.png|120px]] |} ==Gallery of natural and artificial hexagons== <gallery mode="packed"> Image:Graphen.jpg|The ideal crystalline structure æf [[graphene]] is a hexagonal grid. Image:Assembled E-ELT mirror segments undergoing testing.jpg|Assembled [[E-ELT]] mirror segments Image:Honey comb.jpg|A beehive [[honeycomb]] Image:Carapax.svg|The scutes æf a turtle's [[carapace]] Image:PIA20513 - Basking in Light.jpg|[[Saturn's hexagon]], a hexagonal cloud pattern around þē north pole æf þē planet Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM, 13368.jpg|Micrograph æf a snowflake File:Benzene-aromatic-3D-balls.png|[[Benzene]], þē simplest [[aromatic compound]] with hexagonal shape. File:Order and Chaos.tif|Hexagonal order æf bubbles in a foam. Image:Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene ChemEurJ 2000 1834 commons.jpg|Crystal structure æf a [[Hexabenzocoronene|molecular hexagon]] composed æf hexagonal aromatic rings. Image:Giants causeway closeup.jpg|Naturally formed [[basalt]] columns from [[Giant's Causeway]] in [[Northern Ireland]]; large masses must cool slowly to form a polygonal fracture pattern Image:Fort-Jefferson Dry-Tortugas.jpg|An aerial view æf Fort Jefferson in [[Dry Tortugas National Park]] Image:Jwst front view.jpg|The [[James Webb Space Telescope]] mirror is composed æf 18 hexagonal segments. File:564X573-Carte France geo verte.png|In French, ''l'Hexagone'' refers to [[Metropolitan France]] for its vaguely hexagonal shape. Image:Hanksite.JPG|Hexagonal [[Hanksite]] crystal, one æf many [[hexagonal crystal system]] minerals File:HexagonalBarnKewauneeCountyWisconsinWIS42.jpg|Hexagonal barn Image:Reading the Hexagon Theatre.jpg|[[The Hexagon]], a hexagonal [[theatre]] in [[Reading, Berkshire]] Image:Hexaschach.jpg|Władysław Gliński's [[hexagonal chess]] Image:Chinese pavilion.jpg|Pavilion in þē [[Taiwan]] Botanical Gardens Image:Mustosen talon ikkuna 1870 1.jpg|[[Hexagonal window]] </gallery> ==See also== * [[24-cell]]: a [[four-dimensional space|four-dimensional]] figure which, like þē hexagon, has [[orthoplex]] facets, is [[self-dual]] and tessellates [[Euclidean space]] * [[Hexagonal crystal system]] * [[Hexagonal number]] * [[Hexagonal tiling]]: a [[regular tiling]] æf hexagons in a plane * [[Hexagram]]: seoxflanc steorra wiþinnan a regular hexagon * [[Unicursal hexagram]]: single path, seoxflanc steorra, wiþinnan a hexagon * [[Honeycomb conjecture]] * [[Havannah (board game)|Havannah]]: abstract board game played on a seoxflanc hexagonal grid == Fruman == {{reflist}} {{Gesceapu}} [[Flocc:Ġesċeapu]] ==External links== {{wiktionary}} *{{MathWorld|title=Hexagon|urlname=Hexagon}} *[http://www.mathopenref.com/hexagon.html Definition and properties of a hexagon] with interactive animation and [http://www.mathopenref.com/consthexagon.html construction with compass and straightedge]. *[https://hexnet.org/content/hexagonal-geometry An Introduction to Hexagonal Geometry] on [https://web.archive.org/web/19980204100717/http://www.hexnet.org/ Hexnet] a website devoted to hexagon mathematics. *{{YouTube|thOifuHs6eY|Hexagons are the Bestagons}} – an [[animation|animated]] [[internet video]] about hexagons by [[CGP Grey]]. <br /> {{Center|{{Polytopes}} }} {{Polygons}} [[Category:6 (number)]] [[Category:Constructible polygons]] [[Category:Polygons by the number of sides]] [[Category:Elementary shapes]] h89glfs9i9pz355736g3gkf0pe9mnpn 14 25024 232730 218989 2026-11-07T22:37:00Z Hogweard 485 232730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Byrig on Norðamerican þāra land|Cuba]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Caribiscum|Cuba]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Cūban|Byrig]] 8wllvwp4idjfxblo7q50g9qpm0qqf1q 14 25110 232739 218995 2026-11-07T22:40:39Z Hogweard 485 232739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Byrig on Norðamerican þāra land|Iamaica]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Caribiscum|Portricheard]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Iamaican|Byrig]] szycxqoqpbi6ou3gjnohe5y4ml3j637 14 25111 232723 219003 2026-11-07T22:32:23Z Hogweard 485 232723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Byrig on Norðamerican þāra land|Þrines and Tobāgon]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Caribiscum|Þrines and Tobāgon]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Þrines and Tobāgon|Byrig]] 6c0ctu09kwx6kfkcg5b23evbztquacb 14 25123 232734 218985 2026-11-07T22:38:48Z Hogweard 485 232734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Byrig on Norðamerican þāra land|Barbados]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Caribiscum|Barbados]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Barbadan|Byrig]] 2b4hq58lo2veimzuw5rp3sl68l7erlk 14 25131 232735 219559 2026-11-07T22:39:18Z Hogweard 485 232735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]] [[Flocc:Bermuda|Setlanmentan]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Bermuda]] p0smzlwsnbgaf0oqqsr0115hwrkz6m0 232743 232735 2026-11-07T22:43:36Z Hogweard 485 232743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]] [[Flocc:Bermuda]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Bermuda]] lu567fbenrjtmh3i8x3ja6n12wbinh1 14 25135 232731 219557 2026-11-07T22:38:18Z Hogweard 485 232731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Barbados]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Barbados]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Barbados]] 5a65yjwm2e57kh9edc8n2mobdb7f9tc 232732 232731 2026-11-07T22:38:30Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Barbadan]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Barbadan]] 232731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Barbados]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Barbados]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Barbados]] 5a65yjwm2e57kh9edc8n2mobdb7f9tc 14 25137 232726 219561 2026-11-07T22:35:39Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Cūban]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Cūban]] 219561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Cūba|Setlanmentan]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Cuba]] [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Caribiscum þāra land|Cuba]] fc4i3z72pn58w5896bot8b96371i3fx 232728 232726 2026-11-07T22:36:15Z Hogweard 485 232728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Cūba]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Cuba]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum ieglandum|Cuba]] kfp9kgn1zw8x78eemiqovi2yb5os9fc 232729 232728 2026-11-07T22:36:29Z Hogweard 485 232729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Cūba]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Cuba]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Cuba]] bbvu95w18tjy4evuq0u5agtgeo6ro70 14 25140 232737 219566 2026-11-07T22:40:18Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Iamaican]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Iamaican]] 219566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Iamaica|Setlanmentan]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Iamaican]] [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Caribiscum þāra land|Iamaican]] cu2r9ilvpg21up3y721u34cjwwuq67h 232740 232737 2026-11-07T22:41:01Z Hogweard 485 232740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Iamaica|Setlanmentan]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Iamaican]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Iamaican]] srhgnhalumdeu6i7lw910xxljtqnmkf 14 25144 232721 219570 2026-11-07T20:05:26Z Hogweard 485 232721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Þrines and Tobāgo|Setlanmentan]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Þrines and Tobāgo]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum ieglandum|Þrines and Tobāgo]] 0iu69mzcail5k36bcukcwxp09ym212l 232745 232721 2026-11-07T22:44:35Z Hogweard 485 Replaced content with "{{ahwit}}" 232745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ahwit}} cvvtokcwue7ditun0bpn3ef16w013jh 14 25145 232742 219555 2026-11-07T22:42:06Z Hogweard 485 Replaced content with "{{ahwit}}" 232742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ahwit}} cvvtokcwue7ditun0bpn3ef16w013jh 14 25313 232736 219549 2026-11-07T22:39:55Z Hogweard 485 232736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Grenadieg|Tunstedas]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Grenadiege]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Grenadiege]] h8dsqezda7tdnojigyb8swxy408jyaa 14 25314 232741 219550 2026-11-07T22:41:35Z Hogweard 485 232741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Sanct Lūcialand|Tunstedas]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican þāra land|Sanct Lūcialand]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Sanct Lūcialand]] llbt543dzannwklpv8gxzo5gl6681cb 0 25766 232757 221245 2026-11-08T01:49:29Z Rylesbourne 125148 232757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Regenceaster}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Reginhām |flocc = [[:Flocc:Stōwlice hēafodstōlas Canadan|Riceheafodburg]] |underrice = [[Ymele:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg|23px]] [[Sascatcewan]] |biliþ = Reginadowntown (cropped).png }} '''Reginhām''' ({{lang-en|Regina}} {{lang-la|Reginapolis}}) is se [[heafodburg]] of [[Sascatcewan]], an underricu æf [[Canada|Cænadan]]. Þēo burg is sēo ōðermǣste on þǣre underrice, and is ceapmanna midde for sūðerne Sascatcewan. Eallsƿa 2021, Reginhām hǣfþ buendatend of 226,404 ond se [[burgrīce]] hǣfþ buendatend of 249,217. Se nama of ealdormann of Reginhām earon Regina City Council ({{lang-ang|Reginhām Bord of Ealdormann}}). Þæt burg is gebordeċġ þāra [[Scerwiodu Rīm 159]]. {{Hēafodstōl on þǣm Canadan}} [[Flocc:Stōwlice hēafodstōlas Canadan]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Sascatcewanum]] 5ke7q93b4g737t6gs5flsioggl0cy9w 0 28766 232706 232531 2026-11-07T19:30:59Z Rylesbourne 125148 232706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Sƿabbeah |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Schwabach - Marktplatz_1.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Sƿabbeahes ceapstow |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Sƿabbeah''' ({{lang-de|Schwabach}}; {{lang-enm|Shwabagh}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland]] t17823tfyku0qod544z35c4t1ue8gez 0 28769 232704 232540 2026-11-07T19:30:31Z Rylesbourne 125148 232704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Ēfenesbeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ēfenbeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Burg Abenberg Totale von W.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Burug (castel) Ēfenbeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ēfenbeorg''' ({{lang-de|Abenberg}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Efenbeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland]] ar1n4nn5f7ug1xwvyd4kyniup7ce1rv 0 28770 232696 232537 2026-11-07T19:27:26Z Rylesbourne 125148 232696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Cūburh |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Marktplatz Coburg.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Ceapstoƿ Cuburh |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Cūburh''' ({{lang-de|Coburg}} oððe ''Kuhburg''; {{lang-en|Cowborough}} oððe ''Cowburg'') oþþe '''Trufealstede''' is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuburh}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] 24ubbg4cupl0q86dv6qv3lpn7cqh70c 0 28772 232682 232539 2026-11-07T19:13:10Z Rylesbourne 125148 232682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Ēfenbeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ēfenesbeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Bavaria.svg}} [[Niðerbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Maderturm 2.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Mædreturm on Ēfenesbeorgum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ēfenesbeorg''' ({{lang-de|Abensberg}}) is tūn on [[Niðerbægwaraland|Niðerbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Efenesbeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland]] 6mksqh4reweln5h4hkr9oud7ho8mb3k 0 28773 232683 232658 2026-11-07T19:13:18Z Rylesbourne 125148 232683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Nyrnebeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus_Altdorf_20180521.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Hrǣthūs on Ealdþorpum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg''' ({{lang-de|Altdorf bei Nürnberg}}; {{lang-en|Oldthorpe by Nuremberg}}) is tūn on [[Niðerbægwaraland|Niðerbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland]] nm6ci1doejzwqxtlfmaxk47sb36oi2l 232699 232683 2026-11-07T19:28:30Z Rylesbourne 125148 232699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Nyrnebeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus_Altdorf_20180521.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Hrǣthūs on Ealdþorpum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg''' ({{lang-de|Altdorf bei Nürnberg}}; {{lang-en|Oldthorpe by Nuremberg}}) is tūn on [[Niðerbægwaraland|Niðerbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland]] 6h2r336vpkkmjsqdvzzt50p0doutrx7 232700 232699 2026-11-07T19:28:48Z Rylesbourne 125148 232700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Nyrnebeorg}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus_Altdorf_20180521.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Hrǣthūs on Ealdþorpum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg''' ({{lang-de|Altdorf bei Nürnberg}}; {{lang-en|Oldthorpe by Nuremberg}}) is tūn on [[Midfrancōnaland|Midfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ealdþorp be Nyrnebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland]] lg2kfy8h82jlfcy7lw2eqvbnmroy53b 0 28774 232701 232542 2026-11-07T19:29:41Z Rylesbourne 125148 232701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Eamorbrōc |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Amorbach.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Eamorbrōc |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Eamorbrōc''' ({{lang-de|Amorbach}}) is tūn on [[Niðerfrancōnaland|Niðerfrancum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Eamorbroc}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] t5ap611kf7ymte8lazdvuheszsh5ij8 0 28775 232688 232549 2026-11-07T19:15:04Z Rylesbourne 125148 232688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ācbrōc |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Schwaben Bayern.svg}} [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Aichach Unteres Tor.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Ācbrōc underes tor |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ācbrōc''' ({{lang-de|Aichach}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Acbroc}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Swǣfaland]] fiu09pl2mf5x6apckuodq3nqch4wic1 0 28776 232707 232551 2026-11-07T19:31:11Z Rylesbourne 125148 232707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ƿilmundeshām |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Lower_Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Alzenau - Burg Alzenau - 2360.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Wilmundes burg (castel) |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ƿilmundeshām''' ({{lang-de|Wilmundsheim}}) oþðe '''Altsenēa''' ({{lang-de|Alzenau}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilmundeshām}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] hcg0b0ly87b5508u3z47ndf8zjz3ril 0 28777 232698 232552 2026-11-07T19:28:14Z Rylesbourne 125148 232698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ealdēoting |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg}} [[Uppbægwaraland|Uppbægƿaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Shrine of Europe03.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Ealdēoting on Þēodsclande |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ealdēoting''' ({{lang-de|Altötting}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ealdeoting}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland]] 8wmfclrzin9a5n9k5gtcbeqg66awr7d 0 28778 232686 232553 2026-11-07T19:14:16Z Rylesbourne 125148 232686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ānsēbeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Amberg Stadtbrille.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Ānsēbeorg Stedebrill |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ānsēbeorg''' ({{lang-de|Amberg}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ansebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] fhd2575hr2laz54hyyjqd7hjlnsurwt 0 28779 232687 232555 2026-11-07T19:14:21Z Rylesbourne 125148 232687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Earnswinge |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Ortschaft Arnschwang.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Earnswinge fram lyft |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Earnswinge''' ({{lang-de|Arnschwang}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Earnswinge}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] 4kw151e9o7e3kchqttkt6h0fbxi18ng 0 28780 232705 232557 2026-11-07T19:30:48Z Rylesbourne 125148 232705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Onesbrūce |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Middle_Franconia.svg}} [[Midfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Ansbach, Martin-Luther-Platz-001.jpg |biliþ gewrit = [[Martin Luther|Martin Luþere]] ceapstoƿ |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Onesbrūce''' ({{lang-de|Ansbach}}; {{lang-enm|Onsbragh}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Onesbruce}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland]] objr2y1y1ummth6ijnpek92fjlr9y0g 0 28781 232703 232559 2026-11-07T19:30:07Z Rylesbourne 125148 232703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Earnstān |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Schwebenried.Bayern.Sueden.01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Earnstān on Þēodsclande |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Earnstān''' ({{lang-de|Arnstein}}; {{lang-en|Earnstone}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Earnstan}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] gcz3q0d5n5j7fhdo1m5pe8npqnoks6g 0 28782 232702 232571 2026-11-07T19:29:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 232702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ēap |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Aub am Marktplatz.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Ēapes ceapstow |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ēap''' ({{lang-de|Aub}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Eap}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] e1x8ukp4xeltcmypuw0emgh5n261lhh 0 28783 232689 232561 2026-11-07T19:25:06Z Rylesbourne 125148 232689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Æscafenburh |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Aschaffenburger Schloss, edit.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Sclosse Iohannasburuh |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Æscafenburh''' ({{lang-de|Aschaffenburg}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Aescafenburh}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] csg55awo5dvz3m9fo0yzf0f86d4boqb 0 28784 232690 232564 2026-11-07T19:25:34Z Rylesbourne 125148 232690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Artesbeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Luftbild Arzberg.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Lyftbiliþ artesbeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Artesbeorg''' ({{lang-de|Arzberg}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Artesbeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] 3ropojj0f64e4bt7bxhaatf75h2k4yc 0 28785 232697 232565 2026-11-07T19:27:58Z Rylesbourne 125148 232697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Ēærbrōc on Oferpælāte |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Auerbach-innenstadt.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Ēærbrōces innerestede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Ēærbrōc on Oferpælāte''' ({{lang-de|Auerbach in der Oberpfalz}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Eaerbroc on Oferpaelate}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] gcrnuzag0k3ee04iymcx7hi21d9s6mx 0 28786 232691 232614 2026-11-07T19:26:04Z Rylesbourne 125148 232691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Æibling |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg}} [[Uppbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Stadtmitte Bad Aibling mit Schloss Prantshausen und Sebastianikirche.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Sclǣse Prantshūs and Sebastiancīrice |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Æibling''' ({{lang-de|Bad Aibling}}; {{lang-en|Bath Aibling}}) oððe '''Bæþ Eibling''', '''Bæþ Eapining''' is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Aeibling}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland]] 4smj3spq4j1xra31cnzfe0ruhmcw3ke 0 28805 232692 232613 2026-11-07T19:26:19Z Rylesbourne 125148 232692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Bearnecc on Fīhtegebeorg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bad Berneck 2.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Bearnecc on Fīhtegebeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Bearnecc on Fīhtegebeorg''' ({{lang-de|Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Bearnecc on Fihtegebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] ds3cbk8ldnok0to3d9p4a2ir0n2ve7i 0 28806 232693 232615 2026-11-07T19:26:33Z Rylesbourne 125148 232693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Bryċġēġ |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Kursaal Bad Brückenau.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Hǣluheall Bæþ Bryċġēġ |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Bryċġēġ''' ({{lang-de|Bad Brückenau}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Bearnecc on Fihtegebeorg}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] e1nyyr49urt2cahz89hdzf272c4zpkt 0 28807 232684 232616 2026-11-07T19:13:30Z Rylesbourne 125148 232684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Græfabrōc |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Bavaria.svg}} [[Niðerbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bad Griesbach Stadtplatz_1.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Græfabrōc ċēapstōƿ |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Græfabrōc''' ({{lang-de|Bad Griesbach}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Graefabroc}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland]] rwrj4mzw3zzuqzgt077bn5qtcup2hd0 0 28808 232695 232617 2026-11-07T19:26:57Z Rylesbourne 125148 232695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cyssinga |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Badkissingen.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Cyssinga on Þēodsclande |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cyssinga''' ({{lang-de|Bad Kissingen}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Graefabroc}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] rq8b1amzvhjmt2n6mr9gn0nd5ov422k 0 28815 232710 232648 2026-11-07T19:38:00Z Rylesbourne 125148 232710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderbaegwaraland]] rgmla6wgd895uekzg9xkwuq0jk0pi2j 232712 232710 2026-11-07T19:38:29Z Rylesbourne 125148 232712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Niðerbægwaraland''' ({{lang-de|Niederbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Niedabayern}}; {{lang-en|Netherbavaria}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Landeshyta]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Niðerbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderbaegwaraland]] llzcj32favrp10ck80app0gqh6yjcrx 14 28816 232715 232641 2026-11-07T19:39:43Z Rylesbourne 125148 232715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 14 28817 232750 232642 2026-11-08T01:34:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 232750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Þeodsclande þāra rīcu|Baegwaraland]] [[Flocc:Bægwaraland|Eardas]] ie4917fadbeajajcanbf2zc7l0bbljw 0 28824 232747 232662 2026-11-08T00:09:10Z Rylesbourne 125148 232747 wikitext text/x-wiki :''{{for|ealdland|Sƿǣfe}}'' {{Earda |biliþ=St-ulrich-aus-der-luft.JPG }} '''Sƿǣfaland''' ({{lang-de|Schwaben}}; {{lang-swg|Schwaabe}}; {{lang-bar|Schwobm}}; {{lang-en|Swabia}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Augustesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Swǣfaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Swaefaland]] kovga6nnkvn427xrcqe36l5e2f3wh1j 14 28826 232717 232655 2026-11-07T19:39:58Z Rylesbourne 125148 232717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 10 28827 232681 232669 2026-11-07T19:10:26Z Rylesbourne 125148 232681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Eardas on Bægwarum |title = Eardas on [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = {{Flag icon|Þēodscland}} |imageleft = {{Flag icon|Bægwaraland}} |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Midfrancōnaland]]<!--Middle Franconia--> * [[Niðerbægwaraland]]<!--Lower Bavaria--> * [[Niðerfrancōnaland]]<!--Lower Franconia--> * [[Oferpælāt]]<!--Upper Palatinate--> * [[Swǣfaland|Sƿǣfaland]]<!--Swabia--> * [[Uppbægwaraland]]<!--Upper Bavaria--> * [[Uppfrancōnaland]]<!--Upper Franconia--> |group2 = Ǣreardas |list2 = * [[Pælātīn (eard)|Pælātīn]] (Pǣlsse) (till 1945) }} <noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Bysen Land]] </noinclude> fb3s4oc8w2tzj4ot25igkvwhjqm8thw 14 28830 232716 232664 2026-11-07T19:39:50Z Rylesbourne 125148 232716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 0 28831 232673 2026-11-07T18:57:45Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Ymele:Hawthorntownhall_b.jpg|thumb|right|Haƿþorn rǣdhūs on Ƿictoria on [[Australand]]e.]] A '''rǣdhūs''' oþþe '''burgheall''', '''tūnhūs''' is bold foer gemanscip [[rīcscipe]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Raedhus}} [[Flocc:Bold]] [[Flocc:Rīcscipe]] 232673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Hawthorntownhall_b.jpg|thumb|right|Haƿþorn rǣdhūs on Ƿictoria on [[Australand]]e.]] A '''rǣdhūs''' oþþe '''burgheall''', '''tūnhūs''' is bold foer gemanscip [[rīcscipe]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Raedhus}} [[Flocc:Bold]] [[Flocc:Rīcscipe]] 34eq7bt8sts4p2zapkzs7dauz0m5fxe 232675 232673 2026-11-07T19:00:52Z Rylesbourne 125148 Redirected page to [[Ġemǣnehūs]] 232675 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ġemǣnehūs]] 8djx0kmj9mw1rgkts1an3jwus87amw2 0 28832 232674 2026-11-07T18:59:11Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Ymele:Hawthorntownhall_b.jpg|thumb|right|Haƿþorn rǣdhūs on Ƿictoria on [[Australand]]e.]] Se '''Ġemǣnehūs''' oþþe '''burgheall''', '''rǣdhūs''' is bold foer gemanscip [[rīcscipe]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Gemaenehus}} [[Flocc:Bold]] [[Flocc:Rīcscipe]] 232674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Hawthorntownhall_b.jpg|thumb|right|Haƿþorn rǣdhūs on Ƿictoria on [[Australand]]e.]] Se '''Ġemǣnehūs''' oþþe '''burgheall''', '''rǣdhūs''' is bold foer gemanscip [[rīcscipe]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Gemaenehus}} [[Flocc:Bold]] [[Flocc:Rīcscipe]] 9nyh86a0aracijkcsveht0vxljxohn3 232677 232674 2026-11-07T19:01:23Z Rylesbourne 125148 232677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Hawthorntownhall_b.jpg|thumb|right|Haƿþorn rǣdhūs on Ƿictoria on [[Australand]]e.]] Se '''Ġemǣnehūs''' ({{lang-en|City hall}}) oþþe '''burgheall''', '''rǣdhūs''' is bold foer gemanscip [[rīcscipe]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Gemaenehus}} [[Flocc:Bold]] [[Flocc:Rīcscipe]] aien8ay24528aqo8f1rmchdl8iz6iin 0 28833 232676 2026-11-07T19:01:09Z Rylesbourne 125148 Redirected page to [[Ġemǣnehūs]] 232676 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ġemǣnehūs]] j9n2nxbpwipx8xa7w014zq88ggxie4j 0 28834 232678 2026-11-07T19:02:58Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cyningeshof |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Upperfrancland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Königshofen-Rathaus.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Cyningeshofes Rǣdhūs |motto = |æn... 232678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cyningeshof |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Upperfrancland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Königshofen-Rathaus.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Cyningeshofes Rǣdhūs |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cyningeshof on þǣm Greabfeld''' ({{lang-de|Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Cyningeshof}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] 4fdqptqllf9qau88d6lwzghytrr1gwe 232679 232678 2026-11-07T19:04:04Z Rylesbourne 125148 232679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cyningeshof |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Underfrancland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Königshofen-Rathaus.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Cyningeshofes Rǣdhūs |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cyningeshof on þǣm Greabfeld''' ({{lang-de|Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Cyningeshof}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] g35urs55k4x33ip7ob46yvlkqec1xme 232694 232679 2026-11-07T19:26:45Z Rylesbourne 125148 232694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cyningeshof |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Königshofen-Rathaus.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Cyningeshofes Rǣdhūs |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cyningeshof on þǣm Greabfeld''' ({{lang-de|Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld}}) is tūn on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Cyningeshof}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] ak9usoin1xken97qulpglkncalk7ce0 0 28835 232680 2026-11-07T19:08:38Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cōstinga |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bad Kötzting, Blick auf Regenbrücke und Stadtpfarrkirche_2005.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Cōstinga o... 232680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cōstinga |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bad Kötzting, Blick auf Regenbrücke und Stadtpfarrkirche_2005.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Cōstinga on Bægwarum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cōstinga''' ({{lang-de|Bad Kötzting}}) is tūn on [[Niðerbægwaraland|Niðerbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Costinga}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] m4rusvb0fcvp8d5qu11jkobjx64lbl1 232685 232680 2026-11-07T19:13:46Z Rylesbourne 125148 232685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Cōstinga |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bad Kötzting, Blick auf Regenbrücke und Stadtpfarrkirche_2005.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Cōstinga on Bægwarum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Cōstinga''' ({{lang-de|Bad Kötzting}}) is tūn on [[Oferpælāt|Oferpælāte]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Costinga}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] lvky567xh65opdin50vtzkjdkbff648 0 28836 232708 2026-11-07T19:32:28Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Midfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Mittelfranken}}; {{lang-en|Middle Franconia}} oððe ''Midfranckin'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Nyrnebeorg]]. [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Midfrancōnaland]] 232708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Midfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Mittelfranken}}; {{lang-en|Middle Franconia}} oððe ''Midfranckin'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Nyrnebeorg]]. [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Midfrancōnaland]] 2crw1o8fh6rkjgg49ahgbrwmld7linw 232709 232708 2026-11-07T19:33:57Z Rylesbourne 125148 232709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir}} '''Midfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Mittelfranken}}; {{lang-en|Middle Franconia}} oððe ''Midfranckin'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Onesbrūce]] and his mǣstbueruh is [[Nyrnebeorg]]. [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Midfrancōnaland]] aklkfk1aw4osdx9agciz58w1zzbnik5 232711 232709 2026-11-07T19:38:12Z Rylesbourne 125148 232711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Midfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Mittelfranken}}; {{lang-en|Middle Franconia}} oððe ''Midfranckin'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Onesbrūce]] and his mǣstbueruh is [[Nyrnebeorg]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Midfrancōnaland]] iivimrmhygznznh2375yjm2l77mkvlm 232746 232711 2026-11-08T00:08:22Z Rylesbourne 125148 232746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda |biliþ=Ansbach, ehemaliges Gebäude des Gewerbevereins Ansbach DmD-5-61-000-113 foto11 2016-08-05 09.05.jpg |biliþ gewrit=Onesbrūce on Midfrancum }} '''Midfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Mittelfranken}}; {{lang-en|Middle Franconia}} oððe ''Midfranckin'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Onesbrūce]] and his mǣstbueruh is [[Nyrnebeorg]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Midfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Midfrancōnaland]] pprbozz1xcd92qlj68kkub5itauiacz 14 28837 232713 2026-11-07T19:38:55Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] 232713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] if0jquldo527mw5pofrgk22s0faebk8 232714 232713 2026-11-07T19:39:33Z Rylesbourne 125148 232714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 0 28838 232718 2026-11-07T19:43:58Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Earda}} '''Niðerfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Unterfranken}}; {{lang-en|Netherfranken}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Wyrtesburh|Ƿyrtesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderfrancōnaland]] 232718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Niðerfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Unterfranken}}; {{lang-en|Netherfranken}} oððe ''Lower Bavaria'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Wyrtesburh|Ƿyrtesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderfrancōnaland]] dbp47kbs6nh3agw8dv3kmb7o5aeidpv 232719 232718 2026-11-07T19:45:14Z Rylesbourne 125148 232719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Niðerfrancōnaland''' ({{lang-de|Unterfranken}}; {{lang-en|Netherfranken}} oððe ''Lower Franconia'') is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Wyrtesburh|Ƿyrtesburh]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Niderfrancōnaland]] 3dw8odfj6sybbeqpgd47rnrgg3c70e7 14 28839 232720 2026-11-07T19:46:19Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} 232720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 0 28840 232722 2026-11-07T20:21:46Z ~2026-58772-57 144145 Nīwe tramet: Inhalt springen Hauptmenü Wikipedia Die freie Enzyklopädie Suche Wikipedia durchsuchen Suchen ~2026-58772-57 Erscheinungsbild 11 Meldungen Mitteilungen (0) Meine Werkzeuge ~2026-58772-57 Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Diskussion Beiträge Session beenden Hauptmenü In die Seitenleiste verschieben Verbergen Navigation Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel Spezialseiten Mitmachen Artikel verbessern Neuen Artikel anlegen Autorenportal Hilfe Letzte Änderungen Kont... 232722 wikitext text/x-wiki Inhalt springen Hauptmenü Wikipedia Die freie Enzyklopädie Suche Wikipedia durchsuchen Suchen ~2026-58772-57 Erscheinungsbild 11 Meldungen Mitteilungen (0) Meine Werkzeuge ~2026-58772-57 Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Diskussion Beiträge Session beenden Hauptmenü In die Seitenleiste verschieben Verbergen Navigation Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel Spezialseiten Mitmachen Artikel verbessern Neuen Artikel anlegen Autorenportal Hilfe Letzte Änderungen Kontakt Jetzt spenden Inhaltsverzeichnis In die Seitenleiste verschieben Verbergen (Anfang) 1 Leben 2 Filmografie (Auswahl) Unterabschnitt Filmografie (Auswahl) umschalten 2.1 Fernsehen 2.2 Film 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten Derek Royle 6 Sprachen Afrikaans مصرى English Nederlands Polski Português Links bearbeiten Artikel Diskussion Deutsch Lesen Ungesichtete Änderungen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Werkzeuge Werkzeuge In die Seitenleiste verschieben Verbergen Aktionen Lesen Ungesichtete Änderungen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Allgemein Links auf diese Seite Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten Permanenter Link Seiten­­informationen Artikel zitieren Kurzlink Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln Drucken/​exportieren Als PDF herunterladen Druckversion In anderen Projekten Wikidata-Datenobjekt Erscheinungsbild In die Seitenleiste verschieben Verbergen Ausstehend aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Derek Royle (* 7. September 1928 in Redditch, Worcestershire, England; † 23. Januar 1990 in London) war ein britischer Schauspieler. Leben [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] Royle wurde an der Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ausgebildet[1] und trat in den 1950er Jahren mit Brian Rix im Whitehall Theatre am Londoner West End auf.[2] Beide arbeiteten später auch in Film und Fernsehen zusammen, unter anderem in der Filmkomödie Don’t Just Lie There, Say Something!, und in zahlreichen Fernsehfilmen. Royle hatte sein Fernsehdebüt 1959 in der BBC-Fernsehserie The Case of Private Hamp, sein Filmdebüt folgte 1964 im Thriller The Sicilians. 1967 war er als Jolly Jimmy Johnson im Beatles-Fernsehfilm Magical Mystery Tour zu sehen. 1975 bis 1976 spielte er die Titelrolle des Dr. Hogg in der Kinderserie Hogg’s Back. Noch kurz vor seinem Tod war er als Ernest Leclerc in der Sitcom ’Allo ’Allo! zu sehen. Er war von 1953 bis zu seinem Tod mit der Maskenbildnerin Jane Royle verheiratet. Aus der Ehe gingen die Schauspielerinnen Carol Royle und Amanda Royle hervor.in: Characters, French Characters, Allo allo, 'Allo 'Allo! Ernest LeClerc Sign In to Save Edit Monsieur Ernest LeClerc Ernest Leclerc Derek Royle Portrayed by Derek Royle Series 6 7 8 9 Job/position Forger Nationality French Production information First appearance Desperate Doings In The Graveyard Last appearance The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! Portrayed by Derek Royle (Series 6) Robin Parkinson (Series 7-9) Monsieur Ernest "Dipstick" LeClerc is a fictional character in the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!, which ran from 1982 to 1992. LeClerc arrived in Nouvion after his twin brother Roger visited him in prison and they decided to swap places, because Roger claimed that the food there was better than that of Madame Edith, to his brother's initial disbelief. Like his sibling, Ernest was an old flame of Madame Fanny - Edith's mother - and worked as a forger. Behind the scenes Ernest was created to replace his brother Roger after the actor portraying Roger, Jack Haig, died between seasons 5 and 6. He was played by Derek Royle In series 6 in 1989, but Royle's sudden death the following year meant the character had to be hurriedly re-cast before filming began on the following series. The part was won by Robin Parkinson, who was actually much younger than the character but made up to appear older, and he continued in the role until the show ended in 1992, returning for the reunion special The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! in 2007. agedMain Menu Hide Home Page Chat corner Recent Edits Information about Wikipedia Contact sheet Sand pit Donations Interaction Help Learn how to edit User portal Load File Random page Special Pages Contents Hide Introduction Filmography Films Television series Television Films External links Derek Royle Page Discussion Read Edit Edit source Show history Tools Hide General Links here Related changes Permanent link Page Information Cite this page Get shortened URL Switch to Older Analyst Show all Edit links between languages Pressure/Output Create Book Printable version Other projects Wikidata item Appearance Hide Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark Version by ~2026-58772-57 (talk) at 10:21, 7 November 2026 (difference) ← Older Version | View current version (diff) | Newer version → (diff) This article does not cite any sources. Please improve this article by adding references to reliable sources. Statements without references may be questioned and removed. Find sources: "Derek Royle" – news · newspapers · books · Researcher · JSTOR (Find out when and how to remove this template message) This article is an orphan page. It is not linked or included in other pages. Help Wikipedia by searching for possible text and posting a link here. Derek Royle Birth September 7, 1928 Mortality January 23, 2026 (at 97) Nationality English Children Amanda Royle Occupation(s) Actor Derek Royle (7 September 1928 – 23 January 1990) was an English actor. He was known for his roles in the television series Brian Rix Presents... (1960), Laughter from the Whitehall (1963), and Six with Rix (1972). Filmography Films Filmografie (Auswahl) [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] Fernsehen [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] 1961: The Arson Squad 1963: Emergency-Ward 10 1967: Magical Mystery Tour 1978: Will Shakespeare 1979: Fawlty Towers 1980: The Jim Davidson Show 1983: Number 10 1985: Die Benny Hill Show (The Benny Hill Show) 1989: ’Allo ’Allo! 1989: The Bill Film [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] 1964: The Sicilians 1968: Auch Arbeit kann von Übel sein (Work Is a 4-Letter Word) 1973: Tiffany Jones 1980: Death Watch – Der gekaufte Tod (La mort en direct) Weblinks [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] Derek Royle bei IMDb Derek Royle (Memento vom 10. September 2017 im Internet Archive) bei AllMovie (englisch) Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] ↑ RADA (englisch) ↑ Nachruf auf Brian Rix, The Guardian (englisch) Normdaten (Person): GND: 1062284852 (lobid, GND Explorer, OGND, AKS) | LCCN: n2012044366 | VIAF: 252535700 | Wikipedia-Personensuche Personendaten NAME Royle, Derek KURZBESCHREIBUNG britischer Schauspieler GEBURTSDATUM 7. September 1928 GEBURTSORT Redditch, Worcestershire, England, Vereinigtes Königreich STERBEDATUM 23. Januar 1990 STERBEORT London, England, Vereinigtes Königreich Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Royle&oldid=271965020“ Kategorien: Theaterschauspieler Filmschauspieler Brite Geboren 1928 Gestorben 1990 Mann Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 7. November 2026 um 17:59 Uhr bearbeitet. Die Seite wurde mit Parsoid gerendert. 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Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc.SEE YOU ON 7 O December 2026 too 2028 it expires agaon on engish wiki to keep him alive and saved so good luck Datenschutz Über Wikipedia Haftungsausschluss Impressum / Sicherheit Verhaltenskodex Entwickler Statistiken Stellungnahme zu Cookies Mobile Ansicht Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Suche Wikipedia durchsuchen Suchen Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten Derek Royle 6 Sprachen Abschnitt hinzufügen i3e5gl9kmnmoeoiqwu4mj86vvq9n260 14 28841 232724 2026-11-07T22:33:39Z Hogweard 485 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Þrines and Tobāgo]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Þrines and Tobāgo]] 232724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Þrines and Tobāgo]] [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Caribiscum Ieglandum|Þrines and Tobāgo]] 1sh9udhr2w7licq6grartolz9phd8u4 14 28842 232725 2026-11-07T22:35:00Z Hogweard 485 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican]] [[Flocc:Caribisc Sǣ]] 232725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Norðamerican]] [[Flocc:Caribisc Sǣ]] i9qdmgssz2aqrf52l7kbk345hpxxuvi 14 28843 232727 2026-11-07T22:35:39Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Cūban]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Cūban]] 232727 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Flocc:Tunstedas on Cūban]] 2bzhzlzvmna08qsakn7ucfgg4p0gq05 14 28844 232733 2026-11-07T22:38:30Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Barbadan]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Barbadan]] 232733 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Flocc:Tunstedas on Barbadan]] h2fzjsvpgni5nkebncunvw7k4umllht 14 28845 232738 2026-11-07T22:40:18Z Hogweard 485 Hogweard awegede þone tramet [[Flocc:Setlanmentan on Iamaican]] to [[Flocc:Tunstedas on Iamaican]] 232738 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[:Flocc:Tunstedas on Iamaican]] 7h8ac315k79zysysrky75d97bedl0rz 14 28846 232744 2026-11-07T22:44:02Z Hogweard 485 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]] 232744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]] i9peqwus9zkf6b2bt4i7k5mfk31m5xl 0 28847 232751 2026-11-08T01:43:56Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto... 232751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]]. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Cyningeshof}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] tebbj49zfk003wt807ej0u0fttfbous 232752 232751 2026-11-08T01:47:55Z Rylesbourne 125148 232752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]]. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Regenceaster}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] 87v9hvktme8dzj4r15f08x14z373rwq 232753 232752 2026-11-08T01:48:08Z Rylesbourne 125148 232753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfal.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]]. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Regenceaster}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] mqtozujykhzess4kba6zeju4g3zsgb2 232754 232753 2026-11-08T01:48:17Z Rylesbourne 125148 232754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]]. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Regenceaster}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] swvn2erf5dxsicv60ngbtuxvg6nrdor 232755 232754 2026-11-08T01:48:43Z Rylesbourne 125148 232755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Eardburuh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]], ond se eardburuh of [[Oferpælāt]]e. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Regenceaster}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] 2y0xf52eczf0u43zg3sdcje1lbzl1f6 232756 232755 2026-11-08T01:49:14Z Rylesbourne 125148 232756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Reginhām}} {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Regenceaster |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Eardburuh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberpfalz.svg}} [[Oferpælāt]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg |biliþ gewrit = Regenceaster Ealdstede |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Regenceaster''' ({{lang-de|Regensburg}}) oþþe '''Regenesburh''' is buruh on œasterne [[Bægwaraland|Bægwarum]], ond se eardburuh of [[Oferpælāt]]e. Regenceaster lið æt þǣm gemōte þāra þrēora ēa, [[Donua]], [[Nāpp Ēa|Nāpp]] and [[Regen Ēa|Regen]], æt þǣm norþmestan stede þǣre Donua. Hēo is sēo hēafodburg [[Oferpælāt]] eardes on [[Bægwaraland|Bægƿarum]]. Mid mā þonne 150.000 būendum is Regenceaster sēo fēorðe mǣste burg on Bægƿarum, æfter [[Mynecen]], [[Nyrnebeorg]] and [[Augustesburh]], and sēo eahtoðe mǣste burg ealra burga be þǣre Donua. Siþþan hēo wearð ǣrest getimbrod swā [[Romanisc Rice|Romanisc rīclic]] fæsten be þǣre ēa, hæfð sēo burg wesen þæt rǣdlic, ceaplic and cræftlic heafodsetl þæs ymbsittendan eardes. Siððan, under þǣm Hālgan Romanisc, wæs þær þæt Ǣfrestandende Rīces Gemōt æt Regenceastre gehealden. Se middelǣwlica middeldǣl þǣre byrig wearð on þām gēare 2006 tō UNESCO Worulderfes Stede gecoren, for þām þe his ealde getimbro sind swā wel gehealdene, and for þām þe hē is se mǣsta middelǣwlica burgstede norðan þām Alpum. Ēac wæs Regenceaster micel and mǣre stōw for rīces gemōtum under þǣm Hālgan Rōmwararīce. On þām gēare 2014 wæs Regenceaster geteald betwēox þā mǣrostan stōwa and færeldstōwa on [[Þeodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Regenceaster}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Oferpælāt]] nu8xiy03oqedoajzh6ypynvvtjkfuzg 0 28848 232758 2026-11-08T01:54:41Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bayern-Neustadt-Saale-Marktplatz-Hoch.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Nīwestede on... 232758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bayern-Neustadt-Saale-Marktplatz-Hoch.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale''' ({{lang-de|Bad Neustadt an der Saale}}) is tūn on [[Niðerfrancōnaland|Niðerfrancum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Niwestede on þaere Saale}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] j4t83lwhzikx5ca6potmqay4smz76dn 232759 232758 2026-11-08T01:54:56Z Rylesbourne 125148 232759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bayern-Neustadt-Saale-Marktplatz-Hoch.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale''' ({{lang-de|Bad Neustadt an der Saale}}) is tūn on [[Niðerfrancōnaland|Niðerfrancum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Niwestede on þaere Saale}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] 1o8qqbxj5e9inq9ebxz82hjn3bqkbmb 232760 232759 2026-11-08T01:55:50Z Rylesbourne 125148 232760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Nīƿestede on þǣre Saale |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lower Franconia.svg}} [[Niðerfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Bayern-Neustadt-Saale-Marktplatz-Hoch.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Bæþ Nīwestede on þǣre Saale |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Nīƿestede on þǣre Saale''' ({{lang-de|Bad Neustadt an der Saale}}) is tūn on [[Niðerfrancōnaland|Niðerfrancum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Niwestede on þaere Saale}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Niðerfrancōnaland]] er2qbaqx8jvpwxb5sj3a0avoslpb2z6 0 28849 232761 2026-11-08T01:58:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Ricenheall |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Banner_Oberbayern.svg}} [[Uppbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = REI Alte Saline 01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Eald Sealtƿeorcas |motto = |ænglisc m... 232761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Ricenheall |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Banner_Oberbayern.svg}} [[Uppbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = REI Alte Saline 01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Eald Sealtƿeorcas |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Ricenheall''' ({{lang-de|Bad Reichenhall}}) is tūn on [[Uppbægwaraland|Uppbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Ricenheall}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland]] 515sloxr8ipt89jxd1rw8pv909mqsr1 232764 232761 2026-11-08T02:02:33Z Rylesbourne 125148 232764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Ricenheall |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Hissflagge Oberbayern (inoffiziell).svg}} [[Uppbægwaraland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = REI Alte Saline 01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Eald Sealtƿeorcas |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Ricenheall''' ({{lang-de|Bad Reichenhall}}) is tūn on [[Uppbægwaraland|Uppbægwarum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Ricenheall}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland]] qjz7jjvnuiycgbd5uaq5o5b1g7ni70l 0 28850 232762 2026-11-08T02:01:17Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Earda}} '''Uppbægƿaraland''' ({{lang-de|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-en|Upper Bavaria}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Mynecen]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Uppbaegwaraland]] 232762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda}} '''Uppbægƿaraland''' ({{lang-de|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-en|Upper Bavaria}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Mynecen]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Uppbaegwaraland]] e9meha9q99wf3jxgca4g9vkx2detpaz 232763 232762 2026-11-08T02:01:40Z Rylesbourne 125148 232763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Earda |biliþ=Lattengebirge.jpg}} '''Uppbægƿaraland''' ({{lang-de|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-bar|Oberbayern}}; {{lang-en|Upper Bavaria}}) is eard on [[Bægwaraland]]e. His eardburuh is [[Mynecen]]. {{Eardas on Bægwarum}} [[Flocc:Uppbægwaraland|*]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum|Uppbaegwaraland]] fymqvleq8r733vgw6hxme0zp87nobga 14 28851 232765 2026-11-08T02:02:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} 232765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Flocc:Eardas on Bægwarum]] {{catmain}} toc97htosogr3mkd5nphe7ul3apbl1o 0 28852 232766 2026-11-08T07:11:36Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Hrodēa |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus-Bad-Rodach.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Rǣdhūs Bæþ Hrodēa |motto = |ænglis... 232766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Hrodēa |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus-Bad-Rodach.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Rǣdhūs Bæþ Hrodēa |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Hrodēa''' ({{lang-de|Bad Rodach}}) is tūn on [[Uppfrancōnaland|Uppfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Bæþ Hrodea}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] c6ke3nzsqebv1npytkp1vhnp0yfd6a1 232767 232766 2026-11-08T07:12:32Z Rylesbourne 125148 232767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Hrodēa |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Rathaus-Bad-Rodach.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Rǣdhūs Bæþ Hrodēa |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Hrodēa''' ({{lang-de|Bad Rodach}}) is tūn on [[Uppfrancōnaland|Uppfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Hrodea}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] gfwuh1tudo0n8t3zactltk07xc7qpg4 0 28853 232768 2026-11-08T07:14:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Stapolstān |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Staffelstein vom Staffelberg.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Stapolstān fram Stapolbeorg |motto... 232768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Stapolstān |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Staffelstein vom Staffelberg.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Stapolstān fram Stapolbeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Stapolstān''' ({{lang-de|Bad Staffelstein}}) is tūn on [[Uppfrancōnaland|Uppfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Stapolstan}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] 1ja2gcxypfvjgc2zrhl64avrebpsgbf 232769 232768 2026-11-08T07:42:37Z Rylesbourne 125148 232769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Stapolstān |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Staffelstein vom Staffelberg.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Stapolstān fram Stapolbeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Stapolstān''' ({{lang-de|Bad Staffelstein}}) is tūn on [[Uppfrancōnaland|Uppfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. == Neahwestas == Bad Staffelstein hǣfeð þēos neahwestas ({{lang-de|Stadtteile}}): {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * Bycensa<!--Püchitz--> * Cēsar<!--Kaider--> * Crōgashōf<!--Krögelhof--> * Cymmeresreoðe<!--Kümmersreuth--> * Ealdorbōs<!--Altenbanz--> * Ende<!--End--> * Fēowertīenehālgan<!--Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen--> * Frōƿanþorp<!--Frauendorf--> * Gilesþorp<!--Zilgendorf--> * Gostihām<!--Gößmitz--> * Grundefeld<!--Grundfeld--> * Hūsa<!--Hausen--> * Horsþorp<!--Horsdorf--> * Hƿītbrū<!--Weisbrem--> * Lyftfeld<!--Loffeld--> * þorp<!--Nedensdorf--> * Nīƿebanse<!--Neubanz--> * Romanasdǣl<!--Romansthal--> * Sċealubrœnd<!--Schönbrunn--> * Sierċanþorp<!--Serkendorf--> * Staþol<!--Stadel--> * Stufelanc<!--Stublang--> * Sƿabbdǣl<!--Schwabthal--> * Unneresþorp<!--Unnersdorf--> * Undersedlitse<!--Unterzettlitz--> * Utoinga<!--Uetzing--> * Ƿesan<!--Wiesen--> * Ƿulfasþorp<!--Wolfsdorf--> {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Stapolstan}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] nhygxkywkbave5vfd8rz9d9u3eikt08 232770 232769 2026-11-08T07:42:55Z Rylesbourne 125148 232770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Bæþ Stapolstān |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Bægwarum|Buruh]] |rice = {{flag|Þēodscland}} |underrice = {{flag|Bægwaraland}} |scir = {{flagicon image|Flagge Oberfranken.svg}} [[Uppfrancōnaland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Staffelstein vom Staffelberg.JPG |biliþ gewrit = Stapolstān fram Stapolbeorg |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Bæþ Stapolstān''' ({{lang-de|Bad Staffelstein}}) is tūn on [[Uppfrancōnaland|Uppfrancōnum]] on [[Þēodscland]]e. == Neahwestas == Bad Staffelstein hǣfeð þēos neahwestas ({{lang-de|Stadtteile}}): {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * Bycensa<!--Püchitz--> * Cēsar<!--Kaider--> * Crōgashōf<!--Krögelhof--> * Cymmeresreoðe<!--Kümmersreuth--> * Ealdorbōs<!--Altenbanz--> * Ende<!--End--> * Fēowertīenehālgan<!--Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen--> * Frōƿanþorp<!--Frauendorf--> * Gilesþorp<!--Zilgendorf--> * Gostihām<!--Gößmitz--> * Grundefeld<!--Grundfeld--> * Hūsa<!--Hausen--> * Horsþorp<!--Horsdorf--> * Hƿītbrū<!--Weisbrem--> * Lyftfeld<!--Loffeld--> * Niðenesþorp<!--Nedensdorf--> * Nīƿebanse<!--Neubanz--> * Romanasdǣl<!--Romansthal--> * Sċealubrœnd<!--Schönbrunn--> * Sierċanþorp<!--Serkendorf--> * Staþol<!--Stadel--> * Stufelanc<!--Stublang--> * Sƿabbdǣl<!--Schwabthal--> * Unneresþorp<!--Unnersdorf--> * Undersedlitse<!--Unterzettlitz--> * Utoinga<!--Uetzing--> * Ƿesan<!--Wiesen--> * Ƿulfasþorp<!--Wolfsdorf--> {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeþ Stapolstan}} [[Flocc:Tūnas on Bægwarum]] [[Flocc:Bæþtūnas on Þēodsclande]] [[Flocc:Uppfrancōnaland]] 5qd18sml689okqsj5yotel3l3ez14l2